Art and Culture

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  • CSAT 2011- Decision making 8

  • CSAT 2012- 7 DM

  • Walking 6/7th of his usual speed, a man is 12minutes too late. What is the usual time taken byhim to cover that distance?Ans : (1/5x6/7)/(1-6/7) = 6/7 x 1/5x7 = 6/5 = 1 hr12 min

  • Ancient India Paleolithic Era It was hunting and food gathering era. Divided into 3 PhasesEarly Palaeolithic Era 50000-100000 BC: during Ice AgeMiddle Palaeolithic Era: 100000-40000 BCUpper palaeolithic Era: 40000 10000 BC Robert bruce foot was the first person to discover apaleolithic site in India in 1863. The Palaeolithic research in India got a boost only withthe coming of Yale Cambridge Expedition in 1935 ledby Deterra and Patterson. The tools were usually made of hard rock 'quartzite'and therefore Palaeolithic man in India is also called"Quartzite Man"

  • Rock paintings and carvings have been numerouslyfounded in Bhimbetka from different periods. Theanimals depicted in these paintings were mostlybisons, elephants, tigers, rhinoceros, boars etc. andwere based on their hunting lives. The upperPalaeolithic art is characterised by red and greencolors. First Fossile Male -RamapithecusFemale - ShivapithecusThese fossils were found in Shivalik and Salt rangeHomoerectus: Found in Hathnora (Lower Palaeolithic)10 lakh B.C.Homo sapiens : Found in Upper Palaeolithic Regions

    Ancient India Paleolithic Era Contd.

  • Palaeolithic Tools Palaeolithic Culture has been divided into threephases on the basis of the nature of stone toolsmade by human beings as well as due to thechanges in the climate and environment.

    Lower Palaeolithic tools mainly handaxes,cleavers, choppers and chopping tools.

    Middle Palaeolithic industries -Blades &flakes Upper Palaeolithic characterised by burins andscrapers ,bone tools, needles, fishing tools,harpoons etc.

  • Kashmir Valley: The Kashmir Valley is surrounded by Pir Panjal Hills on the South-West and the Himalayas on the north-east. A hand axe wasdiscovered near Pahalgam in Kashmir on the River Lidder. Palaeolithic tools are not found in large number in Kashmir becauseKashmir was intensely cold during the glacial times.Potwar Regions (Pakistan): The Potwar region (modern West Punjab & Pakistan) lies betweenPir Panjal and the Salt Range. This area was experiencing tectonicmovement and rivers Indus and Sohan originated in this process.Sohan valley: The Sohan Valley yielded hand axes and choppers andthe important sites which have yielded such tools are Adial, Balwaland Chauntra.

    1.The banks of rivers Beas.2.Rangange & Sirsa : Rangange and Sirsa have also yieldedPalaeolithic tools.

    Paleolithic Sites

  • Rajasthan1. Luni (Rajasthan): The Luni river (Rajasthan) complex has many

    palaeolithic sites. The river Luni has its source in the Aravalis.2.Chittorgarh (Gambhirs basin), Kota (Chambal basin), and

    Negarai (Berach basin) have yielded Palaeolithic tools.3.Mewar : The Wagaon and Kadamali rivers in Mewar are rich in

    Middle Palaeolithic sites. A variety of scrapers. borers andpoints have been discovered in this area.

    Gujarat:1. The rivers Sabarmati, Mahi and their tributaries (Gujarat) have

    yielded many Palaeolithic artifacts. Sabarmati rises in theAravalis and flows into the Gulf of Cambay.

    2. Middle Palaeolithic artifacts have been reported fromBhandarpur near Orsang Valley. The river Bhader inSaurashtra is rich in Palaeolithic assemblage and hand axes,cleavers. Chopping tools, points, borers and scrapers havebeen reported from its banks.

  • 3.The Kutch area has produced many Palaeolithic tools likecleavers, Hand axes and choppers.

    4.The Narbada River rises in the Maikal range and flows into theGulf of Cambay. The Narbada terraces are rich in Palaeolithicsites. Many handaxes and cleavers have been reported.

    Madhya Pradesh:1.Bhimbetka (near Bhopal) located in the Vindhyan range is a site

    in which tools representing the Acheulian tradition werereplaced at a later stage by the Middle Palaeolithic Culture.

    Godavari, Tapti & Krishna River Regions:1.The rivers-Tapti, Godavari, Bhima and Krishna have yielded a

    large number of Palaeolithic sites.2.The distribution of Palaeolithic sites is linked up with ecological

    variation like erosional feature, nature of soils, etc.3.The Tapti trough has deep regur (black soil), and the rest of the

    area is covered mostly by medium regur.

