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Artificial Intelligence and the
Future of Human Development
Nancy Law
University of Hong Kong
23-25 July,2019 Shenzhen,China
Human development as both
Individual & Social
Overview
• Human development & how it co-evolves with
“learning technologies”
• How is AI similar or different from previous “learning
technologies”?
• Envisioning the futures of human development
• What are the conditions for technology to change
the world we live in?
• AI & the future of human development
Human development & how it co-evolves
with “learning technologies”
Ontogeny —> Phylogeny
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Jean Piaget
How is it possible for the epistemic
objectivity of adulthood to develop
from the subjectivity and
egocentrism of childhood?
We know things, Piaget claims,
because we construct epistemic
structures, which function as
necessary conditions for knowledge.
Genetic epistemology …. an
epistemology oriented towards the
genesis and development of knowledge.
… it has a complex domain, including
the growth of knowledge both in the
individual person and in the history of
science.
Quotations from: KITCHENER, R. (1986). In Piaget's Theory of Knowledge: Genetic Epistemology and Scientific Reason. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xp3sbdConstructivism
Piaget’s question: how can brilliant minds such as Albert Einstein’s come to be?
Relative brain size of Homo did not change from 1.8 to 0.6 mya. After
about 600 kya it increased until about 35,000 years ago, when it began
to decrease. Worldwide, average body size also decreased in H.
sapiens from 35,000 years ago until very recently, when economically
advanced peoples began to grow larger while less-privileged peoples
did not.
Nov 2018 https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618808470
Are Bigger Brains Smarter? N = 13,608 from UK. “We found a robust
association between total brain volume and fluid intelligence (r = .19),
a positive relationship between total brain volume and educational
attainment (r = .12).
… but size is only a small part of the picture, explaining about 2 percent
of the variability in test performance. For educational attainment the
effect was even smaller: an additional ‘cup’ (100 square centimeters)
of brain would increase an average person’s years of schooling by less
than five months.”
TECHNOLOGY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ? Learning
https://elearninginfographics.com/timeline-of-educational-technology-in-schools-infographic/
What changes?
7/30/2019 9
Another way to conceptualize learning technologies ….
Graphics from: https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/evolution-of-learning-technologies
Hieroglyphics
Abacus
Quill pen
Printing press
PencilThe first calculator
First stored-program computer
First personal computer
First correspondence
school
Connecting minds
over time & space
Augmenting
performance
https://www.myforesight.my/2016/07/01/does-technology-replace-humanity/
Technology to connect minds over time & space
Web 2.0—
Empowering the individual:
giving everyone a voice
https://www.demos.co.uk/files/educationepidemic.pdf
Technology to connect minds over time & space
https://mcluhangalaxy.wordpress.com/2015/06/09/the-3-eras-of-communication-according-to-mcluhan-innis/
3 Eras of Communication According to McLuhan & Innis
1. Oracy
2. Literacy
3. Electric/electronic
communication
Accelerating human development
&
Acceleration at different levels:
1. individual
2. Institutional
3. societal
Technology and human development
1. Human language
2. The written word
3. Paper
4. Printing
5. Telecommunication
6. Radio & television
7. Internet (Web 1.0, Web 2.0)
8. Intelligent web (semantic web, big
data, cloud computing, IoT, 5G)
Empowerment through:
Decreasing cost,
increasing ease of access
Empowerment or
digital divide?
• Physical access
• Intellectual/
sociocultural access
How is AI similar or different from previous “learning technologies”?
What is intelligence?—human’s quest to make machines that think!
The Turing Test (1950)
Garry Kasparov vs Deep Blue
1996, 1997Brute computational force to evaluate millions of positions
Ke Jie vs Alpha Go
1996, 1997Combination of machine learning, neural network
AlphaGo Zero—Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge
AlphaGo's team published an article in the journal Nature
on 19 October 2017, introducing AlphaGo Zero, a version
without human data and stronger than any previous
human-champion-defeating version. By playing games
against itself, AlphaGo Zero surpassed the strength of
AlphaGo Lee in three days by winning 100 games to 0,
reached the level of AlphaGo Master in 21 days, and
exceeded all the old versions in 40 days.
(Wikipedia)
What needs to be advanced in
human intelligence & human performance
in the age of AI?
OUR UNDERSTANDING
!!
Envisioning the futures of human development
Is this your vision of the future of AI in education?
