Army Vietnam Enemy Prisoners and Civillian

8/14/2019 Army Vietnam Enemy Prisoners and Civillian

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*FM 19-40FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENTOF THE ARMYNo. 19-40 WASHINGTON,D.C.,11 December 1967

ENEMY PRISONERS OF WAR AND CIVILIAN INTERNEES

Paragraph Page

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTIONSection I. General _.----_---_ _________-------__-------- -. 1-1-1-4 1-1

II. Responsibilities for prisoners of war ______--- ___-- 1-5-1-10 1-2

CHAPTER 2. PRISONER OF WAR OPERATIONS

Section I. Treatment and control ------------------------- . 2-1-2-3 2-1II. Combat zone______________-____----------------- 2-4-2-10 2-2

III. Collection and evacuation in special operations __-- 2-11-2-15 2-5IV. Communications zone --__--- - - -_ . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2-16-2-19 2-6

CaAPTER 3. OPERATION OF PRISONER OF WAR CAMPSSection I. Facilities _.-----__.---- ____---_--___----- _ _ _ _ _ _ 3-1-3-2 3-1

II. Personnel and training _-______ ____--__--_--__-- 3-3-3-4 3-3III. Administration --_--- - -_-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3-5-3-9 3-3IV. Security and control _________-____ ______-_____- 3-10-3-23 3-4V. Classification and segregation -------- - - - - - - - - - - - 3-24-3-30 3-10

VI. Intelligence .___-__----._------ _.---- ---- _-- 3-31-3-37 3-12CHAPTER 4. CIVILIAN INTERNEES __--4__---__---------- _ 1- 4 5 4-1

5. EMPLOYMENT ________________________--_____ 5-1-5-4 5-16. RIOT CONTROL IN INTERNMENT CAMPS __-- 6-1-6-4 6-17. MILITARY POLICE PRISONER OF WAR

UNITS _---. . ...................... 7-1-7-11 7-1

CHAPTER 8. STABILITY OPERATIONS --___-_----------- 8-1--86 8-1

APPENDIX A. REFERENCES ___--_--- __------- ------------ _ _ ------ A-1B. STANAG NO 2044 (SOLOG 22), STANDARD

PROCEDURES FOR DEALING WITH PRI-SONERS OF WAR -_______-____-- ____--______- _ _ _ _ _ B-1

C. INTERIM PRISONER OF WAR DATA PRO-CESSING (PCM) IMPLEMENTATION -_____ ____--__ C-1

INDEX -- __- ------------ _----------------___________ -___ I-1

*This manual supersedes FM 19-40, 21 August 1964.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Section 1. GENERAL

1-1. Purpose and Scope categories of persons who are PW's or whoshallbe treated as PW's,see AR 633-50.a. This manual is for the use of all person-

nel concerned with prisoner of war (PW) and d. Users of this manual are encouraged tocivilian internee operations. It is intended for submit recommended changes to improve theuse in conjunction with AR 633-50 and AR manual. Comments shouldbe keyedto the spe-633-51. It is applicable to general war, to in- cific page, paragraph, and line of the text include a consideration for the employment of which the change is recommended. Reasonsand protection from nuclear munitions, and should be provided for each comment to in-chemical,biological,and radiological agents; sure understanding and completeevaluation.limited war; and cold war, to include stability Comments should be forwarded direct to theoperations. It provides guidance for the treat- Commanding Officer,US Army Combat De-ment of PW's from capture through evacua- velopments Command Military PoliceAgency,tion to internment; Similar guidance for the Fort Gordon,Georgia 30905. Originators ofinternment, control, and treatment of civilian proposed changes which would constitute ainternees and other persons in US custody is significant modification of approved Army doc-provided. trine may send an information copy,through

b. Further, it serves as a guide for the or- command channels, to the Commanding Gen-ganization, training, and employment of mili- eral, US Army Combat Developments Com-tary policeunits engaged in these operations. mand, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060,to facili-

Specifictables of organization and equipment tate review and follow-up.(TOE's) mentioned in this text are listed with-out an alphabetical suffix;therefore, users are 1-2. Objectivesadvised to consult the latest edition of these The objectives sought in handling PW's andTOE's when detailed information concerning civilian internees include-them is required. Also, this manual retainsdiscussion of PW commands and logistical a. Acquisition of maximum intelligence in-commands in the communications zone. The formation within restrictions imposedby theprocedures contained herein are applicable to law of land warfare.the PW organizations current at the time of b. Prevention of escapeand liberation.publication. As previously indicated, the pur- c. By example, promotion of proper treat-

poseof this revision isto update existing

doc-ment of

ow npersonnel captured

bythe enemy.

trine primarily by the inclusion of stabilityoperations. Readers are therefore referred to d. Weakening the will of the enemy to resistFM 19-2-1 (TEST) and FM 19-3-1 (TEST) capture.for guidance on PW organizations and opera- e. Maximum use of PW's and civilian intern-tions under Theater Army Support Com- ees as a source of labor.mands (TASCOM's) and Field Army SupportCommands (FASCOM's). 1-3. Principles

c. For a comprehensive definition of the The principles employedin achieving these

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objectives are in accordance with the Geneva humane treatment of PW's and theConventions of 1949 and current STANAG civilian population by the parties to aagreements and include- conflict.The United States has rati-

fiedall four conventions and they area. Humane treatment. legally binding on the Armed Forcesb. Prompt evacuation from the combat zone. of the United States.

(2) The detailedcontents ofthe Genevac. Provisions of opportunity for prisoner in- Conventions of 1949 and the imple-

terrogation. menting Department of the Army

d. Instruction of troops in the provisions of rules and regulations are contained ininternational agreements and regulations relat- DA Pamphlet 27-1, FM 27-10, ARing to PW's and civilian internees. 633-50; AR 633-51; and AR 35-233.

e. The integration of the procedures for evac- b. STANAG Agreement. STANAG No 2044uation, control, and administration of PW's CENTO STANAG No. 2044,and SEASTAGand civilian internees with other combat serv- No. 2044 (SOLOGNo 22), "Standard Proce-ice support operations. dures for Dealing with Prisoners of War"

(app B), prescribes the following concepts and1-4 . Basic Considerations procedures for the control and administration

of PW's:a. Geneva Conventions.

(1) Standardized terms and definitions(1) In the treatment of PW's and civilian pertaining to PW's.internees,the UnitedStates is gov- (2) A PW personnel record form and theernedby the GenevaConventionsof1949 and by the customarylaw oflandwarfare. Thegoverningintent of (3) Proceduresfor the handlingof PWtheseconventionsis to providefor the personalproperty and money.

Section II. RESPONSIBILITIESFOR PRISONERS OF WAR

1-5. Department of the Army (8) Repatriation.(9) Operation of a PW informationa. Underthe provisionsof the GenevaPW (9) Operation of a PW information

Convention,capturing powersare responsible, center.from the moment of capture, for the proper (10) Maintenance of an appropriate officehandling and humane treatment of PW's. For of record.the United States this responsibility is exe- c. The Provost Marshal General is respons-cuted by the Department of the Army. Enemy ible for the supervision of all matters pertain-PW's captured by United States Navy or Air ing to the evacuation, internment, care, treat-Force units are turned over to United States ment, education, employment, and repatriationArmy control at designated receiving points of enemy PW's and civilian internees and foias expeditiously as possible. necessary coordination with interested staff

agencies as well as Federal agencies, the Inter-b. SpecificArmyresponsibilitiesinclude- national Committee of the Red Cross, and the(1) Evacuation. ProtectingPowers.

