Appendix

Table A.1 Evidence-based classification of river ecosystem processes according to their sensitivity to environmental stressors. We provide a

maximum of three references for each process-stressor interaction for which there is evidence based on the literature. Empty cells indicate no

available evidence. Pollution is defined as the presence of potentially harmful or poisonous organic or inorganic substances (e.g. pesticides,

heavy metals). Eutrophication refers to the set of changes triggered by increased nutrient concentrations. Channelization stands for the

straightening and deepening of rivers through human intervention. Regulation refers to the modification of the natural flow regime by dams or

other types of infrastructures. Altered sediment dynamics refers to siltation and associated processes. Altered light regime refers to changes in

light availability as a result of changes in riparian canopy cover or other causes such as light pollution. Drought refers to the natural or artificial

reduction of water flow. Altered thermal regime refers to changes in temperature caused by human activities, such as large reservoirs, nuclear

power plants, urbanization or climate change. Salinization consists in increases in the concentration of dissolved salts mainly as a result of

changes in water balance or spills from some types of industry. Acidification refers to reduction of water pH caused by many industrial effluents,

acid rock drainage and acid rain. Altered particulate organic resources refers to the changes in the quantity and quality of detritus inputs to the

river, primarily as a result of modifications in riparian or catchment land use.

Process

Sensitive to

Pollu

tion

Eutro

phica

tion

Chan

neliz

atio

n

Regu

latio

n

Alte

red

sedi

men

t dy

nam

ics

Alte

red

light

regi

me

Drou

ght

Alte

red

ther

mal

regi

me

Salin

izatio

n

Acid

ificat

ion

Alte

red

parti

cula

te

orga

nic

reso

urce

s

Organic matter decomposition

Coarse particulate organic matter decomposition

(Peters et al., 2013;

Rasmussen et al., 2012;

Schäfer et al., 2012b)

(Ferreira et al., 2015a;

Greenwood et al., 2007;

Woodward et al., 2012)

(Elosegi and Sabater, 2013; Lepori et al.,

2005)

(Arroita et al., 2015; González

et al., 2012; Mendoza--Lera

et al., 2012)

(Niyogi et al., 2003; Piggott et

al., 2012; Rabení et al., 2005)

(Albariño et al., 2008; Lagrue et

al., 2011)

(Datry et al., 2011; Langhans

and Tockner, 2006; Martínez

et al., 2015)

(Boyero et al., 2011; Ferreira and Chauvet,

2011; Martínez et al., 2014)

(Cañedo-Argüelles et al., 2013; Gómez et

al., 2016; Schäfer et al.,

2012a)

(Cornut et al., 2012; Dangles et al., 2004; Petrin

et al., 2008)

(Ferreira et al., 2015b;

Kominoski et al., 2011; Martínez

et al., 2013)

Fine particulate organic matter decomposition

Dissolved organic matter uptake and degradation

(Knapik et al., 2015)

(Lane et al., 2013; Mineau et al., 2013; Ziegler and Lyon, 2010)

(Romani et al., 2004; Sulzberger

and Durisch-Kaiser, 2009; Wagner et al.,

2015)

(Casas-Ruiz et al., 2016; Ylla et

al., 2011)

(Ylla et al., 2014, 2012)

(Schindler et al., 1997)

Exoenzymatice activities

(Montuelle and Volat, 1998; Perujo et al.,

2016)

(Jones and Lock, 1993;

Sinsabaugh and Follstad Shah,

2012)

(Beaulieu et al., 2014)

(Ponsatí et al., 2015)

(Rier et al., 2007; Romani et al.,

2004; Wagner et al., 2015)

(Pohlon et al., 2013; Timoner et al., 2012; Ylla et

al., 2010)

(Canhoto et al., 2016; Ylla et al.,

2014)

(Roache et al., 2006)

(Clivot et al., 2013; Simon et

al., 2009)

Nutrient cycling

Process

Sensitive to

Pollu

tion

Eutro

phica

tion

Chan

neliz

atio

n

Regu

latio

n

Alte

red

sedi

men

t dy

nam

ics

Alte

red

light

regi

me

Drou

ght

Alte

red

ther

mal

regi

me

Salin

izatio

n

Acid

ificat

ion

Alte

red

parti

cula

te

orga

nic

reso

urce

s

Whole-ecosystem nutrient uptake

(Gücker and Pusch, 2006;

Marti et al., 2004; Merseburger et

al., 2005)

(Bernot et al., 2006; Newbold et al., 2006; von

Schiller et al., 2008)

(Craig et al., 2008; Grimm et al., 2005; Hope

et al., 2014)