5 Ways AI Is Changing The Education Industryhttps://elearningindustry.com/ai-is-changing-the-education-industry-5-ways
https://www.cognilytica.com/2019/03/28/infographic-ai-in-education/
https://www.gminsights.com/pressrelease/artificial-intelligence-ai-in-education-market
AI in education market is driven by the integration of the Intelligent Tutoring
System (ITS) in the learning process. ITS is one of the advanced applications
of AI aimed at providing immediate and personalized feedback and
instructions to learners without the intervention of a human tutor. The
numerous benefits offered by the system is major factor augmenting its
demand. It assists students in improving their learning styles, offering
personalized tutoring and high-quality education by gauging their pre-existing
knowledge and learning. The platform collects data points and employs
machine learning and predictive models to determine individual knowledge and
skill levels and analyze the performance. It also provides students immediate
feedback for improvement.
Is this driving your interest in AI in Ed?
Brave New World—which jobs will go?
• Accountants?
• Lawyers?
• Financial advisers?
• Doctors?
• Teachers?
• ……?
Is AI:
• augmenting(empowering),or
• Replacing, or
• Subordinating
human performance?
• AI in Ed for the improvement of humanity?
• Core subjects
• Global awareness
• Financial, economic,
business and
entrepreneurial literacy
• Civic literacy
• Health literacy
• Creativity and
Innovation Skills
• Critical Thinking and
Problem Solving Skills
• Communication Skills
• Collaboration Skills
• Information Literacy
• Media Literacy
• ICT (Information,
Communications &
Technology) Literacy
• Flexibility & Adaptability
• Initiative & Self-Direction
• Social & Cross-Cultural Skills
• Productivity & Accountability
• Leadership & Responsibility
21st Century Support Systems
http://www.battelleforkids.org/networks/p21/frameworks-resources
What are the conditions for technology to change the world we live in?
Technology Innovation—? Social Transformation
Technology Innovation—? Social Transformation
Invention of autopilot
systems Driverless cars on roads
• GPS system
• Mobile online payment
• UBER• 嘀嘀打的 (didi dadi)
Technology Innovation—? Social Transformation
The sociotechnical change model according to Geels (2002).Geels, F. W. (2002). Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Research policy, 31(8-9), 1257-1274.
AI & the future of human development
7/30/2019 31
Connecting minds
over time & space
Augmenting
performance
21st Century capabilities & education
4Cs• Communication• Collaboration• Critical Thinking• Creativity
HKU Vision: (3+1) I
• Internationalisation
• Innovation
• Interdisciplinarity
IMPACT
MINDS ON, HEARTS ON LEARNING
• Agency• Responsibility• Competence
Technology has to
empower learners:• Self-directed
• Self-regulated
• Responsible, risk-
taking collaborative
problem solvers
Transforming learning, what needs to change?
Technology has to
empower learners:
• Self-directed
• Self-regulated
• Responsible, risk-
taking collaborative
problem solvers
Practices and Roles of:• Learners
• Teachers
• Other education professionals
Changes at institutional & system
levels:• Infrastructure (incl. social/
organizational)
• Routines
• Regulations, monitoring &
evaluation systems
Institutions
Education system
Individual
Institutions
Groups & communities
• Ed reform• Public Exams• Curriculum• Leadership• Ed management• Support services• Timetabling• Appraisal• Teacher PD• Infrastructure• Assessment• Pedagogy• Self-efficacy• motivation
Educational Practices
…..
Technology transforming learning: how to achieve successful co-evolution
?
?Research needed on:
• Co-evolution of
technology & practices
at each level
• How to scaffold
interactions across levels to achieve
alignment
Architectures for learning
7/30/2019 35
Building capacity of
schools as self-directed
agents for generative,
scalable technology-
enhanced innovation
networks
Innovating learning design practices through developing
technologies for learning design & learning analytics
Understanding human learning (4Cs) @scale
• Less practiced, less studied, and less supported forms of learning involving• Open-ended, authentic problem-solving
• Working with others collaboratively
• Reflection & regulation: both self- and peer-/socially- based
• Primarily conducted in small classes and groups
• Facilitated by humans
• Technology use as medium: for communication and collaboration
• What are the most likely trajectories in here the development of these 4 Cs, and what are the key indicators and stages of their development?
Human development will only have a bright futureif AI in Ed is not driven by
a technocentric vision of 20th century learning
Role of AI & other learning technologies:
Be part of the ecosystem that contributes to
Changing Learning Goals & Practices through
connecting & empowering learners & educators
39
Thank you!Questions & Discussions
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