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Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Alexandra Revynthi, Dirk Verkleij, Arne Janssen & Martijn Egas IBED Department of Evolutionary and Population Dynamics University of Amsterdam (Photos: Jan van Arkel)

Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

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Page 1: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis

Alexandra Revynthi, Dirk Verkleij, Arne Janssen & Martijn EgasIBED Department of Evolutionary and Population Dynamics

University of Amsterdam

(Photos: Jan van Arkel)

Page 2: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Phytoseiulus persimilis: a spider mite specialist

Page 3: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

predatory mite

herbivorous mite

plant

overexploitation

overexploitation

Page 4: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Persistence in metapopulations: dispersal

Page 5: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Exploitation:“Dispersal‐during‐interaction” strategies?

• Killer‐strategy:no dispersal during predator‐prey interaction

• Milker‐strategy:some dispersal during predator‐prey interaction

Page 6: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Local Dynamics: Predator dispersal duringinteraction with prey

Killer Milkervan Baalen & Sabelis 1995

Predator dispersalallows prey to growand increases the production of predators.

Page 7: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Predator dispersal during interaction:

• Lower predation pressure

• Higher prey population growth

• More prey available

• Longer interaction period

• More predators dispersing to new patchesvan Baalen & Sabelis 1995

+

+

=

Page 8: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Longer interaction period

• Longer exposure to subsequent predator invasions.

• Invaders: will exploit the patch in their own interest(selfish way), ‘stealing’ the prey.

• Isolated sites favor the evolution of prudentpredators lower probability of co‐invasion.

van Baalen & Sabelis 1995

Page 9: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Milkers and Killers in Biocontrol

P. persimilis is used to control outbreaks of spider mites

Killers are essential for effective biocontrol WITHIN a patch of spider mites, especially ornamentals

Milkers may be desirable for effective biocontrol at a LARGER spatial scale, and/or crop plants

Page 10: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

First Experimental evidence

Pels & Sabelis, 1999

“Killer line” “Milker line”

Page 11: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

This project

Alexandra Revynthi collected strains from wild populations of P. persimilis

Page 12: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Experimental design Alexandra

Page 13: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

This project

Alexandra Revynthi collected strains from wild populations of P. persimilis

6 locations in Turkey, 5 locations in Sicily

Significant differences in dispersal rate among strains

Variation in prey exploitation

Page 14: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Natural variation in dispersal strategies 

Revynthi et al. (in prep.)Killers

MilkersCumulative number of dispersers

Page 15: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Step two:

If we cannot collectMilkers and Killers… 

Can we select for the Milker and the Killer strategy?Artificial selection on timing of dispersal

Page 16: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Step two: artificial selection

Response to selection = heritability x selection differential

Selection differential is under experimenter’s control But without heritable variation NO response to 

selection is expected…!

Potential problem: we did not measure heritability in our populations

Instead we mixed our populations  base population

Page 17: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Experimental design Alexandra

Page 18: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Experimental design

Wind tunnels

Rose leaves (Rosa sp. var Avalanche)

Spider mites (T. urticae)

Predatory mites (P. persimilis)

Page 19: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Selection procedure

10 adult ♀ spider mites

Allow them to oviposit for 24h

60 ♀ adult predatory mites

One infested rose leaf  trap

Observation every 2h for 8h, and 24h after the start of the experiment

2 rose leaves

Page 20: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Selection procedure

Select the first 20 dispersed predators x 6 = 120 ♀ Early Dispersal Line 

Select the last 20 dispersed predators x 6 = 120 ♀Late Dispersal Line 

A control line for each selection line: 120 random ♀ no selection

6 generations 

Page 21: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Response experiment

80 spider mite eggs

30 ♀ adult predatory mites

One infested rose leaf  trap

Observation every 2h for 8h

Count # of dispersers

rose leaf

Page 22: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Early dispersal and control lineX2 = 7.5, df = 1, P = 0.006

Page 23: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Late dispersal and control lineX2 = 8.7, df = 1, P = 0.003

Page 24: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Early vs Late dispersal control lineX2 = 0.42, df = 1, P = 0.516

Page 25: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Early vs Late dispersal lineX2 = 17.2, df = 1, P << 0.001

Page 26: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20

Time (Days)

Cumulative num

ber of dispersing predatorsNum

ber o

f adu

lt prey on the leaf

Early‐dispersal

Late‐dispersal

Population Dynamics experiment

Page 27: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Conclusions

Dispersal tendency was affected by imposed selection

Timing of dispersal is a heritable trait

It is possible to select for Milkers and Killers

Page 28: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Implications

Killer predator line is good for effective LOCAL biocontrol, especially in ornamentals 

Milker predator line is good for effective GLOBAL biocontrol, especially in crop plants

Breeding programsmites with high or low innate tendency to disperse – genetically fixed

Page 29: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Thank you for your attention!

Arne JanssenDirk VerkleijAlexandra Revynthi

Page 30: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

NEW: the Netherlands Society for Evolutionary Biology!

Website: NLSEB.NL

First meeting: April 11th in Ede (NL)

Evolution in the broadest sense, and including evolutionary applications

Join if you can!

Page 31: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Rearing set‐up

Page 32: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Response experiment

4 replicates of selection line

4 replicates of control line

3 blocks (replicates of the experiment)

Survival analysis

} In each block

Page 33: Artificial selection for aerial dispersal in the predatory ... · biocontrol predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis ... Predator dispersal during interaction: ... 80 spider mite eggs

Response experiment overallX2 = 20.4, df = 3, P = 0.0001