AS marking exercise. Outline one advantage of using questionnaires. (3 marks) Some questionnaires can provide rich detail about an individual’s life,

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Outline Outline oneone advantage of using advantage of using questionnaires. (questionnaires. (3 marks3 marks))

Some questionnaires can provide rich detail about Some questionnaires can provide rich detail about an individual’s life, particularly if it is an open an individual’s life, particularly if it is an open questionnaire, where an individual can provide questionnaire, where an individual can provide better more specific information for the better more specific information for the psychologist’s benefit.psychologist’s benefit.

An advantage of using questionnaires for stress An advantage of using questionnaires for stress research is that it allows a huge sample to be research is that it allows a huge sample to be gained fairly quickly. This increases the reliability gained fairly quickly. This increases the reliability of stress research.of stress research.

Gives quick data, allows rapid increase through Gives quick data, allows rapid increase through replication.replication.

The answers are quantitative when using yes or no The answers are quantitative when using yes or no answers or are rich in detail when longer answers answers or are rich in detail when longer answers are required, therefore results can be gathered are required, therefore results can be gathered and used to back up research.and used to back up research.

1 mark for identification

2 marks for elaboration

How does the behaviour of securely How does the behaviour of securely attached infants differ from that of attached infants differ from that of insecurely attached infants? (4 insecurely attached infants? (4 marks)marks)

If an infant is securely If an infant is securely attached then their attached then their behaviour is a lot different behaviour is a lot different from those who have an from those who have an insecure attachment. insecure attachment.

If you are securely If you are securely attached then you will seek attached then you will seek proximity and distress proximity and distress when you are separated when you are separated you are also likely to be you are also likely to be easily calmed down.easily calmed down.

If you are insecurely If you are insecurely attached then you will attached then you will show no signs of distress show no signs of distress when separated and make when separated and make it seem as though you have it seem as though you have no care.no care.

Max 1 mark for two separate descriptions

Max 2 marks for implicit comparison

Can focus on one difference in detail or more than one more briefly.


Securely attached infants Securely attached infants cry when the caregiver cry when the caregiver leaves the room but are leaves the room but are easily soothed when easily soothed when reunited. Insecure avoidant reunited. Insecure avoidant infants take little interest infants take little interest when the caregiver leaves when the caregiver leaves and continue with what they and continue with what they were doing. Securely were doing. Securely attached infants seek close attached infants seek close bodily contact whereas bodily contact whereas anxious insecure infants anxious insecure infants seek and reject intimacy. seek and reject intimacy. Securely attached infants Securely attached infants also explore from a safe also explore from a safe base whereas insecure base whereas insecure avoidant infants are more avoidant infants are more clingy.clingy.





Securely attached infants Securely attached infants protest when the protest when the caregiver leaves, use caregiver leaves, use their mother as a secure their mother as a secure base, have pleasure on base, have pleasure on reunion and can explore reunion and can explore the environment and play the environment and play alone, whereas insecurely alone, whereas insecurely attached infants are attached infants are stress when their mother stress when their mother leaves, do not use their leaves, do not use their mother as a secure base, mother as a secure base, are anxious when she are anxious when she returns and can’t play returns and can’t play alone and explore the alone and explore the environment.environment.




THE ESSAY QUESTIONSDescription (AO1)

Marks Detail Knowledge and understanding

Selection of appropriate material

Presentation of information

6 Accurate and reasonably detailed

Sound Appropriate Clear and coherent

5-4 Generally accurate, less detailed

Relevant Some evidence Appropriate

3-2 Basic Some relevant Little evidence Appropriate1 Very

brief/flawedVery little Largely or wholly inappropriate

THE ESSAY QUESTIONSEvaluation (AO2)

