Art History Exam 3

VocabularyAlamin/ Muhammad (c. 576-632) refers to the Universe or Worlds, or all that exists / recipient of the revelations of the Quran between 610 and 622 CE, founder of the religion of Islam. Muslims consider him to be the last prophet of God, but unlike Jesus Christ, not divine.Islam - literally means to submitQu’ran - holy scriptureHijira - flight in 622 Muhammad flees Mecca for Madina / returns in 622 with armyHajj - the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Hijja; at least once in a lifetime a Muslim is expected to make a religious journey to Mecca and the Kaaba; "for a Muslim the hajj is the ultimate act of worship"Kaaba - cubeUmayaad Dynasty (661-750) - This dynasty headed the Arab empire from 661 to 750; its capital was at Damascus. The 'Abbasid dynasty then took power./ last flees to SpainAniconism - anti- iconismAbabesque - designs inspired by nature/ organicCalligraphy - beautiful handwritingKufic - early calligraphy / named after city KufaMosque/ Minaret/ Quibla - a Muslim place of worship/ slender tower with bal-conies/ the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during SalahMihrab/ Minbar - niche/ pulpit where priest standsHorshoe/ Pointed ArchMuqarnas - a type of corbel used as a decorative device in traditional Islamic and Persian architecture.Mirador Squinch - a piece of construction used for filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to form a proper base to receive an octagonal or spherical dome.Lusterware - pottery with a metallic sheen produced by adding metallic oxides to the glazeCarolingian Renaissance - was a period of intellectual and cultural revival occur-ring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.Charlemange - Charles the great r. 768-814/ “holy roman emperor” - used monas-ticism for reform to provide educationBenedictines/ St Benedict of Nursia c. 480-547- refers to the spirituality and consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict/ Italian monk who founded the Benedictine order about 540 (480-547)Rule of St. Benedict - rule of monastaries/ is a book of precepts written by St. Benedict of Nursia for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot. Since about the 7th century it has also been adopted by communities of women.Westwork - is the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian, Ot-tonian, or Romanesque church. The exterior consists of multiple storeys between two towers.Majuscles/ Miniscules - uppercase/ lowercase and spaces between wordsRepousse - is a metalworking technique in which a malleable metal is ornamented or shaped by hammering from the reverse side.“Gripping Beasts” - detail on Oseberg viking ship Monastacism - An ongoing reform movement in the Catholic Church generally re-garded as beginning about the middle of the 4th century. It was an attempt to live a stricter, more "apostolic" form of Christianity through prayer, manual labor, and asceticism/ poverty, chastity, obedience/

Romanesque - a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe be-tween the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD; characterized by round arches and vaults and by the substitution of piers for columns and profuse orna-ment and arcadesTranverse Arch/ Rib - crosses nave at 45 degree angle - An arch that supports the main vault and connects the nave walls.Compound Pier - A pier with a group, or cluster, of attached shafts, or responds, especially characteristic of Gothic architecture.Crossing/ Lantern/ Arcade where transept and nave intersect/ dome to let in light/ Radiating Chapels - held relicsPortal - Tympanum/ Jamb/ Voussoir/ Archivolt - A triangular space between an arch and the horizontal bar of a portal or window (lintel), often decorated with sculpture/ the vertical portion of the frame onto which a door is secured/ an orna-mental molding or band following the curve of the underside of an archAmery PicavdGislebertus - was a French Romanesque sculptor, whose decoration (about 1120-1135) of the Cathedral of Saint Lazare at Autun, France - consisting of numerous doorways, tympanums, and capitals - represents some of the most original work of the periodHistoriated Capital - romanesque innovation/ start to carve capitals to tell a storyUndercutting - gives dimension, makes it seem round/ cut away material from the underside of (an object) so as to leave an overhanging portion in reliefHellmouthGothic a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread through-out Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed archesAbbot Suger (c. 1081 - 13 January 1151) was one of the last French abbot-states-men, a historian, and the influential first patron of Gothic architecture.Rib Vaulting/ Pointed Arch (Lancet) a vault with bands of projecting stonework along the angles or groins/ an arch with a pointed apex; characteristic of Gothic ar-chitectureButtress/ Flying Buttress a support usually of stone or brick; supports the wall of a building/ stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an archStained Glass/ Cames glass that has been colored in some way; used for church windows/ A came is a divider bar used between small pieces of glass to make a larger glazing panel, sometimes referred to as leaded glass.Rose Window A large round window on the west façade or transept, containing tracery that became more elaborate as the Gothic era progressed (fig.2, C). Beauti-ful examples occur at Notre-Dame in Paris and Chartres.Colonette/ Triforium a small, slender column that is usually decorative/ shallow gallery of arches within the thickness of inner wall, which stands above the nave in a church or cathedral.Rayonnant Style a term used to describe a period in the development of French Gothic architecture, ca. 1240-1350Fleur-Di-Lis symbol of FranceSt DenisChartres a town in northern France that is noted for its Gothic CathedralAryans/ Indus Valley was a Bronze Age civilization (mature period 2600–1900 BCE) which was centred mostly in the western part of the Indian Subcontinent and which flourished around the Indus river basin.Vedas are a large body of texts originating in Ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.

