Artifact Behaviour Within the Plow Zone - D Fink 1984 - Journal of Field Archaeology 11-356-63

News and Short ContributionsAuthor(s): Aron D. Mazel, Douglas S. Frink, Oscar White Muscarella, Martha S. JoukowskySource: Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Autumn, 1984), pp. 345-364Published by: Boston UniversityStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/529286Accessed: 28/09/2010 03:13

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or no action to apprehend perpetrators. Even now with the recent awareness that urgent measures must be taken to conserve the art little has been achieved. One excep- tion, which we hope represents the turning point in rock- art conservation in South Africa, is a three-year project completed in March 1981; it is described in this report.

This project had as its primary aim the conservation of rock paintings in the Natal Drakensberg. The reasons for initiating this project were clear: an advisory committee set up by the Directorate of Forestry2 pointed out that the Directorate lacked the appropriate data on which to base a long-term conservation program for the rock art of the Natal Drakensberg. This advisory committee suggested that to rectify this situation a comprehensive rock-art recording project be initiated. Funds for such a project were granted at the beginning of 1978. The Natal Museum accepted supervision of the project and agreed to provide the necessary facilities and working space.3

Papers have been published recently on the recom- mended conservation program and various aspects of the rock-painting research.4 This report deals with the aims

2. The Directorate of Forestry is an ann of the Department of Envi- ronment Affairs and is responsible for the conservation of the larger portion of the Natal Drakensberg.

3. The Natal Museum is the only institution in the province of Natal which has an Archaeology Department.

4. A. D. Mazel, "Up and Down the Little Berg: Archaeological Resource Management in the Natal Drakensberg," unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Cape Town (1981); idem, "Principles for Con- serving the Archaeological Resources of the Natal Drakensberg," S.Af.Arch.Bull. 37 (1982) 7-15; idem, "Distribution of Painting Themes in the Natal Drakensberg," Ann.N.Mus. (1982) 67-82; idem, "Eland, Rhebuck and Cranes: Identifying Seasonality in the Paintings of the Natal Drakensberg, Natal, South Africa," S.Afr.Arch.Soc. Goodwin Series 4 (1983) 34-37; idem, "Towards the Conservation of the Archaeological Resources of the Natal Drakensberg," Lantern 32 (1983) 3-9.

News and Short Contributions

Field Report

Archaeological Survey of the Natal Drakensberg, Natal, South Africa

ARON D. MAZEL

Natal Museum Pietermaritzburg South Africa

In March 1981 the author completed a three-year archaeological recording project in the Natal Drakensberg. Conservation of the archaeological resources ranked as the primary aim of the project and ca. 400 sites and 20,000 paintings were recorded. This paper outlines the aims and scope of the project, the.field survey and recording methodologies, and some of the more pertinent results.

Introduction A tremendous wealth of parietal art covers the walls

of rockshelters in South Africa. Research of this art has a long and rich history. This research, however, has been primarily of an academic nature and it is only in the last decade or so that professional archaeologists and con- servationists have begun realizing the conservation needs of this fragile, non-renewable resource. It is difficult to comprehend the reasons for the apparent lack of interest in the conservation of the art, but it is certainly not ex- plicable on the grounds that the art has not been van- dalized or that there is general ignorance of this destruction. Vandalism and degradation have a history almost as long as the study of the art itself,' with little

1. For examples see P. Vinnicombe, People of the Eland (University of Natal Press: Pietermaritzburg 1976) and V. Ward, "A Survey of the Rock Art in the Natal Drakensberg: Preliminary Report,'' S.Afr.J.Sc. 75 ( 1979) 482-485 .

346 News and Short Contributions

Figure 1. Flow diagram outlining the aims of the project.

PHASE 1

Natai Museum records | ! Pubiication data | | Previous

v \> DATA BANK Reduce data to e

< standardized format C n Site data Map piot Written records Visual records

PHASE 1 R EPO RT

Progress report Proposals for Phase 2

PHASE 2

Ai MS OF Fl E LDWOR K

DATA BANK Estabiish site localities Fuiiy record sites

As per < Assess vaiue of rock art and Phase 1 other archaeological remains

gather conservation information

PHASE 2 REPORT

Work summary Recommend conservation program Prescribe site monitoring system Suggestions for future research

and scope of the project, the field survey, and the site- recording methodology; it also details the more signiEl- cant results.

Aims

The overriding aim of the project was to obtain ac- curate and detailed information on archaeological sites, concentrating on rock-art sites. Although these data were primarily intended for conservation planning, it was also noted that they would be of significance for archaeological research and would form a permanently stored record. The project was divided into two phases,S and the aims of these two phases are detailed in Figure 1.

5. Phase 1 lasted from June 1978 to March 1979 and Phase 2 was from January 1979 to March 1981. Phase 1 was done by Valerie Ward and Phase 2 by the author.

Area

The survey area extended longitudinally along the high Natal Drakensberg from Royal Natal National Park to Bushmans Nek. It is a long narrow belt between the Lesotho/Natal border and the Administration Catchment Boundary (ACB). The ACB is the cadastral boundary at a slightly lower altitude than the Molteno Formation. Occasionally sites in lower areas were investigated, eiier because of their proximity to the ACB or because they were in major access areas regularly visited by the pub- lic.

Figure 2 illustrates the position of the research area in southern Africa and the different areas in the Natal Drak- ensberg. The State forests are controlled by the Direc- torate of Forestry and the national park game reserve and nature reserves by the Natal Parks Board. The area between Royal Natal National Park and Cathedral Peak State Forest is known as the Upper Tugela Location and

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Journal of Field ArchaeologylVol. 11, 1984 347

Figure 2. Position of the research area in southern Africa and the different reserves in the Natal Drakensberg.

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falls under the authority of the KwaZulu Government. Small areas of privately owned land above the ACB were also earmarked for survey.6

6. Instead of using the different titles that the landholding agencies have given to their areas they will collectively be referred to as reserves

Field Survey

By no means was this the first rock-art survey project undertaken in the Natal Drakensberg. It followed three major projects and a handful of smaller ones. The major projects were Vinnicombe's7 survey of the southern

7. Vinnicombe, op. cit. (in note 1).


Drakensberg (south of the Giants Castle Game Reserve), Pager' s8 survey of the Cathedral Peak State Forest, northern Monks Cowl State Forest and parts of the Upper Tugela Location, and, finally, Lewis-Williams's9 survey of the central and southern Giants Castle Game Reserve. These projects and the smaller surveys that had been conducted provided us with the knowledge that the research area contained an abundance of rock-art sites and that these sites were generally rich in paintings. At the same time, however, it was evident that there was in- sufficient information on the individual sites to integrate them into a long-term conservation program. Therefore, save for 17 rock-art sites recorded by Pagerl° in the Nde- dema Valley, and which had been fully published, other sites located and recorded by previous researchers re- quired reexamination.

