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As- •at
Sa lUg -L d Mod 1forFightmg Pav rty .-DdDiscrimination
b Brei Matthe - sDr. i
l-sttll I; hJ<ll is, -g~ ttUll; re:;uJu .;\. It,b J savill !is-I~ model amollf;
JOin n j' pcopl~ in nortbwC'!it Ilangbdes.h Th. se- peopl at\? mO.$d··
Iii_oil es~ -:lod min:~t .., alld e~rf) t'OUt 50.! a per ~r:f<.lU, They f
II villlJ pOf'ulilti. J3 -~epnC'OI [bilt mil:l-O milfiCI: iostituctOim:t in
Ban ladc:sb (Uld d!iC.'I>hcTC :tre u.o a.bl(,' to serve stIcc.CS3futl}'. Ash.r.ll
b/'!~n i 11 ,ld 'W rk I 11 ron; ~'" . replk"(ln~:' .r me-el'l Il;!n -, hlJrmvidl le~l'm:d [TtJm it., li n\} UI.1L LllIIT nt'c:clc:tI J:li"rn~~ ilL le: 1;U
much [IS lom5,. flex,iblc lo:m n:~'plITmC'n scbc-dulcs .suutIIlIrC!d .l1'Uuml
sC;I!;On.ll cash flow, .llld ':10 c sj ng of hI:' rE'Iui flml or ril ilt' ~Il bl? lr
prod\)'v tb£jJ-OSe~.,oU' i tiI.kd J in \' I 'I: !7P {.ltch b· eli OD.
Intl:wh>c CIlP.l£i-tv buihli.n (0 dp Ileal!! l7uild. small, infor=Jl
im.J.flci::ll 1D rm.roi3rj~. SJ1\'ZI1Ig5 mo -i1izwOll. illrrirudoll-I:JUildllg,
lid d ,dnn/lire ey ir.!-uor"l'tu fins wDrk 109 [11 U'l P OfT lh
dfort i..l ~u-ml: u[ ll~ wl;7rlLl' pO~lr ~ p:~'Jpl~ ~o buil "b~ -0 ceo
nDmic p-ow~r:tml!.d -rt'.5EJiN..'t.
In t au ton
AshraJ. {pro[iOnll.c~ -ash ray mCd.nm", "shdrd" in Beongaii) is.m GO rkin~ .:unOllg ~th.no-l:ingu.ijt:ic min rid 'S living in th~
B in,a, r Cl in rn. nonhWi SOt d3v1i n of Raj han' .in a,.mgladesh.There a-re at least J. million 0 these pe pie (r en~ci t Ol$
"Adivasl:S .in Bangh.dcsh) in the reD'ion.1 The}' include: group:;·irh Ian u g f . r-r-o-AsiaIi 0 'gin (ili ;umJ _ undl,:and
. f.thaJi) nd Drv-idi r,lgm ami d- P h ia), A' grou
] U\l rnaI f 1'1 I rofinan(;
lh face· b~~:ulti 1 'trier pa i iP~l ;011 in loc:!1 e onOffitClif - omp unclcd b; 'trtmel' high rar,es of iUitc'T .r)' :IcO
bodleSSl:le !I.
50hr "l modd f' 'Hl.gs- e:-d mi rofiEloloce: l mC! rly sig,ns 0 succss,. reducing t1:i ·yulflerabHir.... 0 Adiya,s'li~mSc to hunger od 1 nd los~, ~ -bil upponitJ. th -it effortS
[0 &ta iEz th'ir Q'sh £law and. build up . .mil r n ~ommunitr
<I$!ie:rs. fh lessons leu ed teom ;,h.rJ-i' prOle ice wi]] be of\,.uUfO to pr c.ilioners V/'ol"kin~. elst;wher among mar~ina1iz!:ld
indig nom, peoples a.nd other very poor people_
e ember, 1996. f ( om I})
members
'0. lwin'societie.s ( .sa.m..it.i~s")
,m1l;s'an
55000
... 'shri
lQ.4 {)
610$53,7 047,'00
mInded .in Ja:nuary91, Asbra.i is dedieau:d impr-ovlll"the stand cd. of 1i:\-tng of lh minority peopJ~ it works wiilian ttl 1nrc:rratin<T them inro the mainstream of ecollomic
cl \' 1 .m. n in Ban 1 de h, ,"Ubr' pen' Ii ~ Y I" ring J.ndrefinL.ng its ea· i g medtodolog·, On e if h d esubli. bed ~
soli foundation It gl-eW quicldy as Table 1 [~sri: I $.
