Violation of blood circulation:

hyperaemia, anaemia, stasis, bleeding, thromboses,

embolisms, infarcts

As.-prof. Volodymyr D. Voloshyn

(According to prof. Yaroslav Ya. Bodnar et al., V. Serov et al.)

A pathological process is the appropriate reaction of organism as a reply to a damage factor.

Alteration (from a lat. alteratio is change) or damage – there are the changes of cells structure, intercellular matter, tissues and organs which are expressed in violation of their function. .

dystrophy >>>>> necrosi

Violation of blood circulation causes the damage of structures of cells and tissues, that is expressed in the change of tissue and cellular metabolism, and in development of different types of dystrophy up to necrosis. They can develop, both in separate and in all organs and to stipulate the decline of their function. Above all things these disorders are inherent by all disease of the cardiac-vessels system. Knowledge about these gives us the possibility right to estimate the dynamics of motion and foresee the consequences of illnesses.

Violation of blood circulation

Hyperaemia

Anaemia

Infarcts

Stasis

Thromboses

Embolisms

Bleeding

Plasmorrhagy

Arterial hyperaemia is an intensive increased fill up by

blood of organ or tissues through the surplus wave of arterial blood

ARTERIAL HYPERAEMIA

Physiological

Pathological

TOTAL LOCAL

Plethora

Erytremia

Angioneurotic

Collateral

Postanaemia

Vacate

Inflammatic

At arterio-venous canales

Acute

Chronic

Venous hyperaemia is increase of blood supplying of organ or tissue

through the deceleration (затрудненням) of outflow of blood, influxes of blood here not changed or diminished.

General venous hyperaemia

arises up at pathology of heart, which conduces to insufficiency of cardiac activity

At acute cardiac insufficiency (infarct of myocardium, acute decompensation of heart). There are the results of hypoxy and increase of capillary permeability lead to the plasmatic impregnation (plasmorrhage), swollen, spot diapedetic hemorrhages, dystrophic and necrotizing changes in the parenchimatic elements, for example, in lungs at the infarct of the left ventricle of heart.

Acute venous hyperaemia

At chronic cardiac (cardiac-vessels) insufficiency which are developed at the congenital and acquired defects of heart disease, miocarditis, cardiosclerosis there is a chronic venous hyperaemia. The latter Chronic hypoxia comes, and which conduces to development not only plasmorrhagy, edema and spot hemorrhages but also atrophy and sclerosis of tissues and organs.

Morphological signs of right ventricle cardiac insufficiency

SkinCyanosis Atrophy Sclerosis Swelling

Atrophic ulcers Dilatation of vein canal

Lungs

Nutmeg liver Cirrhosis Portal hypertension

Kidneys

Brown induration

Liver

Cyanotic indurationLien

Cyanotic induration

Gastrointestinal Atrophic catarrh

Nutmeg (Muscat) liver

The sclerotic changes are predefined by that the hypoxia stimulates the synthesis of collogen by fibroblasts; at the same time there is atrophy of parenchimatic elements. Thus the parenchima is replaced by connecting tissue, organs and tissues became dense – there is induration.

Brown induration of lungs

The local venous hyperemia

develops at the difficult tide off blood from organs or from parts of body because there is the corking of the vein by thrombi, emboli or vein press by

tumor or increased next (neighbouring) organ.

Anemia

Anaemia or ischemia (from a lat. ischo – to detain) is diminishing of blood supplying of organ, tissue, part of body as a result of insufficient of blood tide.

Acute Chronic

Spastic

Obturatic

Compressible

Ischemia from at the

redistribution of blood

Types of anaemia (depending on reason)

Depending on reasons and terms of origin distinguish such types of anaemia:

Spastic (reflex) is spasm of arteries, for example at the pain irritation, at negative emotions.

Obturatic is partial or absolute closing of artery by a tromb, clot (embol), disattached atherosclerotic plate, connecting tissue which overgrew at artery wall inflammation.

Compressible is compression of artery by a tumour, liquid, ligature, bandage.

Ischemia from at the redistribution of blood. At emitting of ascytic liquid blood comes to the vessels of abdominal region and a cerebral ischemia develops. In the cases of stand up quickly the blood comes into the low areas of body, and cerebral ischemia and dizziness come, orthostatic shock develops, the consciousness loss.

Obturatic myocardial ischemia. Infarct

Stasis

Stasis (from a lat. stasis is stop) is stopping of blood motion in the

microcirculatory vessels, mainly in capillaries .

Bleeding

Bleeding (haemorrhagia) is the exit of blood from the road clearance of vessels or heart in an environment (external) or in the cavity of the body (internal).

Pipe pregnancy is broken

Hemorrhages are the blood accumulation in tissues and which follows from vessels

Morphological signs of blood outing from vessel canal

Bleeding Hemorrhages (in tissue)

External

Owing to rupture

Internal

Owing to corrode

Owing to increasing of vessels permeability

Petechiae

Bruise синець

Ecchymoses

Haematoma

Haemorrhagic infiltration

Petechial hemorrhage

Haematoma of cerebellum and hemorragic infiltration of pia

Thrombosis

A thrombosis is an aggregation of blood in the road clearance of vessels or heart in alive. Blood clot, which appeared is named a tromb. The intravessel clot of lymph is also named a tromb

To the local factors of trombformation belong: damage of endothelia, deceleration and violation of laminarity of blood flow.

To the general: unbalance between the convolutional and anticonvolutional systems of blood and the change of its composition .

Classification of the thrombus

According to structure

According to vessel’s canal

Specific forms

Red

White

Mixed

Hyaline

Ordinary (atwall)

Horseman thrombus Migratory

thrombus

Marantic

Delatic

Progressive

Spheroid

Obstructive (Obturative)

Red Obstructive thrombus of vein

Consequences of thrombosis

Embolism

Embolism is circulation in the blood or in the lymph of particles which does not meet in a norm in them .

Classification of Embolism

According to direction of move According to structure

Typical

Atypical

Paradoxical

Retrograde

Bacterial

Cell

Aerial

Gas

Lipid

Thrombemboli

By foreign bodies

Bacterial embolism

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Infarct

A infarct is the hearth of necrosis, which arises up as a result of the stopping of blood supplying. Other name is ischemia.

Classification of infarcts

According to view According to form (shape)

White

Red Incorrect form

White infarct with red border

Triangular

White infarct White infarct – it is

good marked off from surrounding tissue area of necrosis of white-yellow color. Mainly arises up in organs with insufficient development of collaterals (spleen).

Ischemic stroke

White infarct with the hemorragic rim (border)

White infarct with the hemorragic rim is the area of necrosis of white-yellow color which is off from surrounding tissue by expanded collateral vessels and diapedetic hemorrhages. Framing (border) is the result of transition of spasm in paretic expansion of vessels and increasing their vascular permeability.

Infarct of myocardium

Hemorragic infarct

Hemorragic infarct is the area of necrosis which is saturated with blood. The development of him is predefined to the angiaarchitectinic of organ – double blood supplying with the presence of anastomoses (inosculations). .

A hemorragic infarct of lungs

Organ Kind of infarct Kind of necrosis

HEART White infarct with red border

Coagulative necrosis with secondary Colikvation

LUNGS Red Coagulative

KIDNEY White infarct with red border Coagulative

BRAIN White & red Colikvative

SPLEEN White Coagulative

INTESTINE Red Colikvative

Thank you for attention!