ars.els-cdn.com · Web viewSUPPORTING INFORMATION A review of new and current-use contaminants in the Arctic environment: E vidence of long-range transport and indications of bioaccumulation

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

A review of new and current-use contaminants in the Arctic environment: Evidence of long-range transport and indications of bioaccumulation

Katrin Vorkampa), Frank F. Rigétb)

a) Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark b) Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark

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Table S1: CAS numbers, production amounts and logKOW values of the novel flame retardants discussed in this study. n.a.: not available.Acronym Compound name CAS Production amounts logKOW References

DPTE 2,3-Dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether 35109-60-5 n.a. 6.34

5.9CECBP (2008)Vetter et al. (2010)

ATE Allyl-2,4,6-tribromphenylether 3278-89-5

USA: < 227 tons in 2006.Low production volume chemical in the European Union.

4.97 Covaci et al. (2011)

BATE 2-Bromoallyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether n.a. n.a. n.a. Vetter et al. (2010)

TBPH (BEHTBP)

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate 26040-51-7 USA: Production/import appr.

4500 tons/year in 2002.11.95 10.08

CECBP (2008)Covaci et al. (2011)

TBB (EHTeBB)

2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate 183658-27-7 n.a. 8.75 CECBP (2008)

BTBPE 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane 37853 -59-1 USA: Production/import 500-

5000 tons/year.

9.154.7 7.88

Karlsson et al. (2006)Schlabach et al. (2011)Covaci et al. (2011)Klosterhaus et al. (2012)

DBDPE Decabromodiphenyl ethane 84852-53-9 n.a. 3.55; 7-1011.1

CECBP (2008)Covaci et al. (2011)

TBECH1,2-Dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane;Tetrabromoethylcyclohexane

3322-93-8 4 - 227 tons in 2002.5.24 CECBP (2008)

Howard and Muir (2010)

TBBPA Tetrabromobisphenol A 79947 4536 - 22679 tons in 2006. 4.5-5.3; 5.9 CECBP (2008)Howard and Muir (2010)

PBEB Pentabromoethylbenzene 85-22-3

USA: 5 - 225 tons/year in 1986, then discontinued.France: 10 – 1000 tons/year in 2002.

6.40 Covaci et al. (2011)Hoh et al. (2005)

2,4-DBP 2,4-Dibromophenol 615-58-7 n.a. 3.223.47

Schlabach et al. (2011)EFSA (2012)

2,4,6-TBP 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 118-79-6 EU: High production volume chemical.USA: Production 4500 - 23000 tons in 2002.

3.3-4.334.40

Covaci et al. (2011)EFSA (2012)

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Japan: Production 3600 tons in 2001.China: Production takes place, but no amounts available.

HBBz Hexabromobenzene 87-82-1USA: Production 5- 250 tons in 1998.Japan: Use of 350 tons in 2001.

5.856.07

Covaci et al. (2011)CECBP (2009)Watanabe and Sakai (2003)

PBT Pentabromotoluene 87-83-2 Global production: 1000 - 5000 tons/year

5.87; 5.436.99

Covaci et al. (2011)CECPB (2009)Möller et al. (2011a)

PBBz Pentabromobenzene 608-90-2 n.a. 6.44 -TBX 2,3,5,6-Tetrabromo-p-xylene 23488-38-2 n.a. 6.20 EFSA (2013)

DP Dechlorane plus 13560-89-9

USA: Production 5000 tons/year.China: Production 300 tons/year.Europe: Consumption 800 tons/year, tendency increasing.

9.311.611.3

Hoh et al. (2006)CECBP (2008)Schlabach et al. (2011)Möller et al. (2010)

Dec602 Dechlorane 602 31107-44-5 n.a. 7.9-9.4 Shen et al. (2011)Dec603 Dechlorane 603 13560-92-4 n.a. 9.8-11.2 Shen et al. (2011)Dec604 Dechlorane 604 34571-16-9 n.a. 8.7-10.6 Shen et al. (2011)

SCCP Short-chain chlorinated paraffins 85535-84-8 Global production: 300000

tons/year (SCCP and MCCP a).

4.39-8.01 5.9-8.14.39-8.69

CECBP (2008)Houde et al. (2008)Bayen et al. (2006)Reth et al. (2006)

a) Medium-chain chlorinated paraffins

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Table S2: CAS numbers, production amounts and logKOW values of the current-use pesticides discussed in this study. n.a.: not available.Compound name CAS Production amounts logKOW ReferencesDacthal 1861-32-1 USA: 200 tons in 2001 4.28 Hoferkamp et al. (2010)Trifluralin 1582-09-8 USA and Europe: 8700-10500 tons/year

Application now banned in the European Union

5.34 Hoferkamp et al. (2010)Langford et al. (2012)

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) 87-86-5 Estimated production: 8500-50000 tons/year in the 1990s.Production ceased in the European Union in 1992.

5.12 Hoferkamp et al. (2010)Stiehl et al. (2008)

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB)

82-68-8 350-450 tons/year 4.64 Hoferkamp et al. (2010)

Pentachloroanisole (PCA) 1825-21-4 n.a. 5.45 Hoferkamp et al. (2010)Chlorothalonil 37223-69-1 USA: 3600-5000 tons in 2001 4.81 Hoferkamp et al. (2010)Chlorpyrifos 2921-88-2 USA: 5000-7300 tons in 2001 4.96 Hoferkamp et al. (2010)Diazinon 65863-03-8 USA: 1820-3200 tons in 2001

Application banned in Europe in 2001.3.81 Hoferkamp et al. (2010)

Endosulfan 115-29-7 Global production: 12800 tons/year.India: 5400 tons/year.

α-Endosulfan: 4.94 β-Endosulfan: 4.78

Weber et al. (2010)Li and Macdonald (2005)

Methoxychlor 72-43-5 Production discontinued in the USA, the European Union and in Canada. Former production: > 1000 tons/year

5.08 Hoferkamp et al. (2010)

Dicofol 115-32-2 Global production: 5500 tons/year. 5.02 Hoferkamp et al. (2010)

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Table S3: CAS numbers, production amounts and logKOW values of other compounds discussed in this study. n.a.: not available.Compound name CAS Production amounts logKOW ReferencesSynthetic musk compounds

Musk Xylen: 81-15-2 Musk Keton: 81-14-1HHCB a): 1222-05-5 AHTN b):1506-02-1

Polycyclic musks: 5600 tons/year, which accounts for 70% of the world market.

Musk Keton: 4.3 Musk Xylen: 4.9 HHCB a): 5.7AHTN b): 5.9

Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Siloxanes D4: 556-67-2D5: 541-02-6D6: 540-97-6

D4, D5, MM: High production volume chemicals in the European Union.

n.a. Evenset et al. (2009)

Phthalic acid esters DMP c): 131-11-3DEP d): 84-66-2DBP e): 84-74-2DnHP f): 84-75-3DEHP g): 117-81-7DnOP h): 117-84-0DiNP i): 28553-12-0DiDP j): 26761-40-0BBP k): 85-68-7

Global production: 6 million tons/year. DMP c): 1.60DEP d): 2.42DBP e): 4.50DnHP f): 6.82DEHP g): 7.48DnOP h): 8.18DiNP i): > 8DiDP j): > 8BBP k): 4.73

Ellington & Floyd (1996)Ellington (1999)Xie et al. (2007)

Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD)

87-86-3 n.a. 4.90 Chiou (1985)

Octachlorostyrene (OCS)

29082-74-4 No production, but can be formed unintentionally in combustion processes.

7.46 Vorkamp et al. (2004a)Stiehl et al. (2008)

Pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz)

608-93-5 n.a. 4.94 Bahadur et al. (1997)

Polychlorinated napthalenes (PNCs)

70776-03-3Mono-CNs: 25586-43-0Di-CNs: 28699-88-9Tri-CNs: 1321-65-9Tetra-CNs: 1335-88-2

Estimated global production: 150000 tons in total

Mono-CNs: 3.93-3.97Di-CNs: 4.20-4.63Tri-CNs: 5.49-5.50

Bidleman et al. (2010)

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Penta-CNs: 1321-64-8Hexa-CNs: 1335-87-1Hepta-CNs:32241-08-0Octa-CN: 2234-13-1

Tetra-CNs: 5.14-6.10Penta-CNs: 5.67-6.49Hexa-CNs:6.02-6.68Hepta-CNs: 6.48-6.57Octa-CN: 6.43

a) Galaxolide; b) Tonalide; c) Dimethyl phthalate; d) Diethyl phthalate; e) Dibutyl phthalate; f) Di-n-hexyl phthalate; g) Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; h) Di-n-octyl phthalate; i) Di-iso-nonyl phthalate; j) Di-iso-decyl phthalate; k) Butylbenzyl phthalate

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Table S4: Recent data on flame retardants in biota samples of the Arctic environment. ww: wet weight. dw: dry weight. lw: lipid weight.Compound Statistic Concentration Species Organ/Tissue Location Reference

DPTE Range (N=4)

322 - 470 ng/g ww Harp seal (Phoca groenlandica)

Blubber Barents and Greenland Sea

Von der Recke & Vetter (2007)

Range (N=4)

130 - 340 ng/g ww Harp seal (Phoca groenlandica)

Brain Barents and Greenland Sea


N=10 < 6 pg/g ww Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

N=10 < 6.5 pg/g ww Common eider (Somateria mollissima)

Liver Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

N=10 < 7.2 pg/g ww Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)


N=10 < 5.6 pg/g ww Brünnich’s guillemot (Uria lomvia)

Liver Svalbard and Bear Island (Norway)

Sagerup et al. (2010)

N=10 < 6.4 pg/g ww Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Liver Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

N=10 < 6.5 pg/g ww Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) Liver Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

N=10 < 13.7 pg/g ww Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Plasma Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

N=2 (Pooled samples)

< 0.009 ng/g ww; < 0.016 ng/g ww

Black guillemot (Cepphus grylle)

Egg Faroe Islands Schlabach et al. (2011)

N=1 (Pooled sample)

< 0.13 ng/g ww Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Faroe Islands Schlabach et al. (2011)

N=1 (Pooled sample)

< 0.0042 ng/g dw Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)

Muscle Faroe Islands Schlabach et al. (2011)

N=1 (Pooled sample)

< 0.0027 ng/g ww Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

N=1 0.049 ng/g ww Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) Tissue Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

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(Pooled sample)

ATE Range (N=4)

5.4 - 9.1 ng/g ww Harp seal (Phoca groenlandica)

Blubber Barents and Greenland Sea


Range (N=4)

3.1 - 10 ng/g ww Harp seal (Phoca groenlandica)




< 0.0064 ng/g ww; < 0.0077 ng/g ww



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)

< 0.0018 ng/g ww Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) Tissue Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

BATE Range (N=4)

4.9-6.5 ng/g ww Harp seal (Phoca groenlandica)



Range (N=4)

1.9-8.0 ng/g ww Harp seal (Phoca groenlandica)




< 0.0025 ng/g ww; < 0.0036 ng/g ww



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 < 0.0013 ng/g dw Arctic char (Salvelinus Muscle Faroe Islands Schlabach et al. (2011)

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(Pooled sample)

alpinus)

N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)

0.00072 ng/g ww Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) Tissue Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

TBPH (BEHTBP)

Range; Mean (N=10)

< 119.8 – 1306 pg/g ww; 719 pg/g ww

Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

Range; Mean (N=10)

< 142 – 3754 pg/g ww; 1652 pg/g ww

Common eider (Somateria mollissima)


Range; Mean (N=10)

< 171 – 1398 pg/g ww; 800 pg/g ww

Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)


Range; Mean(N=10)

< 160 – 3414 pg/g ww; 1799 pg/g ww

Brünnich’s guillemot (Uria lomvia)



Range; Mean (N=10)

< 138 – 728 pg/g ww; 573 pg/g ww

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Liver Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

N=10 < 142 pg/g ww Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) Liver Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

N=10 < 292 pg/g ww Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Plasma Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

TBB (EHTeBB)

Range; Mean (N=10)

158 – 920 pg/g ww; 378 pg/g ww

Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

Range; Mean(N=10)

246 – 4348 pg/g ww; 862 pg/g ww



Range; < 40.3 – 1215 pg/g Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa Liver Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

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Mean (N=10)

ww; 732 pg/g ww

tridactyla)

Range; Mean (N=10)

< 31.6 – 2520 pg/g ww; 1213 pg/g ww




Range; Mean (N=10)

105.9 – 1150 pg/g ww; 435 pg/g ww


Range; Mean (N=10)

< 36.7 – 2375 pg/g ww; 975 pg/g ww

Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) Liver Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

Range; Mean (N=10)

< 77.3 – 7281 pg/g ww; 3460 pg/g ww

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Plasma Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

BTBPE N=10 < 0.6 pg/g ww Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)





Range; Mean(N=10)

< 0.5 – 1125 pg/g ww; 664 pg/g ww








< 3 ng/g lw Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Blubber Greenland Dam et al. (2011)


< 3 ng/g lw Pilot whale (Globicephala melas)

Blubber Faroe Islands Dam et al. (2011)

10


< 3 ng/g lw Minke whale (Belaenoptera acutorostrata)

Blubber Norway Dam et al. (2011)


0.019 ng/g ww; 0.024 ng/g ww



N=1 (Pooled sample)

0.2 ng/g ww Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Faroe Islands Schlabach et al. (2011)

N=1 (Pooled sample)

0.012 ng/g dw Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)


N=1 (Pooled sample)

0.045 ng/g ww Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

N=1 (Pooled sample)


Median; Range (N=15)

0.61 ng/g lw;< 0.16 – 8.1 ng/g lw

Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus)

Liver Iceland Strid et al. (2013)

DBDPE N=10 < 1.7 pg/g ww Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)





Range; Mean(N=10)

< 1.6 – 581 pg/g ww; 581 pg/g ww




Range(N=10)

< 1.9 pg/g ww Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Liver Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)


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0.085 ng/g ww; < 0.082 ng/g ww



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)



N=1 (Pooled sample)

< 1 ng/g ww Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

N=1 (Pooled sample)


TBECH N=2 (Pooled samples)

1.α: 0.02 ng/g ww; β: 0.066 ng/g ww; 2.α: 0.018 ng/g ww; β: 0.059 ng/g



N=1 (Pooled sample)

α: 0.021 ng/g ww; β: 0.037 ng/g ww

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Faroe Islands Schlabach et al. (2011)

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N=1 (Pooled sample)

α: < 0.0039 ng/g dw; β: < 0.0036 ng/g dw

Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)


N=1 (Pooled sample)

α: 0.14 ng/g ww; β: 0.22 ng/g ww

Cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

N=1 (Pooled sample)

α: < 0.0021 ng/g ww; β: < 0.0019 ng/g ww

Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) Tissue Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

TBBPA N=5 < 3.3 ng/g ww Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Svalbard (Norway)

Evenset et al. (2009)

N=6 < 1.9 ng/g ww Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) Liver Svalbard (Norway)


N=5 < 0.47 ng/g ww Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) Whole fish Svalbard (Norway)


N=5 < 0.45 ng/g ww Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)

Muscle Bear Island (Norway)



< 0.1 ng/g ww Black guillemot (Cepphus grylle)


N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)



N=1 (Pooled sample)

< 0.3 ng/g ww Cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

N=1 (Pooled sample)


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PBEB N=10 < 0.6 pg/g ww Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)












< 0.0016 ng/g ww; 0.00072 ng/g ww



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)



3.0 ng/g lw;< 0.11 – 13 ng/g lw



2,4-DBP N=2 (Pooled samples)

< 0.07 ng/g ww; < 0.07 ng/g ww



14

N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)


2,4,6-TBP Range (N=10)

6.5 – 621 pg/g ww a) Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Liver Alaska Wan et al. (2009)

N=10 < 12.6 pg/g ww Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

Range; Mean (N=10)

< 12.6 – 332 pg/g ww; 90 pg/g ww








Range; Mean (N=10)

< 12.6 – 90.8 pg/g ww; 50 pg/ g ww





0.82 ng/g ww; 1.4 ng/g ww



N=1 86 ng/g ww Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Faroe Islands Schlabach et al. (2011)

15

(Pooled sample)

N=1 (Pooled sample)



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)


HBBz N=10 < 1.7 pg/g ww Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)

Range; Mean (N=10)

< 1.8 pg/g ww Common eider (Somateria mollissima)


N=10 < 2 pg/g ww Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)





Range; Mean (N=10)

< 1.8 pg/g ww Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Liver Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)





Range (N=7; pooled samples)

< 3 – 13.86 ng/g lw Pilot whale (Globicephala melas)


16

Range (N=6; pooled samples)

1.56 – 8.77 ng/g lw Minke whale (Belaenoptera acutorostrata)



0.03 ng/g ww; 0.023 ng/g ww



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)


PBT N=10 < 0.5 pg/g ww Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard Sagerup et al. (2010)






Liver Svalbard and Bear Island





N=2 (Pooled


17

samples)








0.0063 ng/g ww; 0.0054 ng/g ww



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)



N=1 (Pooled sample)


N=1 (Pooled sample)


TBX Median; Range (N=15)

< 0.10 ng/g lw;< 0.10 – 2.8 ng/g lw



Dechlorane plus


1.Syn: 0.0093 ng/g ww; Anti: 0.024 ng/g ww; 2.Syn: < 0.008 ng/g ww;Anti: 0.012 ng/g ww



N=1 Syn: < 0.03 ng/g Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Faroe Islands Schlabach et al. (2011)18

(Pooled sample)

ww; Anti: < 0.02 ng/g ww

N=1 (Pooled sample)

Syn: < 0.004 ng/g ww; Anti: < 0.003 ng/g dw



N=1 (Pooled sample)

Syn: < 0.03 ng/g ww; Anti: < 0.02 ng/g ww

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

N=1 (Pooled sample)

Syn: < 0.004 ng/g ww;Anti: < 0.003 ng/g ww

Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) Tissue Iceland Schlabach et al. (2011)

Dechlorane 602

Range (N=8)

80 – 300 pg/g lw Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)

Blubber Hendrickson Island, Canada

Shen et al. (2012)

C11Dec602 Range (N=8)

25 – 210 pg/g lw Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)

Blubber Hendrickson Island, Canada

Shen et al. (2012)

SCCPs Range (N=6)

370 - 770 ng/g ww Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Blubber Canada Tomy et al. (2000)

Range (N=4)

110 - 250 ng/g ww Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)

Blubber Northwest Greenland

Tomy et al. (2000)

Range (N=3)

140 – 300 ng/g ww Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)

Blubber Canada Tomy et al. (2000)

N=2 360 ng/g ww; 490 ng/g ww

Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) Blubber Northwest Greenland

Tomy et al. (2000)

N=2 6 ng/g ww; 44 ng/g ww


Liver Bear Island (Norway)

Reth et al. (2006)

N=2 5 ng/g ww;5 ng/g ww



Reth et al. (2006)

N=2 18 ng/g ww; Little auk (Alle alle) Liver Bear Island Reth et al. (2006)

19

88 ng/g ww (Norway)


Little auk (Alle alle) Muscle Bear Island (Norway)

Reth et al. (2006)



Liver Bear Island (Norway)

Reth et al. (2006)




Reth et al. (2006)

Range (N=4)

11 - 70 ng/g ww Cod (Gadus morhua) Liver Iceland Reth et al. (2006)


430 ng/g lw;< 55 – 5200 ng/g lw



a) Sum of 16 bromophenols including 2,4-DBP and 2,4,6-TBP.

20

Table S5: Recent data on flame retardants in abiotic samples of the Arctic environment. LOD: Limit of detectionCompound Statistic Concentration or flux Matrix Sample details Location Reference

DPTE Range (N=8)

0.1 – 0.28 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N

Möller et al. (2011a)

Range (N=8)

< 0.21 pg/m3 Air Particle phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=9)

< 0.03 – 0.078 pg/L Seawater Dissolved phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=9)

< 0.12 pg/L Seawater Particle phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=10)

< 0.021 – 1.7 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Range (N=10)

0.005 – 0.05 pg/m3 Air Particle phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Range (N=16)

< 0.028 – 0.3 pg/L Seawater Dissolved phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Range (N=16)

< 0.076 pg/L Seawater Particle phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

TBPH(BEHTBP)

Range (N=8)

< 0.16 - 0.36 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=8)

< 0.16 - 0.18 pg/m3 Air Particle phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=9)

< 0.089 pg/L Seawater Dissolved phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=9)



Range (N=10)

< 0.009 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Range (N=10)

< 0.009 – 0.12 pg/m3 Air Particle phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

21

Range (N=16)


Range (N=16)

< 0.013 – 0.12 pg/L Seawater Particle phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Mean; Range (N=14)

0.80 pg/m3;0.1 – 1.5 pg/m3

Air Gaseous and particle phase

Alert, Canadian Arctic

Xiao et al. (2012)

TBB (EHTeBB)

Range (N=8)

< 0.042 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=8)



Mean; Range (N=14)

0.74 pg/m3; 0.16 – 2.2 pg/m3



Xiao et al. (2012)

BTBPE N=1 0.092 ng/L Ice core Upper section of 9.6 cm length (1995-2005)

Svalbard (Norway) Hermanson et al. (2010)

Range (N=8)

< 0.031 – 0.17 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=8)



Range (N=9)



Range (N=9)



Range (N=10)

< 0.019 – 0.06 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Range (N=10)


Range (N=16)

< 0.021 pg/L Seawater Dissolved phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

22

Range (N=16)


Maximum (N=1)

70 pg/L Snow Snow pit of 2005, 300-350 cm depth

Nunavut, Canadian Arctic

Meyer et al. (2012)

Maximum (N=1)



Meyer et al. (2012)

Maximum (N=1)



Meyer et al. (2012)

Mean; Range (N=14)

0.64 pg/m3; 0.16 – 1.9 pg/m3



Xiao et al. (2012)

DBDPE N=1 0.074 ng/L Ice core Upper section of 9.6 cm length (1995-2005)


Mean; Range (N=7)

181.15 pg/g dw; 84.93 – 452.57 pg/g dw

Sediment Marine Bering Sea Cai et al. (2012)

Mean; Range (N=9)

147.18 pg/g dw;< LOD – 360.36 pg/g dw

Sediment Marine Chukchi Sea Cai et al. (2012)

Mean; Range (N=8)

176.08 pg/g dw;80.81 – 265.26 pg/g dw

Sediment Marine Canada Basin Cai et al. (2012)

Maximum (N=1)



Meyer et al. (2012)

Maximum (N=1)



Meyer et al. (2012)

PBEB N=1 0.0063 ng/L Ice core Upper section of 9.6 cm length (1995-2005)


Maximum (N=1)

2.6 pg/L Snow Snow pit of 2005, 375-450 cm depth


Meyer et al. (2012)

23

Maximum (N=1)

0.88 pg/L Snow Snow pit of 2006, 440-480 cm depth


Meyer et al. (2012)

Maximum (N=1)



Meyer et al. (2012)

HBBz Range (N=8)



Range (N=8)

< 0.002 – 0.03 pg/m3 Air Particle phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=9)



Range (N=9)

< 0.001 – 0.012 pg/L Seawater Particle phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=10)

0.04 – 0.66 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Range (N=10)

0.001 – 0.005 pg/m3 Air Particle phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Range (N=16)


Range (N=16)


Mean; Range (N=14)

0.34 pg/m3; 0.18 – 0.81 pg/m3



Xiao et al. (2012)

PBT Range (N=8)



Range (N=8)



Range (N=9)



Range (N=9)



24

Range (N=10)

0.001 – 0.02 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Range (N=10)


Range (N=16)

< 0.0007 pg/L Seawater Dissolved phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Range (N=16)

< 0.0007 pg/L Seawater Particle phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2011b)

Mean; Range (N=14)

0.11 pg/m3; 0.063 – 0.16 pg/m3



Xiao et al. (2012)

PBBz Range (N=8)



Range (N=8)



Range (N=9)



Range (N=9)



Maximum (N=1)



Meyer et al. (2012)

Dechlorane plus

Range (N=9)

Syn: < 0.07 – 0.71 pg/m3

Anti: < 0.02 – 0.22 pg/m3Air Gaseous phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2010)

Range (N=10)

Syn: 0.01 – 4.1 pg/m3

Anti: 0.01 – 0.14 pg/m3Air Particle phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2010)

Range (N=16)

Syn: < 0.01 – 0.04 pg/LAnti: < 0.003 – 0.03 pg/L

Seawater Dissolved phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2010)

Range (N=16)

Syn: < 0.002 – 0.86 pg/LAnti: < 0.002 – 0.38 pg/L

Seawater Particle phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2010)

Range (N=8)

Syn: 0.01 – 0.17 pg/m3

Anti: < 0.003 – 0.25 Air Gaseous phase Bering Sea / Chukchi

Sea; >60°NMöller et al. (2011a)

25

pg/m3

Range (N=8)

Syn: 0.01 – 0.08 pg/m3

Anti: 0.01 – 0.05 pg/m3Air Particle phase Bering Sea / Chukchi

Sea; >60°NMöller et al. (2011a)

Range (N=9)

Syn: 0.003 – 0.011 pg/LAnti: < 0.002 – 0.009 pg/L

Seawater Dissolved phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=9)

Syn: 0.002 – 0.011 pg/LAnti: < 0.003 – 0.007 pg/L

Seawater Particle phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Mean; Range (N=14)

Syn: 0.18 pg/m3; 0.070 – 0.28 pg/m3

Anti: 0.57 pg/m3; 0.12 – 1.9 pg/m3



Xiao et al. (2012)

Dechlorane 602

Range (N=8)



Range (N=8)



Range (N=9)



Range (N=9)



Dechlorane 603

Range (N=8)



Range (N=8)



Range (N=9)



Range (N=9)



Dechlorane 604

Range (N=8)



26

Range (N=8)

< 0.008 – 0.05 pg/m3 Air Particle phase Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N


Range (N=9)



Range (N=9)



C10Dechlorane plus

Range (N=16)

< LOD – 0.002 pg/L Seawater Dissolved phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2010)

Range (N=16)

< 0.0005 – 0.007 pg/L Seawater Particle phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2010)

C11Dechlorane plus

Range (N=16)

< 0.0009 pg/L Seawater Dissolved phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2010)

Range (N=16)

< 0.0007 – 0.074 pg/L Seawater Particle phase East Greenland Sea Möller et al. (2010)

27

Table S6: Recent data on current-use pesticides in biota samples of the Arctic environment. ww: wet weight. lw: lipid weight. Approximate values are taken from figures.Compound Statistic Concentration Species Organ/Tissue Location Reference

Dacthal N=10 < 0.4 ng/g ww Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) Whole fish Svalbard (Norway)

Langford et al. (2012)

N=10 < 0.2 ng/g ww Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard (Norway)


N=10 < 2 ng/ml Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)

Serum Svalbard (Norway)


N=10 < 2 ng/ml Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) Whole blood Svalbard (Norway)


N=10 < 2 ng/g ww Common eider (Somateria mollissima)

Eggs Svalbard (Norway)


N=10 < 2 ng/g ww Common guillemot (Uria aalge)



N=3 < 0.5 ng/g ww Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)

Blubber Svalbard (Norway)


N=2 < 0.4 ng/g ww Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Blubber Svalbard (Norway)


Mean (N=15)

Appr. 0.02 ng/g ww

Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

Whole fish Noatak National Preserve, Alaska (USA)

Landers et al. (2008)

Mean (N=15)

Appr. 0.015 ng/g ww


Whole fish Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska (USA)


Mean (N=15)

Appr. 0.025 ng/g ww

Whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) and burbot (Lota lota)

Whole fish Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska (USA)


28

Trifluralin N=10 < 0.1 ng/g ww Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) Whole fish Svalbard (Norway)









N=10 < 0.5 ng/g ww Common eider (Somateria mollissima)



N=10 < 0.5 ng/g ww Common guillemot (Uria aalge)



N=3 < 1 ng/g ww Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)



N=2 < 1 ng/g ww Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Blubber Svalbard (Norway)


Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

N=10 < 2 ng/g ww Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) Whole fish Svalbard (Norway)


N=10 < 5 ng/g ww Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard (Norway)
















29



Pentachloroanisole (PCA)

Range; Median (N=48)

1.8 – 82 ng/g lw; 20 ng/g lw

Amphipods (Eurythenes gryllus)

Whole organism

Arctic Ocean Bidleman et al. (2013)

Chlorpyrifos N=10 < 2 ng/g ww Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) Whole fish Svalbard (Norway)


















N=2 < 1 ng/g ww; 1.4 ng/g ww

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Blubber Svalbard (Norway)


Mean Appr. 0.1 ng/g ww Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)



Mean Appr. 0.08 ng/g ww




Methoxychlor Mean (N=15)

Appr. 0.3 ng/g ww Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)



30

Mean (N=15)

Appr. 0.4 ng/g ww Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)



Mean (N=15)

Appr. 0.15 ng/g ww

Whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) and burbot (Lota lota)

Whole fish Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska (USA)


Range; Geom. mean (Female: N=9; Male: N=15)

Female: < 0.05 - 4.17 ng/g lw; 0.22 ng/g lw;Male: < 0.05 – 8.36 ng/g lw; 0.19 ng/g lw

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Blubber White Sea, Russian Arctic

Savinov et al. (2011)

N=8 < 0.05 ng/g lw Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Blubber Barents Sea, Russian Arctic


N=6 < 0.05 ng/g lw Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Blubber Kara Sea, Russian Arctic


N=10 < 3 ng/g ww Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) Whole fish Svalbard (Norway)


N=10 < 24 ng/g ww Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Whole fish Svalbard (Norway)













31






32

Table S7: Recent data on current-use pesticides in abiotic samples of the Arctic environment. LOD: Limit of detection. Compound Statistic Concentration or flux Matrix Sample details Location Reference

Dacthal Maximum flux (N=1)

12.7 pg/cm2/year Ice core Sections of 50-60 cm length

Svalbard (Norway)

Ruggirello et al. (2010)

Range (N=8)

0.02 – 0.1 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase Bering Sea / Chukcki Sea; >60°N

Zhong et al. (2012)

Range (N=9)

< LOD – 4 pg/L Seawater Dissolved phase

Bering Sea / Chukcki Sea; >60°N

Zhong et al. (2012)

Range (N=14)

0.04 – 1.0 pg/cm2/year Snow core Snow pit of 7 m depth


Zhang et al. (2013)

Trifluralin Range; Mean ± Standard deviation

< LOD – 1.95 pg/m3; 0.16 ± 0.42 pg/m3

Air Gaseous + particle phase

Nuuk (Greenland)

Bossi et al. (2008)

Maximum flux (N=1)

2.32 pg/cm2/year Ice core Sections of 50-60 cm length

Svalbard (Norway)


Range (N=8)

0.8-0.9 pg/m3 Air Gaseous phase Bering Sea / Chukcki Sea; >60°N

Zhong et al. (2012)

Range (N=9)

< LOD – 0.01 pg/L Seawater Dissolved phase


Zhong et al. (2012)

Range (N=14)

< 0.002 – 0.04 pg/cm2/year

Snow core Snow pit of 7 m depth


Zhang et al. (2013)

Chlorothalonil

Range (N=8)


Zhong et al. (2012)

33

Range (N=9)



Zhong et al. (2012)

Range (N=14)

< 0.01 – 1.0 pg/cm2/year Snow core Snow pit of 7 m depth


Zhang et al. (2013)

Chlorpyrifos Maximum flux (N=1)

809 pg/cm2/year Ice core Sections of 50-60 cm length

Svalbard (Norway)


Range (N=8)


Zhong et al. (2012)

Range (N=9)

0.08 – 0.85 pg/L Seawater Dissolved phase


Zhong et al. (2012)

Range (N=14)

< 0.37 pg/L Snow core Snow pit of 7 m depth


Zhang et al. (2013)

Endosulfan Maximum flux (N=1)

α-endosulfan: 6.8 pg/cm2/yearβ-endosulfan: 2.8 pg/cm2/yearendosulfan-sulfate: 2.8 pg/cm2/year

Ice core Sections of 50-60 cm length

Svalbard (Norway)


Range; Mean (N=9)

α-endosulfan: 17.7 - 130 pg/m3

β-endosulfan: < LODendosulfan-sulfate: < LOD – 0.85 pg/m3

Air Passive sampling

Svalbard (Norway)

Baek et al. (2011)

Range (N=8)

α-endosulfan: 0.4 - 1.6 pg/m3

β-endosulfan: < LOD

Air Gaseous phase Bering Sea / Chukcki Sea; >60°N

Zhong et al. (2012)

Range (N=9)

α-endosulfan: 0.04 – 0.4 pg/L

Seawater Dissolved phase

Bering Sea / Chukcki Sea;

Zhong et al. (2012)

34

β-endosulfan: < LOD >60°N

Range; Mean; Median

α-endosulfan: 0.11 – 14.1 pg/m3; 3.8 pg/m3; 3.1 pg/m3

β-endosulfan: < 0.006 - 0.62 pg/m3; 0.0083 pg/m3; 0.0003 pg/m3


Northern Greenland

Bossi et al. (2013)

Range (N=14)

α-endosulfan:< 0.002 – 0.6 pg/cm2/year;β-endosulfan:< 0.003 – 0.2 pg/cm2/year;endosulfan-sulfate:< 0.02 – 0.4 pg/cm2/year

Snow core Snow pit of 7 m depth


Zhang et al. (2013)

Methoxychlor Range < 0.003 pg/m3 Air Gaseous + particle phase

Northern Greenland

Bossi et al. (2013)

Dicofol Range (N=8)


Zhong et al. (2012)

Range (N=9)


Bering Sea / Chukchi Sea; >60°N

Zhong et al. (2012)

35

Table S8: Recent data on other compounds (i.e. other than novel flame retardants and current-use pesticides) in biota samples of the Arctic environment. ww: wet weight. lw: lipid weight. LOD: Limit of detection.Compound Statistic Concentration Species Organ/Tissue Location Reference

Polycyclic musk compounds

Range (N=3) (Pooled samples)

HHCB: < 1.5 ng/g wwDPMI: 2.5 – 5.5 ng/g wwATII: 2.5 – 2.5 ng/g wwOther compounds a): < 1.5 ng/g ww

Polar bear (Ursus martimus) Liver East Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)

N=1 (Pooled sample)

< 1.5 ng/g ww b) Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

Liver Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)


< 1.5 ng/g ww b) Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Liver East Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)


< 1.5 ng/g ww b) Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Liver West Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)


< 1.5 ng/g ww b) Shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius)

Liver East Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)


< 1.5 ng/g ww b) Shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius)

Liver West Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)


< 1.5 ng/g ww b) Pilot whale (Globicephala melas)

Liver Faroe Islands Vorkamp et al. (2004b)


< 1.5 ng/g ww b) Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)

Subcutaneous fat

Faroe Islands Vorkamp et al. (2004b)

N=5 HHCB: < 1 ng/g ww Polar bear (Ursus martimus) Liver Alaska Kannan et al. (2005)36

AHTN: < 1 ng/g ww

Nitro musk compounds


MT: < 1.5 – 6.0 ng/g wwOther compounds c): < 1.5 ng/g ww


N=1 (Pooled sample)

< 1.5 ng/g ww d) Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)



< 1.5 ng/g ww d) Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Liver East Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)


< 1.5 ng/g ww d) Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Liver West Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)


< 1.5 ng/g ww d) Shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius)



< 1.5 ng/g ww d) Shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius)



< 1.5 ng/g ww d) Pilot whale (Globicephala melas)



< 1.5 ng/g ww d) Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)

Subcutaneous fat

Faroe Islands Vorkamp et al. (2004b)

cVMS Range (N=5)

D3: 5.0 – 7.1 ng/g wwD4: 2.9 – 3.9 ng/g wwD5: 2.7 – 4.8 ng/g wwD6: < 9.7 ng/g ww

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Liver Svalbard (Norway)


Range (N=6)

D3: < 3.2 – 10.4 ng/g wwD4: < 3.4 – 9.2 ng/g

Polar cod (Boreogadus saida)



37

wwD5: 6.9 – 19.1 ng/g wwD6: < 8.1 – 10.7 ng/g ww

Range (N=5)

D3: 3.6 – 9.9 ng/g wwD4: 3.6 – 7.8 ng/g wwD5: < 2.5 – 5.1 ng/g wwD6: 2.2 – 3.8 ng/g ww


Whole fish Svalbard (Norway)


Range (N=9)

D3: < 2.4 – 3.8 ng/g wwD4: < 2.9 – 3.2 ng/g wwD5: < 2.6 ng/g wwD6: < 2.5 ng/gww

Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) Liver Svalbard (Norway)


N=5 D3: < 3.1 ng/g wwD4: < 3.8 ng/g wwD5: < 2.8 ng/g wwD6: < 2.6 ng/g ww




N=6 D4: < 8.7 ng/g wwD5: < 4.7 ng/g wwD6: < 4.8 ng/g ww

Zooplankton (copepods, krill, pelagic amphepods)

- Kongsfjorden and Liefdefjorden, Svalbard (Norway)

Warner et al. (2010)


D4: < 10.8 ng/g wwD5: 45.5 – 358 ng/g lwD6: 5.3 – 13.8 ng/g lw


Liver Adventfjordene), Svalbard (Norway)


Range (N=5)

D4: < 2.2 ng/g wwD5: 12.7 – 29.1 ng/g lwD6: 10.7 – 52.8 ng/g lw


Liver Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (Norway)


Range (N=5)

D4: < 10.8 ng/g wwD5: 54.3 – 2150 ng/g lw

Shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius)

Liver Adventfjordene), Svalbard (Norway)


38

D6: < 2.1 ng/g ww – 30.6 ng/g lw

Range (N=5)

D4: < 2.2 ng/g wwD5: < 1.5 ng/g ww – 11.3 ng/g lwD6: < 0.7 ng/g ww – 9.6 ng/g lw


Liver Liefdefjorden, Svalbard (Norway)


Range (N=5)

D4: < 4.2 ng/g wwD5: < 10.3 ng/g wwD6: < 0.7 ng/g ww – 1.1 ng/g lw

Bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus)

Blubber Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (Norway)


Linear methyl siloxanes

Range (N=5)

MM: < 0.22 ng/g wwMDM: < 0.09 – 0.33 ng/g wwMD2M: < 0.22 ng/g wwMD3M: < 0.23 ng/g ww




Range (N=6)

MM: < 0.33 ng/g wwMDM: < 0.12 – 0.17 ng/g wwMD2M: < 0.27 ng/g wwMD3M: < 0.25 ng/g ww




N=5 MM: < 0.34 ng/g wwMDM: < 0.21 ng/g wwMD2M: < 0.59 ng/g wwMD3M: < 0.75 ng/g ww




N=9 MM: < 0.31 ng/g wwMDM: < 0.15 ng/g wwMD2M: < 0.49 ng/g ww



39

MD3M: < 0.58 ng/g ww

N=5 MM: < 0.33 ng/g wwMDM: < 0.18 ng/g wwMD2M: < 0.47 ng/g wwMD3M: < 0.68 ng/g ww




Phthalic acid estersf)


DMP: 44.1 – 56.6 ng/g wwDEP: 16.9 – 24.2 ng/g wwDBP: 10.9 – 14.2 ng/g wwDnHP: 6.4 – 107.4 ng/g wwBBP: 24.7 -37.0 ng/g wwDEHP: 133.9 ng/g ww; 151.2 ng/g wwg)

DnOP: 2.5 – 45.0 ng/g wwDEHA: 60.5 ng/g ww; 144.3 ng/g wwg)


N=1 (Pooled sample)

DMP: < 5 ng/g wwDEP: 15.2 ng/g wwDBP: 10.7 ng/g wwDnHP: 7.2 ng/g wwBBP: 29.7 ng/g wwDEHP: 86.2 ng/g wwDnOP: 6.7 ng/g wwDEHA: 63.1 ng/g ww

Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)



DMP: < 5 ng/g ww;8.4 ng/g wwDEP: 15.1 ng/g ww;

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Liver East Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)

40

31.6 ng/g wwDBP: < 5 ng/g ww; 10.5 ng/g wwDnHP: 7.3 ng/g ww; 15.4 ng/g wwBBP: 17.5 ng/g ww; 30.5 ng/g wwDEHP: 99.8 ng/g ww; 136.2 ng/g wwDnOP: 7.6 ng/g ww; 14.0 ng/g wwDEHA: 32.8 ng/g ww; 93.0 ng/g ww


DMP: < 5 ng/g wwDEP: 16.4 – 28.6 ng/g wwDBP: 5.4 – 10.3 ng/g wwDnHP: 8.8 – 25.7 ng/g wwBBP: 30.0 – 44.2 ng/g wwDEHP: 74.6 – 160.7 ng/g wwDnOP: 5.2 – 5.7 ng/g wwDEHA: 23.2 – 93.1 ng/g ww

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Liver West Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)


DMP: < 1.5 ng/g wwDEP: 19.5 – 76.9 ng/g wwDBP: 5.5 – 10.8 ng/g wwDnHP: < 5 – 10.7 ng/g wwBBP: 15.7 – 22.2 ng/g



41

wwDEHP: 107.5 – 121.9 ng/g wwDnOP: 6.9 – 15.3 ng/g wwDEHA: 37.5 – 83.1 ng/g ww


DMP: < 5 ng/g wwDEP: 15.6 ng/g ww;44.8 ng/g wwDBP: < 5 ng/g ww; 5.6 ng/g wwDnHP: < 5 ng/g ww; 6.1 ng/g wwBBP: 11.9 ng/g ww; 15.1 ng/g wwDEHP: 91.8 ng/g wwh)

DnOP: < 5 ng/g wwDEHA: 21.0 ng/g ww; 92.7 ng/g ww




DMP: < 5 ng/g wwDEP: 17.0 -31.4 ng/g wwDBP: 7.7 – 19.3 ng/g wwDnHP: < 5 – 5.5 ng/g wwBBP: 18.0 – 32.5 ng/g wwDEHP: 81.2 – 133.9 i)

DnOP: < 5 – 15.0 ng/g wwDEHA: 41.2 – 65.5 ng/g ww

Pilot whale (Globicephala melas)


Range (N=3)

DMP: < 1.5 – 5.8 ng/g ww

Northern fulmar (Fulmarus Subcutaneous Faroe Islands Vorkamp et al. (2004b)

42

(Pooled samples)

DEP: 20.4 – 29.5 ng/g wwDBP: 13.2 – 28.7 ng/g wwDnHP: < 5 – 47.7 ng/g wwBBP: 18.2 – 68.6 ng/g wwDEHP: 120.0 – 145.2 ng/g wwDnOP: < 5 – 40.4 ng/g wwDEHA: 45.3 – 94.2 ng/g ww

glacialis) fat

Range (N=5)

DEHP: < 88 – 203 ng/g ww




Range (N=6)

DEHP: < 60 – 293 ng/g ww




N=5 DEHP: < 60 ng/g ww Polar cod (Boreogadus saida)



N=9 DEHP: < 88 – 155 ng/g ww



N=5 DEHP: < 88 – 100 ng/g ww





N=1 (Pooled sample)

7.3 ng/g lw Wolffish (Anarhichas minor)

Unknown East Greenland Coelhan et al. (2000)

N=1 (Pooled sample)

8.5 ng/g lw Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides)

Unknown Iceland Coelhan et al. (2000)

N=1 (Pooled sample)

13.4 ng/g lw Redfish (Sebastes sp.) Muscle Svalbard (Norway)

Coelhan et al. (2000)

43

Range of medians (N=83)

< LOD – 1.1 ng/g lw Terrestrial animals l) Various l) Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=5)

0.17 ng/g lw Lamb (Ovis sp.) Liver Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=5)

0.23 ng/g lw Lamb (Ovis sp.) Muscle Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=5)

1.1 ng/g lw Arctic hare (Lepus arcticus) Liver Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=5)

1.1 ng/g lw Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) Liver Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)


< LOD – 0.41 ng/g lw Marine invertebrates m) Various m) Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=5)

0.41 ng/g lw Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio)

Liver Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)


0.73 – 1.8 ng/g lw Marine fish n) Various Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=7)

0.73 ng/g lw Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Muscle Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=5)

1.8 ng/g lw Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides)



0.98 – 9.8 ng/g lw Seabirds o) Various o) Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=5)

3.7 ng/g lw Thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia)


Median (N=5)

4.9 ng/g lw Common eider (Somateria mollissima)


44

Median (N=5)

9.8 ng/g lw King eider (Somateria spectabilis)



0.17 – 3.8 ng/g lw Marine mammals p) Various p) Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=10)

2.0 ng/g lw Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Blubber West Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=12)

2.4 ng/g lw Harp seal (Phoca groenlandica)

Blubber Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=10)

3.6 ng/g lw Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)


Median (N=3)

3.8 ng/g lw Narwhal (Monodon monoceros)


Range; Geometric mean (N=7)

6.41 – 26.7 ng/g lw;12.7 ng/g lw

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Adipose Alaska (USA) Verreault et al. (2005)


5.98 – 38.1 ng/g lw;13.1 ng/g lw

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Adipose Greenland Verreault et al. (2005)


8.79 – 58.5 ng/g lw;16.4 ng/g lw

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Adipose Svalbard (Norway)

Verreault et al. (2005)


4.5 - 30 ng/g lw;8.7 ng/g lw k)

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Adipose Hudson Bay, Canada

McKinney et al. (2010)


7.0 – 278 ng/g lw; 42 ng/g lw

Amphipods (Eurythenes gryllus)

Whole organism

Arctic Ocean Bidleman et al. (2013)

Pentachlorobenzene Median 2.3 ng/g lw Ptarmigan (Lagupus mutus) Liver Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

45

(PeCBz) (N=5)

Median (N=5)

0.31 ng/g lw Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) Blubber Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=20)

2.0 ng/g lw Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)

Muscle Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=9)

11.8 ng/g lw Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) Muscle Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)

Median (N=5)

7.6 ng/g lw Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) Liver Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004a)


0.2 – 48.5 ng/g lw;22.9 ng/g lw k)

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Adipose Hudson Bay, Canada

McKinney et al. (2010)

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) q)


0.18 – 1.00 ng/g lw Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Blubber Greenland Dam et al. (2011) r)


2.10 – 5.99 ng/g lw Pilot whale (Globicephala melas)

Blubber Faroe Islands Dam et al. (2011) r)


3.15 – 9.71 ng/g lw White-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)

Blubber Faroe Islands Dam et al. (2011) r)



Blubber Norway Dam et al. (2011) r)



Blubber Iceland Dam et al. (2011) r)

46



Blubber Greenland Dam et al. (2011) r)

Range (N=10)(Pooled samples)

0.25 – 1.00 ng/g lw Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)



1.67 – 6.73 ng/g lw Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)



1.52 – 3.39 ng/g lw Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)



0.66 – 2.24 ng/g lw Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata)


a) Tonalide (AHTN), celestolide (ADBI), phantolide (AHMI)b) Galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), celestolide (ADBI), phantolide (AHMI), traseolide (ATII)c) Musk ambrette (MA), musk xylene (MX), musk moskene (MM), musk ketone (MK)d) Musk ambrette (MA), musk xylene (MX), musk moskene (MM), musk ketone (MK), musk tibetene (MT) e) affected by wastewaterf) Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA)g) N=2h) N=1i) N=3k) Results from 2007l) Ptarmigan (Lagupus mutus) liver and muscle; Arctic hare (Lepus arcticus) liver, muscle and kidney; lamb (Ovis sp.) liver, muscle, kidney and blubber; caribou (Rangifer tarandus) liver, muscle, kidney and blubber; muskox (Ovibos moschatus) liver, muscle, kidney and blubber

47

m) Shrimp muscle; snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) liver and muscle; Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) musclen) Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) liver and muscle; redfish (Sebastes marinus) muscle; Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) muscle; Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) liver and muscle; wolffish (Anarhichas minor) liver and muscle; capelin (Mallotus villosus) muscle; shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) livero) Common eider (Somateria mollissima) liver and muscle; king eider (Somateria spectabilis) liver and muscle; kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) liver and muscle; thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) liver and musclep) Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) liver, muscle, kidney and blubber; harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) liver, muscle, kidney and blubber; minke whale (Belaenoptera acutorostrata) liver, muscle, kidney and blubber; beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) liver, muscle, kidney, skin and blubber; narwhal (Monodon monoceros) liver, muscle, kidney, skin and blubberq) ∑PCN, including CN-48/35, CN-52/30, CN-53/55, CN-66/67 and CN-69.r) Same study as Rotander et al. (2012). Data taken from Dam et al. (2011) because of more detailed presentation.