PO o:II ,..,. ,.."'••••• _ • .,. .,."r'lI! ,,_...........•....,.•••"" _ •.••,•• o:II • .,..r: ~ ••I!I •••""'
!J~I_wtL _11., Cm.Jdiirn P.tllJtU- .Cl M DiDl'fw,j ilh M.Fhmm. 199 .. Emuif.re1'I@m. l.lnrtxKLc•
.of..HvJ'J' .11: l~ :1.S1lC'M' .mt; r(fpaiqgm ~'Qi*~~~';: 111 tbrr ~~t cd.int~ITJJJ(li • r I 't' ~lZy.qui s,~ IfIlIr-d~rsgdzrffiOT ~ .~ f{ f. ffliJ#;ormr. ibtl@
Volume -1 umber
1;;) 'rin ,in [heand i!ll-JwabganjDinajpur.
a,vings.led tad 1
division' disuicl:s Rajshahi. T,mgaons rar is nov; moving into . .! purhai and
F htin • A.d" fa i Po el" '/
he founder nd e fcud e irect r of Ashr. i is Dr. h. n Ali.r. Ali oOlpleted ltis ll h.D, in anthropology :uno g dl
antal:S-l:he a gesl: erb.no><linguis·dc minority in tlle r 101'1
bef re b1J1lching A hrai. 'he' poverry he do .umen ed mongth <lnt s was e· me e b- thei ndr 0 .Bangladeshand W~5i perpetui!t.ed b s:ever;tl fa,cton (_ li. J9 I).
The ,mals s :ilk 3.11 anci nt Ian U<lfF. (Sam i) hich isunrebIed '[ Beng<t1i the.: dominant l:'Ui{;u!.'I e of lh r ~on.) asw 11 a.S other 1· c j tong: . 0 The_ ".. s ·.lttaed, n b rn .sics
- 1"11 Indi rde .and :niJ) re <lin tb it tr dr iU<11 pri flyand 11 e cycle ins i IJ ion 1 whe he. be have ad pl:ed ol:h rWJ. s rOm thei r uei,gbbollls_ They have :l very uneasy]' l:-atiOfl O
hip with tb ,1uslim majority._ liUet rud}' b - Alamgi r (l97) b rd OD. S mple of 1 i9
WOilH"ll : em f Asb.nd f und ~bat
• 5% e H[e ~H, b.Ue unher _9% knOl1;r hO'l;J;r W wrhetheir n me
• 9% long to 1 n·) S" fa.mili :' v rage 11 Idil1g the:ramili ~ ;Ire OA7 acres
'. 63% Ii" ill bouseSi with mud wall and. l:hllrched wofs;a."erag(! houses hln/c 1.7 room:;
• 67% MVt: rorlll ass~t (in Judiog lcal proper!, ) w'orcl11es~
wan $:900Alamgir rc;poned -a erage income in: 2J.b.OUl $ 0 per ear per Pf'[~
on. (wmpared to an \~erage income 0 3... or B.Ulgl desh(': 'Qlld B. nk 001) / Be" 'Use The ~ re]a dl"'ss. mas diva ismilke .heir Bving 'S da r 1 bou ers on heir aeighb ur' arms.AaJ.i,u1rurall:lb u.r rates l.n Ra'shah- durin rhf." three mOlllh
ha.rve~t :>eaSOll r Jbour .70 day p]us o· e and a b. H· da: 's'sup 1." 0 ri e ( or me }~ mel. 1':53 .. da plus 011(' and half d ~T
0- ria-or women. Qff-ha.l:·W;5ir tmplo}'Dlt:.n- i, sp radic al1d
Vohutl'" um r 2.
J[l urna] uf Lcro mance
l:lbour r te hlI 0 :tbo O. d"./ (me: ) ;<nd ,1; -::l d y(w-omen).ilhom ric~.'
The'S' i' a ll·docu em d )'nami of il1J btedne~> andl.tnd 1 ~.in th.i' region th.a h had tmgt COD t' uroc<:s fortkAd.i\'asi~ sec for: exa.lllpl~ .:BRAe 1 83. Ala~i.r l 97· hl;unOtl_). riA a1 d.is. sre ,JJke drah, or Hood, mell .se
the ric crop 1::0 ' • il . nd to a oi )~itrvtiO[l ~<lmi1_' Io,ill borro.. redjr frem 10~,j mOll rlenders CAtnes intere-st atesstM'in" .U' una h equiv lent of 100% pet tlnum (t1J'l;es ·vary
idd and .h~v fre(j'llenrJ' be~ docwntmtcd hove1 C{t %}. 'd1. a,si.$ also Se., their labour <Ii <I d.i"G~Ullt of np to50%. If) III ee mOD h be or [he 11 e 't.
L ad loss OfH~D resuhs nom the manipulation of publicrecords oIt bribery 0 -utl.ges: aDd muul ipal 0 icial·. Thisprot ~ ill simplifie wI en the ;(c'cim' fa:mil· j , illil r I: andb~on to d- tiked minority group.