Art History Exam 3

Siddharta Gautama/ Buddhism was a spiritual teacher in the north eastern re-gion of the Indian subcontinent who founded Buddhism./ the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirthNirvana/ Samsara the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation; char-acterized by the extinction of desire and suffering and individual consciousness/ the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirthUrna/ Ushnisha/ Mudra is a spiral or circular dot placed on the forehead of Bud-dhist images as an auspicious mark. It symbolizes a third eye, which in turn sym-bolizes vision into the divine world; a sort of ability to see past our mundane uni-verse of suffering./ is a three dimensional oval at the top of the head of the Buddha. It symbolizes his attainment of reliance in the spiritual guide./ ritual hand move-ment in Hindu religious dancingMaurya Period was a geographically extensive and powerful empire in ancient In-dia, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 321 to 185 BCAshoka popularly known as Ashoka the Great', was an Indian emperor of the Mau-rya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from 269 BC to 232 BC.Axis Mundi is a ubiquitous symbol that crosses human cultures. The image ex-presses a point of connection between sky and earth where the four compass direc-tions meetChakra is a Sanskrit word that translates as "wheel" or "turning"Stupa a dome-shaped shrine erected by BuddhistsMandala/ Torana any of various geometric designs (usually circular) symbolizing the universe; used chiefly in Hinduism and Buddhism as an aid to meditation/ is a type of gateway seen in the Hindu and Buddhist architecture of the Indian subcon-tinent.Yakshi/ Yaksha lesser local male and female Buddhist and Hindu divinities. Yak-shis are goddess associated with fertility and vegetation. Yaksha, the male equive-lent of yakshis, are often represented as fleshy but powerful malesChaitya HallDharma/ Chakara basic principles of the cosmos; also: an ancient sage in Hindu mythology worshipped as a god by some lower castes;Four Noble Truths (1) Pain is universal, (2) the cause of pain is greed, (3) the source of greed is illusoriness, (4) following the Eightfold Path leads to the cessa-tion of pain, greed, and illusion and takes the ascended into gladness.MudkasAfrica the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian OceanAdd Fig 13-2;13-3Nok culture appeared in Nigeria around 1000 B.C. and mysteriously vanished around 200 AD in the region of West Africa. This region lies in Central Nigeria. The culture’s social system is thought to have been highly advancedIfe/ Yoruba is an ancient Yoruba city in south-western Nigeria. Evidence of urban-ization at the site has been discovered to date back to roughly 500 AD. It is located in present day Osun State, with a population of 501,952./ Oni Represent the kingScarification involves scratching, etching, or some sort of superficial cutting or incision as a permanent body modification, etching designs, pictures, or words into the skin.Benin a country on western coast of Africa; formerly under French controlObaIyoba The position of queen mother in Benin; A bronze effigy of the head of such a person

Djenne is a historically and commercially important small town in the Inland Niger Delta of central Mali. It has an ethnically diverse population of about 12,000 (in 1987).Toron now Tibnin or Tebnine in southern Lebanon, was a major Crusader castle, built in the Lebanon mountains on the road from Tyre to Damascus.Adobe is a natural building material made from sand, clay, horse manure and wa-ter, with some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks and/or straw,), which is shaped into bricks using frames and dried in the sun.Zimbabwe a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1980

Islamic• Shites v. Sunnis• Caliphs - Muhammad successors/ start Umayaad• 5 Pillars of Faith

1. Cree - there is no god but Alah and Muhammad is his messenger2. Prayer3. Charity4. Fasting5. Pilgrimage to Mecca

• incorporate calligraphy• script and design • horro vacui- fear of open spaces• carpet making intro

(8.1) The Kaaba, Mecca

‣ pray towards Kaaba (cube)

8.2 Exterior, Dome of Rock, Jerusalem, 691-2

‣Aerial view

‣Gold dome

8.3 Cutaway Drawing, Dome of Rock

2 ambulatories

Earliest example of Arabic calligraphy - Kufic

8.4 Interior, Dome of Rock, Jerusalem

‣ Pulled from byzantine art

‣ Horror Vacuii (floor, walls, etc.)

