The test will be comprised of 75 multiple choice and true or false questions. The remaining 25 points will come from six short activities that will demonstrate the students knowledge in 2 point perspective and creating gradients.

Color WheelA color wheel is the spectrum bent into a circle. It is a

useful tool for organizing colors.The Color Wheel describes the relationships between colors. It is

laid out so that any two PRIMARY COLORS (red, yellow, blue) are separated by the

SECONDARY COLORS (orange, violet, and green).

There are three primary colors; red, blue, and yellow. Primary colors are hues which can be mixed to create all other colors.

Primary Colors are basic and cannot be mixed from other elements. They are to

color what prime numbers are to mathematics. One can mix two primaries to

get a Secondary Color. You will notice that each Secondary Color on the Color Wheel is bounded

by two primaries. These are the components that one would mix to get that Secondary Color.

There are three secondary colors; green, orange, and violet. Secondary colors are the hues between the primary hues on the color wheel. the secondary hues are create by mixing two primary hues. To get orange, you mix equal parts of red and yellow. To get Violet, you mix equal parts of red and blue. To get green, you mix equal parts of blue and yellow.

Complimentary colors. Complimentary colors are colors that are across from each other on the color wheel. Violet and yellow are complimentary, Blue and orange are complimentary, and red and green are complimentary. Color Complements are color opposites. These colors contrast each other in the most extreme way possible. They also help to make each other more active.

Tertiary colors.There are six tertiary colors, red-orange, red-violet, blue-violet , blue-green, yellow-green, yellow-orange. These colors are created by mixing a secondary color with a primary color.

Mr. Matthews | Art Final Exam Study Guide 2011

Color has three properties:

1. Hue. Hue is the name of a color, such as red, blue, or yellow.2. Value. Value is the lightness or darkness of a hue (color). The value of a hue can be changed by adding black or white.3. Intensity. Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a hue (color). Pure hues are high-intensity colors. Dull hues are low-intensity colors.

Warm colors. Warm colors express warmth; they are red, yellow and orange.

Cool colors. Cool colors have the feel of being cold or cool; they are blue, violet and green.

Analogous colors are colors that are adjacent to each other on the color wheel. Some examples are green, yellow green, and yellow or red, orange and yellow. Analogous color schemes are often found in nature and are pleasing to the eye. The combination of these colors give a bright and cheery effect in the area, and are able to accommodate many changing moods.

Elements of Art: Texture, Form, Line, Color, Value, Shape, and Space

TextureTexture is the feeling or visual effect created by repetition and variation of form, colors, value, or patterns of line, often seen in textiles and natural surfaces. There are two types of texture: Optical (visual) texture, and texture which can be physically (tactile). So how something would feel ,rough, smooth, bumpy, coarse etc. is a description of its texture.

FormForm may be created by the forming of two or more shapes or as three-dimensional shape (cube, pyramid, sphere, etc). It may be enhanced by tone, texture and color. Form is considered three-dimensional showing height, width and depth. Examples of these are sculpture, theatre play, figurines.

LineLine is most easily defined as a mark that spans a distance between two points, taking any form along the way. As an art element, line pertains to the use of various marks, outlines and implied lines in artwork and design, most often used to define shape in two-dimensional work. Implied line is the path that the viewer's eye takes as it follows shapes, colors, and form along a path, but may not be continuous or physically connected, such as the line created by a dancer's arms, torso, and legs when performing an arabesque.

ColorColor pertains to the use of hue in artwork and design. Defined as Primary Colors (red, yellow, blue), which cannot be mixed in pigment from other hues, Secondary Colors (green, orange, violet) which are directly mixed from combination's of primary colors. Further combination's of primary and secondary colors create tertiary (and more) hues. Tint and Shade are references to adding variations in Value other tertiary colors are derived by mixing either a primary or secondary color with a neutral color. e.g Red + White = Pink.

ValueValue pertains to the use of light and dark, shade and highlight, in an artwork. Black and white photography depends entirely on value to define its subjects. Value is directly related to contrast.

ShapeShape pertains to the use of areas in two dimensional space that can be defined by edges, setting one flat specific space apart from another. Shapes can be geometric (e.g.: square, circle, triangle, hexagon, etc.) or organic (such as the shape of a puddle, blob, leaf, boomerang, etc.) in nature. Shapes are defined by other elements of art: Space, Line, Texture, Value, Color, Form.

SpaceReal space is three-dimensional. Space in a work of art refers to a feeling of depth or three dimensions. It can also refer to the artist's use of the area within the picture plane. The area around the primary objects in a work of art is known as negative space, while the space occupied by the primary objects is known as positive space.

Pencil Value Chart/SphereVarying the pressure and using two different pencils (#2,#6) create values from the lightest shade to the darkest.

Portrait, Self Portrait, 3/4 view, Profile

A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, in order to most successfully engage the subject with the viewer.

3/4 View is where the head is slightly turned to either side, both eyes can still be seen.