In. a 'eli publidz.ed inodem in _000 in aD" on disttier,t.n~ heanbnd 0 Ash :lj's wor ,loca1I~;!der ·fo. ed docu.mems~ d h r ssed d group 0 19 a.D.,tOll f:unHi. s fot I] arly t 0 isIn ordl!r to Start' them from t.he!!" JaDcl. heD Lht! miliesr fu. ed m m ve, dl leader lli.r d J:h gs on night ho urnead 'J [he- anl.11 h 'illCS and .Jmhu he copl~ as he.: es ,pe[he inf~rno. One was kil1~d' man more ""cn: r1licillyinj~ ed. he polioetoo, fOIJ an,d h If hours II t-l ve on thes ne 'ail' S ugus.J 21, 2000). The Ouans. wbo aveadop ed m n..r Hindu vta:v's. fa-cehe add.ed burden l 0 ernmen- legislation rha- srrip Hindus of]e 1 ri h in the eventfind·) s"
Even in [he: absence f r.ceir r ounigh,t trime, the eig.btof borrower d.e t C;UJ eed. [b C:l 'r)" o· (he Lm ily 5
abili .' 1:0 r p ,or another cr p faiJur C 0 lCompcu d. the!'"S-[. In either case. he ikel esuh: is lalJd. loss.
The dire con iJ ions h, e 1 d 0 a br.e.kdo n in Adiv si".LIhori - SiIllctures. Ah.s~ Ali' doaoral resea.r<:h.lJD llg the
iLnu s re.1itealed ~omm fl' ies tD 'djs rrilj'. Un le- opt teadl.eir people £r~m msc'riminOltioll and poyer•• tht> lr dition .
lS Volume .. umber 2
hrai,l A iI ing:.-L d iIodd
omml tee of male elde ' had lo>:t much of tl1eir Lied ion-ttl k·ing llu1;hority.
B thl: Ntrl 1 s the commm:e h. d mostl· beenr duced r on' ;;lctiv mcmber-f e ymage he~dma.n. his oHi
o[ 1 tesid~s Yet" cel'e _onies ~md. ri ua1s: lru I, ~ 10." re.l1:mtb rj : in the polhical nd 1:0n0m1C spheres-.
U mle.rthes,e condj ion. Ult! b5~acli! ! ;I' ucce futS~\'ing -led miCrofU1:;lllU: project re formida J T.he e :id~nce
ugge' S lhat (he pani ipu'on r t mong AdirediT-led model~ like Grameeof! BRA • llml S j ve.- low
in pir of the fa.ct that tht:;~ GOs t: a, ci,,'c. throu;.houtfujs.hahi D" -uk••
evenhel ss. as dlre '[ r suIt 0 llfal'~ pro rn. ,• 58 0 members have been abll:' to improve t educadOI1
of tb.cir· cl:Ulclren• OQ e p rie:nc j,mpro em-en in p,er .au n f mily
m,Hrit~on
4111 gained. incre:a,sea aCCI?S, to medicine
• QUID experienced impro\lcme t in opp l'HlllltlCS to ork. r. rr inc.ome ( m ir 1997 pp. -47- g. - )
.hrai1 S' rat .
hr, ' 't:raregj' for dli ving I' go i 0 Sl.lpp th f IT
of cl'V3 i wo eIl and th ir commu.nit.ies to accumula,t clreirOVln independeut pool of capital.
Implcm~nta:tion f [he 5'1: a, Y in\rolve our ph es:, Ttl' e ring in human pit-aJ and lea en; i devel en
.' barjn~ ,,·.ing s~mi ies S,l £ ngl 1 in't ep 0
re-bnild.in he &onomic pm er of its di.c:nt p.opulaLlon:ij• rarmoting.:;I muld-ti red or rt\uiz.ui.onal StruCture' hat
l' in ears .md in'i 0 re tt.ldi Io 1 mmo it)' instiuniolls• I bdrwil1~ T m n ..c i 'e lUpp rt rO;l a.... h di erent
element of he network achiee independence
Th irs three pbases are sf-rein occin • Thl! S:l.y:mgs
samitit; must graduall ncrumu]atc the cilpit 1 that rh minotit, popul ti nee 0 biev ec mic em ncip -cion. Ln
Volum • um r
1au rtl al
Asnr.a.i·:!) straf;egy. !:he" are like;1 t:ruck and forklih~ lhey do thl'he \' l' rullg and the Ion -cii lan Ill! 11 1 . Bu.t h~ re d~pen·
Jeur on prior investment:. in tnunin to \vork t!I-fernv y andclepen e1l01l b r invt' (men !i iI '~dtnic,li ppOIT nd rga·I1lZ>l.llon im.ti U L Il-b il in T k heir g,o 1 aligned 'iththose of ot:hf.r gTOUp beyond the.ir "ulag:e rid ~Q a hieve per-
neat In ependen e from Asnui.shra.i" s rilte l ptep'a.rs the a.mirE'f"S to become 5 1I.
elL D1 otnd ~Ust in h • b 1n fin nci 11 n Ina cr-iall..Th s Ii· trario_, consi I pro ~ in S'-aV1n and un
m ement ere given r.he ppornmiry to barr "'1'," om !\.s.hraitiT on lendi 1 t"ir mt:m~cr . Ahr . ba-s gradu By and pru-
dend ' increased lellding to the samioes rom 77 J of imerllar'),ec. 1996) 1:0 10 % Guoe ).