From the outset it was evident that it would be im- possible to explore carefully and record in two years the rock art of this area, which comprises roughly a quarter of a million hectares. Consequently a system of priorities was established. This was done on two levels: first, identifying on which reserves work should be concentrated and, second, ranking the survey areas within the individual reserves. On the first level, priority was given to Directorate of Forestry land. These were followed by Natal Parks Board land, the Upper Tugela Location, and private land, in that order. Within these areas the survey priority was towards the High Intensity Use Areas (HIUA) and along current and proposed access routes in the Low Intensity Use Area (LIUA) where the greatest threat of vandalism exists.

Prior to the initiation of research in a reserve I had extensive discussions with the resident management officials to ascertain the extent of the HIUA and further within which zones in the LIUA the paintings were most threatened. These areas were marked onto the survey maps. On the basis of this information the priority survey areas within the reserves were demarcated.

In those areas that had already been investigated the survey priority was to relocate the known sites and to search for new ones. Some of these areas had not previously been exhaustively investigated and as a result the number of known sites in them was increased greatly. There were also extensive areas that had been searched on a very limited scale and had to be investigated from scratch.

8. H. Pager, Ndedema: a Documentation of the Rock Paintings of the Ndedema Gorge (Akademische Druck Graz 1971).

9. J.D. Lewis-Williams, "Believing and Seeing," unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal (1977).

10. Pager, op. cit. (in note 8).

A total of 13 rock-art recording fieldtrips were undertaken between late January 1979 and early December 1980. These fieldtrips were generally three weeks in du- ration and were mostly done by the author alone, although on occasion I was accompanied by students and colleagues. Because of the relative inaccessibility of the majority of areas in the Natal Drakensberg the overall survey strategy employed was to establish a base camp in the area to be covered and to work out of it on a daily basis, returning to camp at night. Occasionally I stayed overnight away from the base camp, especially when it was inconvenient to walk back and forth over inhospit- able terrain. The type of accommodation used as a base camp varied considerably, and included private homes, housing quarters provided for research and inspection officers by the conservation departments, caravans (housetrailers), and rockshelters far into the mountains to where provisions and equipment had to be transported on horseback.

Painted sites occur both in rockshelters in the various sandstone bands and on large boulders that have become detached from the sandstone bands. Rockshelters are found in four sets of sandstone bands in the Drakensberg. These are the Clarens Sandstone Formation, Elliot For- mation, Molteno Formation, and Upper Tarkastad Group (FIG. 3). The overwhelming majority of the painted rockshelters occur in the Clarens Sandstone and Molteno For- mations with the occasional site in the Glen Elliot Formation and Upper Tarkastad Group. No painted rockshelters have been recorded in the Drakensberg Basalt Formation.

The searching strategy for these sandstone bands and boulders varied according to the area, but, on the whole, two approaches were employed. The first was to proceed up one side of a valley investigating the more promising rockshelters and detached boulders and then to return to the departure point via the opposite side of the valley. When searching the first side of the valley a constant lookout was kept for potential sites on the opposite side and these were noted and became priority sites for the return trip. If no potential sites were spotted on the opposite side of the valley, and I was convinced that there were no sites in that area, I would move into another area or check smaller side valleys. Because rockshelters might exist at varying altitudes, I often had to search the sides of valleys in a zigzag fashion. The second searching strategy, usually employed in areas where several sandstone bands were exposed, was to search two or three bands and boulders in their proximity on the way out, and to investigate the outstanding bands and boulders on the same side of the valley on the return journey. As with the first method, this searching was done in a zigzag manner and promising shelters on the opposite

Journal of Field Archaeology/Vol. 11, 1984 349

A daily written journal noting the routes walked and areas covered during the survey was kept. In the final project reportll detailed descriptions of the regions searched during the project and lists of those that still require investigation were presented.

Figure S shows the site locations and walk paths in the Royal Natal National Park, one of the smaller reserves in the Natal Drakensberg. This reserve was surveyed in a three-week fieldtrip in March 1979 and the known number of archaeological sites was more than doubled. Note that when looking at Figure S all the sites, except for one open-air site, are rockshelters and the sites' altitudes range from 4800 ft to 6550 ft.

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the geology of the Natal Drakensberg.

side of the valley were noted and then checked when searching that area. Figure 4 shows a situation where the Elrst method would have applied.

Site Recording

The standard recording document was the Site Report form which was then being used by the Archaeological Data Recording Centre (ADRC), South African Museum

11. Mazel, 1981 op. cit. (in note 4).

Figure 4. Poachers Valley in the Giants Castle Game Reserve.

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Figure 5. Map of the Royal Natal National Park showing the walkpaths, archaeological sites, base camp, and other features.

_ Park boundary

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Parks Board, and Natal Museum. Each site also was plotted on the standard 1:50 000 topo-cadastral map sheet produced by the Trigonometrical Survey Office, Repub- lic of South Africa and, where possible, on overlays of the 1:20 000 color aerial photographs of the area.

Extensive color slide and monochrome photography was done. As far as possible the photographic record followed the same pattern as the written descriptions. Both general panel shots and more detailed pictures were taken. Some 16,000 monochrome and color-slide photographs were taken during the project, and are now housed in the Natal Museum.

Limited tracing of selected paintings was done. These were generally of paintings/scenes of particular impor- tance which would not show up to full advantage through photography. Initially Ozatex was used but during Phase 2 we switched to ordinary polythene (which is lighter and cheaper) using permanent ink and a fine felt-tipped pen for tracing. Those tracings that have been redrawn were done either in color or monochrome, depending on the abilities and experience of the person doing them.

and the Natal Museum.l2 This report form requires certain specific information, for example site category, map references, etc., but leaves blank spaces for the direc- tions to the site, and the site and archaeological (includ- ing rock-art) descriptions. The written rock-art recording system employed during the project essentially involved beginning on the left-hand side of the site and working right, describing each painting individually. Measure- ments of distances were taken when paintings were more than a few centimeters apart. Typed copies of these report forms have been distributed to the Natal Museum, the Directorate of Forestry, and the Natal Parks Board.