(2) Internment.(3) Medicalcare. 1-6. Theater Army(4) Treatment.(4) Treatment. In a theater of operations, the theater com-(5) Education. mandernormallyassigns responsibilityfor PW(6) Religiouscare. and civilianinterneeactivitiesto the theater(7) Employmentand compensation. army commander. Thetheater army com-

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mander normally further assigns this respon- furnished to enemy PW's and civilian in-sibility to TALOG and to the field army. ternees.Theater army normally will publish PW and c. The G4 in tacticalcommandsand a direc-civilian internee policy directives to provide tor of personnel in logisticalcommandsareguidance and direction relative to the utiliza-tion, treatment, and control of PW's and pro- respnstble establtshment of priorities

.. durs .,r .he io . ~ for and the allocationof PW and civilianin-ceduresfor the internmentof civilians. terneelabor.1-7. Communications Zone d. The Assistant Chief of Staff, G2, Intelli-

gence, or, Director of Security is responsibleThe theater army policydirective normally for the interrogation of PW's for intelligence

will direct the establishment of a PW com- purposes and the supervision of PW and civil-mand in the communications zone (COMMZ) ian internee censorship activities.by the theater army logistical command(TALOG). In an undivided COMMZ,a single e. The provost marshal at each echelonofPW command may be sufficient. If the command is responsible for the development ofCOMMZis divided into advance logistical com- plans, policies,and procedures pertaining tomand (ADLOG)and base logistical command PW's and civilian internees.(BALOG), separate PW commands may be

assignedto each. 1-10. Staff CoordinationMatters of mutual concern to the provost

1-8. TALOG marshal and other staff officersare set forthThe mission of TALOGincludes the theater below. Comparable staff officers at tactical

responsibility for the evacuation, processing, headquarters and at logistical commands gen-internment, control, administration, and em- erally have responsibility for the same func-ployment of PW's and civilian internees in ac- tional areas of command interest. However,cordance with the GenevaConventions and De- the emphasis on different aspects as well aspartment of the Army and theater directives. the scope and magnitude of PW/civilian in-When the COMMZis not divided, all PW and ternee activities varies in echelonsof commandcivilian internee operating functions are car- and between tactical headquarters and logis-ried out by TALOG.When the COMMZis tical commands.divided, these functions may be delegated to a. G2 (Director of Security).ADLOGand BALOG. (1) Coordination of PW interrogation

activities.1-9. Command and Staff (2) PW and civilian internee censorship.

a. Commanders at all echelonsare responsi- b. G8 (Director of Plans and Operations).ble for the proper handling of PW's and civil- (1) Organization and employment ofian internees. military policeunits for PW opera-

b. The director of personnel in logistical tions.commands coordinates and supervises com- (2) Training of military policeunits.mand activities pertaining to the handling of c. G4 (Director of Services/Director of Sup-PW's and civilian internees. In tactical com-mands, the Assistant Chief of Staff, G1, Per- an)sonnel, has primary general staff supervision (1) Supply and maintenance support forover these activities. The G1 (Director of PW and civilian internee operations.Personnel) insures that the interests of other (2) Transportation services required forstaff officersare considered in the development the evacuation of PW's and civilianand execution of plans for handling PW's and internees.civilian internees. The G1 has primary general (3) Acquisition of real estate and con-staff supervision for medical service support struction of PW facilities.

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(4) Food service program for internment h. Information Officer. Command informa-camps. tion, public information, and command rela-

(5) Determination of requirements for tions with the public in matters involving PW'sthe utilization of PW's for logistical or civilian internees.support operations (G4-in tactical i. Psychological Operations OfJficer. Technicalcommands). adviceand assistance in the reorientation and

educationof PW's andcivilianinternees.d. Chaplain. Coordination

ofreligious activ-

ities, to include religious ministrations for j. Signal Oficer.PW's and civilian internees. (1) Signal communications support.

e. Chemical Officer. Chemicalsupport of mil- (2) Still and motion picture photographicitary police operations particularly the em - services pertaining to PW operations.ploymentof riot control agents andCBR

k. Staff Judge Advocate. Advice onall legalmonitoring. questions, particularly those which may arise

f. Engineer. out of the interpretation of the 1949 GenevaPW Convention, out of the application of force

(1) Construction support for PW cages in the quelling of riots and other disturbances,and camps. in the investigation which is required follow-

(2) Construction, maintenance, repair, ing the death by other than natural causes ofand operation of utilities including PW's, in the labor of and disciplinary punish-water supply systems and portable or ment of PW's, in the establishment and op-fixedelectric powerplants. eration of tribunals to determine the status of

(3) Fire protection measures for intern- persons who have committed hostile acts butwhose qualifications as PW's are doubtful, andout of complaints or inquiries received from

(4) Insect and rodent control and fumiga- the Protecting Power or International Com-tion of buildings in internment mittee of the Red Cross.camps.

1. Surgeon. Medicalservice support for PWg. Finance and Accounting Officer. and civilian internee operations including san-

itation, first aid, sanitary aspects of food serv-(1) Pay and allowancesfor PW's and(1)vPayiand allowanes fon PW's an i. e, preventive medicine, professional med-

ical services, and medical supply. The surgeon(2) Processing of deposits to appropri- alsoreviews, recommends, and coordinates the

ated, trust, or other specialaccounts, use and assignment of medically oriented PW'sas appropriate, and for payments and civilian internees needed to perform thetherefrom. medical support mission.

(3) Disposition of contraband currency m. Transportation Officer. Transportation re-and negotiable instruments found quirements for the evacuation or other move-upon PW's and impounded. ment of PW's and civilian internees.

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CHAPTER 2

PRISONER OF WAR OPERATIONS

Section I. TREATMENTAND CONTROL

2-1. General suedfor personalprotectionremainin the pos-session ofPW'sso that they are availabletoTheproceduresset forth in this chapterare

applicableto the handlingof PW'sthroughoutthe combatzone,to includethe division,corps, c. PW'sare promptlyevacuatedout of theand field armyareas and evacuationto the combatzone.Theirpresenceshouldnotbe used

COMMZ.Theseproceduresare generallyappli- to renderpointsor areasimmuneto attack.cableto civilianinternees.See chapter4 for PW'sheldin an area shouldbe providedpro-a further discussionof civilianinternees. tectionfacilitiesand equipmentand shouldbe

orientedas to proceduresto be followedin case2-2. Treatment of nuclearmunitionand chemical,biological,

PW'sare treated humanelybut are handled and radiologicalagentattack.withfirmnessat all times.Highstandardsof d. PW's are billeted under conditionsasdisciplineare requirednot only of PW'sbut favorableas those providedfor the troopsofalso of capturing troops. Prisonersrespond the detainingforce in the area.better when they are requiredto adheretobetter whenheye requiredto adhere to e. Thebasicfoodrationshouldbe sufficientstandardsof disciplinewhichare at least as

high as thoseto whichthey are accustomed. health and prevent loss of weight.Fraternization, mistreatment,or abuse bycapturingtroopsor escortguardsis notcon- 2-3. Controlduciveto good discipline,makesthe task ofinterrogatorsmore difficult,and may be in Thecontrolof PW'sis exercisedthrough theinterrogators more difcult,and may beinssuance andfirm enforcementofecessary in-violationof internationaland United States issuanceandfirmenforcementof necessaryin-structions.Instructionsrelating to their con-laws.Generally,troopsneverfurnish goodsor tructions.Instructionrelatingto their con-comfortitemsto prisonersprior to their first trol whilein the collectingpointsand cagesinterrogation.Interrogators can do muchto- andwhileintransit shouldbe as brief as ossi-ward gainingthe confidenceof prisonersif ble,andcaremustbe takento assurethat PW'stheyarethe firstto offertheseitems.However, havea clearunderstandingof them.Warningif

interrogationis delayedbeyonda reason- shouldbe givenof the seriousconsequencs

able period,risonersshouldnot be denied whichmay result from violationsof suchin-food,potablewater,and appropriateclothing structions.Although securityproblemsmay befood,potablewater,and appropriateclothingand shelter.Necessarymedicalattentionwill greater in somerespectsin the combatzonenot be delayed.The followinggeneralprin- particularly as relate to escape,recentlycap-ciplesare to be observed: tured PW'sif not stillin a demoralizedstate

of mindnormallyhavean apprehensiverathera. PW'smustbe treated humanelywithcon- than an activelyrebelliousor belligerentatti-

siderationfor their personsand honor. tude,therebyminimizingthe controlproblem.b. PW'sare entitledto retain all personal However,untilhe proves otherwise,eachPW

effectsand baages of rank and nationality. mustbe consideredas an effectivefightingen-Helmets,protectivemasks,and likearticlesis- emy evenafter capture.

