AS Paper 2 SAM question paper v1.0 · 10 7036/2/v1.0 Section B Geography fieldwork investigation and geographical skills Answer Question 2. 0 2 . 1 Suggest reasons why questionnaires

AS

GEOGRAPHY

Paper 2 Human geography and geography fieldwork investigation

Additional specimen Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes

Materials For this paper you must have: a pencil a rubber a ruler. You may use a calculator. Instructions Answer all Questions in Section A. Answer Question 2 in Section B. Answer Question 3 or Question 4 in Section B. Information The total number of marks available for this paper is 80. Advice For the multiple-choice questions, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer(s).

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select as shown.

Please write clearly, in block capitals.

Centre number Candidate number

Surname

Forename(s)

Candidate signature

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN

ASSESSMENT MATERIAL

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Section A

Changing places

Answer all questions. 0 1 . 1 Identify the statement that best describes the topography of a place.

[1 mark]

A It is the proportion of people in different age groups, and how fast the population is growing or declining.

B It is the physical appearance and surface features of the landscape, including its hills, valleys and other landforms.

C It is the type of industry or businesses that are present, or the types of employment that may be available.

D It is how the surrounding land is used, including for farming, forestry, housing and industry.

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Question 1 continues on the next page

0 1 . 2 Which of these is the most likely to have used census data as the only source of data?

[1 mark]

A An investigation into teenagers’ perceptions of place in a small rural town in Northern England.

B An investigation into the lived experiences of a group of recently-arrived migrants in Manchester.

C An investigation into the changing demographic and employment patterns in London over the past 30 years.

D An investigation into insider and outsider perspectives on a new housing estate in a small village.

0 1 . 3 Name one place that you have studied. In the local place that you have studied, outline either demographic or economic changes that have taken place.

[3 marks]

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Figure 1

Figure 2 is a photo of Malham in the present day. Figure 2

Figure 3 is an introduction to a fieldwork investigation in the place characteristics of Malham. Figure 3

Malham is located in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, situated in an upland

limestone landscape. The local limestone has been used for centuries to build the

dry stone walls that are a distinctive feature of the surrounding area. Most of the

buildings here, both old and new, have been constructed using the local stone. One

hundred years ago there were some small mills here making textiles and some lead

mines. Now, hill farms and tourism are the main activities.

0 1 . 4 Figure 1 is a photo of Malham, North Yorkshire, in 1910.

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Using evidence from Figures 1–3, analyse the continuity and change to Malham’s character as a place.

[6 marks]

Question 1 continues on the next page

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0 1 . 5 Compare and contrast the usefulness of different visual sources in helping you to understand the local place you have studied. This might include GIS maps, photographs and artistic representations.

[9 marks]

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0 1 . 6 Evaluate how far the lived experiences of different groups in a place that you have studied has led to different place identities.

[20 marks]

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Turn over for the next question

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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Section B

Geography fieldwork investigation and geographical skills

Answer Question 2. 0 2 . 1 Suggest reasons why questionnaires are often used to collect data in human

geography fieldwork. [2 marks]

0 2 . 2 Figure 4 is a transcript an interview undertaken with residents of Stratford, East London, as part of a Geography fieldwork investigation into the impacts that the London Olympic games had on the local area.

Figure 4

Interview 1

“This area has always been seen negatively by other Londoners and now even the

tourists are coming to East London now we’ve got this new park! They used to say it

was the worst area in London but not now we have got the Olympic Stadium! But, I

still don’t think it will bring the jobs that were promised unless you want to work in the

new shopping centre.

Really, I feel most sorry for the young people as they felt having the Olympics here

would bring them good jobs. I think it’s been a bit of a missed opportunity. I suppose

at least the youngsters will be helped by the new facilities like the swimming pool and

other sports facilities. There’s more places for them to go now.”

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Outline how quantitative primary data collection techniques could be used to develop the evidence provided in Figure 4.

[4 marks]

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0 2 . 3 Name two types of quantitative secondary data that could be useful in developing this investigation.

[2 marks]

0 2 . 4 You have experienced geography fieldwork as part of your course. Use that

experience to answer the following questions. State the aim of your fieldwork investigation.

Justify your choice of a sampling technique that would lead to reliable outcomes for

your investigation. [6 marks]

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0 2 . 5 To what extent did the planning and preparation for your fieldwork help you to reach valid conclusions?