‣ Central-Plan – architects pulling from Byzantine art

‣ Gold - white - red

Art History Exam 3

8.7 The Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia, 836-75

‣Minbar - pulpit - prayer leader stands

‣Hypostyle - multicolumned

‣Open courtyard

‣Stacked dome

8.8 Prayer Hall, Great Mosque, Corboda, Spain, begun 785-86

‣ Sacred space‣ Public worship‣ Minaret ‣ Quibla wall ‣ Mihrab – sacred niche (covered with a dome)‣ Stacked arches – to give additional height to the building‣ Horseshoe arch ‣ Spoilia columns

pg. 311 Mosque plans

pg 312 Arches Muqarnas

‣Horseshoe arch

‣Pointed arch

‣

8.10 Bowl with Kufic border, 9th- 10th century

‣ Looks like analog clock

‣ calligraphy - “Knowledge the beginning of it is bitter to taste but at the end it is sweeter than honey”

8.13 Tile Mosaic, mihrab, Madrasa Imami, Isafahan, Persia, founded 1354

Kufic - inscribe reminders of duties

Blue green in color

Pointed arch

8.14 Qibla Wall with mihrab and minbar, Sultan Hasan madrasa-mausoleum-mosque complex, Cairo, Egypt, 1356-63

‣ Vertical structure - pulpit called minbar

‣ Wall pointing towards Mecca indicated by midrib

‣ Muted tones of beige and navy

‣ Pointed arch

‣ Staircase leading from

‣ Paid for by the estates of victims of the bubonic plague

8.15 Court of Lions, Alahambra, Granada, Spain

‣ where harem lived

‣ only king could go there

‣ peer out miradors - can see out but not in

‣ fountain channels water through the 4 parts

‣ coat of arms of Nazareth rulers

‣ muqarnas - facets in design

‣ pour stucco into molds then attach

8.16 Muqarnas Dome, Hall of Abencerrajes, Palace of the Lions, Alhambra, 1354-91

‣ painting has not survived

‣ star dome

‣ muqarnas can be used to cover any surface

‣ clerestory up above

8.20 The Macy Jug, Iran, 1215-16

‣ Pot add glaze and re-fire

‣ Metallic glaze

‣ Kufic at the bottom and top

‣ Clay

‣ Horror Vacuii

‣ Lusterware

‣ Water weed pattern

MEDIEVAL

Art History Exam 3

Migration14.2 Eagle Brooch

‣ Fibula – pin, clasp, brooch for holding drapery together‣ Cloisonné - enamelware in which colored areas are separated by thin

metal strips14.4 Gummersmark Brooch

‣ Animal style – characterized by linear, animal-like forms arranged in intricate patterns. The style is often used on metalwork or other pre-cious materials.

‣ No Greek or Roman foundation for art‣ Zoomorphic imagery ‣ Stylized curves/lines ‣ Horror Vacuii‣ Imperfect Symmetry ‣ Dog tongues frame catch‣ Human, animal, and geometric forms‣ Medallionlike

14.6 Purse Cover, Sutton Hoo burial ship‣ Zoomorphic‣ Animal-Style‣ Interlacing‣ Millefiori- glasswork technique which produces distinctive decorative

patterns on glassware.‣ Gold hinges‣ White - blue- red ‣

Hiberno-Saxon14.1 Chi Rho Iota Page, book of Matthew, Book of Kells

‣ Celtic manuscript‣ Hiberno-Saxon style‣ Hiberno- old term for Ireland‣ XPI = Chi Rho Iota – inscribed in the image‣ Human heads hidden within the larger image‣ Calligraphic P X I‣ Lettering frames by red‣ Green - gold‣ Book of Kells - gospel

14.7 Cats and Mice with Host, Chi Rho Iota page‣Detail of chi page‣Metaphor for struggle between good (cats) and evil (mice)‣Keep monks food safe