A Management Data Questionnaire (MDQ), which contained pertinent management questions, was completed on site. 13 This MDQ was formulated by the author and representatives of the Directorate of Forestry, Natal

12. E. Speed, The South African Archaeological Site Recording Man- ual (South African Museum: Cape Town n.d.).

13. Mazel, 1981 op. cit. (in note 4).


Labels bearing the site number were placed in the recorded shelters. The reasons for this were twofold: first, it would assist in identifying sites in the proposed conservation plan and, second, it would prevent further in- advertent site duplication by recorders in the field. Previous research was characterized by the frequent duplication of sites by independent recorders who gave the same site contradictory locations. This duplication created problems both in the field of locating the sites, especially when only superficial site and rock-art data were available, and then back in the Museum unscrambling the administrative mess. Graham Avery, of the South African Museum, suggested the use of Dymo stainless steel strips with the site numbers punched onto them. These strips, which are thin and no longer than 5 cm, are inconspicuous and were attached with epoxy resin to the bottom left-hand corner of the site. If no suitable spot could be found for them on the left-hand side they were glued to the right of the site, and this was noted on the site report. By the completion of fieldwork 341 site labels had been applied.

Project Results

Survey

Ca. 2,000 km were walked by the author during the project, and Figure 6 shows the areas surveyed. Three points of significance emerge from this figure. First, the majority of the research area was investigated during the project; second, limited areas within the already surveyed regions still require investigation; and, third, there are two large areas, the Upper Tugela Location and the central and southern Giants Castle Game Reserve, that were not surveyed. Concerning the second point, as mentioned earlier, gaps in the regions surveyed were specified in the Final Project Report. 14 It has been suggested that these areas, which are LIUAs, should be investigated by resident management officials as they are not very extensive. This is not the case for the Upper Tugela Location and Giants Castle Game Reserve for which individual survey projects have been proposed. Little is known about the rock art of the Upper Tugela Location but it is braced by two rich rock-art zones and predictably will be equally rich. As a result a two-year project to survey this area and another area south of the Natal Drakensberg, and which is to be appropriated by the Directorate of Forestry, has been suggested to that Directorate. Although the Giants Castle Game Reserve has been the focus of previous surveys it still requires to be resurveyed so that the important conservation infor-

mation on the individual sites can be upgraded to parallel data on sites in the other reserves. To meet this goal a five-month survey of the central and southern areas of the reserve has been suggested to the Natal Parks Board.

Site Recording

When the project was begun in June 1978 there was no indication of the total number of known sites in the research area. By September 1978, and therefore four months after the beginning of the project, 396 sites were on record. This number was further increased to 473 by the completion of Phase l . lS This included 433 painted sites and 40 non-art sites.l6 At the completion of the project the total stood at 604 sites, with 516 rock-art sites and 88 non-art sites.

The establishment of, and increase in, the number of sites during Phase 1 was primarily the result of careful scanning of the published and unpublished literature and, to a lesser extent, of our being informed of sites by people who had previously searched for sites in the area, and through the location of new sites during fieldwork. Increase of site numbers during Phase 2 was accomplished principally through locating new sites in the field and our being informed of others by resident management officials.

The increase in the number of sites was predictably more marked in areas in which no detailed surveys had been conducted. Thus in the Royal Natal National Park and Monks Cowl State Forest in the northern half of the research area which had not been subject to systematic investigations the number of known sites was more than doubled. On the other hand, only a handful of new sites were located in the Cathedral Peak State Forest which had been extensively surveyed by Pager and helpers.l7 Although the area south of Giants Castle Game Reserve had been surveyed by Vinnicombe, the coverage was not as thorough as she had originally planned (Vinnicombe pers. comm.). Thus the total number of sites in that region was increased by 46%, and in one area, the Cob- ham State Forest, it was more than doubled, from 49 to 106.

Four hundred and twelve sites were recorded during the project; 24 during Phase 1 and 388 during Phase 2. All except for 19 of these sites were fully recorded. Therefore close on 70% of all known sites in the Natal Drakensberg were recorded during the project and 65%

15. V. Ward, op. cit. (in note 1).

16. Non-art sites were usually rockshelters with no paintings but with scatters of artifacts on the surface, and occasionally open-air scatters of artifacts.

17. H. Pager, op. cit. (in note 8). 14. Ibid.

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of these sites were fully recorded. Figures 7 and 8 show the accuracy of map plottings and the status of site records before the project, at the completion of Phase 1 and finally at the end of the project. The rock-art and non- art site data are shown separately. The two figures are self-explanatory and the results clearly indicated. Figure 9 illustrates the state of site recording in each of the

landowning areas, and Figure 10 the accuracy of map plotting in these areas. A greater proportion of sites in Directorate of Forestry areas were fully recorded than in any other landowning areas. This is understandable because fieldwork was concentrated in them. In terms of map plotting, however, there is a greater percentage of accurately plotted sites in the Natal Parks Board re-

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Castle Game Reserve and north. Viewed from a different perspective the total number of paintings was increased by 6% in the north and ca. 20% in the south.

To get an idea of the total number of known paintings in the Natal Drakensberg the number of paintings Pagerl8 counted in sites not recorded during the project in the Cathedral Peak and Monks Cowl State Forests and Hughes's counts from the Giants Castle Game Reserve

1 8. Ibid.

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serves, mainly because of the assistance given by Natal Parks Board officials and Dr. J.D. Lewis-Williams in the plotting of sites in the Giants Castle Game Reserve.

Paintings

A total of 20,668 paintings were recorded during the project; 1,801 during Phase 1, and 18,867 during Phase 2. Of these, 3,748 paintings (18%) were from newly recorded sites with 2,529 (67%) of them from south of Giants Castle Game Reserve and 1,219 (23%) from Giants

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will be added to the project total. Pagerl9 recorded an extra 7,645 paintings and Hughes an additional 1,561. Added to those recorded during the project the total is 29,874. If one could add the number of paintings from Vinnicombe's and Lewis-Williams's sites, not recorded during the project and for which we have no exact figures, the total would definitely register over 30,000.

Discussion and Conclusion

The stimulus for the project came from the realization by the Directorate of Forestry that they lacked the data on which to formulate an archaeological conservation program for the Natal Drakensberg. In this respect it should be stressed that it is not adequate merely to know that a site exists and have a vague idea of its locality, but for it to be adequately protected it is necessary to have detailed information on the site's archaeological content, know its exact location and, finally, have the 1 9. Ibid.