everthde~s. t.be very real successes of the savings mabrJtZ-a i n r grJ ,com in Ii wi be emergence 0 sll-m- ies"'(!tou Wei 1 [. m n.l~e their {,\Lr > I:) r hrai iU1 flyopponunicy 0 revitalize and m reinvent tbe u-aditi naI "illagewmmi ( es.
part of its incubation st"rllt .' A l:mu has so in 'e.nedi.ll e eloping'"' n .11 cleve] pm l: coulldl " rn each ullion {'lunion t rI dmini rl1u ~ d.i tri whh our. 0 vill , .).The. dceted councils work [(J rebuild. iva5i i.deD1.i y mdresoJve -i I;e:r·vill:ag proM ms. Led b a he a elec.edt. £DUg!. linC'a;~. he couIlciJs aha include th 1m:!! leaders 0h, I 011 wamen s s.a_m' .' ( resi em s.ec.re :lrv aJ1J cashi r) .
.dence on shra-, tra:tegy
IniTi' II - ~hr{'ll adop.ed i GnlDl ell B 11 me nodo]ogTiIIl1DQ (he- A ins' but in response ttl dltnl Jcrrutl1d inr . i.dl dopted.ttl. p r a h ~b t di . n c requir i ed week ypaymt:Il S Or dlcuu: the loan purpose. T.he- Gr"-lIl~CIl model di110 ln~et: the ighl. seasonal cash ow c cl 0 s:hrai'sc . nts, or h(!ir prrmltry b IT in ne ds -which ~rc 0 - en (0
prev tit bu ;;1" r avoid !ndebtednes moneylender.
6!um _ 'tunner !
, . of au: ·tie~
." • Q ...·illag.council 0
Groups tnat havehired . Q -ke pl!!r:s 1,585o. {I regiona]
"t.ibal development"council S8
· ~hrai:
159
o
...0
avings.Led Mode I
By sch 'Ij1nn~ resttlctloPS on 10- D purpose-cii {ieult andexpcmi e [ enIorce in i1Il.. ase-Ashrai ha prmr.ided lhe
iVa J with the lexibiH, bilize {beir cash . dOT
raTting to inv in micrCt:n erprises.. The e.a.r)y
e t t1kt th do in eSI i:JIC their famiJ posi ion mor,secure. riniv<lsan et aI. t racked loan use in One sam.it}t from1996 to 9 d fo md a strong hif from food purcb; ~e toproductive investmen (Sriniva.san et al. 1999, pp_ 10-11).i c eginnin t fa 1- 10' U I: in 1000 shr i b.a~ faun
dJ;3t he percent of loans us~d to bu 0 d has dropped to ..12%from 21% hile hos u ed in est in .agr·cult 1 m 1 ,se ds., ,d or.bef inpu s luve rlSel1l "to 55% rom 1.'%.'
mb~ dt!d in .miry ttlcmb~:rsh.ip is aDO her imponanlfl~xiblli!)·-tbe oj) i n fl [(} orr mber hip hu b nbu-ih p 'imaril - around li willingness to save nd If bas b enmade dear hom [he be inning to .til mem r [1101 e ·ternalloiUlS re not sr, d d part: 0 h arran e e t. A a ]u e-) •
" _. thl.!r wet" 16 aOQ mcmbecswho .had..no bans at ill.A h· bean: of Ashrai I tr. gy is. he sue e sf 1 illl:ub
t-0 of el· eli ..nt s vings sami ie . Results· in toe udd reen.courit LDg.
Ashr.li af et iPeubadon eye] of five Ye3rs from theo rna i n f each 'Sa..mi: to seJf·r-eiiance. It has
,-chit! eel th..i t. rg.tt. The prob] rois no uue t:
olum:e -I umber 1
JL)U rl'llli lJf Min Finall e
Ilre s:et bv the members,' coeraU. b rwe 11 1 -3b%. wirh () er-d D.ll 1',"0 t".S on lending r"'rn n d to me.mbers in the orm 0
cli. ·i.l:knd, c ~r.' ~u mon.ili.s. The' r blem em [L) ht me: hetrIlu.mber l:h.aIkn~5 in bui ding av[ngs-bast!.c1: milm::ia.t tnt!!..--mcdiarl~s i i11g h~rC' 95 j 0 ~ he peQpl ~ H' illi er;lle'.
Qwevcr. Ash.rAi h alrelld demon$tr ~d cycle- ti..m~ 0
abouc 6 e s. jven· 110.t:. h re is 110 reaso fO b ie tha '1~
[Ime.-;and th Clm:l![U co of 18 peT rncmh r over t:b~ illruha
[]Q eri d-canno"k be redu in he f re A h 31 Clmesmar e.·ci~o.t 'tMou h pe.hi!Di:t' a.lld sc t (s, ~ TOlbl 3).