  • Maharastra:1.From Chirki near Nevasa in Maharashtra Palaeolithictools like handaxes, chopper, cleavers, scrapers andborers have been reported.2.The ither important Palaeolithic sites are Koregaon,Chandoli and Shikarpur in Maharashtra.Eastern India :1.River Raro (Singhbhum, Bihar) is rich in Palaeolithictools like handaxes, bifacial chopping tools and flakes.2.From Singhbum many Palaeolithic sites have beenreported and the main artefacts are handaxes andchoppers.3.Palaeolithic tools have also been reported from thevalleys of the Damodar and the Suvarnarekha.

  • 1.The Baitarani, Brahmani and Mahanadi rivers form the deltaic regionof Orissa and some palaeolithic tools have been found in this area.2.The Buharbalang Valley 'in Mayurbhang in Orissa has many Early andMiddle Palaeolithic tools like handaxes, scrapers, points, flakes, etc.South India :1.From Malprabha, Ghatprabha and the amuents of the Krishna anumber of Palaeolithic sites have been reported.2.In Ghatprabha basin in Karnataka Acheulian handaxes have beenfound in large numbers. Anagawadi and Bagalkot are two mostimportant sites on the Ghatprabha where both Early and MiddlePalaeolithic tools have been found.3.The rivers Palar, Penniyar and Kaveri in Tamil Nadu are rich inPalaeolithic tools.4.Attirampakkam and Gudiyam (in Tamil Nadu) have yielded both Earlyand Middle Palaeolithic artifacts like handaxes: flakes, blades,scrapers, etc.

  • Mesolithic Age (10,000 - 4,000 BC) It was the transitional phase between the Palaeolithic

    Age and the Neolithic Age. There was rise intemperature and the climate became warm and dry.The climatic changes affected human life and broughtabout changes in fauna and flora. The technology ofproducing tools also underwent change and the smallstone tools were used. Man was predominantly inhunting/gathering stage but there was shift in the inpartern of hunting from big game to small gamehunting and to fishing and fowling. These material andecological changes are also reflezted in rock paintings.

  • Mesolithic Tools1.Tools of mesolithic age are microliths all made of stone.2.The microliths were first discovered by Carlyle in 1867from Vindhyan Rock Shelters.3.This age is also known by various names like Late StoneAge or Microlithic Age. The Mesolithic people lived onhunting, fishing and food-gathering. Earliestdomestication of animals has alo been witnessed fromMadhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.4.Tools are characterised by parallel-sided blades takenout from prepared cores of fine-materials as chert,crystal, chalcedony, jasper, carnelian, agate etc. andwere generally one to five centimeters long.

  • Mesolithic Paintings1.At various sites in Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, etc. rock andcave paintings have been discovered.2.In these paintings, various subjects including animalsand human scenes have been found.3.Animals are the most frequently depicted subjectseither alone or in large and small groups and shownin various poses.4.Depiction of human figures in rock paintings is quitecommon.5.Dancing, running, hunting, playing games andquarrelling were commonly depicted scenes.6.Colours like deep red, green, white and yellow wereused in making these paintings.

  • List of Mesolithic SitesRajasthan :

    The Pachpadra basin and the Sojat area (Rajasthan) are rich inmimliths. The significant habitation site discovered is Tilwara.Tilwara has two cultural phases, Phase-I is Mesolithic and ischaracterized by the presence of microliths. In Phase-II wheelmade pottery and pieces of iron are found together withmicroliths.Bagor (Rajasthan) on the river Kothari is the largest Mesolithicsite in India and has been horizontally excavated. Bagor hasthree cultural phases. On the basis; of radiocarbon datingphase I or the earliest phase of culture has been placedbetween 5000-2000 B.C.

    Gujarat:Akhaj, Valasana, Hirpur on the Sabarmati bank. Langhnaj isthe most researched mesolithic site.

  • Uttar Pradesh:Allahabad pratapgarh area (Nahar Rai) , Morhana paharand Lekhania.Madhya Pradesh:Bhimbethka and Adamgarh (Hosangabad)JharkhandChhotanagpur PlateuOrissa :Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar and SundergarhWestbengalBirbhanpurMeghalayaSehalgiri in garo HillsSouth India :Krishna & Bhima rivers, Renigunta in Andhra Pradesh

  • Mains Writing Explain describe Elaborate, elucidate - detailed description Criticize - highlight counters Critically analyse - counter with own opinion Enlist - mention like bullets - factual type Comment - mention . give a broad overview Substantiate - explain and include facts Justify - add points to support the given question Differentiate - tabulation type Compare and analyse - differentiate and give an opinioj In the light of above statement - keep the given statementin mind and then

    1 or 2 facts will be appreciated in every question.