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appropriate management data. It is foolhardy and indeed irresponsible to announce that one is going to conserve the archaeological resources of an area without information of the above-stated nature and a carefully devised program. In this regard, the pertinent information was recorded from ca. 450 sites during the project and a detailed archaeological conservation program based on that information proposed. The management ranking scheme was formulated in such a manner that sites will be able to be ranked provisionally by resident management officials and thus be included in the conservation program prior to their having been visited by an archaeologist. These sites should be visited by an archaeologist at the first possible opportunity, and be given a final management assessment. Thus, although the project was completed in March 1981, the basis has been laid for sites to be continually included in the management program.20

A question often posed to me before I surveyed certain areas was: "But surely this area has been investigated before is there a need to cover it again?". Here, the results speak for themselves. Besides the facts that the number of known sites in the Natal Drakensberg was increased by roughly 25% and that in some reserves the number of sites has more than doubled, and the number of known paintings increased by just under 15%, Figures 7 and 8 clearly indicate the increase in the number of fully recorded and accurately plotted sites. Thus, while the majority of sites were known at the completion of Phase 1, the information essential for conservation planning was not available. There is a cogent message in this knowledge for archaeologists and conservation planners both in South Africa and elsewhere. Before the planning of an archaeological conservation program, much thought must be given to the question of whether or not there are adequate data on which to base it. I am doubtful that, at this point in time, there is sufficient archaeological and other data in areas of South Africa, except for the Natal Drakensberg and perhaps limited areas of the sw Cape, on which to devise a conservation plan, especially in view of the fact that the Natal Drakensberg was always regarded as a well surveyed area with its rock-art sites relatively well known.

Despite the conservation bias of the project the information recorded has great research potential. Informa- tion on rock art, site distribution patterns, archaeological deposits, and surface scatters of artifacts from over 600 sites in the Natal Drakensberg is on record at the Natal Museum. Already some of this information has been

20. For a description of the archaeological conservation program proposed for the Natal Drakensberg, see Mazel, 1981 op. cit. (in note 4).

used in rock-art research articles,2l in directing researchers to sites in the area, and as a guide to promising deposits and large scatters of surface artifacts. With regard to rock art, the two papers published not only shed new light on ffie rock art of ffie Natal Drakensberg which, as mentioned above, was thought to be well known, but have also highlighted avenues of future research in this area and elsewhere. What has emerged from these two papers and the research in general, is that in order to obtain a clear picture of an area's art content it is essential that extensive and detailed studies be undertaken. Of further note is that preliminary research on site distn- bution patterns indicates how the grouping of sites may have been influenced by local nver drainage systems, and this is the subject of ongoing research. However, by no means has the study of the rock art and other data recorded during the project been exhausted; in fact, they have hardly been touched, and these data are available to bona fide researchers.

21. Mazel, 1982 and 1983 op. cit. (in note 4).

Aron D. Mazel is a graduate of the University of Cape Town where he obtained an M.A. degree in Archaeology in 1981. At present he is a Senior Professional Officer in the Department of Archaeology, Natal Museum, Loop Street, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa. His current research on the Later Stone Age of the Tugela Basin will serve as the basis of his Ph.D. thesis.

Special Study

Artifact Behavior within the Plow Zone

DOUGLAS S. FRINK

University of Connecticut, Storrs

Surface collections at two sites in NE Connecticut were conducted for three consecutive years following plowing. Conclusions were drawn concerning the representativeness of surface collections and the kinds of archaeological inferences that can be validly deduced. Estimates can be made concerning site size and artifact density within the plow zone, but inferences concerning site function and cultural association cannot be adequately drawn from such a sample. Experimental laws governing the physical behavior of artifacts within the plow zone are

Journal of Field ArchaeologylVol . 1 1, 1984 357

site and what was found buned below the surface, at two mound sites in Diyarbakir Vilayet, Turkey.4 Binford, at the Hatchery West site, S Flannery at the Coapexco site,6 and others have duplicated this approach. All found rea- sonably high correspondence between surface artifact distribution and subsoil features in plow-disturbed sites.

Two studies evaluating artifact damage resulting from plowing have recently appeared. Mallouf evaluated plow- damaged chert artifacts from the Brookeen Creek Cache site, Texas, and produced a typology of fracture patterns attributable to plow actions.7 Reynolds evaluated plow damage to pottery sherds and found that much of the damage was the result of secondary causes, such as frost action, precipitated by plowing.8

Vertical dislocation of artifacts because of plowing has received very little attention. Again, from the experiment using the marked, synthetic artifacts, Reynolds was able to deduce that plowing distributes the artifacts so that 1/6 of the total number of artifacts contained within the plow zone appeared on the surface after plowing.9 In another experiment,l° this figure was tested using actual pottery sherds collected from the soil surface after plowing over a four-year period. A decrease in total number of artifacts collected from the surface of 16 2/3% per year demonstrated that this distribution is maintained through subsequent plowings. Lewarch and Obrien measured the frequency of artifacts according to size as they occurred on the plowed surface and found a higher percent of large objects than small objects were recovered after plowing,ll empirically validating the "size effect" phenomena referred to in other studies. 12

4. C. L. Redman and P. J. Watson, ''Systematic, Intensive Surface Collection," AmAnt 35 (1970) 279-291.

5. L. R. Binford et al., "Archaeology at Hatchery West, Carlyle, Illinois," SAAMem No. 24 (1970) 7-15.

6. K. V. Flannery, "Sampling by Intensive Surface Collection," in K. V. Flannery, ed., The Early Mesoamerican Village (Academic Press: New York 1976) 51-62.

7. R. J. Mallouf, "An Analysis of Plow-damaged Chert Artifacts: The Brookeen Creek Cache (41HI86), Hill County, Texas," JFA 9 (1982) 79-98.

8. Reynolds, loc. cit. (in note 3) 316.

9. Ibid. 332.

10. Ibid. 332.

11. D. E. Lewarch and M. J. Obrien, "Effect of Short Term Tillage on Aggregate Provenience Surface Pattern," in J. O. Obrien and D. E. Lewarch, eds., Plowzone Archeology: Publications in Anthro- pology No . 2 7 (Vanderbilt University 1981) 7-49.

12. E. D. Stockton, "Shaw's Creek Shelter: Human Displacement of Artifacts and its Significance," Mankind 9 (1973) 112-117; C. M. Baker and M. B. Schiffer, "Archeological Evidence for the Size Effect," in C. M. Baker, ed., The Arkansas Eastman Archeological

presented. These experimental laws cover vertical displacement, horizontal displacement, and vertical distribution of artifacts within the plow zone.

Introduction

Archaeologists have long recognized that agricultural activities such as plowing disturb the archaeological record of a site. Until recently, however, little empirical analysis has been brought to bear on the question of how plowing disturbs this record. Plog et al., recognizing this fact, declared that "until we more adequately understand the effect of this transformation process, the circum- stances under which particular approaches to working in plow-zone situations should be taken will remain un- clear. s s 1 This paper presents several hypotheses focusing on how plowing affects the archaeological record, and examines some of the limitations upon archaeological inferences that can be made from the data obtained from these plow-disturbed sites.