Fjo cial service delivery' to the gTOUPS: is CEll ed on thework o' the Field Officer and be ..'\ren ffi us. In tot: tbcrewere 186 o( rllese staf -mosrl Aaivasi m,lies-servin' ~5, ..,
ill n. f a ani1. in.! '0- g () p in J n 00... _TI ever geOHic r has 10}' ;u-s [If education ~d I:!a.rns ~ ~ J. mont:h,enefits..nti.l': O. Asb.-a-i's t.a f kept th oks for rn0 0 the
s miies. Howe er uamID tor the gJ(')ll~ emphaSlzes th-a
S po r is time·!' ·re. 200.. r"oi in'"~stm~m~ b -l;ne
NGO in "nao-t .tnul prinu: r du ••ioIl." bt:gRn to i Id dividends. By mi .2pO' I 58 gT up h:ad found b k1;eepers [heyco Jd Sf and w rc: p.a. in 11 for r dr f\'1C s. Prh.·~ ebQokkeper ~usualJy women With 4 -8 year of educatioIJ a.m.!o en :Slooems'- ecei 'bcr ~ 11 $.0.35 [0 $O.B~ month tomana c a group' COUD~_ Thl vmrk e.k s about 10 hours.
I would I)ot cu.rreru],· be ossible or· he ~I'OUPS to p y forthe co Ashr:;ti Fjeld Offl e.r. Howe"-,rr, th r i, r ng,po.s.itive correlation be ween t e a,-ss [-base 0 he umit. and.he co npeus;lo:iol:1 it pa oS to me DO kkeep ,meaning ha a5
th.e e .piral pooh 0: the ...roup!> lexp nd, they increase their COrn-
ensa lon. Most hookke pel'S frve onl • one sanlitv, hut bOll
WO S [Vii! 1W Or mor •
ft j di icul~ 0 determine ~l bow m. tl) 53mi ies .Ll'efinancially self-reliant t pn." J][: ec U.se 0 Ashsai's r >le 's an
1; . :J ed .s [VIC 5 yen "sd· e .am" gro ps 'Fe t pi-mlll,- continuino to Cff tV 1'C'!:!lJW visi from Ash.rai's s'u.£[ for,
VOIurne 4 N lImber 1
viJ:l.!i;s-Led Model
7
13
$l81
1 3fA
J
FonnarionAdvi:Jnc plam ing. fogistk_ ~t:.
lITt.'(')' and p :.epar ti n til vi[[· gFarming the St1TJn I
D r lopm nTr':ti~l man gem , btJ kkeep~
"aul n7J!IHhns.
Po i.d udilPro'1Jide ~Qk.kcep;'r1g
PJ.:ovuie dire r mf:iUtgemet1t
e del" hip f!Veiapm81'1.~
Phas· utGrof,~ps.at! l/-rIUlruJ. ~tl
GTQuP5 p .)' for theirQwn b(}okk ·pmg
G1'fJUps b() -ra 'at 'TU17-k t Tat .$
ud.i~s are p,·o1.ndc.d t rna -k t 1'.(ItfS -
Total 34"Costlmtr1rbeT during
th'l! mClfbat'[on perUJdII fce; Ash rill iI ~ Uln, ,
'Ot~: .'<,rh G!Il~, b lol!d Oil Asbr:u'~mon CUrre./lt u.dlr•.i1.JI'1! .indud~ tn.~a.c.h lint: rtcm, ~-\8k.rai c;ul'Tcndy 10:1"<:;) mOD~' gn du: loaDs i iSSUI!5 TO ~.tmill(lZ
h.. 'k'k!"~ tn, r~n~ h " '0' b ca~e Ih " lQ~s r flti OO:II
lJIu~t-thlll[ i~, [bl! l[iSS rC'n~ llIper.llioD;jJ LIlI1:ll.CJI:I1 [~
non-finiU1l..-ial r,e'aSODS such 11' Ii.l:er cy il.nd h ltb trainhlt andwor h p on in orne generation n Q er m uer-, in adi-ion, ~b 'ai ntillues to play rol.in ["l!S Yin dispu.tes Llut.
the: . TlJUPS l!.xe uti r: commin~5 art:' unabJe to r~ OJVIC:. In t1.i..l.seHil1 I ~elf~relianr" rou s are those hal
Volu.m.j umb r 2.