14.8 South Cross‣ High - Cross specific to Ireland ‣ Gadrooning‣ Bosses - broochlike projections‣ Exampled after reliquary crosses‣ Carolingina

14.11 Palace Chapel of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany, 792-805‣Similar to San Vitale

‣Restructue in carolingian stle‣Functioned as Charlemagne private chapel and later as a mauseluem

14.12 Reconstruction drawing, Palace Chapel of Charlamagne‣ set up permanent palace‣ arthritis - healing springs‣ octogon - 8 sided‣ stair tower, west work, clerestory, rotunda, forecourt, ‣ held relics / Martyrium - remains of martyrs

14.14 Plan of the Abbey of St. Gall, c. 817‣Used as guide for monastaries‣Basiclica shape2 apses, westwork, and refectory - place to eat‣Complex - grided

14.15 Page with Mark of the Evangelist, Book of Mark, Godescalc Evangelistory, 781-83

‣ Called Godescalc because he is listed‣ Rabbit glue‣ Gold leaf‣ Icoography - gold halo‣ Produced at Charlemagnes court‣ Writing in book‣ Looking at fox like figure

14.19 Crucifixion with Angels and Mourning Figures, outer cover, Lindau Gospels, c. 870-80

‣ repousse - beaten metal‣ emeralds and other large stones‣ Canachons - round stones / uncut but polished‣ illuminates manuscript case‣ Christ like figure in crucifixion pose‣ Angels hover‣ Figures above cross represent sun and moon

Viking• 800 and 900s• Scandinavian • Sea-farers• Slender boats to get into small canals• Burn, pillage, steal

14.20 Burial ship, from Oseberg, Norway, c. 815-20‣ Discovered in Norway‣ Typically have long posts with ferocious beast head‣ Carried queen and servant on last voyage‣ Animals sacrificed to accompany‣ Bed chamber long been looted‣ Narrow inlwts not for open sea‣

14.21 Gripping Beasts, detail of Oseberg Ship, c.815-20‣ Zoomorphic - “gripping beasts” decoration ‣ Carved out of wood‣ Traces of color

Art History Exam 3

‣ Geometric shapes

Video:• a white garment of churches• route to santiago,spain - bows of st. james• vezelay - church of mary magadelen • plead for help, thanks, healing, penance and salvation• foot boat horse• hat, staff, symbol of st jamesmoneyofferings paid for churches• puente-la reona• housed monks - 4most for pilgrimage• body of mary magdellen• holy relic had power to perform miracles• art geared towards saints and relics• churches stole relics from each other for increased pilgrimage• ota catherdral one of most important on route to santiago• gislebertus

helosfetic - expressive detail - last judgement saved on left damnes on right“let this terror appall all those bound by earthly sin’eva placed at pentanence portalangel touches magi in sleepsuicide of judas

• Romanesque ← began as a derogatory term ← looked like debased roman architecture← took over basilica adding transept and towers, retained apse with chapels ← broke up walls for galleries and windows ← flat roof to vaulted ← evolved ambulatory for traffic problem ← barrel vault •of Norman•Darwin Cathedral•England late 11th century•Gothic- 3 char

‣Pointed arch ‣Rib arch‣Flying buttress

•Weight of masonry support not buttress•Chevron- zig zag oranment•1145 Chartres

‣1194 burnt down once again‣Tunic of virgin Mary survived

‣Rebuilt in 27 years/ exists today‣Population grew 3 fold in 11th and 13th

•Dramatic change in architecture•St. Denis•Height of vaults became competition

★ Pilgrimage - journey to find salvation★ Cult of Saints★ Relics & Reliquaries★ Monasticism★ Santiago de Compostela ★ “A Sacred Way”

Romanesque • Bascilica shape• Barrel vaults• Stone masonry• Crossing with lantern ambulatory

pg. 484 St Foy/ St Faith Reliquary Statue‣ Pronounced saint fwa‣ Horror vacui‣ Behind door for access to relic‣ Church of Conqay‣Gold ‣4 crystal balls

15.5 Transept, Cathedral of St James, Santiago de Compostela‣Mimics what the nave looks like‣Repeated arches - arcade‣Supports arch - piers‣Mini collanettes to give support - compound pier‣Front of church - westwork‣Held relic of St. James‣Easy acces for pilgrims