Recent research in the field of "plow-zone" archaeology falls into four general areas of inquiry; 1) vertical displacement of artifacts, 2) horizontal displacement of artifacts, 3) plow breakage of artifacts, and 4) interpretation of surface collections obtained from plowed fields. By far the greatest emphasis of recent research has concentrated on horizontal displacement of artifacts and interpretation of surface collections obtained from plowed fields.

Roper measured the horizontal displacement of artifacts at the Airport site, Springfield, Illinois, and found that artifact displacement was negligible within a 3-sq- m area.2 Reynolds, at the Butser Ancient Farm Project, Petersfield, Hants, England, used marked, synthetic artifacts to measure horizontal artifact movement resulting from plowing.3 Movement was found to be random and step-like (stochastic) from the original positions. Through time, artifact movement was described as following a normal distribution with 68So of the population posi- tioned within one standard deviation of the original position and only lSo moving beyond three standard deviations.

Redman and Watson first evaluated the correspondence between cultural debris lying on the surface of a

1. S. Plog et al., "Decision Making in Modern Surveys," in M. B. Schiffer, ed., Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 1 (Ac- ademic Press: New York 1978) 416.

2. D. C. Roper, "Lateral Displacement of Artifacts Due To Plow- ing," AmAnt 41 (1976) 372-375.

3. P. J. Reynolds, "The Ploughzone," Festschrift zum lOOjahrigen Bestehen der Abteilung fur Vorgeschichte (Naturhistorische Gesell- schaft: Nurnberg 1982) 315-340.


Description of the Experiment

Archaeological survey work conducted by this author in NE Connecticut has provided an opportunity for further investigation of the disturbance processes of plowing and its effect on artifact distribution. Two sites, each having several cluster areas of artifacts, were collected from the surface after plowing for three consecutive years, 1981- 1983. The Bluebird site (6-WM-63-001) is a multicomponent, Middle through Late Archaic period site, and the Flicker site (6-TO-78-20) is a multicomponent, Late Archaic through Early Woodland period site.

The soils from both sites are sandy loams, characterized as being very friable, non-plastic, non-sticky, well drained soils, well suited to agricultural activities. The soil from the Bluebird site is a "Hinckley gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15% slope," developed over glacial outwash materials; the soil of the Flicker site is a "Paxton fine sandy loam, 3 to 8So slope, " developed over basal till. 13

During the three years of this study both sites were planted in silage corn. Agricultural field preparations consisted of contour plowing and disking before annual spring planting. Because of the well drained and friable nature of these two soils, the techniques of deep plowing and chisel plowing have never been used and agricultural disturbances of these soils, therefore, have been limited to the upper 10 inches.

This study is designed to address two issues of "plow- zone" archaeology. First, the validity of interpretations made from surface collections obtained from plowed fields is tested. Surface scatter of artifacts on open agricultural fields is often used to locate and identify sites during survey work. These surface scatters, however, are only a sampling of the artifact population of the site. The representativeness, quality, and percent of this sample are herein investigated. Secondly, the results obtained by Reynold's studies on vertical displacement of artifacts are tested and expanded to examine artifact variability in order to discern which physical attribute(s) relate to this phenomenon.

Bone, pottery, and other refuse were not evident at either site, and so lithic artifacts provided the sole basis for analysis.

Thorough and intensive surface surveys of both sites

Project: Arkansas Archeological Survey, Research Report No. 6 (1975) 117-122; c. M. Baker, "The Size Effect: An Explanation of Varia- bility in Surface Artifact Assemblage Content," AmAnt 43 (1978) 288-293; D. P. Gifford, "Ethnoarchaeological Observations of Nat- ural Processes Affecting Cultural Materials," in R. Gould, ed., Explo- rations in Ethnoarchaeology (School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque 1979) 77- lol . 13. Soil Survey of Windham and Tolland Counties (U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service 1981).

were conducted of the entire plowed field to describe all evident artifact cluster areas, and to collect these artifacts. Multiple collections in clear, sunny weather as well as rainy weather were conducted to insure complete removal of all visually apparent artifacts.

Artifacts were provenienced according to site, cluster area, and year of collection. Analysis was designed to ascertain both cultural attributes (choice of lithic material and tool typology), and physical attributes that might demonstrate response to plowing (length, width, thickness, and weight).

The patterns of information discernible from the plow- disturbed archaeological record were then extended to formulate experimental laws (hypotheses) covering both the qualitative, archaeological inferences, and the quantitative, physical inferences that can be made from surface collections of plow-disturbed sites.

Plog et al. argue that in defining a site two criteria must be met. 14

A site is a discrete and potentially interpretable locus of cultural materials. By discrete, we mean spatially bounded with those boundaries marked by at least relative changes in artifact densities. By interpretable we mean that materials of sufficiently great quality and quantity are present for at least attempting and usually sustaining inferences about behavior occurring at the locus.

The present study addresses the interpretability of these two sites, and by extension other similar sites in New England, based on surface collections.

The usefulness of qualitative archaeological inferences was tested by two correlation procedures. The Presence- Absence correlation test measured the predictability value in terms of population variability of the collected artifact inventory. The artifact inventory can be partitioned into culturally derived types. A quartz flake with dimensions equal to a quartz projectile point would be indistinguish- able in a purely physical evaluation. The distinction is evident, however, and it is precisely from these culturally derived variables that archaeological inferences are deduced. An artifact population lacking in projectile points and scrapers, but containing choppers and pestles, would suggest to the archaeologist a plant-processing site as opposed to a hunting-butchering site.

The Brainard-Robinson correlation test measured the predictability value of the population distribution of the collected artifacts. The relative number of examples from each variable class is another important factor in the deduction of archaeological inferences. An artifact inventory dominated by flint (a material exotic to this area of New England) would suggest a culture organized for

I4. Plog et al., op. cit. (in note 1) 389.


trade. An artifact inventory dominated by quartz (abun- dant in this area) would suggest cultural isolation.ls

These two procedures provide a statistical test of the representativeness of the sample collected from the surface, and, as such, a measure of the degree of confidence that can be placed in these kinds of archaeological inferences.

The usefulness of quantitative, physical inferences was tested by linear regression. The numbers of artifacts per cluster, per year, were evaluated to test the predictability value of vertical distribution of artifacts within the plow zone. The physical attributes of length, width, thickness, and weight were employed to discern which of these factors affect this distribution.

Results

The coefficients of similarity for both the Bluebird and the Flicker sites are given in Table 1, for the Presence- Absence correlation test, and Table 2, for the Brainard- Robinson correlation test. In the Presence-Absence procedure, higher numbers indicate greater correlation with 100 signifying complete correlation. The same is true with the Brainard-Robinson procedure except that 200 signifies complete correlation. The types included in this study are quartz flakes, points, tools; quartzite flakes, points, tools; flint flakes, points, tools; oier lithic flakes, points, and tools.