Marks Use of material

Range of issues and/or evidence

Expression of ideas , specialist terms, spelling etc

6 Effective Broad range in reasonable depth or narrower range in greater depth

Clear and good range, few errors

5-4 Not always effective

range in limited depth or narrower range in greater depth

Reasonable, some errors

3-2 Basic Superficial consideration of restricted range

Lacks clarity, some specialist terms, errors

1 Rudimentary Just discernible Poor, few specialist terms

Outline and evaluate research into Outline and evaluate research into the effects of anxiety on the the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. accuracy of eyewitness testimony. (12 marks)(12 marks)Anxiety has effects on the accuracy of eyewitness Anxiety has effects on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony because high levels of anxiety can lead to testimony because high levels of anxiety can lead to lack of attention. For example there was a study when lack of attention. For example there was a study when someone committed a crime with a knife. Because of someone committed a crime with a knife. Because of anxiety the victim was only able to remember that the anxiety the victim was only able to remember that the source of anxiety was the knife. This shows that the source of anxiety was the knife. This shows that the anxiety affected the victim’s memory.anxiety affected the victim’s memory.The effects of anxiety can also cause repression and The effects of anxiety can also cause repression and this could affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony this could affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony because repression means that memories are because repression means that memories are forgotten. This happens because repression is a form of forgotten. This happens because repression is a form of ego defense which deals with anxiety. This probably ego defense which deals with anxiety. This probably would affect the accuracy of EWT.would affect the accuracy of EWT.Another research study looked at the effects of an Another research study looked at the effects of an incident where some children who were raped were incident where some children who were raped were interviewed 20 years later to see what they interviewed 20 years later to see what they remembered. The study found that people couldn’t remembered. The study found that people couldn’t remember that much detail which suggested that the remember that much detail which suggested that the memories were repressed.memories were repressed.This study shows how anxiety can affect memory. This study shows how anxiety can affect memory.

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Outline and evaluate research into Outline and evaluate research into the effects of anxiety on the the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. accuracy of eyewitness testimony. (12 marks)(12 marks)The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that for the best recall, a The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that for the best recall, a person needs to have a reasonably high level of anxiety. person needs to have a reasonably high level of anxiety. However if they are anxious this may mean their arousal is However if they are anxious this may mean their arousal is extremely high and this would affect their memory.extremely high and this would affect their memory.

One of the key researchers on memory is Loftus. In one One of the key researchers on memory is Loftus. In one study Loftus and Burns showed videos to participants of a study Loftus and Burns showed videos to participants of a bank robbery. In the first video the car with the thieves was bank robbery. In the first video the car with the thieves was able to escape. In the second video there was a scene able to escape. In the second video there was a scene where a boy was shot in the face. Afterwards when they where a boy was shot in the face. Afterwards when they interviewed participants, the participants couldn’t interviewed participants, the participants couldn’t remember anything that had occurred just before the boy remember anything that had occurred just before the boy was shot. This suggests that when people see a distressing was shot. This suggests that when people see a distressing scene it affects their memory for events just before that. scene it affects their memory for events just before that. This would obviously affect the accuracy of their testimony.This would obviously affect the accuracy of their testimony.

Loftus carried out another study where participants were in Loftus carried out another study where participants were in a waiting room, waiting for a study to begin. They heard an a waiting room, waiting for a study to begin. They heard an argument in an adjacent room and then a man ran through argument in an adjacent room and then a man ran through the room with a pen and his hands covered in grease, or he the room with a pen and his hands covered in grease, or he was holding a knife and his hands were covered in blood.was holding a knife and his hands were covered in blood.

Outline and evaluate research into Outline and evaluate research into the effects of anxiety on the the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. accuracy of eyewitness testimony. (12 marks)(12 marks)Later, when participants were asked to identify Later, when participants were asked to identify the man who ran through the room, those the man who ran through the room, those participants in the blood condition were less participants in the blood condition were less accurate in their testimony. This suggests that the accurate in their testimony. This suggests that the anxiety they felt might have affected the accuracy anxiety they felt might have affected the accuracy of their memory.of their memory.One of the criticisms of this research is that the One of the criticisms of this research is that the studies aren’t like real life and watching a video studies aren’t like real life and watching a video isn’t like real life. Also the participants may not isn’t like real life. Also the participants may not have been taking the task seriously. They might have been taking the task seriously. They might have been affected by demand characteristics and have been affected by demand characteristics and tried to guess what the study was about.tried to guess what the study was about.In real life participants may be more accurate as In real life participants may be more accurate as shown in studies of real life EWT like the study by shown in studies of real life EWT like the study by Christiansen and Hubinette. On the other hand it Christiansen and Hubinette. On the other hand it might be argued that people in a lab study will be might be argued that people in a lab study will be more attention to detail and therefore would more attention to detail and therefore would remember more. remember more.

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AS marking exercise. Outline one advantage of using questionnaires. (3 marks) Some questionnaires can provide rich detail about an individual’s life,