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1. Samuel and Bryant (conservation)2. Bandura, Ross and Ross (aggression)3. Freud (Little Hans)
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
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Short Questions …
1.Suggest one problem psychologists might have in studying cognitive development. (2)
2. Outline one ethical issues relating to studying child development. (2)
Piaget’s stages of development
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
Describe the background to Samuel & Bryant’s study – at what age to children conserve according to Piaget?
What was the aim of Samuel & Bryant’ study?
Describe the participants in Samuel & Bryant’ study.
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Conservation: Conservation of volume is the ability to realise that something may have the same volume, even though it is a different shape.
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
What method did Samuel & Bryant use and what was the design?
Look at the table below which has been done for volume. Using it to guide you and using the plasticine and counters provided, try to complete the other two tables… Volume …
Pre transformation
Pre Transformation
Question
Transformation Post Transformation
Question
Two
Que
stio
ns
Shown two same size beakers of water
Asked if either beaker contains more water or same
One beaker poured into another beaker
Asked if either beaker contains more water or same
One
Ju
dgem
ent
Shown two same size beakers of water
One beaker poured into another beaker
Asked if they are the same or different or same
Fixe
d Ar
ray Shown two beakers of water, one tall one small each containing the same amount of water
Asked if they are the same or different
Mass …
Pre transformation
Pre Transformation
Question
Transformation Post Transformation
Question
Two
Que
stio
ns
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AS Psychology Developmental Approach
One
Ju
dgem
ent
Fixe
d Ar
ray
Number...
Pre transformation
Pre Transformation
Question
Transformation Post Transformation
Question
Two
Que
stio
nsO
ne
Judg
emen
tFi
xed
Arra
y
Results (Mean number of errors made) – complete the following table, what do the results tell us?
Age Standard One Judgement Fixed Array
5years
6 years
7 years
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AS Psychology Developmental Approach
8 years
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This means that …
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
Compete the following paragraph by filling in the missing words:-
There were ________ children in the sample. They all came from _________ in __________. They
were divided into ________ groups. The children were __, __, __ & __ years old. Each group was
subdivided into ___ more groups matched by age. There were ____ children in each subgroup
and they were tested using _________ different types of materials. These were
_________________, _____________________ and ___________________. There were 3 different
conditions. The children were asked __________ questions or _________ question or _________ array. This
last group did not see the __________________ being made.
Strengths of the Study … Weaknesses of the Study P
E
E
P
E
E
P
E
E
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Exam Tip – in the exam you will get better marks if you use point explain example
P
E
E
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
Section A questions…test your knowledge by answering these short answer questions: holah.co.uk
1. (a) From the study on conservation by Samuel & Bryant, outline the main differences between the children’s responses to the “one question condition”, compared to the “two question condition” (Piaget’s original design).
[2]
(b) Suggest reason for this difference.
[2]
2. The study by Samuel & Bryant is usually described as a criticism of Piaget’s explanation of cognitive development. However, the results also contain some support for Piaget. From the results of the study, (a) Give one piece of evidence that challenges Piaget
[2]
(b) Give one piece of evidence that supports Piaget.
[2]
5. (a) In the study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation, in the ‘one question condition’ children are asked a question about number, mass or volume, only after they have seen the substance changed in front of them. Identify the other two conditions of this experiment.
[2]
(b) In addition to these conditions, two other factors affected the children’s ability to conserve. Identify both of these factors.
[2]
6. The study by Samuel and Bryant looks at cognitive development. (a) Describe one way in which the results show cognitive development has taken place.
[2]
(b) Suggest one problem that psychologists face when studying development.
[2]
7. The study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation highlights a criticism of Piaget's original method of testing. Outline this criticism.