48

Table S9: Recent data on other compounds (i.e. other than novel flame retardants and current-use pesticides) in abiotic samples of the Arctic environment. ww: wet weight. dw: dry weight. LOD: Limit of detection. Approximate values are taken from figures.Compound Statistic Concentration Matrix Sample details Location ReferencePolycyclic musk compounds

N=3 < 1.5 ng/g ww a) Sediment Marine West Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)

Range (N=6); Mean; Median

HHCB: 1-9 pg/m3; 4 pg/m3; 4 pg/m3

AHTN: 7-25 pg/m3; 17 pg/m3; 17 pg/m3

Air Gaseous phase

Northeast Atlantic / Arctic Ocean; > 60°N

Xie et al. (2007a)

Range (N=6)

HHCB: < 0.1 pg/m3

AHTN: < 0.2 pg/m3Air Particle phase Northeast

Atlantic / Arctic Ocean; > 60°N

Xie et al. (2007a)

Range (N=6)

HHCB: < 0.1 pg/LAHTN: < 0.1 pg/L


Northeast Atlantic / Arctic Ocean; > 60°N

Xie et al. (2007a)

Nitro musk compounds

N=3 < 1.5 ng/g ww b) Sediment Marine West Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)

Range (N=11)

MX: < 0.13 – 4.18 ng/g dwMK: < 1.6 ng/g dw

Sediment Marine Barents Sea Bakke et al. (2008)

cVMS N=2 D4: 2.1 µg/m3; 4.0 µg/m3

D5: 2.93 µg/m3; 2.4 µg/m3

D6: 0.39 µg/m3; 2.1 µg/m3

Air (urban) - Faroe Islands Kaj et al. (2005)

Range (N=4)

D4: 0.32 – 2.1 µg/m3

D5: 0.13 – 1.6 µg/m3

D6: 0.08 – 0.42 µg/m3

Air (urban) - Iceland Kaj et al. (2005)

Range (N=11)

D4: < 16 – 40 ng/g dwD5: < 8 – 13 ng/g dwD6: < 59 ng/g dw

Sediment Marine Barents Sea Bakke et al. (2008)

N=4 D3: < 6 ng/g dwD4: < 4.8 ng/g dw

Sediment Marine Svalbard (Norway)


49

D5: < 6.8 ng/g dwD6: < 17 ng/g dw

N=5 D4: < 0.9 ng/g wwD5: < 0.5 – appr. 1.1 ng/g wwD6: < 0.6 ng/g ww

Sediment Marine Adventfjordenc),Svalbard (Norway)


N=5 D4: < 0.9 ng/g wwD5: < 0.5 ng/g wwD6: < 0.6 ng/g ww

Sediment Marine Kongsfjorden,Svalbard (Norway)


N=1 D3: 10 ng/m3

D4: 12 ng/m3

D5: 0.58 ng/m3

D6: 0.31 ng/m3

Air - Alert, Canada Genualdi et al. (2011)

N=1 D3: 17 ng/m3

D4: 16 ng/m3

D5: 4.0 ng/m3

D6: 0.54 ng/m3

Air - Svalbard (Norway)

Genualdi et al. (2011)

N=1 D3: 0.72 ng/m3

D4: 0.94 ng/m3

D5: 0.14 ng/m3

D6: 0.40 ng/m3

Air - Iceland Genualdi et al. (2011)

Range (N=24)

D3: < LOD – 2.98 ng/m3

D4: < LOD – 2.06 ng/m3

D5: 0.22 – 3.74 ng/m3

D6: 0.11 – 0.82 ng/m3

Air Gaseous phase

Svalbard (Norway)

Krogseth et al. (2013)

Linear methyl siloxanes

N=4 MM: < 1.0 ng/g dwMDM: < 0.30 ng/g dwMD2M: < 0.55 ng/g dwMD3M: < 0.45 ng/g dw

Sediment Marine Svalbard (Norway)


N=1 < LOD d) Air - Alert, Canada Genualdi et al. (2011)N=1 < LOD d) Air - Svalbard

(Norway)Genualdi et al. (2011)

N=1 < LOD d) Air - Iceland Genualdi et al. (2011)Phthalic acid N=2 DMP: < 1.5 ng/g ww Sediment Marine Greenland Vorkamp et al. (2004b)

50

esterse) DEP: 42.6 ng/g ww; 48.9 ng/g wwDBP: < 5 ng/g ww;9.6 ng/g wwDnHP: < 5 ng/g wwBBP: 6.3 ng/g ww; 14.0 ng/g wwDEHP: 118.6 ng/g ww; 120.3 ng/g wwDnOP: < 5 ng/g wwDEHA: < 5 ng/g ww; 29.9 ng/g ww

Range; Mean; Median (N=6)

DMP: 40 – 223 pg/m3

DEP: 177 – 895 pg/m3

DiBP: 96 – 549 pg/m3

DBP: 158 – 432 pg/m3

BBP: 17 – 68 pg/m3

DEHP: 75 – 460 pg/m3

Air Gaseous phase

Northeast Atlantic / Arctic Ocean; >60°N

Xie et al. (2007b)

Range; Mean; Median (N=6)

DMP: 1 - 8 pg/m3

DEP: 5 - 41 pg/m3

DiBP: 20 – 74 pg/m3

DBP: 75 – 189 pg/m3

BBP: 18 – 56 pg/m3

DEHP: 264 – 735 pg/m3

Air Particle phase Northeast Atlantic / Arctic Ocean; >60°N

Xie et al. (2007b)

Range (N=16)

DMP: < 13 – 312 pg/LDEP: < 8 -795 pg/LDiBP: < 5 – 204 pg/LDBP: 10 – 349 pg/LBBP: < 0.2 – 48 pg/LDEHP: < 24 – 3326 pg/L



Xie et al. (2007b)

Range (N=16)

DMP: < 1 pg/LDEP: < 12 pg/LDiBP: < 1 pg/LDBP: < 4 pg/LBBP: < 0.2 pg/LDEHP: < 17 - 192 pg/L

Seawater Total suspended matter


Xie et al. (2007b)

51

N=4 DEHP: < 60 ng/g dw Sediment Marine Svalbard (Norway)



Range (weekly samples)

0.04 – 2.96 pg/m3 Air Gaseous + particle phase

Alert, Canada Halsall et al. (1998)

Range (weekly samples)

0.07 – 11.9 pg/m3 Air Gaseous + particle phase

Tagish, Canada Halsall et al. (1998)

Range; Mean (weekly samples)

0.11 – 1.74 pg/m3; 0.60 pg/m3


Dunai, Russia Halsall et al. (1998)

Range; Mean (N=103)

0.076 – 1.0 pg/m3; 0.37 pg/m3


Alert, Canada Su et al. (2008)

Range; Mean (N=72)

0.20 -2.4 pg/m3; 0.39 pg/m3


Kinngait, Canada Su et al. (2008)

Range; Mean (N=27)

0.038 – 0.52 pg/m3; 0.27 pg/m3


Little Fox Lake, Canada

Su et al. (2008)

Range; Mean (N=38)

0.17 – 0.46 pg/m3; 0.28 pg/m3


Point Barrow, Alaska (USA)

Su et al. (2008)

Range; Mean (N=5)

0.51 – 1.1 pg/m3; 0.75 pg/m3

Air Gaseous phase

Valkarkai, Russia Su et al. (2008)

a) Galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), celestolide (ADBI), phantolide (AHMI), traseolide (ATII)b) Musk ambrette (MA), musk xylene (MX), Musk moskene (MM), muske ketone (MK), musk tibetene (MT) c) affected by wastewaterd) L3 (MDM), L4 (MD2M), L5 (MD3M)e) Dimethylphthalat (DMP), diethylphthalat (DEP), di-iso-butylphthalat (DiBP), di-n-butylphthalat (DBP), di-n-hexylphthalat (DnHP), butylbenzylphthalat (BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octylphthalat (DnOP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA)

52

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ars.els-cdn.com · Web viewSUPPORTING INFORMATION A review of new and current-use contaminants in the Arctic environment: E vidence of long-range transport and indications of bioaccumulation