15.6 Reconstruction drawing of the Cathedral os St James, Santiago de Com-postela, Spain, 1078-1122

‣Towers are part of westwork‣

15.7 Plan, Cathedral of St James, Santiago de Compostela‣Multiple openings‣Stair towers dark spots at entrance‣Transept and nave cross is called a crossing‣Ribbed barrel cover nave‣Groin span side aisles‣Half barrel/ quadrant cover galleries‣No clerestory

15.26 South portal, Church of St Pierre, Moissac, France, c.115

Art History Exam 3

‣Christ his Majesty‣Trumeau (true-mo) - center column between doors/ area carved and deco-rated‣Tympanum - filled with sculpture/ semi circle above doorway‣Archivolts - are voussiors/ wedge shaped arch‣Jambs - side portals where statues would be car‣Didatic - to tell a story

15.27 Lions and Prophet Jeremiah, trumeau of south portal, St. Pierre, moissac‣Trumeau - center column between doors - area carved an decorated‣Zoomorphic - lion beasts ‣Interlacing - complex decoration‣Side view‣Cow, oxen, eagle, man/ angel - tetramorph

15.28 Gislebertus, Last Judgement, tympanum on west portal, Cathedral of St. Lazare, Autun, France c. 1130- 45

‣ Warning/ grotesque‣ Figure christ - saved and damned along side‣ 12 zodiac signs on archivolts‣ Grabbing hands ‣Kings looking up at figure - hierartic‣Description in book of revelation - 24 elders surronding/ sitting on seas of glass/ chant holy, holy, holy

15.29 Gislebertus, sucicide of Judas, column capital from choir, St Lazare, Autun, c. 1120-32

‣Inside Autun ‣Carved capital ‣Demons puling on rope ‣Start to carve capitals to tell a story - historiated capital

15.33 Virgin and Child, late 12th century‣Carved out of wood‣Polichronma - originally brightly painted‣Theotokos - mary as god bearer‣Throne as someone who is wise‣Height - 31 inches

15.38 The Mouth of Hell, Winchester Psalter, from Winchester, England, c. 1150‣One page from manuscript‣Psalter - a book that only contains book of pslams‣Hellmouth - popular image - monster with mouth open damned falling in‣Angel figure on left has key to look door on left‣Inscription - “Here is hell and the angels who are locking the doors”

pg 504-505 Bayeux Tapestry, Bayeux, France, c. 1066-82needle work

‣Long piece of embroidery 230 ft long‣Battle of Hastings‣Telling narrative about William the conquerer to defeat English king Harold

‣Wiliam Conquerer (viking) - gave him land to stop invasion‣Point to star Hallies comet - bad omen‣Called tapestry (yarn) but really embroidery (thread)

pg 499 Hildegard and Volmar, Liber Scivias, 1165 -75‣Illuminated manuscript ‣Volmar was secretary ‣Musician, wrote books - medicine‣Had visions called liber scavias‣Scavias translates to known ‣Drew her own manuscripts‣Wax tablet‣First drawing in book‣Flames show visions‣Copy

Gothic16.1 Interior, Choir of Abbey Church of St Denis, France, 1140-44; 1231-81

‣Abbot Suger - light flows in becomes divine/ elected in 1122‣Rebuilt choir area‣ June 1144‣Stained glass becomes dominant‣Thin columns open space‣All 3 characteristics of Gothics start here‣No longer have solid walls dividing radiating chapels‣Technological advances allow the walls to be not so load bearing

16.2 West Facade, Abbey Church of St Denis, France, 1140-44‣Incomplete towers/ only one stands‣Rose window - round window above entrance‣3 horizontal sections‣When it was dedicated all the kings came ‣Then their buildings were mysteriously burnt down and rebuilt in Gothic style

16.3 Plan, Abbey Church of St Denis, France‣Filled with expensive objects so it would reflect light‣Divine light- dapples of light on columns‣Double ambulatory‣No divisions between

pg. 521 Elements of Architecture‣Round arch - does not have a stable arch/ springing is weak‣Pointed arch - no loger need ration between width and height‣Allowed more flexibility

16.5 West facade, Chartes Cathedral, Chatres, France, c. 1134-1220‣Borrowed rose window, 3 sections and doors’‣More symmetrical