JOUI'11 I of I fi.:rofin 1'I;-e
• successful - rnterrnedi:ate bt'! een theJf own Sa 'l r~ ndbo ower~ at a pro .,
• morl! en~r.ll: m.ana"-./.' th .. ocial ,;tIT ir_ 'idl l.lL
5 ~,ranee
.' hire, and pa, Or th 'r W 10 k-keep,er• pllJ' or om f SCr ,jCe"S such as udits- as au-dcd
b \,1[ -00 0 he older .samitieli .cun; mly m e all thescntcri. . 'cepr to IitSt. whit fiml po' ~ is· porufl it ism.aintain~d here ilia. group ''I..illing to take on rh. Large st
lnnr g-. b okkeeper would. not 0' jee 10 P~)'ing t"he mwerco t '.1 . \.ldir., .houl hI' i 0 de ivel'in tbi rvlc.t noeosI'.
he d reJoplUem of I' e{!;ional [1' s h.u been l.1 muchmOre c.hallen~: (; prace's Th council! wer e p I tiro <Tn d.ual 'takE! over A-shrai's incubation rok Wi b this rcsporni
'1j , w uld comen ent; in; role f d.eJtvering; the typic-al~,jces, of econ J \" 1 icrQII1 l\ e in iw lon, sUe b s
rraining t.h.e st f 0, pOm<lry Ie III Sam1tie5 in hookkeeping Olndgove-to-ance, providing echnical ~~sts:tancf', con~tin and~lg.gre tin" 'dUll ,lti itlo d. m..ll.'lllg' I:Ilon-1 ding res.e.nres.
H We' ~r. ilic finam:ial nun geJn~O capacit . illr!:! [0
,incllb te The I"l'gi nal l;;Ol1.Tl il ~ more r.ypi 1 of 'ormlillJ 'IFTsthan of 11 Ilk A n.r41i . ttr,~ dy. prim. • m;.J,nd 1mantlgc:mcm: me01,Sll.£cmleUIS o~ sustamabilir ., ~r".ict:' dficicncy,Jll1d par olio quality are [f"ac.k d. :sporadu:·aU". .at Ashrai or not:It 1. It i not c1ea.r ow'. nrilL carl a sfer skills it does notpossess i-CRII., . Chondh:ur). _001.
Bur shrai has Iso Ie rued. £ro.m Its smceS5 in sen::in.gcrv~.is; oet i.$ e -tin it: .tppro ell with ". r)' 0 r n.ou-AdivilSi
popuJ tiOD!!, who now make u.p 1 0·' 0 rhE'll cl1cmc:lle lipfro vinual1 none rnree r ars ago, be 0 has reached aCnUC point Ln its imtiturionaJ de" lopment: will it . uild ~ n
I or u r? A5 R, C ad Gra.meetl inc.reasiD~1 • foem on"lJ.-l .r,1~p or od 0 ht'r ~ r - o's rv Diark~ an a" ne p II. '
ers like th Norwegian :rome. kmoTiaJ found:luon. ecomeo
V ltun.e •Untber 2
.' sht.li: aVlos-Led
wrc divasis irh microEnante, 'hraill' d I, i ' ny 10n r,
The i,r ntly deba among shra.i take .olderabout th right role far the -GO after exit.
One alt mative would b or r i 1: pin 0 s inOla-
o.tl ~~rvice di . -ion a parat·l r regist{~'I'et.l MFI, milO gincll .r~<;Erve depos.i[ , of r!!giOTI;]} corm 'ls and. providing them.
ri h loans as require _ Tbe NGO 'au! hell r, • . nsh~p , specializiop- in human res llrce dE':vtolopmenr .unong
dhr :sis.Anmh- r ;Ute -nali € might be tp help t.he r .ionfll council"
Link I the ormill, mllrlcial sector. s{)meW'h~t illon~he tines 0
rhEl -help g~ up! "r 0/ .mk link gcs remly in to
mctc.dbr _ ·AS 0 in India. sbrai WQuld continue to fUllc
t'on as a rG sp dalizio<> 'n Adhasi issues an. deepen itscap,i"t), [ c;u: 'y:t finru:::ial 'll.ffilUS ill .n:,,'cm.u councilsamon.o, other eth.nic minoritIes :lAd. extremel- poor rural people.
neT'
A b.r.u is dl-m n ged - rgani·z.a[10n widl 10 r tr,\ckrecord () meet.in o and otten exceeclin phnned CToals. It is ,in
inn v tive organiz-atl D tit ba a pi l d ils r due andprocesses 0,", r time 10 eli tinc:tivc eli nt bas.}Ii lexiblc:. I ng-enn rdadop-hip wjth a single onOI"" the S,;\ iss genc or
Development & Coopera ion has b en ~ valuahle asset. prol..-idio<7 freedom (,> learn in th field. A summary 0 th lc ODS
it h s learned to dale in one of the w rid's. lOU hes lab 0 r:;.uorlCS i helo ,
vmgs
hni is c:atall:ri.ol]; :I In s-lc ;t tl.Il!1uI no pT c,·· rhatcould po en iaIly I d 1: economic: sd -relial'lce ;lmong highJyIllin table. ilJit rat • indigenous pe-oples 'who earn' 5 <t ye r.~s work hi<>hignr all em r In recc 17mrion lha .:lyil1g balnce . .u ,ita! fifi~D, iaJ ; sS.e't: m t r-c=ucc pC' onal aD. [~l f
VQlu.me >1 • umher _ 157
Journa.l l)f Mi I"ofin 110': C
in om at l:n oS(
ouhI be cliff' uh romel ill.';a 'tC l an
Ins III ·ons
A 1:1 r i is ~howjl1g r:hat [he miry is an illsTirlJriD!1idt 01 hatan re h mar de,e-pI, into rn ks f h poor- dun h.e t-
dirional 0 -doWJ].. brancb·ba.s:ed MFl foe _ ed 0" wide lIt·
re;Jch and permanent model of diren senic~ de1i,,·e:r)'. The:-5; mit)' support!'> ecluca:tJon b.i1 kee.pina opportunit;[les orfraud L 011 minimum. Over r ason .bit: ,period 0 rim • it {;anbecome self·reli m. The illcub iOIl protess i essential! - ow'of S"L rin u.p s. If-hdp group wiLh both. iinanciaJ and ocigo \,s., d gr dually nS"forming i imo kind of accumullltill~ savings a.nd [:rdit llSSOclil 100"' ( C') a a kind tnat i~
q 'te co-in ol.reb -ia th 1I h rim 'ty in rb, J eas(see Ru Ibertord;. _00 • f .rEcent t:.Jegoriza jOlll).