[4]
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AS Psychology Developmental Approach
SECTION B QUESTIONSa) What was the aim of the Samuel and Bryant study? (2 marks)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Describe the sample used in the Samuel and Bryant study and give one limitation of it. (6 marks)
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c) Describe how data was gathered in the Samuel and Bryant study. (6 marks)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
d) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of the way data was collected. (6 marks)___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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AS Psychology Developmental Approach
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
e) Suggest two changes to the Samuel and Bryant study and outline any methodological implications these changes may have. (8 marks)
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f) Outline the results of the Samuel and Bryant study. (8 marks)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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AS Psychology Developmental Approach
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My name is Albert Bandura. I’m a social learning theorist. My study suggests that young children develop aggressive behaviour by observation and imitation of role models. This could be a problem for parents and teachers. Why? Can you think of any positive role models for young children? What about role models who are not so good? Here are three theories of learning which are the background to my study.
Classical Conditioning – what is it? Give an example …
Operant Conditioning – what is it? Give an example …
Social Learning Theory – what is it? Give an example …
I have four hypotheses; can you put them in your own words?
1
2
3
4
Links to Behaviourism
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How many children?
Condition 1 Condition 2
Control
5-point scale
Aggressive Non-aggressivePOW!!
Shhhh!!
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Stage 1 MODELLING
Stage 2 – AGGRESSION AROUSAL
Stage 3 – TEST FOR DELAYED IMITATION
Using your textbook, find the three stages that Bandura went through with the children. Write a few sentences summarising what happened at each stage …
Collect some photographs of the study
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
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AS Psychology Developmental Approach
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Ψ Children observed for 20 minutes by two observers through a one way mirror 240 separate behaviours recorded @ 5 second intervals
Behaviours rated for:
Ψ imitative physical aggression
Ψ imitative verbal aggression
Ψ imitative non-aggressive
Ψ non-imitative physical & verbal aggression
Ψ mallet aggression
Ψ gun play
2 STRENGTHS & 2 WEAKNESSES OF OBSERVATION
My RESULTS are significant but very controversial. Have a look, what conclusion would you draw from these results?
Children in the aggressive condition showed significantly ______aggression than children who saw the non aggressive model or no model at all
Children in the aggressive condition usually showed ________partial imitation than those who saw the non-aggressive model or no model at all
Children in the non aggressive model condition showed _______________ aggression, although not always significantly less than the no model group
Boys were _________ likely to imitate male role models and girls were __________ likely to imitate female role models
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
Strengths & Weaknesses of Bandura’s Study?
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Can you think of any ethical issues?
PEE
How representative was the sample?
PEE
What are the strengths of the method?
PEE
Weaknesses of the method?
PEE
Exam Tip – in the exam you will get better marks if you use point explain example
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15
Across:1. The total number of response units recorded for each
child3. Observers were sat behind this4. The place were the university nursery was7. One type of imitative or non-imitative aggression9. Children spent this number of minutes in the experimental
room10. Children were assigned to aggressive model or non-
aggressive model conditions using this method11. Children were shown how to make prints using this
vegetable12. If a child shot darts at objects in the room, the child was
noted down as exhibiting aggressive ......15. A matched pairs design ensures participants only take
part in this number of conditions
Down:1. Each child spent this long (in minutes) with the
model2. Bandura was interested in this.3. The aggressive model hit the Bobo doll with this.5. The sex of the model that also became an
observer for all 72 experimental sessions.6. A type of imitative and non-imitative aggression8. The room with the 'special toys' was used to
increase this in the children.13. The aggressive model hit the Bobo doll on his ....14. One example of spoken imitative aggression
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B
A
N
D
U
R
A
C
R
O
S
S
W
O
R
d
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
Section A questions…test your knowledge by answering these short answer questions: holah.co.uk
In Bandura’s study on aggression the researchers observed the ‘imitative aggression’ (copying behaviour of the model) and the ‘non imitative’ aggression of the children. Give one example of imitative aggression and one example of non-imitative aggression in the study. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Why did the researchers look at both types of aggression? (2)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The introduction to the study of Bandura, Ross and Ross (transmission of aggression) includes four predictions (hypotheses)a Give one of these predictions. (2)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b Evaluate whether the results of the study support this prediction. (2)
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In the study by Bandura’ Ross & Ross on aggression, the researchers used a ‘matched pairs’ design.a How were the children matched in this study? (2)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b Why were they matched in this study? (2)
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AS Psychology Developmental Approach
SECTION B QUESTIONSa) What was the aim of Bandura’s study? (2 marks)
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b) Describe the sample used in the Bandura study study and give one limitation of it. (6 marks)
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c) Describe how data was collected in Bandura’s study. (6 marks)
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d) Suggest changes to your chosen study. (8 marks)
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e) Outline the methodological implications of the changes you have
suggested. (8 marks)
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He also suggests there are three parts to our personalities. Label the table below with the correct term:-
Freud’s Theory of PersonalityName Definition An example from real life
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This approach comes from the work of Sigmund Freud. Freud was a doctor in Vienna in the late 19th & early 20th century. He specialised in nervous disorders. His work fits in developmental psychology and is also theory of psychodynamics. He suggests that:-
We all have an unconscious mind which is very powerful in our lives Our behaviours are determined by our past experiences which have been stored in
the unconscious mind We are engaged in a constant struggle with our feelings and behaviour
Freud’s theory of the mind is often illustrated by the idea of a mental iceberg.