From the Presence-Absence test data, the Bluebird site yielded two cases out of 26 where the highest coefficient of similarity belonged to samples from the same cluster. These were BB- 1-82 and BB- 1-83 . The Flicker site yielded nine out of 30 cases where the highest coefficient of similarity belonged to samples from the same cluster. It should be noted, however, that cluster F1-2 which ac- counts for six of the nine cases has yielded a total of only five quartz flakes over the three year period, thus giving the appearance of greater correlation. The average total number of artifacts from the other clusters is 32.

From the Brainard-Robinson test data, the Bluebird site yielded two cases out of 18 and the Flicker site yielded seven cases out of 23 where the highest coefficient of similarity belonged to samples from the same cluster. Again, cluster F1-2 represents six of the seven cases in the Flicker site.

It is evident from these two procedures that the con- stituent elements that compose the inventory of individual surface artifacts differ from year to year. Surface collections from sites like these do not represent an adequate statistical sample of culturally derived variables.

This inadequacy is true both for the presence and absence of these variables and for the relative proportions of these variables.

Results from the physical evaluation of the artifacts from the Bluebird and Flicker sites are given in Table 3, number of artifacts per cluster per year, and in Table 4, average physical attributes.

Analysis of the number of artifacts per cluster per year shows an average steady decrease of 15% from year to year. This uniformity suggests a pattern describing the physical behavior of artifacts in the plow-disturbed site. Artifacts are evenly distributed by plowing regardless of subsequent decreases in the population.

Analysis of the average physical attributes shows great variability in weight and surface area from year to year within each cluster. Length and thickness show less variability, and width shows the least amount of variability. The uniformity of width suggests a pattern explaining the selective process behind the even distribution of artifacts in the plow zone. Regardless of weight, and with some consideration for length and thickness, artifacts are sorted by plowing to produce a homogeneity of artifacts such that the average width of those artifacts within each horizontal level remains constant.

Discussion In a similar study of a surface survey conducted by

Reynolds,l6 results based on pottery-sherd recovery after plowing showed a similar trend to that obtained in this study. Reynolds deduced a 16% rate of decrease per year as opposed to the 15% rate of decrease found in this study. It is, therefore, concluded that artifacts within the plow zone have a probability of appearing on the surface of the field after plowing once every six to seven years.

The average width of the artifacts appearing on the surface after plowing each year remains relatively constant, suggesting that the act of plowing sorts the artifacts according to this attribute, homogenizing the artifacts within the plow zone according to width. Length and thickness may be secondarily sorted by plowing, but weight appears to be an independent and random variable. None of these attributes followed the trend of 15% constant decrease suggested by the artifact frequency data.

The two correlation test procedures failed to indicate any trend in predictability value based on qualitative cultural inferences. Discounting cluster area F1-2, from the Flicker site, occurrence of highest coefficient of similarity between populations from the same cluster is ex- plainable by chance. The proposed 15-16% sample of the plow zone appearing on the surface of a plowed field

15. D. F. Dincauze, "The Late Archaic Period in Southern New England," ArcAnth XII-2 (1975) 23-34. 16. Reynolds, loc. cit. (in note 3).

50 17

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

l l l l l l l l l l l l 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

l l l l l l l l l l l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F F F F F F F F F F F F


Table 1. Coefficients of similarity: Presence-Absence.

Bluebird BB-1-81 BB-2-81 BB-3-81 BB-4-81 BB-5-81 BB-1-82 BB-2-82 BB-3-82 BB-4-82 BB-5-82 BB-1-83 BB-2-83 BB-3-83 BB-4-83 BB-5-83

75

33 17 50

50

67 100

67 100

40 75 33 33

25

33 25 40 33 40 33 50 50

75 33 50 50

75 33 33 25 60 25 25 0 25 100 40 33

40

40 20 17 20 17 33 14

o

25

so

67 50

67 50

40 40 33 33 50

67 50 67 67 100 67 50 67 100 75 50 40 40 50 75 33 50 33 33 50 33 50 67 50

67 50

50

50

50

67

40

75 33 33 25 25 33 25 25 0 50 40 75 33 33

2 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 8

l l l l l l 5 1 2 3 4 5

l l l l l l B B B B B B B B B B B B

Flicker Fl-1-81 F1-2-8 1 F1-3-8 1 F1-4-81 F1- 1-82 F1-2-82 F1-3-82 F1-4-82 F1- 1-83 F1-2-83 F1-3-83 F1-4-83

25

60 25 50 50

50 20 25 100 17 33 20 50 20 50 25 100 25 100 20 50

so

29 25 17 20 20 25 25 20

40

so

25 33 33 50

50

33

20 33 17 17 20 20 17

33 50

50

100

100

50

25

25 100 33 50 50 33 50 50 100 25 100 100 50 50

is therefore concluded to be inadequate for certain kinds of archaeological inferences deduced from one year's surface collection of these sites. The total number of artifacts, however, likely to occur within the plow zone circumscribed by a cluster area can be predicted by cal- culation using the 15-16% figure, thus site size and con- centration of settlement activities can be inferred.

Conclusion

In New England many archaeological sites are located in shallow soils, most of which have been subjected to plowing (in Connecticut, roughly 95So of all arable soils have been plowedl7). With current interests in settle-

17. H. D. Luce, personal communication.

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

l l l l l l l l l 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4

l l l l l l l l l B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B


Table 2. CoefElcients of similarity: Brainard-Robinson.