[9 marks]

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Answer Question 3 or Question 4.

Shade the circle below to indicate which optional question you will answer.

Question 0 3 Question 0 4

0 3 Figure 5 shows a local newspaper article. A student decided to use this as a

starting point for planning a fieldwork investigation. Figure 5

Local Councillors Express Concern over Cloning Local councillors have expressed concern that small shops on the high street are closing down and being replaced with chain stores that can be found on most town centres across the country. This follows last week’s closure of an independently-owned bookshop that had been in the town for 120 years. Speaking after a council meeting last week, Mrs Smith, a local councillor and lifelong resident of the town said; “This town needs its small independent retailers. It’s what gives the town character and attracts people from outside the town to shop here. I believe that this town needs small, specialist shops, not large chain stores that would turn us into another clone town and make us just the same as other places!” Not everyone at the meeting agreed. Some felt that other nearby small towns had regenerated their high street by allowing more large retailers to take over vacant shops. One councillor commented; “It’s a difficult environment for small, independent retailers to thrive. Surely it’s better to have chain stores moving in than leaving shops vacant on our high street.” The council has decided to let the people have a say and will be holding some focus groups in town to discuss how the local residents feel about changes to their high street.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

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0 3 . 1 Comment on how useful Figure 5 would be in helping to plan a local fieldwork enquiry.

[4 marks]

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0 3 . 2 After further reading, the student decided to compare the changing retail nature of high streets in two small towns. Figure 6 shows their plan.

Figure 6

Data processing and presentation

Method – Primary

Survey of 50 shops in the town centre to record types of shop and whether these are independently owned or part of a regional, national or international chain.

Services such as post offices and doctors are not included.

Calculate scores for each town using a published tool. Scores are determined by a formula that includes the number of different types of shops (diversity) and the number of chain stores/independently-owned stores (identity).

Score from 5 – 60

5–30 is Clone town (Many chain stores)

30–35 is a Border town that has a mixture of chain shops and independent retailers.

35–60 is a Home town (least chain stores)

Photos Annotation on base map to identify independent and chain stores.

Questionnaire to shoppers to ask about reasons for shopping (open-ended questions), where they are from and what shops they are visiting (closed questions).

Opinions of visitors versus local residents – code qualitative data compare opinions about the shopping experience in the two towns. Basic statistics to show whether shoppers are attracted by chain stores or independent stores.

Sphere of influence map for each town.

Interviews with: local councillor business owner council planning officer elderly resident.

Pre-planned prompts used to keep interview focused and recorded.

Qualitative data on opinions about how and why the town has changed; identify market processes at work and possible regeneration strategies that impact on the high street.

Method – Secondary

Maps showing shops from different years.

Independent and non-independent shops can be mapped to show ‘clustering’ and also show differences over time.

Historical photographs. Annotated on base maps to show changes over time.

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Outline a health and safety issue that the student would need to consider when planning to undertake the investigation described in Figure 6.

[2 marks]

0 3 . 3 Outline any ethical issues that may arise from conducting the interviews outlined in Figure 6.

[2 marks]

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0 3 . 4 Figure 7 shows the student’s conclusion to their investigation. Figure 7

One of the towns was clearly a clone town with a score of 12, whereas the other was

a home town with a score of 50. Photographs and evidence from old maps showed

that many small, independent shops had closed down in both towns in the last 20

years. However, whilst in one town these had been replaced by easily recognised

chain stores and cafés, in the other they had been replaced by new independently

run stores. The interviews revealed that the council had actively promoted the

retention of small, ‘quirky’ shops as part of their goal to regenerate the town centre

and promote tourism in this town. The shopping survey also showed that that this

town had a much wider sphere of influence because people were travelling further to

get here for a ‘unique’ shopping experience. The council of the ‘clone town’ had

decided to regenerate the high street by encouraging chain stores into the town,

which was actually popular with local people but did not attract large numbers of

people to shop there from outside the town. Overall, this showed that council policy

was just as important as economic factors in determining if a town becomes a ‘clone

town’. Mapping the shops showed that there was some clustering of independent

shops within the high street of both towns.

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Using evidence from Figures 6 and 7, to what extent can the student be confident that the outcomes of this study give reliable geographical information about their chosen area of study?

