Art History Study Guide 2 Unit 3

8/2/2019 Art History Study Guide 2 Unit 3

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Reyes, RichardPer. 4 AH

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Unit 3 Art History Exam 2: Early Renaissance Through Mannerism 1. Madonna

Duccios: Florence, 1308 (egg tempera on wood) Jesus is sitting Marys body is completely covered there is no movement in her clothing everyone is looking down at Mary

less realistic because no ones face is covered by the person in front of them,as it would be in a real crowd

Byzantine style there are no angels

Giottos: Florence, 1310 (tempera on wood) Jesus is floating Mary is sitting on a thrown you can see Marys body under her clothes because the material flows around

her body Jesus has is hand out as he is preaching everyone is looking up towards Mary more realistic because peoples faces are being covered amongst the crowd, as

they would be in reality usage of the Byzantine style angels below Mary

As we shift from the Medieval Age to the Renaissance Age, we enter a period ofthought and logic. This was reflected in the art as well, as we see a more realistic styleof painting. A major consept that was introduced in the Renaissance Age, was that ofgetting closer to G-d through observing the world. Artists, such as Giotto, embodied thisidea, as they sought to create a more realistic style of art, in efforts the get closer to G-d.


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2. The triangle representing Holy Trinity:The Last Supper, Milan, Sta. Maria della Gra-zie. Jesus body, the three windows, the apostles grouped in threes represents the HolyTrinity. The use of the triangle directed the eyes of the viewers to Jesus.

Triangle- (Architecture) most sound and stable structure. - This idea presents the com-fort, trust, and stability in the Father, the son, and the Holy spirit for the believers ofChristianity.

3. Tribute Money :When : 1427.Where : Branacci Chapel.Who : Masacio.What : painting.Why : He was commisioned by Brancacci to decorate the walls with scenes from St. Pe-ter's life.- historical significance - starts to use body language, facial structure to show emotion;uses texture to create illusion; all figures have their own faces and characteristics

- made to tell many biblical stories in just one panel-Shows influence of Giotto through emotions. Uses linear perspective-Atmospheric haze:the blue/grey fade in the background

What additional advancements in naturalism does this artist show beyond Giotto-s Arena Chapel works?-Body Gesture- to show more emotion and make it even more realistic-figures can fit in doorways- shows their better understanding of proportionality-individual characteristics- again, shows more distinct emotion and makes it more realis-tic-chairo scuro- the usage of light and dark colors, making shadowsm to show depth.makes it look three dimensional-Peter is repeated three times in the image. he is the disciple that retrieves the goldcoins from the mouth of the fish. THREE=HOLY TRINITY!

Scenes Depicted :1. Jesus and his apostles are traveling to Rome but they are stopped by a Roman

guard. They are required to pay in order to get in.


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2. Peter points to the water where there are Fish and Jesus tells St. Peter to go open themouth of the fish.

3. As he does what he is told he finds a coin and uses that to pay the guard so that theymay pass.

4. LandscapeWho : Leonardo da VinciWhat : Pen/Ink drawing/sketchWhen : 1473 (When he was age 21)Where : It is now located in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy .Why : Naturalistic realism discovered by Leonardo himself. Conveys sense oflandscape in process with movement and growth, essence of nature not just ap-pearance. Ink line that vibrates, laid down rapidly, living natural world. Capturesfalling water, trees blown by wind, mountains cut by water down to river valley be-low. Command of space near and far. Penetrating observation and rapidity ofrepresentation. Incessant curiosity about the world around him, his work always reveals his in-

tellect and imagination

5. Mona Lisa What : Oil Painting

Who : Leonardo da VinciLocated: Louvre Museum, Paris, FranceWhen : 1503-1506Why/Historical Significance : Mona Lisa was painted because Leonardo was commis-sioned by a private patron. This made him realize that artists didnt have to be hired bythe Church and paint religious pieces of art. They no longer needed to paint only for thechurch, and this opened up the art world for all artists. With that being the case, artistsnow had a much more broad selection of things to paint, not just religious scenes, whichallowed the art world to be opened up.

1. What did Mona Lisas smile mean to Leonardos peers?

Mona Lisas smile acted as a visual pun for Leonardos peers. This was becausethe Italian name for this painting was La Gioconda, which means joyous, so her smilemay have served as a visual pun to Leonardos peers.


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2. How do art historians interpret that famous smile today?

Art historians characterize her smile as submissive because the art style of that

time. During the period in which the Mona Lisa was painted, the art style that was popu-lar was the submissive appearance, which is why art historians characterize her smileas submissive.

