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Arrival of the Aryans. A fair skinned people that originated somewhere near the Caspian and Black Sea region They were semi-nomadic, living in tribal communities and herding sheep, goats and cattle with a little farming on the side - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Arrival of the Aryans
A fair skinned people that originated somewhere near the Caspian and Black Sea region
They were semi-nomadic, living in tribal communities and herding sheep,
goats and cattle with a little farming on the side
They were able to cover great distances because they had horses and light, spoke-wheeled chariots
They were warlike and glorified fighting
The society was very male dominated and probably very hierarchical
They had no writing, but spoke a language which we now call “Proto
Indo-European”
Who were the Aryans?
Who were the Aryans?
For reasons we don’t know, they spread out of their homeland from c. 2000 BC They went southeast into Iran and eventually over the Hindu Kush into India They went west into Anatolia, Greece, Italy and as far as England and Ireland As they moved, their language spread – it is parent language of many major
world languages today (guess which)
Archeologists believe they crossed into the Indus Valley around 1500 BC
This is around when the Indus Valley Civilization was declining
Did they destroy Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa? Or did they just take advantage of a society already on the decline?
After 1500 BC, they began to settle in the Indus region and gradually spread across the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the east
Sanskrit Latin English
Matr Mater
Pithr Pater
Bhrathr Phrater
Naama Nomen
Sarpa Serpentem
Barbara Barbaria
Dwar Doru
Danta Dentis
Maha Magnus
Raja Rex
Makshikaa Musca
Mrta Mortis
Guess the Meaning
The Vedas When the Aryans arrived in India they didn’t have a written language
Instead, they passed down their teachings orally from generation to generation in the form of stories, poems, epics and other wisdom literature
This oral literature was maintained by Brahmin priests; each Brahmin family had a section and were responsible for keeping an exactly copy in memory
At some point, they developed a written language, which we call Sanskrit, and wrote everything down in “books of knowledge” or Vedas
So we call the time from 1500 BC – 500 BC the Vedic Period.
The Vedas are the foundation of later Hindu religion and philosophy
Religious Beliefs Blend of polytheism and monotheism – many gods but all
considered different aspects of a single divine force
The gods were mainly good and helpful; if something bad happened, it was the work of demons
Some of the most important gods were:
INDRA (king of the gods; god of war and thunder)
AGNI (god of fire; killed demons; messenger to other gods)
VARUNA (god of rivers/rain; all seeing; protector of law)
But there were many others
These and most other gods were male
Religious Rituals
Religious practice put a big emphasis on sacrifices called “YAGNA”; the sacrifices were very complicated and some took a year to prepare
Another practice was to drink “SOMA” which might have caused hallucinations
The priests would also chant thousands of different “MANTRAS” which praised the gods and gave people special powers
Religious Beliefs
Creation myths – everything came out of one seed, including gods and people
Was Vedic Hinduism the religion of the Aryans or did it come from the Indus Valley people? Probably both.
From now, we should probably call them Indo-Aryans
Eventually, the religion evolved into today’s Hinduism, but we’ll learn more about that later
Social Hierarchy (Varnas) Brahmins = priests
only ones allowed to study and teach the Vedas
Kshatriyas = warriors and villages chiefs were
they could study the Vedas but not teach them
Vaisyas = artisans, merchants, and farmers
they could not study or teach the Vedas
Sudras = servants
they did the jobs that no one else wanted
A person was born into a varna, socialized only with other members of their varna, married in their varna, and died a member of their varna; they could not move up or down within the system
Wealth was determined by how many cows you had, so they couldn’t be eaten
Cows are still considered holy today
Mooo!
Other Epics and Religious Texts
MAHABHARATARAMAYANA
UPANISHADS