[9 marks]

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0 4 Figure 8 shows a local newspaper article. A student decided to use this as a starting point for planning a fieldwork investigation. Figure 8

Local Councillors Express Concern over coastal management. Local councillors are concerned that a coastal management scheme a few kilometres away is having a negative impact on their own beaches. At a council meeting, councillors said that, since a multi-million pound scheme to construct new wooden groynes further north, residents had noticed that the beach was shrinking! They are concerned that homes here will be at risk as the wide beach protects them from the full force of the waves. Speaking after a council meeting last week, Mrs Smith, a local councillor and life-long resident of the town said; “It’s simply not right” The new groynes up the coast are trapping the sediment and depriving our own beach of sand and shingle! It might protect their residents but tourists come here because of our beach and now this is disappearing in front of our eyes!” Not everyone at the meeting agreed. One councillor commented; “The beach here has changed over the years, but I’m not sure that these changes have got worse since they built the new defences up the coast.” The council has decided to let the people have a say and will be holding some focus groups in town to discuss how the local residents feel about changes to their coastline.

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0 4 . 1 Comment on how useful Figure 8 would be in helping to plan a local fieldwork enquiry.

[4 marks]

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0 4 . 2 After further reading, the student decided to investigate evidence that the coastal management strategy of constructing groynes was having a negative impact on a

neighbouring beach. Figure 9 shows their plan. Figure 9

Data processing and presentation

Method – Primary

Beach survey at ‘managed’ and ‘unmanaged’ section of the coastline to include:

recording beach gradient using clinometers and ranging poles from the shore to the cliff

survey of size and shape of sediment on a transect from shore to cliff. Size measured and shape classified according to published index

measurement of sediment depth either side of the groyne

survey of longshore drift using painted pebbles at ‘managed’ beach to understand the direction of sediment movement.

Beach profiles, widths and cross-sectional areas compared.

Located graphs to show the differences between sediment size and shape at the two locations.

Located graphs of sediment build-up and direction of sediment movement.

Direction of movement annotated onto base map.

Photos Identify sediment build-up at groynes and differences in beach width.

Questionnaire to residents. Opinions of residents about the effectiveness of coastal defences– code qualitative data and compare opinions about the impacts of coastal defences in the two locations and possible other suggested reasons for changes. Basic statistics to show if the defences are viewed favourably by residents in each location.

Interviews with:

local councillor business owner planning officer elderly resident.

Pre-planned prompts used to keep interview focused and recorded.

Qualitative analysis of opinions about how the coastal management plan has worked in the past and how the new plan is impacting on the coastline of the two areas.

Method – Secondary

Aerial photographs. Annotated to show differences in the width of the beaches in the two locations.

Old photographs and maps. Annotated on base maps to show changes in beach width over time.

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Outline a health and safety issue that the student would need to consider when planning to undertake the investigation described in Figure 9.

[2 marks]

0 4 . 3 Outline any ethical issues that may arise from conducting the interviews outlined in Figure 9.

[2 marks]

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0 4 . 4 Figure 10 shows the student’s conclusion to their investigation. Figure 10

There was evidence that the new groynes had interrupted the supply of sediment

carried by long shore drift. Secondary data showed that there had been a 30%

decline in beach width in the ‘unmanaged’ section since the groynes had been built.

Primary data showed that there was a 40% higher accumulation of sand on the

northern side of the new groynes, suggesting a significant entrapment of beach

material and slowing of the movement of beach material by longshore drift.

Movement of pebbles confirmed that material was likely to be moved southward by

the sea. The gradient and shape of the beach was significantly different at each

location. The beach to the north was steeper, and the mean pebble size was twice

that of the beach to the south. The cross-sectional area of the northern beach was

also significantly higher. This suggested that larger material is becoming trapped by

the groynes, leading to a beach to the south that is not only narrower, but also flatter

and with finer material. Local residents felt this was significant because it was the

changing nature of the beach, as well as its width, that was contributing to the

increased rates of erosion of the cliffs they had observed over the winter. However

some residents felt that other factors, such as rising sea level and increased storm

events may have played their part in how the beach had changed.

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END OF QUESTIONS

Using evidence from Figures 9 and 10, to what extent can the student be confident that the outcomes of this study give reliable geographical information about their chosen area of study?

[9 marks]

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AS Paper 2 SAM question paper v1.0 · 10 7036/2/v1.0 Section B Geography fieldwork investigation and geographical skills Answer Question 2. 0 2 . 1 Suggest reasons why questionnaires