Profile is where the head is turned to the side.

Egypt, Hieroglyphics, Papyrus

Archaeologist is a person who studies the scientific material remains (as fossil relics, artifacts, and monuments) of past human life and activities.

Hieroglyphs is made from two Greek words:hieros meaning holyglyphe meaning writingSo hieroglyph means holy writing.

How do we know how to read hieroglyphics ?This writing was uncovered by the Rosetta Stone. Hieroglyphics uses small pictures which represent the sound of the object or an idea associated with the object.

How do you know which way to read Hieroglyphs?You need to look closely at the hieroglyphs to find out. It depends on which way the people or animals are facing (profile). For example, if an animal hieroglyph faces right, you read from right to left. If it faces left, you read from left to right (the same way that we do). Just to confuse you, sometimes they read Hieroglyphs from top to bottom.

What did Ancient Egyptians use to write with?Egyptian writing was done with pen and ink on fine paper (papyrus).Papyrus is a thick paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant. Ancient Egypt used this plant as a writing material and for boats, mattresses, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets.Egyptian "pens" were thin, sharp reeds, which they would dip in ink to write with.The ink and paint came from plants which they crushed and mixed with water.The Greeks and the Romans also used a lot of papyrus, all bought in Egypt because that is where papyrus grows. But it wasn't cheap! One sheet probably cost about what $20 is worth today.Benefits to using papyrus include: light weight, easy to transport roll up, abundance of raw plant material.Disadvantages: could not fold, brittle and fragile, expensive.

The Great Sphinx is a large human-headed lion that was carved from a mound of natural rock. It is located in Giza where it guards the front of Khafra's pyramid.

Ankh represents life.

Wedjat symbol of protection, royal power and good health. The eye is personified in the goddess Wedjat.

Obelisk is a tall four-sided narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top, said to resemble a "petrified ray" of the sun-disk.

Pharaoh is the name of the Egyptian ruler or king.

Ra - Sun God, King of the Gods a falcon crowned with a sun disk or a man with a falcon's head

Ra was the God of the Sun. He sailed across the heavens in a boat called the 'Barque of Millions of Years'. At the end of each day Ra was thought to die and sailed on his night voyage through the Underworld, leaving the Moon to light the world above. The boat would sail through the twelve doors, representing the twelve hours of night-time. The next dawn, he was born again.

Thoth - God of Wisdom, Time, Writing and the Moon head of an ibis

Thoth invented hieroglyphs, the picture writing of Ancient Egypt. He was the measurer of the earth and the counter of the stars, the keeper and recorder of all knowledge. The ibis is a bird rather like a stork, with long legs and a long beak which it uses for prodding in the mud to find small fish. It was a symbol of wisdom and learning because it has a beak shaped like a pen which it dips in the mud, as if it was ink.

Osiris - God of the Dead dressed in white with crook and flail and white crown

Osiris is shown as a man with a beard wearing white mummy wrappings. His crown is the white crown of Upper Egypt surrounded by red feathers. His skin is green to represent vegetation. He holds the symbols of supreme power, the flail and crook.

Bastet - Proctectress of Cats cat or head of a cat

Bastet was sometimes called bast. She was the goddess of cats. She is a cat, or has the head of a cat, but originally she had the head of a lion.

Scarab or dung beetle makes a ball of dung by rolling it along the ground, and then lays its eggs in it. The Ancient Egyptians imagined a scarab rolling the sun across the sky.

Anubis - God of Embalming head of jackal

Anubis invented embalming to embalm Osiris, the first mummy. He was the guide of the dead. The Egyptians embalmed their dead, especially their pharaohs, to preserve them, since they thought that this helped them live for ever.

Two Point PerspectiveBe able to draw a cube below the horizon line, on the horizon line, above the horizon line. Be able to add windows to the cube.Know the parts and rules of a two point perspective drawing.Lines can only be vertical (all verticals are parallel to each other), or a line has to be going to a vanishing point.Careers using two point perspective. Artist, Engineer, Architect, Designer, Interior Decorator.Draw a Rubikʼs cube.

Web link: Draw Two-Point Perspective

Be familiar with an artist mannequin and the proportions of the human body.

In two point perspective the sides of the object vanish to one of two vanishing points on the horizon. Vertical lines in the object have no perspective applied to them.

The illustration to the right demonstrates the how to draw a box in two point perspective.

1. Put two vanishing points at opposite ends of the horizontal line.

2. Draw in the front vertical of the box. Drawing the line below the horizontal will create a view which we are looking down on. To look at the object from below, draw the front vertical above the horizontal.

3. Draw lines from the top of the vertical which disappear back to both of the vanishing points. Repeat the process for the bottom of the line.

4. To complete both of the sides by drawing in the back verticals.

5. To draw the top of the box, draw lines from the back verticals to the opposite vanishing points.

M.C. Escher

Maurits Cornelis Escher (1898-1972) is one of the world's most famous graphic artists. His art is enjoyed by millions of people all over the world, as can be seen on the many web sites on the internet.