16.6 Royal portal, west faced, Chartes Cathedral, c. 1145-55‣Closer look at facade‣Archivolts/ tetramorph

Art History Exam 3

‣Deeper cut looks more 3D‣Larger objects‣Simplified for clarity from Romanesque

16.7 Prophets and Ancestors of Christ, royal portal, Chartes Cathedral, c. 1145-55‣Kings and queens on columns‣Pencil figures‣Rounded 3 dimnesional

16.8 Chartes Cathedral, france, c. 1194-1220‣Portals, jambs, lancets ‣Study on own time‣121 foot vault‣Compared to st james - transept smaller

16.10 Plan, Chartes Cathedral, c. 1194- 1220‣Diagonal lines cross - groin vault‣Porches on either side of transept‣Shorter transept‣3 big Radiating chapels and 4 smaller ones / accessed through ambulatory‣Longer choir‣Very strong vertical emphasis‣Cube for symmetry -balance - harmony -beauty - realize presence of God‣First 2 lancet windows with rose above

16.11 Nave, Chartes Cathedral, c. 1194- 1220‣Symmetry - regularity‣Repetition of geometric shape‣121 ft in height‣Height of arcade is the same as the clerestory‣Filled with luminance glass

16.13 Tree of Jesse, west facade, Chartes Cathedral, c. 1150-70‣Isaiah predicts there should come a rod from the tree of Jesse and a branch shall grow from it.‣Jesse the son of David‣7 doves‣Blue and yellow with green‣Jewish prophets on side‣Tree sprouting with Christ above

pg 522 The Gothic Church‣STUDY

16.18 West facade, Reims Cathedral, Reims, France, 1211-1428‣Pronounced Raz‣Used for the carnation of the kings and queens‣Row of kings along top under towers‣Can see through towers/ which were never finished‣Window in tympanum‣4 statues on side of large rose window‣More light in towers compared to chartres

16.23 West facade, central porta, IReims Cathedral, c. 1230‣Angel and Mary on left -

‣Figures do not work together - 2 stories told ‣Made at different times by different sculptors‣Contropasto/ can see body under garments‣Mary and cousin Elizabeth, who is older.‣Attention to detail and naturalism

16.24 Upper Chapel, St Chapelle, Paris, 1243-1248‣Built by Louis the IV‣Intended to be is private chapel adjacent to palace‣Reliquary ‣All the walls are glass‣Piers support from ground on literall‣Rayonette style

16.25 Queen Blanche of Castile and Louis IX, Moralized Bible, Paris, 1226-34‣King and queen in blue and gold‣4 figures in all surrounded by gold‣Larger than our textbook‣Miking of illuminated manuscripts‣15x 10in

17.17 Virgin and Child, Abbey Church of St Denis, France, c. 1339‣2ft in height‣Orginally a reliquary‣Silver guild - covered with gold‣Enamel - glass paste‣Orginal had a jeweled crown‣Holding a fleur-di-lis/ symbol of France - lily with 3 petals

India • Looking at Indas valley civilization • Develop around water source• Sophisticated urban centers• Aryans - tribal and nomadic people living in euro asia• Vedic period p. 315 - Read carefullymost ancient sacred literature of Hinduism collection of poems,hymns, and cere-monial formulas representing the beliefs of several Aryan tribes. Eventually took written from Sanskirt. • Sidharta Gautama c. 563-483 BCE Shakyamuni Buddha“Awakened one” - “Enlightened one”• Nirvana/ Samsara• Buddhism - offered the hope Hinduism did not/ able to escape • Sidharta Gautama came for nobility/ father tried to shield him from life• Left his father in search for the cause of suffering/ ascetic - life of denial/ af-

ter 6 years obtained state of enlightment - Nirvana• The four noble truths- foundation of Buddhism

1. life is suffering2. suffering has cause; ignorance3. ignorance can be overcome and eliminated

Art History Exam 3

4. elimination of ignorance comes from following the right way of living - the eightfold path.