sbrai an learn from lb cirCtJII1StanCe 0 ·,seAs '\);Ihichohen hi pri"~Jr en r prenelJr:s: In pIO id m.lR g m m: dJ,udit e: ice.. Througb ~a:i':s, work th v:;Jl eo oook -e~ing
Volu.m.c Number_
sInai: A Savings-Lcd Model
kill has probabl. becoI e ' idtl'lt to' <'In;' di" sl commuru-tie b - no"-. n XT tep 0, 1d. be to nurture- all open mark t
fOT , s-hrJi "c ni eel- ook;kr per"-whC!t.hf'r or D.O- the arbacked h.'.m ~xpl.lcits.ar.in~~q;uar-am!:~irom th~"'G0. In pcincipJeit should also be PO' iblc to dev lot> ao udi market, but:In is is un oubt· dly ,l longer erm project Io such .a poor are-d •
. !['I:t . eredll:
shr-al' e perieI!' e r-.1ls s- que den .b ur T e- vale {) cro-I di pro ra '[b in;er eltten...dfunds tnt ;;lying -Ie
A 'CA-tyPc ~roups. Ext mal funds I:"i k OtUll ing ntc:mb~r
about h pu pos of their membet'sbjp. and require'S t
tah on In<"lO ial illTermediatIon functions to which hey nl.d ~
not b~ w-dj suited, GOs wI.sI1in [01<:: rn' tn Asnral's <::.xpefi, Ilce would d weH to ub'ec: micro ed' pI ns to veryc:lreful LOS /beIlefit .n 1") 5i.~ beJore .aunchin th~m..
I. !I1;Tl';u-e delfOlI~> i1J our dl IV;/,.' popuhd 111 l~, ml I Ilia Ill' [Il-
[I IlCS ilIr 'iV4LI~bl , Tb~ g v omCl:l1 eSllm ~, [he P 1)11 n~n In ~I II. j.\lJ hiD i \' l '0n t llbOt'l !O<l,C" l~aClpl e.. l:u.l[ .rub.r.lJ blLS SO!~ mobil i~o!ci -~. u 0
dj\1~ l i~ lb~ i tn t. £;lc:h l'I\~Jn r re",:r~u ~ f~mil·:.I" 'ulg 5 'l'l~. l.lnd.
SI, r.to II. \i'~l' 0 ,.~';;f< q. rk ir1~ in C1VI:' f 11 ~rf I b ~t!rci lory (If dl d.ivi i 13.
2. Whir IRe i !"troll ;'ldU1Qwl ~I!mrn.t ilrnaDg obstorven hllrrp
g IJP r p r r h;\o L~ ir 21 j]~ii.bbClun. ,beft: h.;w bCc~ f~
I rl r dlOlbl qu:.l.Iul . rlJ~ dispJld _AIil..lDgi m.;I (' cl:Ji5 <: .i=J~
~fl dOli itlll: Ie wld, mp!e: Q! 1 •.ulmu cliC'D[1 in Is J iJi iTUdy CJtM
Qr'IL r,
,T~ ~O/ C ;I d:lJrl ~~n';! I ~son od ~j1Q at o~'" r· time. hJte,f'III' "W
'lth Dt' ilJi lilrngi•. OiCCO e 14. 0fJ,
, NGOJ in.8.m '!JIcJr~h com fl (Sp i.l1 r P:P I'[ • 20CO) [I-ill hl' J"'~I dPc prr'c l\q 19711 has d=prlv ,J Hilltll-l~ j,!)d Adi' i~ Ith Hill 1'1 r m: Qfl~gl1l 1IDll" T¢lil ed [0 n ciZ.lI r \' f 0 mill. 1'1.1 e1
t~ an u blllchd lip l3y t.h r ;::xp~ri.;::n,~ 01 A~ht~ . P fwuluI1" 1:0 r~ g<i;:m j,.
lflc:-t.
