Art 3, Review Final Exam

Japan

Time Chart

• Kofun Period (300-700)• Asuka Period (552-645)• Nara Period (710-794)• Heian Period (794-1185)• Kamakura Period (1185-1333)• Muromachi Period (1392-1573)• Momoyama Period (1573-1615)• Edo (Tokugawa) Period (1615-1912)• Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)

Shoguns, Daimyo and Samuri

• Emperor

• Shoguns: Rulers

• Daimyo: Warrior nobles

• Samuri: Swordsmen

Kofun period (300-710 CE)

• Haniwa figurines (hani means “clay” and wa, “circle”)• Made of clay; baked in lower fire; • There are figures of men, women, singer, dancers, soldiers, and

animals (e.g., dog, bird and horse)• They were placed facing outward around the outer part of the mound

(Mound tomb of Emperor Nintoku is located in Osaka)• They served to separate the world of the dead from that of the living

and to protect the deceased and provide their spirits with a familiar resting place

5.3 Key hole tomb of Emperor Nintoku, Late 4th-early 5th c.

5.4 Kofun haniwa figure of a warrior

Shinto

• Japanese origin centered on the needs of an agrarian culture; meaning “Ways of the Gods”

• Religious practice of the early Japan to the present• Worship Supernatural Spirits (kami), are unseen and awe-inspiring,

who dwelled in water, rocks, tree, waterfalls, mountains, sound and silence, as well as, deities embodied gods and goddesses such as sun (Goddess Amaterasu who is the ancestor of the imperial clan)

• The focus of worship is not only spirit of deity but also its temporary or permanent residences (known as iwakura). They are sectioned off from the mandune worlds, usually by tying straw ropes around them or by enclosing them within wooden fences.

5.1 Grand Shrine, Ise, Founded in Kofun period, 3rd CE; reconstruction 1973

Horyuji

• Buddhist temple consisted of many buildings:

• Konda (or golden hall) where the main Buddha images are placed; built of doubled roof system

• Pagoda -for reliquary; pillar inside is a single piece of wood; topped by 9 rings, water-flame and the the sacred jewel

Byodo-in or Phoenix Hall

• Represents Amida paradise; build on the bank of the Uji river.

• Was a summer retreat for the Fujiwara with an artificial pond

• Converted to a temple; Dated to 1053 (Heian period)

• Single-storied building• The walk way suggested bird wings• A pair of Phoenix on the roof

Todaiji

• The most important project undertaken by court in the 8th century by Emperor Summu to bring peace and unity to people.

• Very large temple with two pagodas (330 feet tall)(Kyoto)

• Large bronz image of the Daibutsu Buddha

5.14 The Tale of Genji, lare Heian Period, 12th c.

5.14 Night Attack in the Sanjo Palace, Tale of Heiji, Kamakura period, late 13th C

Bodhidharma

• Bodhidharma brought Zen (or Ch’an in China) from India to China and then to Japan; the legend said that he came to the Wu court and resided at Chaolin monastery

Zen garden

• Nature and landscape play an important part in the layout; inspired by ink painting landscape

• The natural environment was taken into consideration• Surrounding mountains, hills, gorges, ponds water fall

were left untouched• Miniature landscapes were created artificially with nature

elements such as stones, sand, moss, bamboo, trees and ponds

• Each part of the landscape has symbolic meanings and their view animated the Zen adept to meditation

Dry landscape garden(karesansui)

• Dry landscape became popular by the end of the Muromachi period (16th century) and still popular to present

• They were used by monks as part of meditation practice (raking the patterns) and for meditating on.

• Constructed with rock and stones; placed at random places but projecting in harmony with sand, gravel and moss--representing the complete universe

• Symbolic meaning of elements:-white sand: flowing element, waterfall, rivers, creeks and sea-weathered stones and angular: islands, shores, and bridges-rocks: islands

5.19 Attributed to Soami (died c. 1525), Garden of the Daisen-in of Daitokuji, Kyoto, Muromachi period

Himeji Castle.. Momoyama Period, 1581. Enlarged 1601-9

Golden Pavilion

Chanoyu

• Literally means “hot water for tea”• Started by Zen monks as helping monks falling asleep; became

increasing into demand for its taste and then spread to monastery and samuri.

• Ideas of wabi means “beauty that found in poverty and simplicity” such as rough, simple and irregular

• sabi means beautiful of well-seasoned, refined and rusty things• Wabi and sabi refers to a beauty of things modest, humble, and

unconventional.• Guests: 5 in number• Number of sips: 3 and a half