• Mudra/ positionsCount fingers- teachingOkay - dicussionPalm up - all is well • Shakras - round wheels/ truth of life/ wheel became activated with Buddha• Dharma- truth of life• The Maurya Period (read) c.322- 185 BCE • Emperor Ashoka, 272-232 BCE• Refer to Yakshi and Yaksha together as Mithuna9.1 Ashokan Pillar, 246 BCE

‣Inscribed with teachings of Buddha‣Spread throughout kingdom‣first monumental in India‣vertical structure/axis mundi - connects spirit and physical world‣link to keep things in order‣horse on top as capital

9.5 Torso, Harappa, c. 200‣Small scale‣Circular imprints on shoulders‣3 inched high‣No head or arms/ genitalia has been defaced‣Compare to gudea‣Organic

9.6 Yakshi Holding a Fly Whisk, c. 250 BCE‣Voluptuous‣One arm on hip‣Forces of nature‣Styled in the same way as Aphordite of Knidoes

9.7 Lion Capital, c. 250 BCEPillar found in Sarnak‣Lotus blossom on bottom‣Wheel/ Shakra in between‣Lion, horse, bull, and elephant‣Reference four points

9.8 Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, c. 150-50 BCE‣Erect numerous Stupas‣Stupa- over sacred site‣Contains relics of Buddha‣8 Stupas built for pilgrimage‣Opened up to spread relics for thousands of Stupas‣Mandorla - round circle - walk around for prayer ‣Stupas are fenced toranas

9.9 East Torana of the Great Stupa at Sanchi, mid 1st century‣Filled with relief sculpture‣Do not see Buddha himself- we see representations‣4 stone gateways

9.10 Yakshi, Bracket figure, East Torana of Great Stupa, Sanchi‣Yakshi detail bracket figure organic and round‣Represent fertility‣Shown with tree ‣One leg bent foot touching base of tree

9.12 Chaitya Hall, Karla, second half 1st century BCE‣Rock cut sacred buildings‣Form pilgrimage/ monastic‣3 portals/ side aisles -ambulatory ‣Wide nave with apse‣Stupa at the end‣Thick columns with lotus flower‣Einterior - barrel vault‣Elephant a top capitals with seated Buddha‣Mandala signifies cosmos

9.13 Standing Buddha, Ganhara, Pakistan, c. 2nd-3rd century‣strong greek/hellenistic influence‣Ushinisha - bun on top of head signifies intelligence‣Urna - bump on head ‣long ear lobes represent past of wealth‣Lions are symbolic of Buddha‣Tuft of white hair between eyebrows‣Hands placed together in meditation

pg. 331 Dancing Shiva, 12th century CE‣Bronze cast‣Four arms‣Major goddess - creator/ destroyer‣Standing inside circle‣Would be highly decorated with makeup and perfume‣Ball of fame in hand and drum‣One hand up and one hand down‣Stands on dwarf enamel symbolizing ignorance‣Wings on head

AmericasOlmee12.2 Great Pyramid and ball court, La Venta, Mexico, Olmec, c. 1000-600 BCE12.3 Colossal Head, La Venta, Mexico, c. 900 BCE

Teotihuacan12.4 Ceremonial center, Teotihuacan, Mexico, c. 50012.6 Temple of the Feathered Serpent, The Ciudadela, Teotihuacan, Mexico, after 350

Art History Exam 3

Maya 12.9 Palace and Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico, 600-90012.11 Portrait of Lord Pakai, Palenque, Mexico, mid 7th century

Africa13.2 Okra Plaque

‣Deliberate geometric‣70000 BCE‣3 inches in length‣Found in cave along Indian ocean

13.3 Cattle Being Tended‣Southeast Algeria‣2000 BCE‣Domestication of animals‣Book says rope leading to pasture‣Rock painting

13.4 Nok Head, c. 500-200 BCE‣Characteristic eye in the shape of a D‣Large nostrils, mouth open‣High ears, bun hair

13.7 Ife Head, Yoruba, c. 13th century‣Probably the head of the king‣Commemorating spirits‣Piercing along headline and neck, signifying something was attached‣Oni -king‣Bronze reserved for the king

13.8 Benin Head, c. 1400-1550‣150 miles south‣Medieval period 13th century‣(B-neen)‣Oba term for king‣Spiritual power‣Validate position with Oba heads

13.10 Altar, Edo Culture, Nigeria, c. 1959

13.11 Hip Mask, Benin, c. 1550‣Iyoba - king mother‣Work made in Ivory‣Intened to be worn ‣Attention to naturalism‣Stylizes images of mudfish (power to transcend) and human figure Por-tuguese

13.13 Great Friday Mosque, Djenne, Mali, 13th century‣Oldest culture in Africa‣3 prominently placed towers on eastern wall‣Quibla - wall towards east

‣Minarets used for prayer‣Adobe mud with straw is used‣Deteriorates rapidly and is annually replaced ‣Torons scaffolding jutting out

13.14 Zimbabwe