Conscious consists of thoughts we are aware of
Preconscious is just beneath the surface –memories, dreams etc
Unconscious –information which is very hard or even impossible to retrieve
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Ego defence mechanisms…
… the ego’s job is to defend us from dangerous or harmful impulses, feelings or behaviour … Freud suggests that conflicts in our lives e.g. with our families can lead to feelings of anxiety or guilt … he suggests that the ego does this through ego defence mechanisms. There are lots of these but make sure you understand a couple which might be helpful in the study …
Denial Repression Displacement
And the final thing you need to know before we look at the study is that Freud thought we all went through stages in our development, he called these the psychosexual stages … with your teacher’s help, complete the following table:-
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Age Name Pleasure source Conflict
0–2
2–4
4–5
6–puberty
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AS Psychology Developmental Approach
Puberty onward
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic Perspective
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The Oedipus Complex – what is it? Where does it get its name from? What do you think?
What about Electra complex?
Techniques used by psychoanalytic psychologists such as Freud include:-
Dream Analysis Free Association
Hypnosis Case Studies
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
1. What three elements were in Freud’s idea of the mind?
2. What is the difference between pre-conscious and unconscious?
3. What is the child like part of the personality called?
4. What is the voice of ‘conscience’ called in Freud’s theory?
5. What three elements were in Freud’s idea of the mind?
6. What is the difference between pre-conscious and unconscious?
7. What is the child like part of the personality called?
8. What is the voice of ‘conscience’ called in Freud’s theory?
9. Name 2 methods used by Freud.
10. Identify what you think is the biggest weakness in Freud’s theory?
FREUD (1909) ‘Analysis of a Phobia in a Five Year Old Boy’
Read the study in your text book and complete the following revision template …
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HomeworkRead about the
psychodynamic perspective on page 5 of your textbook
Answer the 10 questions on the left.
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
Aim of Study
Action Research – what does this mean?
Key Events in the Study …
Little Hans was born in 1903.
aged 3 when …
aged 3½ when …
aged 3½ when …
aged 3¾ when …
aged 4 when …
aged 4½ when …
aged 4¾ when …
aged 5 at …
Method and design
Case Study
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Could Freud have got it wrong? What about other interpretations?
Event Freudian interpretation
Conclusion Alternative interpretation
Hans, aged 3–3¾, was very interested in his own – and others’ penises.
Hans was moving from the anal stage of psychosexual development to the next stage.
Hans was entering the phallic stage of psychosexual development.
1.
Hans is jealous over the birth of his sister, Hannah.
Hans was displaying jealousy of another rival for his mother’s attention.
Hans was displaying the Oedipus complex.
2.
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
…so how would you evaluate Freud?
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Case Study? Strengths? Weaknesses? Ethics
Use of self reports?
Sample? How representative is it?
Qualitative or quantitative data?
Usefulness? How useful do you think this study
is?
…how could you change this study? Suppose you wanted to do an experiment? Or a questionnaire? What would be the effect of the change you make?