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sons of security. When this occurs, a property for the collecting point is governed by theregister must be maintained and signed re- availability of facilities for the retention ofceipts given to PW's for items of personal PW's and its accessibility to a main supplyproperty taken from them. route (MSR)and/or aircraft landing facilities.

c. PW's are segregated so far as possible b. The division central PW collecting pointand are delivered to the forward PW collecting is manned by a platoon from the division mil-points by combat troops. Early segregation of itary policecompany. Additionally, this platoonPW's by rank and sex and further segregation evacuates PW's from any forward collectingof PW's and civilian internees must be stressed. points which are in operation.

c. PW escort guards are provided by army2-6. Brugade for the direct evacuation of PW's from the di-

a. A division forward collecting point is es- vision collecting points to army or to COMMZ.tablished in the brigade trains area. A par- For the direct evacuation of PW's from thetially fenced in or enclosedarea that facilitates division forward collecting points to army orthe maximum security of PW's with a mini- COMMZ,army escort guards may, in coordi-mum of guards is chosenif available. In the nation with the division provost marshal, beabsence of suchfacilities, the limits of the col- provided by direct dispatch from army tolecting point should be visibly definedand the brigade.PW's required to remain within the defined d. When mass PW captures are being ef-

area. fected, requirements for additional PW escortb. The operation of the forward PW collect- guards and transportation are placed upon

ing point is a responsibility of the division army.military policeelement operating in support ofthe brigade. If it is not within the capability 2-8. Army Corpsof this element to completelyman the collect-ing point and also perform other required mil-itary policefunctions, the necessary augmen- corps. However, a corps PW cagemay be estab-tation must be requested by the MP element lished for the temporary retention of selectedleader from his next higher commander. PW's held for intelligence purposes and for

those PW's whomay be captured in the corpsc. As a normal practice, PW's are evacuated area.

from brigade to the division central collectingpoint. However, when transportation is avail- b. Operation of the corps PW cage, whenable and PW'sare not neededfor further in- required,is a responsibilityof themilitarypo-telligence interrogation, evacuation may be lice company assigned to corps.made directly from brigade to army or toCOMMZ. 2-9. Independent Corps

d. PW escort guards are provided by the a. If a corps operates independently, thedivision military policecompany for the evac- evacuation of PW's through the corps cage isuation of PW's from brigade to division. PW a normal procedure. The operation of the corpsescort guards are provided by army for the PW cage under such conditions closelyparal-direct evacuation of PW's from brigade to lels that of the army PW cage.army or COMMZ.Physically ablemilitary per- b. Duringthe earlystagesof an operationsonnelreturning to the rear are utilized to the by an independent corps, evacuation of PWsby an independentcorps,evacuation ofPW'sfullestextentpossiblefor escortingPW's. may be made directly from the division col-

lecting point to a PW camp in corps rear or toa logistical base operating in support of the in-

a. The division central PW collecting point is dependent corps. Under such circumstances,established in the vicinity of the division sup- the corps cage may not be required. As theport command.The selection of a specificsite corps area expands and distance factors pre-

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PW PHYSICALLYLITTER FIT

(NOTE: PROCESSING OF PW IN MEDICAL ALL PWS DISARMED,SEARCHED,CHANNELS PARALLELS THAT OF SEGREGATED,AND TAGGED BYPHYSICALLY FIT PWS) CAPTURING TROOPS ANDf TURNED OVER TO DIV MP AS

FAR FORWARO AS POSSIBLE.X

X VCOLLDIV MP TAKE CUSTODY AT DIVCOLL+ COLL W COLLECTING POINT(S)

FIRST TACTICAL INTERROGATION OF

PW'S BY INTERROGATION TEAMS

XX

CLRX XX COLL PW-PWS EVACUATED BY ARMY MPIF CORPS EMPLOYED SELECTED

M WS EVACUATED BY CORPS MP)INTERROGATION TEAM INTERROGATES FOR XXXADDITIONAL TACTICAL INFORMATION.COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION __MAY ALSO BE CONDUCTED.

/INTERROGATIONTEAMINTERROGATESFOR

X X XX ADOITIONALTACTICALS g INFO.

INTERROGATION TEAM INTERROGATES FORADOITIONAL TACTICAL AND STRATEGIC XXXX

XXXX INFORMATION. LIMITED SEGREGATION ANDEVAC+ COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION TEMPORARY DETENTION. PW S

MAY ALSO BE CONDUCTED. VACUATED BY COMMZ MP.. xXX X--- ----- .ADVANCE LOGISTICAL COMMAND

000000oD -0 0 0 0 . ...I N TO PROCESSING STATIONS AND

FIELO+ ASSIGNED BRANCH CAMPS.-' lADLOGAS " N .E _ _ REOUIRED)

R INTERROGATION TEAM INTERROGATES FORE ADDITIONAL STRATEGIC INFORMATION.D COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATES

\F FOR SECURITY ASPECTS.

-- ---- - 000 -- -BASE LOGISTICAL COMMA ND

0 0 0 0 0 000 0 W t(ASSIGNED F PW RECEPTION,PROCESSING,

FIELDOR OTHER TO BALOG) AND INTERNMENT CAMPS.TYPE HOSP

INTERROGATION TEAM INTERROGATES FORADDITIONAL STRATEGIC INFORMATION.COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATESFOR SECURITY ASPECTS.

CONUS OR OTHERCAMPS IN THEATER

Figure 2-1. PW evacuation and processing channels.

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clude such direct evacuation, the corps cage ers shall be separated because of nationalitymay be established. from prisoners of war belonging to the armed

forces with which they were serving at thec. PWoperationswlllremaina theater armytye funetion with responsibility for PW camp time of capture except with their consent.type function with responsibility for PW camp

peration delegatedo the TALOGor compa- Food,water,and shelter areprovided. Sani-operations delegated to the TALOG or compa- tary measuresmay includethe delousingofrable command operating in support of the in-rable commandoperating in support of thne m each PW and, if feasible, the disinfestation of

clothing. PW's suspected of having communi-2-1 0. Army cablediseases are isolated for examination by

a medical officer.If necessary, clothing is is-a. The army commander is responsible for sued to individual PW's. PW's are evacuated

the operation of the army PW cage and for from the army cage to COMMZwith the leastproviding required PW escort guard support to possible delay. The army commander is respon-divisions and corps for the evacuation of PW's. siblefor arranging and coordinating all trans-

b. An army PW cage or PW holding capa- portation requirements and for providing ra-bility is established in the vicinity of each tions and water, if required, for the movement.major transportation terminal in the army d. Under conditions involving mass cap-area to permit the fullest utilization of such tures or surrenders, the army cage facilitiestransportation for further evacuation of PW's and capabilities of the assigned military policeto COMMZ.Normally, not more than three units may be inadequate. Prior and currentPW cages are established in the army area. planning and reconnaissance should provide

c. PW cagesare established and operated to for the selection of the most suitable facilitiesprovide only those facilities and services which in the army service area which are availableare essential to the security and welfare of for the temporary internment of large numbersPW's pending their further evacuation to of PW's. As a minimum, such facilities shouldCOMMZ.PW's are individually searched for be located in the proximity of an MSR andconcealedweapons and a closer examination of preferably near a major transportation termi-documents in their possession may be made by nal. If possible,the military police or otherintelligence personnel. Segregation of PW's is military units to be diverted to PW securitymaintained by nationality, sex, and according under such circumstances shouldbe predeter-to their status as officers,enlisted men, civil- mined. The ready availability within the armyians, and other categories as may be pre- service area of essential messing and sanitaryscribed by the commander. However, no prison- equipment and supplies should be assured.

