Artificial Retina Imaging for the Sight

ImpairedWhen a person has lost their sight to a damaged retina there is now technology that allows them to see again. By means of a chip which sends electrical signals to the optic nerve. They then have their sight partially restored.

Presented by: Andrew GustafsonCody Bjornson

EE 461128 April, 2014

How the eye works Blindness Argus Bio-retina Other Solutions Summary Key Concepts

Outline

Light enters through Cornea Lens Adjusts Photoreceptors

◦ Cones◦ Rods

Electrical Impulse Optic Nerve Brain interprets

How the eye works

Cataracts◦ cloudy lens

Glaucoma◦ fluid buildup

Macular Degeneration◦ damage to cones

Diabetic Retinopathy◦ damage to blood vessels of retina

Retina Pigmentosa◦ loss of peripheral

Blindness

Argus Retinal Prosthesis System Developed by Second Sight Inc.

◦ Company launched in 1998◦ Robert Greenberg◦ Hired Engineers fresh out of school

Argus I◦ 2002◦ 4x4 electrodes

Argus

Argus II◦ Developed 2006◦ Approved 2011 European Union◦ FDA Approved August 2013◦ 1mm x 1mm◦ 6x10 electrodes◦ Black and White◦ 20/1260 vision◦ Next step 256 electrode

Argus

Argus

How it worksCamera->VPU->Antenna->Receiver->Electrode->Optic Nerve->Brain

Argus

Pros◦ FDA Approved◦ Upgradable external

Hardware◦ Software Updates

Cons◦ Turn head to move

camera◦ External Equipment◦ 20/1260 vision◦ 20 degree max line of

sight

Argus

Bio-Retina – Functional Level Artificial Retina Developed by Nano-Retina

◦ Founded in 2009◦ Based in Israel

Procedure costs $60,000 and 30 minutes

Bio-Retina

Utilizes a 3 x 4 mm integrated circuit◦ Photodetectors◦ Microelectrodes◦ Microelectronic circuitry

24 x 24 resolution image◦ 576 pixels and electrodes

Powered using a single photovoltaic cell◦ Produces 3 mW◦ IR beam is shot at the cell

Bio-Retina

How it works◦ Identical to regular process◦ Computer does the work◦ Glasses charge the implant

Bio-Retina

Bio-Retina

Pros◦ Less expensive◦ Short procedure◦ Local anesthetic◦ Better resolution◦ Minimalistic◦ Regular field of view

Cons◦ Upgrading◦ Not yet in clinical trials◦ T-800

Bio-Retina

Stem Cells

Gene Therapy

Drug Therapy

Other Solutions

How the eye works Blindness Argus Bio-retina Other Solutions

Summary

Anthony, Sebastian. "The laser-powered bionic eye that gives 576-pixel grayscale vision to the blind."ExtremeTech.com. Ziff Davis, LLC, 12 July 2012. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. <http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/132918-the-laser-powered-bionic- eye-that-gives-576-pixel-grayscale-vision-to-the-blind>.

"How the Artificial Retina Works." Artificial Retina Project. N.p., 8 Jan. 2008. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://artificialretina.energy.gov/howartificialretinaworks.shtml>.

"How Your Eyes Work." How Your Eyes Work. American Optometric Association, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/resources-for- teachers/how-your-eyes-work>.

"Mission." Second Sight. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://2-sight.eu/en/home- en>. "Leading Causes of Blindness." NIH MedlinePlus 3 (): 14-15. Print. Puiu, Tibi. "Argus 2 bionic eye implant to receive firmware update." ZME Science. N.p., 8 Aug.

2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.zmescience.com/medicine/bionic- eye-argus-2-update-04232/#!FOWAR>.

Strick, Eliza. "How Would You Like Your Bionic Vision?." IEEE Spectrum. N.p., 13 Jan. 2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech- talk/biomedical/bionics/how-would-you-like-your-bionic-vision>.

"What is Retinitis Pigmentosa." Foundation Fighting Blindess. N.p., n.d. Web. . <http://www.blindness.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=50&Itemid=67>.

White, Ronald. "Bionic eye maker has vision of the future." LAtimes. N.p., 27 Apr. 2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://2-sight.eu/images/stories/2-sight/pdf/20130427_latimes_bionic_eye.pdf>.

References

Eye works by taking in light and using light-sensitive cells to turn light into electrical impulses

Argus uses an external camera to produce a picture which is transmitted to the eye wirelessly

Argus is powered through the same antenna Bio-Retina implant uses natural process to

produce sight Battery powered glasses charge the voltaic cell

of the Bio-Retina

Key Concepts