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
Section A – Short Answer Questions …
1. Outline two pieces of evidence used by Freud to suggest that Hans’ fear of horses was symbolic of his fear of his father.
(2)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. From the study by Freud, briefly describe one of Little Hans’ dreams or fantasies.(2)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The study by Freud contains the following extract of a conversation between Hans and his father.
i. Father: When the horse fell down did you think of daddy?ii. Hans: Perhaps, yes it’s possible.
What was Hans’ father trying to find out with this questioning?(2)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Give one problem with this kind of questioning.(2)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4a In a study by Freud. Hans is referred to as ‘Little Oedipus’. Briefly describe the Oedipus complex.
(2)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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…and finally the examination
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
4b Outline one piece of evidence from the study that is used to support the claim that Hans is a ‘little Oedipus’.
(2)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION B QUESTIONS
a) What was the aim of Freud’s study? (2)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Describe how the data was gathered in Freud’s study.(6)
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c) This study uses the case study method. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of the case study method.
(6)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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d) Outline the main findings of this study.(6)
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e) Describe another way Freud could have investigated this aim and outline how this may have affected the results.
(8)
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AS Psychology Developmental Approach
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In the Core Studies exam, you could be asked a question on the Developmental Approach in Psychology. The question could look something like this:-
a) Outline one assumption of the developmental approach in psychology.(2)
b) Describe how the developmental approach could explain aggression.(4)
c) Describe one similarity and one difference between any two developmental studies.(6)
d) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the developmental approach using any examples from developmental approach studies.
(12)
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Bandura1 Children develop aggression through imitation of role models
2 Learn behaviour from others, our environment and our experiences
3 Develop through rewards (behaviourism)
4 that aggression is learned not innate
Samuel & Bryant1 Looks at development of children’s thinking – cognitive development
2 tells us that the ability to conserve develops through stages
3 tells us that children find conservation of volume most difficult of all
Freud1 Looks at development of fears and phobias
2 Early experiences shape our personality in later life
3 Children go through stages; based on psychodynamic approach
4 tells us that development of
This developmental approach assumes that:-
1.
2.
3.
a) Outline one assumption of the developmental approach in psychology. (2) You must refer to BEHAVIOUR! We are Psychologists that is our interest!
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
b) Describe how the developmental approach explains aggression (4)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c) Describe how the developmental approach explains the development of children’s thinking. (4)
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d) Describe how the developmental approach explains the development of personality. (4)
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e) Describe one similarity and one difference between any two developmental studies.(6)
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f) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the developmental approach using any examples from developmental approach studies.
(12)
Acceptable Strengths Acceptable Weaknesses
- It offers an explanation on why individuals of differing ages demonstrate different intellectual abilities, social skills and emotional responses.
- It adds to the continuing nature versus nurture debate.
- It is often claimed to be reductionist.
- Many proposals in relation to age-related development have been shown to be too rigid
- Ethical concerns may be raised as it relies too heavily on the use of children.
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Similarities & Differences!!!Similaritie
sSamuel & Bryant Bandura Freud
Samuel & Bryant
Similarities : use of opportunity samples of children; looking at development of important behaviour; both useful to teachers & parents;
Similarities
Bandura
Differences; one emphasises nature, one nurture
Similarities
Freud
Differences Differences
Describe one similarity and one difference between any two developmental studies. (6)
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AS Psychology Developmental Approach
Strengths & Weaknesses of Developmental Approach …
Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the developmental approach using any examples from developmental approach studies.
(12)
Point Explain ExampleParagrap
h 1
One strength is …
Paragraph 2
Another strength is …
Paragraph 3
One weakness is …
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Strengths
1. We can see the effects of maturation (aging) & experience
2. Longitudinal research is a very useful way of investigating life changes
3. These studies illustrates 3 different theories of child development – psychoanalytic, structuralist & behavioural
4. Useful in education & childcare 5. Helps us to understand children’s
development
Weaknesses
1. Some research is unethical 2. Longitudinal studies suffer from
attrition (participants drop out) 3. Case studies are difficult to
generalise from4. Laboratory studies may have low
ecological validity 5. Deterministic – too much emphasis
on early years
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
Paragraph 4
Another weakness is …
In the Core Studies exam, you could be asked a question on the Psychodynamic Perspective in Psychology. The question could look something like this:-
a) Outline one assumption of the psychodynamic perspective in psychology.(2)
b) Describe how the psychodynamic perspective could explain phobias.(4)
c) Describe one similarity and one difference between any two psychodynamic studies. (6)
d) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic perspective using any examples from studies that take a psychodynamic view.