Bluebird BB-1-81 BB-2-81 170 BB-3-81 162 140 BB-4-81 80 90 80 BB-5-81 76 96 66 100 BB-1-82 154 170 144 92 110 BB-2-82 152 170 142 80 124 186 BB-3-82 105 117 68 67 132 111 125 BB-4-82 60 80 50 50 150 94 108 117 BB-5-82 78 90 40 40 120 84 98 173 120 BB-1-83 98 118 88 92 154 144 144 133 138 120 BB-2-83 127 147 101 81 133 145 159 150 117 123 155 BB-3-83 10 30 0 0 100 44 58 67 150 80 88 67 BB-4-83 38 140 200 80 66 144 142 67 50 40 88 101 0 BB-5-83 99 119 89 81 155 133 145 134 139 121 177 172 89 89

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

Flicker Fl-1-81 Fl-2-81 181 Fl-3-81 159 146 Fl-4-81 173 166 166 Fl-1-82 180 166 155 175 Fl-2-82 181 200 146 164 164 Fl-3-82 157 156 146 156 165 156 Fl-4-82 161 160 146 160 161 160 156 Fl- 1-83 163 162 146 162 163 162 156 198 Fl-2-83 181 200 146 166 167 200 160 160 162 Fl-3-83 181 200 146 166 167 200 160 160 162 200 Fl-4-83 151 150 145 150 161 150 150 180 188 150 150

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

l l l l l l l l l l l l 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

l l l l l l l l l l l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F F F F F F F F F F F F

ment-procurement patterns of earlier peoples, archaeol- The results obtained from this study have led this author ogists involved in regional survey work have begun to to question the validity of some of these archaeological encounter and describe more of these shallow soil sites. inferences and to question the representativeness of the Though the disturbed context of these sites is recognized, surface sample obtained from the plowed field. artifacts found on the soil surface have been taken as Archaeological inferences drawn from surface collec- representative samples of the archaeological site, and tions of plow-disturbed sites need first to establish the various inferences have been drawn from these samples. representativeness of the sample. In many cases, espe-

1981 1982 1983 Total Bluebird BB-1 21 18 16 55 BB-2 20 17 12 49 BB-3 3 3 1 7 BB-4 5 4 3 12 BB-5 6 5 9 20 Flicker Fl-l 28 24 21 73 F1-2 2 2 1 5 F1-3 1 1 9 7 27 Fl-4 6 5 4 15

TOTAL 102 87 74 263

surface area Bluebird weight length width thick greatest least BB-1-81 10.50 2.81 1.89 .79 5.32 1.49 BB-2-81 9.25 2.71 2.30 .69 5.50 1.49 BB-3-81 13.58 2.56 1.78 1.03 4.56 1.83 BB-4-81 7.93 2.87 1.91 .70 5.48 1.33 BB-5-81 2.50 2.63 1.79 .46 4.99 .88 BB-1-82 5.16 2.39 1.57 .75 4.26 1.36 BB-2-82 8 64 2.76 1.88 .87 5.83 1.89 BB-3-82 2.33 2.50 1.83 .50 4.50 .88 BB-4-82 3.60 2.81 1.75 .69 4.91 1.22 BB-5-82 2.94 2.50 1.70 .70 4.36 1.21 BB-1-83 14.25 3.52 2.47 .89 10.16 2.46 BB-2-83 9.63 3.25 2.31 .65 9.39 1.60 BB-3-83 161.50 8.50 6.00 2.00 51.00 12.00 BB-4-83 11.97 3.00 2.33 .75 7.92 1.92 BB-5-83 11.83 3.33 2.17 .81 7.82 1.84

. * .

FclcKer

R-1-81 27.27 3.76 2.59 1.19 12.66 4.33 R-2-81 11.50 3.75 2.25 1.25 8.50 2.75 R-3-81 44.39 3.45 2.50 1.52 11.46 5.69 R-4-81 2.62 1.83 1.58 .67 3.08 1.21 R-1-82 29.02 3.83 2.48 1.23 12.03 4.38 R-2-82 6.55 2.50 1.25 1.13 3.38 1.50 R-3-82 22.16 4.06 2.31 1.06 11.94 2.92 R-4-82 14.04 3.35 2.10 1.30 7.40 3.20 R-1-83 13.16 2.99 1.89 .95 6.97 2.05 R-2-83 6.50 2.50 2.25 1.00 5.63 2.25 R-3-83 4.59 2.39 1.68 .64 4.30 1.14 R-4-83 7.00 2.63 1.94 1.00 5.19 1.98


cially in large sites containing pottery, the sheer number of artifacts obtained from the surface collection provide a sample normal to the entire population. As suggested

Table 3. Number of artifacts.

by this paper, however, there exists a lower limit of total available artifacts, below which certain archaeological inferences cannot be validly drawn.

The sample size found in this study is not abnormally small for many of the preceramic upland sites in New England. It is necessary, therefore, to question and reex- amine archaeological inferences made earlier concerning other preceramic sites based on only one surface collection sample.

Experimental laws concerned with the behavior of artifact movement within the plow zone have been suggested. These experimental laws concerned with physical behavior of artifacts in plow-disturbed sites can be applied to future archaeological inquiry, setting epistemo- logical limits on what may and may not be validly inferred from the sample. First, estimates of artifact densities and total population within the plow-zone volume can be inferred by using the 15-16% sample represented. This experimental law is concerned with vertical distribution of artifacts and the probability of any given artifact occurring on the soil surface after plowing. The second,

Table 4. Average physical attributes.


based on previous research mentioned above,18 provides for reasonable deductions from the horizontal relation- ship between artifacts and artifact clusters pertaining to site size and limits. Inferences about site function and cultural association, however, cannot be deduced from the surface sample because of the randomized vertical distribution of the artifacts within the plow zone. The physical orientation of the artifact, direction, and face, must also be considered void of meaningful information based on the experimental law that suggests that artifacts have been homogenized within the plow zone according to width.

The attributes of length and thickness are also involved in ways not discernible by this study. Further experi- mentation designed to sort out these three variables is necessary for the clarification of this hypothesis. Such experiments would need to evaluate the specific variable affected by the individual vectors of force created by the plow; horizontal drag, and the angular turning caused by the moldboard. Since at the moment of plowing the soil is in a less viscous state, the effect of gravity must also be examined. This information would be necessary for the precise description of the experimental law concerned with the effect of plowing on the movement of artifacts according to physical attributes.

Acknowledgments

I extend thanks to Robert Bee, Douglas Jordan, and Nora Sabo for their support, helpful suggestions, and criticisms of this paper.

18. Redman and Watson, loc. cit. (in note 4); Binford et al., loc. cit. (in note S); Flannery, loc. cit. (in note 6).

Douglas Frink obtained his M.A. in Anthropologyl Archaeology in 1983 from the University of Connecticut, Storrs. Mailing address: Box 336a, Rt. 97, Hampton, CT 06247.

Announcements

AFFA Fellowship Committee Report

Four applications were received by the Committee for review and deliberation; each represented a viable archaeological project. After consultation, however, the Fellowship Committee decided that the AFFA Fellow- ship should be awarded to a program involved with in-

novative field research and/or technique that has the promise to be important to overall fieldwork. We do not want to give the award for normal and typical archaeological investigation and activity (for travel and partici- pation expenses associated with an on-going excavation, or for the general expenses resulting from writing a Ph.D. dissertation). Perhaps this attitude could have been ar- ticulated in the first announcement of the award in JFA, but the Committee needed some time and experience in vetting applications before it could clanfy its position and share it with AFFA members and potential applicants.

In this context, although every application received this year was important as an archaeological project that merited attention, the Committee believed that none was compelling in the strict sense expressed above. It was decided, therefore, not to award the AFFA Fellowship for the 1984 year.

The Committee wishes to thank the 1984 applicants for their efforts. And it also wishes to take this opportunity to serve notice that applications for the 1985 award are hereby solicited. The deadline for the 1985 applications will be December 15, 1984 (see also JFA 10 [1983] 385).

To date the Committee received $1545.00 in contributions for the award from a small group of generous supporters. To have met the $2500.00 needed for the award, the AFFA Executive CCommittee would have had to subsidize the Fellowship as it had to do last year. The collected funds will now be set aside for the 1985 award. And please note that it is requested with some urgency

that AFFA members and friends contribute as soon as possible to the Fellowship fund. Indeed, for the award AFFA needs an endowment of $40,000 to $50,000, the creation of which will not only make the award strong and continuous over the years, but will allow AFFA to contribute its funds (alas, also meager) to other worth- while causes.

Please send donations to the Fellowship Fund and, if possible, to the Endowment, to the attention of the Treasurer: Martha S. Joukowsky, 620 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021 (checks to be made out to AFFA and appropriately labelled). Applications are to be sent to: Oscar White Muscarella, Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY 10028.

OSCAR WHITE MUSCARELLA

Chairman AFFA Fellowship Committee

364 News and Short Contributions 364 News and Short Contributions

AFFA Contributors

The AFFA Fellowship Committee gratefully acknowl- edges the receipt of $2135.00 towards the Fellowship Award. The list of Donors to the AFFA Fellowship Fund (ending May 1, 1984) follows.

Daphne Achilles John P. Albanese Ray B. and Jean M. Auel E.R.G. Capital Fund c/o E. Gebhard Elizabeth Gwyn Caskey Ethel W. De Croisset Robert C. Dunnell Elsbeth B. Dusenberg Wayne C. Fields Brian Hesse R. Ross and Nancy Holloway Hattula M. Hug Artemis A. A. W. and Martha S. Joukowsky Mary Elizabeth King Alfonz Lengyel Lynne G. Lewis William A. McDonald J. Wilson and Eleanor E. Myers Anne C. Ogilvy William C. and Elizabeth Overstreet Susan J. Patullo George Howard Railsback George and Jeanette Rapp Larry and Chris Roberts Schimmel Foundation, Inc. John M. Shonsey Fred W. Trembour Frances L. Tucker Paula Wapnish James R. and Lucy Wiseman

MARTHA S. JOUKOWSKY, Treasurer

Association for Field Archaeology

Fellowships Available in Santa Fe

Four Resident Fellowships will be awarded by the School of American Research in Santa Fe, New Mexico, to scholars in anthropology and related disciplines for the 1985/86 academic year.

The fellowships, which are supported by the Weath- erhead Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities, are open to holders of the Ph.D. and to doctoral candidates whose field work is complete. They

AFFA Contributors

The AFFA Fellowship Committee gratefully acknowl- edges the receipt of $2135.00 towards the Fellowship Award. The list of Donors to the AFFA Fellowship Fund (ending May 1, 1984) follows.

Daphne Achilles John P. Albanese Ray B. and Jean M. Auel E.R.G. Capital Fund c/o E. Gebhard Elizabeth Gwyn Caskey Ethel W. De Croisset Robert C. Dunnell Elsbeth B. Dusenberg Wayne C. Fields Brian Hesse R. Ross and Nancy Holloway Hattula M. Hug Artemis A. A. W. and Martha S. Joukowsky Mary Elizabeth King Alfonz Lengyel Lynne G. Lewis William A. McDonald J. Wilson and Eleanor E. Myers Anne C. Ogilvy William C. and Elizabeth Overstreet Susan J. Patullo George Howard Railsback George and Jeanette Rapp Larry and Chris Roberts Schimmel Foundation, Inc. John M. Shonsey Fred W. Trembour Frances L. Tucker Paula Wapnish James R. and Lucy Wiseman

MARTHA S. JOUKOWSKY, Treasurer

Association for Field Archaeology

Fellowships Available in Santa Fe

Four Resident Fellowships will be awarded by the School of American Research in Santa Fe, New Mexico, to scholars in anthropology and related disciplines for the 1985/86 academic year.

The fellowships, which are supported by the Weath- erhead Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities, are open to holders of the Ph.D. and to doctoral candidates whose field work is complete. They

provide a monthly stipend, housing, a private study, and the time, space, and quiet needed for creative research. Residency is usually for 11 months and begins in Sep- tember, 1985.

The application deadline is February 1, 1985. For further information write to: School of American Research, Resident Scholar Program, P.O. Box 2188, Santa Fe, NM 87504.

The School of Arnencan Research was founded in 1907 and is a nonprofit advanced research institution in anthropology and related disciplines. In addition to its Res- ident Scholar program, it conducts advanced seminars and archaeological excavations, publishes scholarly books, and houses a major research collection of South- west Indian arts.

Perspectives

Corrigendum on Copper Drills

In our recently published article, "An Ancient Repair on a Cycladic Statuette Analyzed Using Scanning Elec- tron Microscopy," JFA 10 (1983) 378-384, we made an erroneous observation. While it does not affect our conclusions, for the sake of the record and accuracy we would like to state that subsequent research has shown that drilling into marble can be accomplished with an arrow-shaped copper drill.

A. JOHN GWINNETT LEONARD GORELICK

State University of New York, Stony Brook

provide a monthly stipend, housing, a private study, and the time, space, and quiet needed for creative research. Residency is usually for 11 months and begins in Sep- tember, 1985.

The application deadline is February 1, 1985. For further information write to: School of American Research, Resident Scholar Program, P.O. Box 2188, Santa Fe, NM 87504.

The School of Arnencan Research was founded in 1907 and is a nonprofit advanced research institution in anthropology and related disciplines. In addition to its Res- ident Scholar program, it conducts advanced seminars and archaeological excavations, publishes scholarly books, and houses a major research collection of South- west Indian arts.

Perspectives

Corrigendum on Copper Drills

In our recently published article, "An Ancient Repair on a Cycladic Statuette Analyzed Using Scanning Elec- tron Microscopy," JFA 10 (1983) 378-384, we made an erroneous observation. While it does not affect our conclusions, for the sake of the record and accuracy we would like to state that subsequent research has shown that drilling into marble can be accomplished with an arrow-shaped copper drill.

A. JOHN GWINNETT LEONARD GORELICK

State University of New York, Stony Brook

Documents

Artifact Behaviour Within the Plow Zone - D Fink 1984 - Journal of Field Archaeology 11-356-63