Section III. COLLECTION AND EVACUATION

IN SPECIAL OPERATIONS

2-11. River-Crossing Operations 2-12. Amphibious Operationsa. A PW collecting point will beestablished a. The handling of prisoners of war in an

on the near side of the river sufficientlyfar to amphibious operation varies little from that inthe rear to prevent interference with tactical land operations. Initially, the shore party oroperations and to afford reasonable protection helicopter support teams operate PW collectingagainst hostile fire. points in the beach support areas or landing

zones. PW's are evacuated from collectingb. PW's are evacuated from the bridgehead points to designated ships by landing craft,

area as soonas possible to prevent congestion. helicopter, or amphibious vehicles.The movement of PW's from the far side of b. Retention in the objective area is begunthe river must be coordinated with traffic con- and increased as facilities, supplies, and per-trol personnel at the crossing sites. Secondary sonnel permit-consistent with reasonablecrossing sites are usedif available. safety of PW's from enemy action.

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2-13. Airborne Operations isolatedenemygroupswhichwouldhinderthenormal evacuationof PW's.In this circum-a. The military policecompanyof an air- stance,it may be necessaryto holdPW's inbornedivisionis capable ofprovidinga PWbcollectingpointfor eachbrigade.eofpodnthe areaof captureuntilthey can be escortedby the capturing unit or untilfollowupunits

b. In an airborneoperation,the mannerof reachthe area and take overthe controlandcollectingPW'sis dependentuponsuchfactors further evacuation ofcaptured PW's.as the geographicallocation ofthe airhead,thetactical plan, availabilityof transportation, 2-15. Airmobile Operationsand plans for linkupwith ground forces.and lan or nkup th roundores.ollectionand evacuationoperationsby the

c. SincePW'swill be evacuatedprimarily military policecompany ofan airmobiledivi-by air, the PW collectingpoint (at leastdur- sionare basicallysimilar tothoseof an air-ing theearlystages)for an airbornedivision borne division.Organic military police ele-mustbe locatednear the landingfield.Plans mentsaccompanyassaultelementsto the ob-shouldprovidefor the attachmentof personnel jectivearea so theycancollectand guardcap-fromCOMMZmilitary policeunitsto the air- tured PW's.Collectingpointsare establishedborneforceto guard PW'sduring evacuation. as requirednear heliports orairfields.Ar-

rangementsmust be madefor nondivisional2-14. Armored Operations military police to accompanydesignatedin-comingor resupplyaircraft to guardPW's

Becauseof their inherentcharacteristics, during their evacuationfrom division.Anysuch as mobility,firepower,and communica- civilianswho mustbe taken into custody bytions,armoredunits are able to quickly pene- the assaultelementsshouldbe evacuatedintrate deepintohostileterritory. Suchpenetra- thesamemanneras PW'sbut shouldbe kepttionsmay bypassenemystrongpointsandleave separated from PW'sduring evacuation.

Section IV. COMMUNICATIONS ZONE

2-16. Evacuation Responsibilities 2-17. PW Reception and Processinga. COMMZhasoverallresponsibilityfor the a. SpecificPW compslocatedin COMMZ

prompt evacuationof PW's from thesupported are designatedby the TALOGcommanderforfield army. This responsibilityincludespro- the centralized receptionand the physical,vidingescortguards; the establishmentand medical,andadministrative processingof PW'soperation,as required,of transit cages for evacuatedfrom the combatzone. Dependentovernight stops;andthe establishmentandop- uponthe size of the COMMZand the numbererationof a PW camp(s)designatedfor the of evacuationterminals,one or more campsreceptionand administrativeprocessingof all may be so designated.For centralizationofPW'sevacuatedto COMMZfromarmy. activitiesand efficiencyof operations,the very

minimumnumberof receptionand processingb. The evacuationof PW's from army tocampsis established.The mostadvantageousCOMMZis accomplishedby military police es- camps estabhed. The most advantageouslocationsfor the establishmentof suchcampscort guardcompanies(TOE19-47).Normally, generallywillbe in the vicinityof major PW

these companiesare attachedfor duty withPW receptionamp~. ~evacuation terminals.However,undercircum-stances wherebyall PW campsare locatedin

c. Thepromptandfullycoordinatedevacua- a commonlocale,a singlePW receptionandtion of PW's from armyis facilitatedby the processingcamp centrallylocatedwithintheprior dispatchof liaison officersand escort internmentlocale may be preferableto theguardsto the PWcagesto assure,within capa- establishmentof a processingcamp at eachbilities, acontinuingavailabilityof escort of twoor moreterminals.Underothercircum-guards. stanceswhichinvolvethe utilizationof signifi-

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cant numbers of PW's in the ADLOGarea, so far as possible pending completion of proc-the establishing of a PW reception and processing and assignment to a permanent PWessing capability in ADLOGmay be indicated. camp.Physical and medicalprocessing actionsPW's arriving intermittently or in lesser num- includehaircuts, disinfestation, immunizations,bers at other than the major terminals are physical examinations, and issuance of cleantransported to the nearest reception and proc- clothing, toilet articles, mess equipment, andessing camp.Normally, from oneto a maximum blankets. The administrative processing ofof three such camps will be required per field PW's is accomplished by personnel of a Mili-army supported. tary PoliceProcessing Company (TOE 19-237)

in accordance with procedures prescribed inb.differsfrom other PW camps in the followingamp AR 633-50.These processing actions includediffers from other PW camps inthe following the preparation of personnel records, photo-

major respects: the preparation of personnelrecords,photo-graphs, fingerprint cards, identity cards (if(1) The attachment of a Military Police required), and the assignment of internment

Prisoner of War Processing Company serial numbers.(TOE 19-237), or element thereof, toaccomplish the administrative proc- d. During the course of their administrativeessing of each PW. processing, PW's are identified and classified

according to status, such as officers,noncom-(2) The attachmentof a MilitaryPolice missioned officers,privates, retained personnel,Escort Guard Company(ies) (TOEEs ort GuadCoaes (E or civilians; and by sex,nationality, and lan-19-47) to evacuate PW'rvvs from asrmy guage. PW's who refuse to reveal their militaryandto escortPWtransfers to assigned or civilian status are appropriately classifiedcampsoncompletionofprocessing. to permit their segregation and later identifi-

(3) With the exception of a limited num- cation.ber of PW's selectedfor retention toassist in processing, all PW's received 2-18. Additional Classificationare further transferred to other PWcamps in COMMZor are evacuated If time and circumstances permit, workfrom COMMZfollowing completion of classifications may be made following admin-their processing. istrative processing. The breakout of specific

(4) Team MA, TOE 8-500, may be skillsrequired by the theater will be an addi-attached to perform the medical tional factor in determining future assign-processing actions, to include immu- ments.nizations and medical examinations,assisting in disinfestations, and ini- 2-19. Assignmenttiating prisoner medicalrecords.tiatingprisoner edicalecords.s soonas possiblefollowing their process-

c. PW reception campoperations include the ing, PW's are assigned to camps based uponreception; segregation; physical, medical, and assignment instructions received from theadministrative processing; and further transfer prisoner of war command.These instructionsof PW's to other camps. Newly arrived PW's indicate the number and status of PW's to beare segregated from earlier arrivals. Further transferred to specificcamps in the theater orsegregation by designated categories is effected other areas.

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CHAPTER 3

OPERATION OF PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS

Section 1. FACILITIES

3-1. PW Internment Facilities b. Selectionof specificlocationsfor indivi-dualPW campsshouldreflect,as appropriate,a. PW internmentfacilitiesare established a considerationof the following:

as requiredin the COMMZof a theater of () The presenceor absenceof swamps,(1) The presenceor absenceof swamps,operationsor in CONUS.PW internment mosquitoesand malarialconditions,facilitiesare referredto eitheras PW camps or other factors includingwateror as PW branchcamps.A PW camp is an drainage that would affect human

installationof a semipermanentnatureestab- health.lished for the internmentand completead-ministrationof PW's.A PW l5ranchcamp is (2) Exstence of anadequateand sas-a subsidiarycamp operatedunderthe super- factory source of wateration of tvisionandadministrationof the PW campof include considerationof thewhichit is a branch.It is usuallyestablished amountsrequiredfor drinking,per-in responseto a definitePW laborrequirement.Eachbranchcamp is located,organized,and age.equippedto facilitateaccomplishmentof the (3) The availabilityof an electricpowerparticular requirementfor whichit is estab- supply.Restrictionof the use of gen-lished. erators to a standbyor emergency

sourceof electricityis preferred.b. Prior planningfor campor branchcampconstructionis sufficientlyprojectedinto the f acilitiesarticularlyas relatedto the

future to providefor the timelyselectionand logisticalsupportof thecamp.Trans-developmentof specificcamp sites, the pro- cal supportof thecamp.Trans-curementof constructionmaterials,and the portation requirementsfor rapidaccomplishmentof actualconstruction.As anobjective,constructionshouldbe plannedand (5) Distancesto work areas ifemploy-accomplishedto providefor the acceptanceof mentis outsidethe camp.additionalPW's and for administrativeand (6) The availabilityof suitableexistingcustodialsegregation. facilitiesto avoid unnecessarycon-

struction.3-2. Camp Location (7) The localavailabilityof construction

a. One of the most significantand critical materials.aspectsof the theater planningeffort relates c. The specifictype of constructionwhichto the selectionof camplocations.Carefulcon- is necessaryto satisfyminimumrequirementssiderationmust be given to the amountof will vary accordingto climate,anticipatedlogisticalandpersonneleffortrequiredto sup- permanencyof the camp,numberof campstoport the camp and to prevent, as far as be established,the availabilityof labor andpossible,the necessityfor displacementbe- materials,and the conditionsunderwhichthecauseof enemyaction. forcesof the detainingpowerare billetedinAG O 7386A 3-1

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Section II. PERSONNEL AND TRAINING

3-3. Personnel a. Principles of the GenevaConventions.The necessary control over PW's is best b. Supervisory and human relations tech-

achievedwith carefully selectedand trained niques.personnel. The specializednature of duty at c. Self-defense methods.internment facilities requires individuals who

can be dependedupon to copesuccessfully with d. Application of force.behavior or incidents which call for calm,judicious but immediate decisiveaction. These e. F r e a r s fa iariaton and qafica-personnel must possess the highest qualities ofleadership and judgment. They are required f. Public relations (particularly in CONUSto observe rigid self-discipline and to maintain operations).a soldierly, impersonal attitude. g. First aid.

3-4. Training h. Emergency plans.Personnel assigned or attached to intern- i. Campregulations.

ment facilities should be oriented and specially j. Intelligence and counterintelligence tech-trained in the custody and control of PW's. iq eEach individual should be fully cognizant ofthe provisions of the GenevaConventions as k. Cultural customs and habits of the PW's.they apply to PW treatment. A formal con- . Simple training in the language of the1. Simple training in the language of thetinuing training program shouldbe established PW'sto include,as a minimum, the following sub-jects: m. Useof riot control agents and dispersers.

Section III. ADMINISTRATION

3-5. Introduction (3) Camp commanders of PW camps are

vested with authority to impose dis-a. Detailed PW administrative procedures ciplinary punishment. Such punish-are prescribed in AR633-50. It is the responsi-inary punishment Suh punish-ment is administered in accordancebility of the PW campcommander to assure with the provisions of AR 633-50that all members of his staff and command are which implement Articles 89-98 ofthoroughly familiar with the administrative whih implement Artiles 8998 ofprocedures prescribed therein.

b. Command Responsiblities. Every PWb. The guidance contained herein is gener- b. Command Responsibilities. Every PW

,,ly a in ternment facility is placed under the com-ally applicable to all PW camps whether lo-cate ainabeto aP W rampsewheterlo- mand of a commissioned officerof the Armedcated in COMMZ,CONUS,or elsewhere. Forces. A copy of the Geneva Convention

Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War3 6 . Administrative Policiesof 12 August 1949,and its annexes and speciala. General. The following general principles agreements, in a language which the PW's

are applicable to the administration of PW understand, must be posted in eachPW camp.camps: Copiesmust be supplied, upon request, to those

(1) Prisoners of war are utilized for the PW's who do not have access to the postedinternal administration and opera- copy. All regulations, orders, and notices re-tion of PW camps as much as pos- lating to the conduct and activities of PW'ssible. must be written in a language which the PW's

(2) Maximum use is made of captured understand and posted in places where theenemy supplies and equipment. PW's may read them. Copiesmust be made

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available to PW's who do not have accessto trative, operational, logistical, intelligence, andthe posted copies. personnel situations. Normal command and

staff records and reports, such as staff section3-7. Standing Orders journals, duty officer logs, worksheets, andsituationmaps,may be required.The publication and posting of standing or-ders governing the holding of daily formations, 3-9. Automatic Data Processing Systemdaily fatigue details, fire drills, air raid drills,chemical,biological,radiological, and nuclearmunition defense drills, and announcing the In its PW application, ADPS will be usedhours for religious services, recreational activ- to process personnel data on PW's and to assistities, and operation of camp facilities are in solving problems in the major areas of PWrequired. management; i.e., administration, utilization,

and evacuation of PW's. Among its principal3-8. Records and Reports advantages are a substantial savings in man-

power required for reporting and recordkeep-Procedures governing the preparation, ing, speed in compilation of data so that re-

maintenance, and disposition of records and cords are always current, accuracy of report-reports pertaining to enemy PW's are set forth ing, and elimination of worn and partiallyin AR 633-50. In addition to those described obliterated PW records and thereby increasingtherein, additional local records or reports the longevity of records. In addition, it pro-may be prescribed by appropriate commanders vides information about PW's with specialas necessary for the effectivecontrol, super- qualifications almost instantly, thus the mostvision, and disposition of enemy PW's. Reports efficient utilization of PW's can be accom-may be required on either a periodic or "as plished. See appendix C for additional detailsrequired" basis, and may cover the adminis- on interim PW data processing procedures.

Section IV. SECURITY AND CONTROL

3-10. Introduction c. On the other hand, experience has taught

that some PW's will continue to be activea. Securityand controlare two basicfunc- enemieswhile in internment.Theywill resisttions of internment camp operations. They are the capturingpowerwitheverymeansat theirtos whch t tmesisposal. In this effort, they will attempt tomay overlap, thus, the distinctions between se-

curity and control are not always hard and sure a united effort. Other PW's can be ex-fast. Security includes those measures, physi- pected to behave in ways which can createcal barriers, and personnel used to definethe serious custodial and psych cal probleslimits of custody, protect the camp against Policiesand procedures must be adopted toenemy and natural hazards, prevent escape, andto quelldisturbances caused by PW's. Control times.PW'smustbe firmlyimpressedwiththeincludesall other measuresused to exercise times.PW's must befirmlyimpressedwith therestraining or directing influences o v e r c i Ws fact that resistance is useless and will not beestraining or directing influences over PW's. tolerated.Discipline,humanebut firm treat-

b. It may be expected that many PW's will ment, and the prompt enforcement of punitivemake a satisfactory adjustment to internment. actions, when required, are essential elementsThese are individuals who accept the fact of to the uncontested control of PW's.captivity and their noncombatant status, ob- d. Security and control are enhanced whenserve camp regulations, and occupytheir time custodial personnel have an understanding ofin such useful pursuits as are available to the cultural and ideologicalbackground of thethem and in improving their capabilities for enemy.Direct attacks on or disregard for thesuccessful readjustment upon repatriation. taboos, prejudices, and sensitivities rooted in

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their culture should be avoided. Anunder- merous adverse actions which PW's and thestanding of the ideologicalattitudes of PW's enemy forces may take or attempt in order tomay provide valuable insight as to possible harass their captors or liberate other PW's.motivation and behavior. Other factors which These are as follows:may effect PW motivation and behaviorinclude- a. Prisoners of War.

(1) Attitudes toward U. S. Armed Forces (1) Refusal to eat.and its allies. (2) Refusal to work or attend formations

(2) Attitudes toward authority. or working in a perfunctory manner.(3) Existence of politically opposed (3) Malingering.

groups. (4) Sabotage of equipment and facilities.(4) Locale of PW camps.(4) KnLocaleeof hPW ouramps.fthewar.(5) Assault uponother PW's or custodial(5) Knowledgeof the course of the war. personnel.(6) Conditionsof internment.

(6) Capture of hostages to secure con-3-1 1. Behavioral Trends cessions.

The anticipated behavior of PW's may take (7) Individual escapes or mass breakouts.several broad forms or trends, such a s - (8) Intimidation of other PW's through

a. Individual delinquency or rejection of fear, by violence,or by other meansauthority. in order to secure a united front for

continuedresistance.b. Formation of disciplined fractions among

prisoners whose goal is rejection of United (9) Suicide.States authority and active assistance to the (10) Theft and robbery.enemy's cause.PW leaders will seekways of (11) Black-market activity.creating group solidarity by encouraging PW'sto identify emotionally with each other and (12) Manufacture of weapons or othertheir groups. These groups identify with and illegal items.act on popular grievances and stir up tensions (13) Printing and dissemination of prop-

and unrest. To individual PW's, they are ex- aganda material.ceedingly important in the sense of being ac- (14)Attempts to subvert U. S. or Alliedcepted, trusted, and protected by a group. Ifundetected these groups are capable of build-ing an aggressive force which can be a severe (15) Creation of disturbances or riots tothreat to camp security and control even placethe camp authorities in an un-though they have a small number of followers. favorable position in order to gain

concessionsand to influencecustodialc. Complete submission and cooperation. polices.

This behavior is not altogether unlikely, how-ever, the underlying motives for such action (16) Attempts to establish communica-will vary among individuals. Some will be tions with ow n government or with

political defectors while others may, through sympathizers in the area.resignation or apathy, accommodatethem-selves to the situation. Dissident factionswhich plan to preserve the status quo in order (1) Attempts to establish communica-to gain time for organization and planning tions with prisoners by means ofprior to taking overt action may use this form agents, smuggled radios, or foreignof behavior as a part of their strategy. language newspapers.

(2) The enemy may order certain mem-3-12. Specific Adverse Actions bers of its armed forces to submit to

Within these general trends, there are nu- capture. These individuals usually

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will have specificduties to carry out, (1) Top guards with several strands ofsuch as agitators, in the internment barbed wire at the top of the outsidecamps. perimeter fence.

(3) Attempts to liberate prisoners (2) A 12-footlane, free of any vegeta-through direct military action by tion or shrubbery, between the insideregular or irregular forces. and outside perimeter fences.

b. Guard towers located on the perimeter3-13. Security of each enclosure and constructed to conform

a. Security of PW camps is maintained by with the following requirements:a combination of physical protection devices (1) Sufficiently high to permit unob-and guard personnel. It includes all those phys- structed observation.ical measures taken by the commander to en- (2) Placed immediately outside the wallforce custody, prevent escape,and to protect or, in the caseof a doublefence,inthe installation against natural and manmade such a manner as to permit an unob-hazards. The factors affecting the degree and structed view about the entire lanetype of physical security required for a PW between fences.camp are its size, geographic locations, theproximity of external support, the number of (3) Low enough to provide adequate field

PW's to be interned, and the capabilities of of fire.enemy forces. Security requirements are de- (4) Spacedto secure optimum observa-termined by an analysis of the likely threats tion. During adverse weather condi-or hazards and the manpower and physical tions, it may be neccessary to augmentresources available. The threat includes pos- security by placing fixedguard postssible courses of PW and enemy action which between towers on the outside of thewould adversely affect the camp's functions. fence.

b. Coordination is required with friendly (5) Platforms sufficientlywide to mountmilitary units in the immediate vicinity with crew-served automatic weapons.respect to matters of mutual interest in area (6) Equipped with retractable ladders.security. When friendly supporting forces arenot available, it may be necessary to utilize c. Adequate lighting facilities throughouta limited number of camp security forces as the camp and especially around the perimetera screening force outside the camp. The use of of eachenclosure to meet the following require-cleared areas, checkpoints, and roving patrols ments:may be helpful in preventing infiltration by (1) Sufficientlighting on fences or wallshostile elements. at night to permit the ready detection

of PW'sattempting to escape.c. Security plans are reviewed frequentlyand modifiedas required to meet changes in (2) Sufficientlighting at inner strategicconditions. Physical security surveys (FM points to permit expeditious handling19-30) are used to aid in evaluating the ade- of any sudden contingencies whichquacy of existing safeguards and security may arise.procedures. (3) Provisions for secondary emergency

lighting.3-14. Physical Protection (4) Protection for all light bulbs and re-

flectorsagainst breakageby a wireThe following are minimum physical pro- flectors against breakage by a wireThe flwgrminimumphysicalpmesh covering,wherenecessary.tectionrequirementsfor PWcamps:

(5) Installation of lights on fences ora. A doublebarbed wire fence around the walls focused or shaded in such a

perimeter of each of the oneor more enclosures manner as not to interfere with thecomposing the PW camp. vision of tower guards.

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d. Roads constructed adjacent to the out- PW camp.Measures are required to minimizeside of the perimeter wallor fence for vehicu- the destruction of property and loss of lifelar or foot patrols. and to prevent PW escapes or disorders which

might be aided during the confusion caused bye. Communications, preferably by telephone storms, floods,etc.established between the towers and main campheadquarters. In the event of operational inter- b. PW's may be effectivelyutilized in fire-ruptions or difficulties,alternate means of fighting teams and light and heavy rescuecommunications, such as radio, visual, or squads as wellas in damage repair operations.sound signals shouldbe provided as backup toprimary means. 3-17. Other Physical Security Considera-

tions

3-15. Guard Forces Other security measures which should beimplemented in each PW facility are as

a. The security force for a PW camp is follows:organized functionally from assigned units to

povide the ooing pa. Key and Lock Control. It is essentialthatprovidethe followingpersonnel:p e(1) atheollowinguards.persokeys and locks be accessible only tothose

persons whoseofficialduties so require. A key(2) Tower guards. depository shouldbe provided outside eachen-

(3) Labor detail guards. closure where keys may be secured when notrequired for use. Gate guards should be re-(4) Compoundpatrols.quired to sign a register when keys are with-

(5) Search forces. drawn and turned in or transferred to other(6) Alert forces. personnel. There is always the danger of an(7) Reserve force. identical lock with a known key being sur-

reptitiously substituted for a lockin use. For(8) Exterior security guards whose re- this reason, padlocks should always be snapped

sponsibilities include guarding criti- shut and not left hanging open on gates orcal facilities, and checkpoints as re- doors.quired.

b. Tool and Supply Control. Toolsand sup-b. Elements of the guard force are used plies used by PW's shouldbe carefully con-when necessary to quell disturbances and re- trolled to prevent loss or diversion to unauth-

gain control of dissident PW elements. Forces orized uses. Tool control may include suchemployedin riot control use infantry or riot measures as signout registers and tool displaycontrol tactics as required, supported by or- boards. Food supplies, chemicals, paints, andganic weapons and riot control agents. The POL supplies require specialcontrols to pre-principles for these operations include- vent their unauthorized use by PW's.

(1) Adequate personnel to accomplishthe e. Movement Control. The movement ofspecificmission. PW's within an enclosure and a camp must be

(2) Prompt, aggressive, and decisiveac- rigidly controlled. Movementsof PW groupstion using only the minimum force should be scheduledto prevent congestion,necessary. particularly to prevent the overcrowding at

(3) Provisions for adequate reserve sally ports and other gates. Separate PWforces to support or relieve leading groups should be controlled to prevent inter-elements in contact with dissident mingling, communication or altercation be-forces. tween groups. Sufficient guard personnel

should be assigned to each group to maintaincontrol. Individual PW movements within anenclosure may be controlled by scheduledpass

a. Procedures for minimizing the effects of systems. Passes should indicate the time andnatural hazards should be established at each placea PW is authorized to visit.

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3-18. Control have a clear-cut understanding of what is ex-pected of them. Because of cultural and lan-

a. Within the custodialframeworkestab- guagedifferences,carefulconsiderationof alllished by security, further efforts are required orders is requirence given, an order mustto exercise restraining or directing influences be obeyed without question or discussion.

over PW'sto meet UnitedStatesobjectives. Therefore,it is necessaryto insure that allThis control is imposed by a system of routines orders are reasonable, capable of bein obeyedand required behavior by regulating the daily orders are reasonable, capable of being obeyed,andrequiredbehaviorby regulatingthe daly andin a mannerand languagewhichthe PW'sliving of PW's. It includes all measures taken and in a manner and language whic the PW'sto maintain discipline, law and order, and to the numberstandIt is good practice to linotmitinfluencethe attitudes and behavior of the the number of prohbitive or will not/do notPW's in ways favorable to United States ob- orders to a minimum. Although these ordersare a manifestation of discipline and control,jectives. the administration of minor violations can be-

b. Control is both coerciveand noncoercive. come burdensome and eventually lead to aCoercivemeasures include those orders and breakdown in discipline of both PW's andregulations which must be obeyed and are United States personnel. Communications me-reinforced by disciplinary sanctions. Control dia include vocal announcements and printedis noncoercive when favorable changes are matter. Whenever practicable, and always insought in the PW's attitudes through appeals the case of standing orders or announcementsto their emotions, hopes, and aspirations. concerning major issues, written notices

should be posted in places where all PW's can3-19. Control Techniques read them.

The following control principles and tech- d. Organization. The extent of prisonerniques will assist PW camp commanders to participation in their own administration ismaintain strict and efficient control over dependent upon their attitudes and coopera-PW's: tion. PW organization is virtually indispen-

sable to accomplishbasic administrativeanda. Orientation. As soon as practicable upon. Orentaton.s soonas practcable upon welfareactivities.As a minimum,they should

arriving at an internment camp,PW'sshould .provide the supervision and operation of dailybe orientedon their status and the conditionsbheiorenteron

theis ta tusad the c*on..

dionroutine requirements, suchas mess,

sanitation,of their internment.Theyshouldbe informed maintenanceand housekeeping,and recrea-in very definite terms that their status is that tional activities Organizations shouldbe func-of noncombatants and that they are in i the tional in nature and responsibilities accuratelycustody of the United States, a government definedso that there is created within eachwhich scrupulously adheres to the provisions compound a number of independent bases forof the Geneva Conventions Relative to the organization,each linkeddirectly to theTreatment of Prisoners of War. Further, that United States compound commander. Thisalthough prepared to confer all benefits and puralistic organization minimizes the pos-protection arising from the Conventions and sibility of one organization gaining completelaws of humanity, it is equally prepared to control of a compoundto the detriment ofvigorously enforce the punitive provisions of custodial control policiesand using its position

the Conventionin cases ofmisconducthe Convention in casesof misconduct. for ideologicalor selfishopportunistic motives.b. Demonstration. The physical security Openorganizations may be permitted provided

measures of the camp should further impress their purpose, membership, structure, and ac-the PW's of their status. Although the physical tivities are known and sanctioned by the campproperty of fences, gates, and towers will be commander. Such organizations should servemuch in evidence,it is equally necessary that some worthwhile purpose consistent withthe actions, demeanor, and military efficiency United States policies,be organized for a com-of administrative and custodial personnel en- mon good,and have no restrictions on member-gender respect. ship or participation.

c. Communication. PW's should at all times e. Inspections and Searches. Regular inspec-

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tions should be conducted of PW quarters and It is understandable, but not excusable,thatservice areas to insure compliancewith orders, some individuals will becomeso preoccupiedmaintenance of standards, and to discover with their day-to-day tasks that they willproblem areas requiring corrective measures. overlookor, as an expediency, disregard cus-Inspections shouldbe conducted by compound todial control policies.commanders, enclosure comnmanders,and by c. All functional elements of a camp shouldthe camp commanderand his staff. PW's operate within the established guidance. Ad-should be searched whenever they leaveor re- ministrative, educational, and wefare fun

ministrative,educational,and welfare func-turn to an enclosure or compound.Frequent tion m ut be planned to operate within thetionsmust be plannedto operatewithintheunscheduled searches shouldbe made of PW framework of control policiesto prevent un-frameworkof controlpoliciesto preventun-quarters, work areas, and service and recrea- certainties, delays,and inequities which givecertainties,delays,and inequitieswhichgivetional areas. These searches are conducted on rise to confusion and lossof control.a routine basis but special searches may berequired in specificareas when prompted by 3-21. Diciplnary and Penathe PW camp intelligence system. The objectof individual and area searches is to discover As in all military establishments, the judi-and seize contraband material, unauthorized cioususe of disciplinary and penal sanctionsdocuments, and to detect evidenceof existing is necessary to preserve law and order and tohazards to custodial control, such as tunnels, maintain discipline. PW's are subject to pun-openings in fences, and hidden cachesof food ishment under the laws, regulations, and or-and supplies. All contraband material and ders of the United States Army, including theother evidenceshould be promptly evaluated Uniform Codeof Military Justice. Authorizedand corrective or precautionary measures disciplinary punishments applicable to PW'staken as required. are contained in AR 633-50 which implements

Articles89-98of the GenevaPW Convention.f. Classification and Segregation. The effi-cient use of classification and segregation isan invaluable means of maintaining control. 3-22. Use of ForcePrisoners are placed in certain specificcate- When necessary, custodial personnel use allgories based uponthe requirements of custody. force neededto quelldisturbances and to gainThe prompt classification and segregation of control of unruly PW's. Force is not used asPW's permit more efficientuse of custodial a disciplinary measure but only for the pro-personnel, increased security of the detaining tection of life and property and preservationpower, and physical safety of individual pris- of security and control. Onlythat force neces-oners. A further discussion of classification sary under all attendant circumstances shouldand segregation is contained in paragraphs be used.A further discussion of riot control3-24 through 3-30. is contained in chapter 6.

3-20. Continuity of Effort 3-23. Information and Education Programa. Continuity and consistency in policyand a. A prisoner of war information and edu-

total effort are essential to the successof PW cation program developedin accordance with

campoperations.

Comprehensive policywill be guidance published by Headquarters, Depart-developedat governmental or higher comimand ment of the Army, after the outbreak of hostil-levelsand transmitted through normal com- tes,. s conducted n a amps ontaningities,. is conducted in all camps containingmand channels. PW camp conmmandersshould PW's who are receptive and desire to partici-insure that this policyis further transmitted pate. Sucha program, while designed to raiseto all membersof their commands. the education levelof the individual PW's, is

b. A major PW camp is a complexopera- also intended to provide an intellectual outlettion. Within its confineswill rest the responsi- during extended periods of internment andbility for the completeadministration, feeding, may be used to cause desirable psychologicalclothing, and welfare of thousands of PW's. changes. During internal defense and internal

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development, similar programs are established the program may include the use of television,upon agreement between the host country and radio, films,and other informational material,the U. S. displays,and exhibits.PSYOPpersonneland

units may provide assistance to MP PW unitsb. The formal aspects of the PW informa- in the planning, implementation, and super-

tion and education program provide for study vision of the PW education program. For de-and instruction in selected subjects and for tailed information on PSYOP role, see FMvocational training. The informal aspects of 33-1 and TOE 33-500.

Section V. CLASSIFICATION AND SEGREGATION

3-24. Classification a. Prevention of Disorder. Classificationprocedures pinpoint potential or actual trouble-a. Classificationconsistsof determiningthe makers,resistanceleaders,and personnelofdegreeof restraint and supervisionrequired violently opposedpolitical groups. The disturb-for PW's while they are interned. The ultimate ing influenceof theseelementsis removedtopurpose of classification is to provide selective eviate or eliminate the fritions tensionsalleviateor eliminatethe frictions,tensions,groupings of PW's which can be effectivelygroupings of PWshih an be effetively and violencelikely to be caused by the pres-controlled and utilized consistent with security ence of opposing political groups striving forence of opposingpoliticalgroupsstriving for

risk involved and with psychological opera- dominancy.tions objectives.b. The extent to which classification is b. Information and Education Program. An

undertaken is dependent upon the nature of information and education program may bemost effectivewhen the form and, to somethe enemy and the political and ideologicaltitudeswhihmayffet individualehavior. extent, the content are varied according to theattitudeswhichmay affectindividualbehavior. attitudes andreceptivenessof the group.

c. When the nature of the enemy indicates c. Security. ForPWcampsecuritypurposes,that politico-ideological attitudes may have asignificant bearing on PW motivation and be- tose individuaeffortshould bew iingnd abletohavior to the detriment of security and control, furnish information.classification of ideologicalgroupings may benecessary.

3-26. Limitations on Classificationd. Within an enemy ideologicalgroup, there

may be a wide range of individual attitudes. Although there are worthwhile advantagesIncluded within the group will be those hard to classification, there are several seriouscore memberswhohavea relativelylonghis- limitationsto its effectiveness.These limita-tory of political activity, as well as those indi- tions may be considered a s -viduals whomay be stably opposedto the dom- a. Incomplete Information. A PW is re-inant enemy ideology. The life history quired by the GenevaConvention to give onlyinterrogations, intelligence reports, and other name, rank, serial number, and date of birth.available means for obtaining personal infor- Although there is no prohibition upon a cap-

mation should be utilized to classify indivi- turing power asking for additional informa-duals. The determining factors, however, tion, it is likely that many PW's will give onlyshould not be a PW's precapture record but the required information. When this occurs,his current attitudes and a judgment based additional information concerning a particu-on all available information of the stability lar PW may frequently be obtained by ques-or veracity of his expressed attitudes. tioning other members of the PW's unit.

Background files will belimited and available3-25. Advantages of Classification only on few PW's and it may take considerable

Classification, when used with segregated time to acquire other information necessaryassignments, has the following advantages: for accurate classification.

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b. Difficulty of Evaluation. Classification is classified.Segregation is utilized to the extentessentially an evaluation of individual atti- necessary to accomplish the following:tudes which are very difficultto measure. The a. Securityand control.stability of a PW's orientation may be un-known, particularly as to whether it is based b. Physical safety of individual PW's.uponfirm convictions or merely opportunistic c. Efficientutilizationof PW labor.in order to gain anticipated short term ad-vantages. d. Compliancewith the mandatory provi-

sionsof the Geneva Conventions.c. Psychological Barriers. Other difficultiesto communication and evaluation may becaused by prior enemy indoctrination. This 3-29. Administrative Segregationindoctrination will shape the PW's attitude a. In determining the administrative segre-toward United States control and may be gation of PW's, the following mandatory re-based upon a very warped view of the United quirements of the Geneva Convention areStates and result in fear and distrust. Other considered (appropriate articles of the GenevaPW's may be so unnerved by the experience Convention Relative to the Treatment of Pris-of capture and suffering from severe traumatic oners of War are alsolisted):shock that any attempt at classification may (1) The requirement that female PW's bebe meaningless. billeted separately from male PW's

(Article 29, GPW).3-27. Classification Procedures (2) The requirement that PW's are to be

a. Although classification has several severe assembled in camps or compoundslimitations, it is nonetheless important that according to their nationality, lan-classification be attempted as early as possible. guage, and customs provided thatProcessing centers will attempt to make selec- such PW's shall not be separated fromtive classifications; however, it is likely that PW's belonging to the armed forcesthis early classification will be limited in with which they were serving at thescope. time of their capture, except with

their consent(Article22, GPW).b. Classification should be a continuousprocess and group or individual changes should (3) The provision that in camps forbe made as necessary to correct previous mis- officers and prisoners of equivalenttakes and as prompted by additional informa- status, or in mixed camps, the seniortion or actions on the part of PW's. officeramong the PW's shall be recog-

nized as the prisoners' representativec. Although individual classification would (Article 79, GPW).

be the ideal, the sheer number of PW's time (4) The provision that oicer PWs or(4) The provisionthat officer PW's orfactor, and other limiting factors may make prisonersof equivalentstatus mayinit impracticable, if not impossible. Classifica- no circumstancesbe compelledtotion may then be limited to selecting those work and that noncommissionedof-extreme caseson either end of the scale; i.e.,

the recalcitrant types who may be expected supervisory work. Further, that bothto cause trouble and those who appear to bemore cooperative and easily handled. officer and noncommissionedofficer

PW's may volunteerfor suitable3-28. Segregation work (Article 49, GPW).

Segregation consists of the selectiveassign- (5) The provision that officer PW's ofment of PW's to camps and to enclosures and the same nationality are to be sta-compounds within each camp.The bases for tioned in labor camps (branch camps)segregation are the administrative and custo- for the purpose of carrying out thedial categories into which PW's have been camps' administrative duties for

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which the PW's are responsible (Ar- at least at the compoundlevel. Noncommis-ticle 79, GPW). sioned officersmay be mixed with other en-

(6) The provision that enlisted personnel listed men.of the same armed forces are to beassigned in sufficientnumber to of- 3-30. Custodial Segregationficer campsfor servicework(Articleficer campsfor service work (Article Within the administrative groups listed

44, PW). above,further segregation may be necessaryb. Other administrative groupings are de- to further insure security and PW utilization.pendent upon the situation, the nature of the When determined, opposing ideologicalgroups

enemy, and the number of PW's in other may be separated from each other. Furthercategories; i.e., officer,NCO,enlisted and civi- segregation may be required for war crimin-lian. