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ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY A n Illustrated Monlhly Magazine

Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. APPILIATBD WITH TAB

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA -.

ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY PRESS. Inc.

VOLUME XXIX hl.lY, 1930 NUMBER 5

CONTENTS OU'C o l r THE ' ~ O M B S A t CORINTII : I'ART I . . Jos~p11111r f'/1111rcr

Nine Illustrations

THE REALM OF THE ~ I I N I A T U R E Tlronrns Rrithrr!orrl F ~ ~ I I I ~ I I ~ Seven Illustrations

NICHOLAS ROERICI~ A N D SCIENCE . . -If. .If. LIC~I~II ILI I I I I Four Illustrations

SAN NICOLAS ISLAND. TREASURE HOUSE OF THE ANCIENTS, PART I 1 BII~CC Bry~1i1 Eight Illustrations

SWEDEN'S OPEN AIR ~ I U S E L ~ M S . . , . .Yubolll I l c ~ d i ~ r Seven Illustrations

NOTES A N D COMMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . Four Illustrations

Open A i r S c u l p t u r e ill P h i l a d e l p h i a ; W a l l s and W a t e r s ol l ' r ; E a r l y Iron A g e T o l r l b 1:outtd N v a r Z u r i c h : H c l e n i s t i c Theatre and T e m p l e Uncovered i n Cos; Ke\,i\.iug the .4rt of T a 1 , e s t r y \Vea \ - i~ tg ; 1'r~-.%r!.a11 C u l t u r c o f I n d i a ; S t u d y i n hlexico C i t y ; C r e d i t s , r . : ~ p o r t s and thc Trade B n l a ~ l c c ; S v w Muildi t lg [o r H a s k e l l O r i e n t a l h l u s e u m ; Short N o t c s .

. . . . . . . BOOK CRITIQUES . . . . . Short H i s t o r y o f C h i i ~ e s e C i v i l i z a t i o n . U y I< icha r t l W i l h e l ~ n . S > n l b o l i s n l ill l l c t l i e v a l 'Thoufillt a n d

Its C o n s u m m a t i o n i n the D i v i n e C o m e d y . B y Helen F l a n d e r s D u n h a r . The N e g r o ill C.rct.k at l i l

Roman C i v i l i z a t i o n . By Grace H a d l e y . Les Nou\reaus A s l ~ e c t s de la Q u e s t i o n dc. T r o i e . B!. Charles V e l l a y . H a n d b o o k o f G r e c k and Roman A r c h i t e c t u r c . B y I). S. R o b e r t s o n . Excavat iot t . ; a t O l y n t h u s . B y George E. h l y l o n a s . A c o m m e n t on thc R h i n d h l a t h e m n t i c a l Pal)!.ru.;.

- ~ ~p

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Copyrighted. 1930. by the APT A N D A P C H A B O L ~ ~ Y PUBSS. INC

NICHOLAS ROERICH AND SCIENCE By M. M. L ~ C H T J I A ~ ' ~ ~

I l l i c ~ l r c ~ l e d roillr l w i ~ i l i ~ l g s bg I'rujersor Rocrich C o ~ r r l , , s ~ o! /Ire K t , z r i ~ l i . 1 l i r z c , , c , r r

A VAST an~oun t of literature has I t is interesting to follo\v tllr :~~-cIinc.~- been dedicated to Nicholas Koer- logical activities of l'rofessor lioCric.I1, ich, describing his work from the which so frcclucntly cc-)ol-din3tc.d \ v i t I l

point of view of his artistic achieve- his artistic acl~ie\.cnlc~lts. \ \ . I I~ . I~ onl!, ments, his special style, brilliant color a boy of tell, 11e noticed some :1llCient and the conception of his paintings. In I < r i r g c i i ~ s in the 1-icinity of Iswara. I~is view of the fact that Professor Roerich father's estate in t l ~ c St . Petersl,ul-g was recently elected a vice-president of district. Because of rc.lixio~rs sc*r~~pIes, thcArchaeologica1 Institute of America, the elders of this \.ill:~gc. forl~ude thc boy wc must give heed to the achievements to excavate tlicsc iields; b u t , \\.it11 rc- of this world-renowned artist in the markable pcrscverallc.e, \\llicli asscrtcd lield of science and arcliaeology. His itself even then, t l ~ c lad one cbal-I!. ~ : I \ ~ I I

discoveries in this iield were known excavated one small I < i o . , y c ~ i r a ~ ~ t l \\.:IS

in Russia as early as 1896, when he happy to find tlierein some escll~isite \vas elected member of the Imperial bronze or~laine~lts of tlic S t h century. Arcllaeological Society, a distinction This begirlrling encouraged t l ~ c stri\.ing conferred only for acknowledged work of the scllool boy, and tile nest !-car he in archaeology. presented a n-hole collection of sucli

ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY

objects to llis Scl~ool. In his sixteenth Prussia praised the young scientist year he presented to the Imperial highly for this discoxrery. Archaeological Con~mittee an impor- From 1902 to 1906 the attention of tan t collection of krrr~cln antiquities of Professor Roerich was attracted by the ~ 1 1 t h celltury. ]~'llile still in col- important discoveries of Stone Age lege, Roerich read several papers before implements in the Novgorod district, the Iinperial Archaeological Society in where for several years he worked on St. Petersburg, and was at once elected a collection whicll linally contained a corresponding member, an unusual 100,000 pieces, one of the most impor- distirictioll for so young a man. Three tant collections of Stone Age im- years later, he was elected active fellow plements. of the same Society and still later, life In referring to Professor Roerich's mcmber. article on the Stone Age, publislied in

After graduating- from the University ART A N D ARCHAEOLOGY in 192 I , we find of St . Petersburg, Roerich was invited a remarkable comparison between the to lecture in the Imperial Archaeologi- primitive tribes and those of the Stone cal Institute of St. Petersburg. Dur- Age. He compares the harassed aborig- ing this time lie conducted several ines to the men living in the Stone Age archaeological expeditions into the St. as an idiot to a sage, very aptly. There Petersburg and Pscov districts, pre- remained a few inter-relative gestures, senting many important reports to the but they are far from the real meaning. Archaeological Society and publishing The Stone Age inhabitants gave birth seileral scientific papers discussing the to culture, but the aborigine did not Slax.onic and Finnish archaeology of have the power to lay foundations of the period between the IXth and beauty upon wliich other nations and XIITth centuries. Considerable atten- other peoples could build. tion mas drawn to the followi~ig articles, Professor Roerich found great hat& published by Professor Roerich a t that tations o f the Stone Age in the Nov- time : Art and Archaeology; Kurgans of gorod and T ~ e r s k Districts. I t is in- the District of Pscov; Shelon District teresting to note that the famous canals of Ancient Novgorod; Stone Age on dug by Peter the Great formed large Lake Pi]-os (Novgorod District); Fin- lakes in these districts which covered nish Tumuli (St. Petersburg District) the ancient habitations of these priini- and many others. At the same time, tive people. However, when water the Imperial Archaeological Committee was let into these artificial reservoirs, entrusted him with a few commissions, wonderful examples of Stone Age iin- and in carrying them out he excavated plements were washed out on their many hundreds of ancient tumuli. shores. The period of these habita- Among these early discoveries, that of tions is being determined by an early the Stone Age kl irgc~ns in the Tver dis- neolith, and tl~roughout all the subse- trict caused a great sensation. Through quent stages they approach those of the the beautiful amber ornaments found Swiss pile-dwellers. The images with in these klrrgcll~s, the connection be- human likenesses attract particular tween Tver and Koenigsberg on the attention among the various Stone Age Baltic Sea was established, as that was findings, because they are probably the only place where such amber ex- traces of some cult. isted. The Archaeological Society of Professor Roerich's collection is

ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY

~ ~ t i i y u e i11 its \.:ll-ied colnparati\.e forrns of all periods o f the Stone Age; it ranges from the crudest sample\ to the no st sul,tle, p r o ~ ~ i n g that t l ~ e Stonc Agc of Northel-n Itussia [\as cjllite a\ euyuisitc as tllat of tlie So~itll of Fra~ice and I'gypt. A11 iutere\t~lig addition to tlic collection \$a\ a 1,attcrn of subtle for111 emljelli\hed wit11 an intricate de\ign.

In I g o 3 1'1 ofcs\ol Reel-icli lnade an

Russia. The rnajestic spectacle of rare national antiquities \\as impressed upon tlie can\.as \\it11 a broad and fresh I)rush, esprcssivcly generalized and sul>tle in the interpretation of that l)c~ie\.olent repose and light \vhich constitutes the strength of all the monuments of :lnciellt art . It i ~~ou ld he littin:: to call this series: 'Pantheon of our fol-mer (.lory' or 'Russian Elysian

h. . Fields . . .

extensil-c study of forty ancient cities and temples in Russia. (A gi-oup of sketches, the result of this expedition, is a t present in the Oakland Museum.) Serge Ernst, in his monograph on Roerich, says: "After reviewing the works of this period, one must speak of the principal achievement of the years I go3 and 1go4-tlle tremendous series of architectural sketches, painted by the artist during his sojourn in

At this tirne, I'rofessor Roerich \\.as elected member of the board of the Arcllitectural Society, an unusual honor for an artist and archaeologist, and he delivered several lectures on architecture before that society. In 1 9 1 2 he won first prize in the architec- tural contest for a diurcll in the sum- mer residence of the latc Emperor Nicholas. In the same year. Professor Roericli gal-e a series of lectures on the

Stone Aye in the palace of l'rince V o ~ i - soupoff, ln tvhic11 11c t111-cur lig11t upon the first attempts toward human cul- ture. He put before the public for the first time the problern of whether the men li\.ing a t the time of the Stone Age had the same primitive culture as our rapidly vanishing. aborigines. He also pointed out that by their utensils we nlay learn to understand that far-off period. Professor Roericl~ lectured on "Animal Stylization", connecting it with traces of great migrations. In his latest book, I l rc~r l (!f . I sic!, he says : "This prol~lem has always been of especial interest to me. In the latest discoveries of the Kosloff expedition, in the works of Professor Rostovtzeff, Borovka, Makarenko, Toll and nlariy others is displayed a great interest in Scythian, Rlongolian and Gothic an- tiques. The ancient cliscoveries in Silxria, the traces of the great migra-

tions in Asia-h/Iinor, Altai, Iiral add an extraordil1:lry amount o f richly artis- tic and l~istorical material to the Pan-European Romal~esque and early Gothic styles. And how these themes approacl~ contemporary artistic crea- tions--many of these animal and floral stylizations might have come from the best modern workshops."

Professor Roerich's remarkable fore- sight was again manifested in his early study of "Animal Stylization," as this subject has recently come into promi- nence. He showed the same foresight when, while studying the Russian ikon, he insisted that these ikons ~vould soon be considered ~nastcrpicces. In the article entitled "Antiqtiities" he says that "1Sven the most blind, even t l ~ e most ignorant, will soon understand the great importance of our priinitives in the signilicance of Russian iconog- raphy. They will understand and

ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY

1,egin to crj, 011t :t~id \vender. Ant1 let them cry out . 1,et 11s ])ro~)liesv tha t cry. SOOII ill eritl tl~c. cleud :~ttitucle tow:~r(.I tlle 1listoric:il and n:ttion:~l cre:ltive I)o\vc.r : I I I C ~ thc. culttrre oi a r t sliall I)losso~n still r icl~cr. 'I'h1-ou~11 the :trt of tlie 1:ast \ve sh~lll Iook dilTc.1-cnt- ly r11x)11 niucll of our o \v~i . 1,et 11s Iook with the \varnl eye of love :tnd exaltation."

At this t i ~ n e , etni~icnt 1:rencli scien- tists of the International Archaeologi- cal Congress i r i Pi.rigueux 1)raised the disco\reries of tlie I < ~ ~ s s i a n scientist, and conipared l ~ i s collectioti wit11 the best specimens of tlie I \ x y l ) t i a ~ ~ Stone Age. I11 1906 Professor lioericli made an extensive tr ip tlirough Prance and Italy, everywhere studying. ancient a r t a n d relics of the Stone Age. 1)uring t h a t time lie wrote an article on the famous "Iierona fakes", in which he proved tha t these relics were not actually fakes 1)ut implenients helong-

ill:: to a nlucli more ~-c.(.c.nl r n o ~ ~ ~ ~ t a i r i shel~liertl tribe.

111 190; 1 1 ~ 111~1<1~ \llld>. Of 111~ 1:11)>*- rir~tlib :11icl :t~lcic.~lt t~~11i~)Ics oi l ~ i ~ i l : ~ ~ ~ c l , \v l~ic l~ 11c. \\.rote ul) i l l :L I);II)C.I- ~111clc.r tlic. sanie title. ( hi 1,:tkc I'iros, l'rofessor lioericli found Ilunl:~n i~nag,.c.; car\.etl out of I l i~lt , \vhicli car~.ic.d ;t great clc.31 of r.ontro\.c.rs!.. I11 vic.\v of tllcir uniquvness. many a r~ . l l :~eo lo~ i \ t i 1:il)clcd tlicnl in i i t :~ t io~~s . llo\vc.\.er, l'rofesiol- \'cselovsky c o ~ ~ l i ~ l n c d the~ l l gc~luitie in the next \.c.:il-. In t l ~ a t same year l'rofessor l iocricl~ co~iductcd ,.cxc.:i\.a- tions in Sluole~isk :t~ld tlie 'l'\-er tlibtrict, and in (.;orodistclic. \\.ere foii~id rc11i:lrk- able enalneled orn:tliic.lits of ~licx C;otllic period.

Professor Roerich :~ccollil)lislied one of the most ilnl~ol-tatit exc~a\.;ilions ill tlie Krelrilin of Novgorod i l l r c) I(,. Tliis district, one of tllc oldest inll:l\,ited sites in Russia, \vas connectc.d \\.it11 the llatlle of tllc tirst \rarc~lg.ia~i I'rince.

~ I A I T H E \ . . ~ O X THE 1 c O . i ~

ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY Despite public opinion, Roerich insisted that this particular district had never before been excavated, and he was correct. The diggings disclosed seven layers of the city and were seven meters deep. By the articles found therein, the layers could be dated back from the IXth to the XVIIth centuries.