(von Schiller et al., 2016)

(Ryan et al., 2007)

(Martí et al., 1994; Mulholland

et al., 2006; Sabater et al.,

2000)

(Marti et al., 1997)

(Butturini and Sabater, 1998)

(Arce et al., 2014)

(Argerich et al., 2008; Gibson and O’Reilly,

2012; Haggard and Storm, 2003)

Compartment-specific nutrient uptake

(Castro et al., 2015; Proia et

al., 2017)

(Kemp and Dodds, 2002a; O’Brien et al., 2007; O’Brien and Dodds,

2008)

(Teissier et al., 2007)

(Bruesewitz et al., 2015)

(Williamson et al., 2016)

(Bruesewitz et al., 2015) (Ely et al., 2010) (Dodds et al.,

2004)

Individual nutrient cycling processes

(Juliastuti et al., 2003; Rahm et

al., 2016; Reising et al., 2013)

(Lyautey et al., 2013; Mulholland

et al., 2008)

(Kaushal et al., 2008; Kemp and Dodds, 2002b)

(Pinay et al., 2002)

(Craig et al., 2008; Lefebvre

et al., 2005)

(Risgaard-Petersen et al.,

1994)

(Austin and Strauss, 2011; Gómez et al.,

2012; Manis et al., 2014)

(Strauss et al., 2004; Welter et

al., 2015)

(Arce et al., 2013; Duan and Kaushal, 2015;

Magalhães et al., 2005)

(Xue et al., 2015) (Newcomer et al., 2012)

Metabolism

Whole-ecosystem metabolism

(Aristi et al., 2015; Izagirre et

al., 2008)

(Griffiths et al., 2013; Gücker et

al., 2006; McTammany et

al., 2007)

(Griffiths et al., 2013; Hope et

al., 2014; Roley et al., 2012)

(Aristi et al., 2014; Hall et al.,

2015)

(Young et al., 2008)

(Bernot et al., 2010; Griffiths et

al., 2013; McTammany et

al., 2007)

(Acuña et al., 2005)

(Acuña et al., 2008)

(Gutiérrez-Cánovas et al.,

2009)

(Traister et al., 2013)

(Young and Huryn, 1999)

Compartment-specific metabolism

(Corcoll et al., 2015; Hill et al.,

1997; Rosi-Marshall et al.,

(Ferreira and Chauvet, 2011; Guasch et al.,

1995; Gulis and

(Cardinale et al., 2002)

(Ponsatí et al., 2015; Ryder,

2004; Uehlinger et al., 2003)

(Hartwig and Borchardt, 2015;

Izagirre et al., 2009)

(Bott et al., 1985; Hölker et al.,

2015)

(Freeman et al., 1994; Magoulick, 2014; Timoner et

al., 2012)

(Ferreira and Chauvet, 2011; Hoellein et al., 2009; Martínez

(Gutiérrez-Cánovas et al.,

2009)

(Ely et al., 2010; Mulholland et al.,

1986)

(Berggren and Giorgio, 2015;

Gonçalves et al., 2013; Ylla et al.,

Process

Sensitive to

Pollu

tion

Eutro

phica

tion

Chan

neliz

atio

n

Regu

latio

n

Alte

red

sedi

men

t dy

nam

ics

Alte

red

light

regi

me

Drou

ght

Alte

red

ther

mal

regi

me

Salin

izatio

n

Acid

ificat

ion

Alte

red

parti

cula

te

orga

nic

reso

urce

s

2013) Suberkropp, 2003) et al., 2014) 2012)

Biomass accrual

(Aristi et al., 2016; Corcoll et al., 2014; Merbt

et al., 2011)

(Biggs and Close, 1989; Gücker et al., 2006; Merbt et

al., 2011)

(Brookes, 1986; Cardinale et al.,

2002)

(Biggs and Close, 1989; Ponsatí et al.,

2015)

(Brookes, 1986; Madsen et al.,

2001; Matthaei et al., 2010)

(Merbt et al., 2011; Sand-Jlnsen et al.,

1989; von Schiller et al.,

2007)

(Acuña et al., 2005; Arthaud et

al., 2011)

(Blinn and Bailey, 2001)

(Mulholland et al., 1986)

Pollutant dynamics

Whole-ecosystem dissolved pollutant attenuation

(Westrich and Förstner, 2007)

(Bartels and von Tümpling, 2007;

Kunkel and Radke, 2012; Packer et al.,

2003)

Compartment-specific dissolved pollutant uptake

(Yuan et al., 2004)

(Koumaki et al., 2015)

(Westrich and Förstner, 2007)

(Koumaki et al., 2015; Lam et al.,

2004)

(Zoppini et al., 2016, 2014)

(Jürgens et al., 2002; Manzano

et al., 1999; Yuan et al.,

2004)

(Adamek et al., 2016; Yuan et

al., 2004)

(Koumaki et al., 2015)

Solid and adsorbed pollutant degradation

Community dynamics

Process

Sensitive to

Pollu

tion

Eutro

phica

tion

Chan

neliz

atio

n

Regu

latio

n

Alte

red

sedi

men

t dy

nam

ics

Alte

red

light

regi

me

Drou

ght

Alte

red

ther

mal

regi

me

Salin

izatio

n

Acid

ificat

ion

Alte

red

parti

cula

te

orga

nic

reso

urce

s

Invertebrate drift

(Beketov and Liess, 2008;

Lauridsen and Friberg, 2005;

Magbanua et al., 2016)

(Piggott et al., 2015)

(Edwards et al., 1984; Keefer and Maughan, 1985;

Zimmer and Bachmann,

1978)

(Brittain and Eikeland, 1988;

Tonkin et al., 2009)

(Larsen and Ormerod, 2010; Magbanua et al., 2016; Piggott et

al., 2015)

(Brittain and Eikeland, 1988; Waters, 1972)

(Brittain and Eikeland, 1988; Waters, 1972)

(Brittain and Eikeland, 1988; Hay et al., 2008;

Piggott et al., 2015)

(Hall et al., 1980; Ormerod et al.,

2004, 1987)

Secondary production

(Carlisle and Clements, 2005; Johnson et al., 2013; Runck,

2007)

(Johnson et al., 2013; Mehler et al., 2014; Shieh

et al., 2002)

(Cross et al., 2011)

(Benbow et al., 2005; Chadwick and Huryn, 2007;

Ledger et al., 2011)

(Franken et al., 2007; Huryn and Wallace, 2000; Kwong et al.,

2010)

(Chadwick and Feminella, 2001;

Hassell et al., 2006)

(Pretty et al., 2005)

(Baer et al., 2001; Entrekin et

al., 2001; Franken et al.,

2007)

Fish migration(Binder et al.,

2011; Lucas et al., 2001)

(Lucas et al., 2001)

(Binder et al., 2011; Lucas et

al., 2001)

(Binder et al., 2011; Lucas et

al., 2001)

(Binder et al., 2011; Lucas et

al., 2001)

(Binder et al., 2011; Lucas et

al., 2001)

(Binder et al., 2011; Lucas et

al., 2001)

Recolonization

(Detenbeck et al., 1992; Eklöv

et al., 1998; Hauer and Resh,

2006)

(Termaat et al., 2015)

(Detenbeck et al., 1992;

Griswold et al., 1982; Negishi et

al., 2002)

(Chester et al., 2014; Griswold

et al., 1982)

(Peckarsky, 1985; Richards

and Bacon, 1994)

(Davey and Kelly, 2007;

Griswold et al., 1982; Stanley et

al., 1994)

(Dunham et al., 2003; Mackay,

1992)

(Baker et al., 1996; Johnston et al., 2015; Pye

et al., 2012)

Process

Sensitive to

Pollu

tion

Eutro

phica

tion

Chan

neliz

atio

n

Regu

latio

n

Alte

red

sedi

men

t dy

nam

ics

Alte

red

light

regi

me

Drou

ght

Alte

red

ther

mal

regi

me

Salin

izatio

n

Acid

ificat

ion

Alte

red

parti

cula

te

orga

nic

reso

urce

s

Insect emergence(Kraus et al.,

2014; Schmidt et al., 2013)

(Perrings et al., 2010)

(Heinrich et al., 2014)

(Brown et al., 2012; Céréghino and Lavandier,

1997; Jonsson et al., 2013)

(Meyer and Sullivan, 2013)

(Drummond et al., 2015; Greig and Wissinger,

2010)

(Everall et al., 2015; Mas-Martí

et al., 2015a; Richter et al.,

2008)

(Hassell et al., 2006) (Bell, 1971)

(Kominoski et al., 2012;

Richardson, 1991; Spanhoff

et al., 2005)

Consumption and related physiological processes

(Blockwell et al., 1998; Correia et

al., 2013)(Strayer, 2014) (Mas-Martí et al.,

2015b)

(Gresens, 2001; Romito et al.,

2010; Rumbos et al., 2010)

(Carvalho and Graca, 2007; Li and Dudgeon,

2008; Mas-Martí et al., 2015b)

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