3. Why does everyone recognize this painting and what does that tell usabout visual notoriety?

Everyone recognizes this painting because it has been popularized around theworld. When one sees this painting, they instantly know that it is the Mona Lisa, but theymay not know anything about it or who painted it. This tells us that this painting has be-come so common in society that it has lost its meaning. The Mona Lisa has become acultural icon rather than an appreciated piece of art.

6. Last SupperWho: Leonardo da VinciWhat: tempera and oil on plaster

When: 1495-98Where: Refectory Wall in Sta. Maria della Grazie Church, Milan, ItalyWhy:

Jesus pose he is silent, sad submissive with one palm down and oneup, pointing to the bread and wine (body and blood of Eucharist). He hasopen arms and is still flanked by groups of 3 by 2 on either side. Triangula-tion of body of Christ refers to the trinity, as an abstraction.

Advance in expressionism the groups are agitated and create ten-sion and movement. Full range of response is shown in these individualizedapostles to the announcement that one would betray Christ. Leonardo alsouses perspective and linear lines to force ones eyes right to Christ who isthe center of the very emotional painting. Through the mannerisms on thetable of the different people Leonardo shows emotion expressed in morethan just the faces of characters. He is now able to use body language to


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convey an emotion to the viewer, rather than just facial expression. Also, be-cause he placed the people in groups around the table, all doing differentthings, and on different planes of the painting, he has advanced expression-ism even more. (groups o f people are in three once again relating back to

the holy trinity)

7. David

Who: Michaelangelo BuonarrotiWhat: marble sculpture (165 tall)When: 1501-04Where: Florence, Italy (Originally to be placed on top of the Cathedral of Flo-

rence, but then moved to the front of City Hall)Why: Previously intended to be placed on roof of cathedral, but by time he fin-

ished there was no thought to hide it up so high up. Cut from a singleblock of stone, instantly acknowledged and celebrated in Florence and de-cided by city leaders to be placed in Plaza beside the Palazzo Vecchio.Completely nude, a biblical figure, but this was a completely new conven-

tion for renaissance. For Michelangelo the body alone was the principlemeans to reveal the emotion of figures. Posed in remarkable contrapostostance, chiastic scheme. One hand holds the sling, the other the stones,

David watches distance with furrowed brow, resilient curve like bowstring.Hands and head over sized to emphasize guardian qualities as civic pro-

tector of Florence, with size and age not per the biblical story.

Icon - The Biblical story behind this statue is about David who defeated the giantand horrible ruler, Goliath. At the time the sculpture was made, the Medicifamily ruled over Florence in a horrible way, that the people related to Go-liath. Now that David is placed in front of city hall, he shows the triumphover the horrible ruler and inspires the people to want to be ruled justly.He is an icon for the people who govern Florence, to govern justly, just as

he defeated a horrible ruler.

8. Sistine MadonnaWho: Raphael


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What: Oil on canvas, painted as altarpiece for Pope Julius IIWhen: 1513Where: Relocated to Gemldegalerie Alte Meister (old masters) of Dresden,Germany (Originally made in Piacenza, Italy)

Why: Benedictines of the monastery of St. Sixtus ordered this picture. They had

required that the Virgin and the Infant Jesus should be in the company ofSt. Sixtus and St. Barbara. This is how Raphael entered into their views.historical because the last of his madonnas he created.

St. Sixtus kneels at feet of Mary with arm pointing out to viewer, with fea-tures of pope, with St. Barbara on right. Raphael was famous for hisMadonnas, but this one is standing miraculously on clouds framed by cur-tains on sagging rod, strange device that reveals figures as a vision.Tallest of his Madonnas, 9 high, with triangle composition on solid

clouds, with 2 cherubs (now much appropriated and famous) along base-line looking boredly up at clouds, with papal tiara on the left. Pope/St. iswearing a beard, unheard of for a pope, because he was at war withFrance and swore not to shave until they were expelled from Italian penin-sula. The illusion of this work was significant for later painters and was of-ten borrowed.

Trained in fresco and oil painting by Perugino, in whose studio Raphaellearned to master perspective. The artist was very charming and talented,which helped his rise in art patron circles. Reputation was unassailable,both for art and life, but his works appreciation falters from time to time.

one of the masters of the High Renaissance because Raphael was able toput expressionism and perspective together in order to create an art peiceeven more realistic. Viewers considered his work to all be beautiful andwell balanced from all aspects as they also considered him to have goodtaste.

School of Athens


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Who: Raphael What: Fresco When: 1510 -11 Where: Pope Julius private Library, Vatican Palace, Vatican City Why: This work contains figures of history such as Euclid, pythagoras, a

man with galateas pose, michaelangelo, Plato, and Atistotle. With this on-slaught of characters, Raphael shows great mastery of rational control ofcomposition of ideas.

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Art History Study Guide 2 Unit 3