(12)
These are the two studies you can use for the Psychodynamic perspective: How do they link?
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Freud1 Hans is studies in relation to the psychosexual stages of development from 3 (Phallic). Evidence he’s in this stage is his obsession with his willy and poo.
2 Evidence of him going into the Oedipus complex i.e. the dream of the giraffe and the plumber taking away his bottom.
3 Freud’s interpretation of his phobia, the horse being a symbol of Hans’ father and that fear is displaced from the father to the horse (ego defence mechanism).
Thigpen + Cleckley1 Looks at early childhood experiences as a reason for how MPD may have developed i.e. Christine having to view and kiss her dead grandmothers body
2 Uses hypnosis to communicate with the personalities which assumes the existence of the unconscious mind. The three personalities are like the id, ego and superego.
3 Use of the Rorshach test is used to uncover the conflict in the unconscious mind. i.e Eve Black was found to be regressive and Eve White Repressive.
This psychodynamic perspective assumes that:-
1.
2.
3.
a) Outline one assumption of the psychodynamic perspective in psychology. (2) You must refer to BEHAVIOUR! We are Psychologists that is our interest!
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
b) Describe how the psychodynamic perspective explains multiple personality disorder. (4)
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b) Describe how the psychodynamic perspective explains the development of phobias. (4)
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c) Describe one similarity and one difference between any core studies that can be viewed from the Psychodynamic perspective. (6)
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d) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the Psychodynamic perspective using any examples from core studies that can be viewed from the Psychodynamic perspective. (12)
Acceptable Strengths Acceptable Weaknesses
It allows psychologists to: - Suggest causes for mental disorders.- Suggest why individuals behave in ways they cannot easily explain or understand.- To see how behaviour can develop over time as a result of subconscious forces.
- Studies which take this perspective often use unrepresentative samples.- Methodology may not be objective and therefore open to bias.- The perspective is based on concepts that are difficult to test and verify scientifically. - Ethical concerns may be raised.
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These are the two studies you can use for the Behavioural perspective: How do they link?
The Terrible Story of Little Albert …
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Watson and Raynor1 Little Albert is studied in where the experimenters are trying to induce within him a phobia through classical conditioning.
2 Evidence of him being conditioned to fear a rat and this fear developing into a fear of all things white and fluffy was evident by the end.
Bandura1 Children develop aggression through imitation of role models
2 We learn behaviour from others, our environment and our experiences (Social Learning Theory)
3 We Develop through rewards (behaviourism)
4 Aggression is learned not innate
_______________________________ _________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________
_______________________________ _________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
b) Describe how the Behavioural perspective could explain aggression.(4)
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c) Describe one similarity and one difference between any core studies that can be viewed from the Behavioural perspective.
(6)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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This Behavioural perspective assumes that:-
1.
2.
3.
a) Outline one assumption of the behavioural perspective in psychology. (2) You must refer to BEHAVIOUR! We are Psychologists that is our interest!
_______________________________ _________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________
AS Psychology Developmental Approach
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d) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the Behavioural perspective using any examples from core studies that can be viewed from the Behavioural perspective. (12)
Acceptable Strengths Acceptable Weaknesses
- It allows psychologists to investigate the effect of the environment on behaviour.
- It is very scientific and usually uses controlled experimental methods.
- It provides a strong counter-argument to the nature side of the nature-nurture debate.
- It is reductionist as it ignores the influences of nature and cognition on behaviour.
- Use of this perspective often relies on laboratory experiments which lack ecological validity.
- Ethical concerns may be raised.
- Many animal studies are used which open up the ethical debate/cause problems when generalising to humans.
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