In his article "Subterranean Russia", remarkable data of the Novgorod Kremlin stratum is mentioned. After the destruction of the stone structures of the XVIth and XVIItli centuries, ornamented by beautiful ceramics, be- gan the stratum of the wooden city, which was burned several times. At that time all Novgorod was paved wit11 heavy oak boards. In each new stra- tum these streets ran in different direc- tions. The remains of these wooden structures prove how closely they were thrown together in the XIII th and XIVth centuries, and how easily they were transformed into ruins by a fire. Under the wooden structures and vari- ous objects of the XIII th century began the primitive stratum of the city, attrib- uted to the IXth century, which con- tains characteristic Scandinavian ob- jects. These objects prove that Nov- gorod was originally a habitation of the Scandinavian Varengians, who a t tha t time constituted the ruling class of ancient Russia.

Together with his increasing archaeo- logical f ndings, Professor Roerich gathered a collection of old masters and founded a museum of Pre-Petrian art. Of this collection of paintings, Serge Ernst, former Curator of the Hermitage, speaks as follows: "It is necessary to mention that in 1909 the artist began his collection of old masters, whose art was revealed to him in 1905 and 1906. The paintings of the Netherlands form a basic part of this collection, and the Roerich Collec-

tion now occupies one of the lirst places in private Russian galleries".

Soon after his arrival i l l America in 192 I , Professor lioerich went to Sarlta Fe to study the cliff-dwellings. In 1923 began the historic. Rocrich Cen- tral Asiatic Expedition, whicli gave evidence to many scientiiic facts, among wliich was tlie discovery of melihirs arid kronllechs in Trans- Hinlalaya exactly like some found a t Carnac in Brittany. Ancient burial- mounds were also observed similar to the "Goth's n~ounds" in northern Cau- casia and in the southern Russian steppes. Many animal-images were found in these districts, such as a double-eagle, a stag, a lion, etc., which made even clearer the path of the great migrations. In Little Tibet and Trans- Himalaya ancient drawings on rocks and ancient Buddhist cave temples were found. These drawings of the Stone Age, carved into rock, had long since attracted the attention of Pro- fessor Roerich. He studied them in the caves of southern France and Scandinavia, comparing them with those in the path of the great migration in Siberia and coordinating them with the conceptions of animal stylization in Asia. I t was natural that he was happy when he found the same scenes of hunting, the same ritual dances, and the same sacrificial conjurations in Mongolia, Dardostan, Chinese Turke- stan and Trans-Himalaya.

Througllout all his artistic and arch- itectural work, Professor Roerich has always been greatly interested in re- search of the past. He has, however, combined this research with thoughts of the future, and he ends his article, "Subterranean Russia", with the sig- nificant phrase: "The one who knows not of the past cannot think of the future."

SAN NICOLAS ISLAND, TREASURE HOUSE OF THE ANCIENTS: PART II

0 N the west end of t11e islaild tltere is a great continuuus mound, sti-etcl~ing r ~ u t for perhaps a nlile

to slope gracefully down into the sea, that seems to he Inore of a ridge t l ~ a n anything else. Nevcrtheless its entire expanse is covered with the remains of Indian feasts, and in its interior arc hidden their bones. Here pro t rudi~~g hip-bones revealed a grave that yielded u p ~xne uf the lllost unusual finds nlade nu the island. The skeleton nfas the largest encountered, and upon closer illspection was seen to haye a twisted spiilal column, live of the vertebrae u i d the sacrttill itself being ossified or grown together. A prc~tcctive sheat11 of bone had extended over three of tile vertebrae, partially joining a fotirth.

The skull n:~.: estrelnc.1~- large, ah is generally the case wit11 huncl~l~:lcl;s, while the sutures were grri\t 11 top,etlter, indicating t11;tt lie n.33 ;in old nl:lri at t l ~ c tinie of his d w t l ~ . Thc tectli sllcnved considera ble wear, too.

It is n nutcicorllly f:wt that of t11e many anatomists and rnedical men tvhr) c~xamined this \kclctcitr after it was I~rought back t o t l ~ c ~~IIISCLIIII, 11o11e hrc11.e agreed :is to just wllat tllc aillie- tiou is, r ) r even as tr) ~vhn t cri~1st.d i t . SOIIIC inelilled to tlic. theory that tlie ztl>originc had *uffc.rcd :i 1drw lir hic.11 hrt~kc. his bt~ck, but that 11c lived tlirough i t , as ev i~ l~nced by tlic subsc- qucnt overgrcr~vth r ) f prr)tecti\-c bone. ()tic pliysiieian plain~cd tliat it \v:ls :I nrbt tinusual disc:~se, and tlir~t i t n'as not