~. Pl"'l.lgr~ :l" Rc=pon. 00 FiFlnn':I<l1 ~t\'lcn D~felopnlttn E'w"ran:1 1 r Jim
I-JuDe 30. 1 ~ p, I
VolL.l.U1e umber 2
] r i'Mi finance
,Poor n lh rolt p (J It cal ~ n I) run r "adng .;f"Il'J.g,~ ;l;nd tr i ~
cr.nciOll ! OSCA). 1Jl th~~ tt" WoI11 tcl1\pur~r HI. QoI,tUR .m t"""r '.ur·t:l1rrJlI5 llh I:>ill nee. tltu,G .Iyoidin [lit n~('d for ;;ul 'Jon [ kk«pil'l • FtJ
finJ.[Jci~1 50ddiu tiJ... .lim for pe:mu.D~n· ~ (1 in(~lld [0 CUT\' c b b.l1i1nc~
l:N;yol1d [he C!na 01 mo=e[io,.1 ptccQDdirion of ~"U. eM fs [he p.LrtJi:i~ll[ion()15~
(;Ml 'lit r r .Inti num .lr pet plol!-Ilo! nlv to rLh rh" b-o(lk~. lilt :llso HI
, ,r h o:<J 11 /'Irh..... Thi j why ~ [end [0 b mor ~ TTlQt! an "r"~l1 .... '" _
5C'~ Ruther-ior.f' § ( ~co d~'ClItion 0 [. 1)t1II.ll1 iilIilllciJ.I iUTiI1I cmellu ;lntong
poor pel)plC', espc.ci.1I1.Ch..pl.rl .2 I:Jn • ,S'C
R £ ten
A1J.m ',_ D, ll~ "} • Drol!lopm~~t PTi/lv:r>'lnJ lfJ1'I1i~ ir:digr.TloJIS F'J"Ii.i. firm irr rind
TJ >let oJ&1."g{(S.1.l:Jh! TlJl! {, tJj fsJn',;,i, Cr~drr .Illd DC\'~16pml!!nt !Jamm &:. A11 .
All, , 19"9l) , .rm " of &mgt.ldtsh. I05'dm~o= o( • c, • , ••' pplied
A.n oplJlo ",Athol. l Jt l~m'J1 d~ClJ.mt'n d.n "ILl finan .,,, proid I r1:'poru
B.ll:! Luk Ruro.l A nDl:ClItI:'.Dr Committee (BR.o\. l. /I SJl. The IUr. Po....•JtmctllTE' in I'm ..-ifla~ _BRAe Prokas.h:n.nii-Rur l nn'!': ~ri~
:bcrud.hur~-. P. ,p 1. J lI~UiI), ~m",ji. p, ffli:lpa.tar. ill'iK-H .nSei5,rmmr nd
o lIm-,:.JtJrm d It:lppmrJlt 1'1. l/mflg. wiu A 1!11. - I!\' 1 Pn'I ~
P t ti n.
Hf'~~.I , '. t. (:lilCO. by 1'1-16), .rm...~,;,[ n~l IA· h.. .-In " n' IFI{,.,rnl HI
rilPl.irirm A F.lper pU'lt'JlLeJ t ,11~ <l r 'orki:hDp /}. UlI:' EuroF;m
N~twOJ:k of B-ln '(ade-ell Scudi~. hl:!ld t Oslo,
1.l1.l.m. z.. (_J(;:2), fnh III lJtld Om"", Inrd laH 71'1 R..~rJbdl Disi I.r. Unpubi..i:!lil~d.
r e.ll"eh rC!p<1 r 'tiLe, ere ir II ii' 1m :tI li r>. \1 t'~.
rm 'lice til: illg-·m.~ lJJfSI11lffl fi ,'I h IT'. .RutberflJi'dt ,(20 -,) fu jHJ r"nd Ibl'TT rf/Orl]l r n.i-nT.it .- Ple505, Dilli.S CHI rqFof1mr f)fr~ CtJmm,ks'lq"l rm HIl .w Rlgl:m cl7llcrmi.rcg.l mirrill ttl
lkng ..-r.4 f~ ttl I I ~17[li, (l .....ll !i1 9). I1.Lre.o '..ui '"Ofl',a)
-\ mbl'·-nuw,um. • B.u~·~~. • 'J-fu • 1\, ' (I~), Tb~ tjWlion~ rot' 1/1 • 1)(
shru .1m! [Li ArnV';l!ij grou.ps. a r~ort CIT tht: Swj~ A!!:f:DC)" or
D('.elop.ll:l.em &. opua.rL II. An.llbbrl!\iau'!d VCLi.1Ofl 15 J?"U lith oll.-liu-C'o ~h i\lroern [IV Phnllic - '1J!'lu:l1e (ITD<': Publ, n'f1,'1 ~1 WW\\' h ::I'
ii t:" nam:~.Dr[;.u.kf4:"l~b)n1tjl"mnl.e:,~l:?l 'U..J t:' .. E:, M~r. 1999.
World Bilok. t- _'). COUlltl"}' ~u.ma,
26C