He is most famous for his so-called impossible structures, such as Ascending and Descending, Relativity, his Transformation Prints, such as Metamorphosis I, Metamorphosis II and Metamorphosis III, Sky & Water I or Reptiles.

Maurits Cornelis, nicknamed "Mauk",[ was born in Leeuwarden, The Netherlands. He was the youngest son of civil engineer George Arnold Escher and his second wife, Sara Gleichman. In 1903, the family moved to Arnhem where he attended primary school and secondary school until 1918.He was a sickly child, and was placed in a special school at the age of seven and failed the second grade. Though he excelled at drawing, his grades were generally poor. He also took carpentry and piano lessons until he was thirteen years old. In 1919, Escher attended the Haarlem School of Architecture and Decorative Arts. He briefly studied architecture, but he failed a number of subjects (partly due to a persistent skin infection) and switched to decorative arts.Here he studied under Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita, with whom he would remain friends for years. In 1922 Escher left the school, having gained experience in drawing and making woodcuts.

Escher's first print of an impossible reality was Still Life and Street, 1937

In this artwork we have two quite distinctly recognizable realities bound together in a natural, and yet at the same time a completely impossible, way. Looked at from the window, the houses make book-rests between which tiny dolls are set up. Looked at from the street, the books stand yards high and a gigantic tobacco jar stands at the crossroads.

A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a pattern of plane figures that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps.

In his “Metamorphoses” series, the tessellations “morph” into changing shapes or even leave the plane such as in Reptiles. 

M.C. Escher Still Life

Be able to blend colors to create a smooth gradient between cool colors or warm colors.

THE HISTORY OF ADINKRA CLOTHAdinkra (ah-deen-krah) cloth has been produced for hundreds of years by the Asante (ah-shan-tay) people of Ghana in the city of Ntonso, a major center for Adinkra cloth production. Adinkra is an ancient African writing system created by the Asante,an Akan (ah-kahn) -meaning the first people ethnic group, who live in the central part of Ghana. Ghana is named after the Empire, which once existed in part of the Sahara region of Africa. The Ghana Empire was later defeated by the Mali Empire. The people of the defeated Ghana Empire moved south to West Africa where the modern country of Ghana, formerly known as the Gold Coast, is found. It was called the Gold Coast because gold was found there and used in trade.

It has been suggested that the art of Adinkra came from Gyaman, Côte d'lvoire (the Ivory Coast). Early in the nineteenth century. King Adinkera of Gyaman, tried to copy the sacred Golden Stool of the Asante. The Golden Stool was the unifying force of the Asante Nation. This sacrilegious attempt angered the Asantehene, the Asante King Nana Osei Bonsu-Panyin. Adinkera was defeated and killed in the war. The cloth that King Adinkera wore in battle was taken by the Asante as a trophy. With the cloth, the Asante brought with them the art of stamping cloth. It is also significant that Adinkra means farewell, or saying good-bye to one another when parting, hence the use of the special cloth on funeral occasions (eyie). Another version of its origins by local printers who say that the patterns were created by the first men to make the cloth, and that the symbols have been passed down through the generations, some changing, and some staying the same.

Adinkra symbol designs may have been originally painted on the cloth at first. Today, designs are stamped onto dyed and embroidered cloth which will be used for both funerals and other special occasions. Individuals will commission a cloth from established artists who will use various information about the client to determine the appropriate symbol or combination of symbols he will use to produce a beautiful cloth.

Adinkera aduro (Adinkera medicine) is the ink used in the stamping process. It is prepared by boiling the bark of the badee tree (bah-dee) together with iron slag. It is placed into a large makeshift barrel. Water is poured over the bark until it is completely covered. The bark is allowed to soften for several days. Thereafter, it is sieved and dried. Using mortar and pestle, the remaining bark is ground into a fine powder. The fine granules are placed into kettles of water and boiled for hours, and subsequently sieved to remove undesired particles and to extract the rich dark liquid.

The stamps are carved from apakyiwa (calabash) a dried, gourd-like fruit attached to handles made of bamboo strips. Adinkra artists often carve their own stamps; but they also commission stamps from carvers known for their expertise. Well established Adinkra artists may have hundreds of stamps, which they often lend to less experienced artists. About one hundred stamps - some designs two hundred years old - are still in regular use today.

Adinkra cloths, worn for serious occasions and at funerals, are essential to Asante mourning rituals. Adinkra cloth reflects truths shared in life and death. The Asante wear Adinkra cloths of different colors for specific periods during funerals. The mourning process, which can take up to a year, is followed by annual ceremonies that commemorates the departed. These stamped cloths, traditionally worn in red russet, dark brown, or blue-black, express the grief of the bereaved; but such cloths are now used for many different occasions. Cloths for men are six yards long; those for women are four yards.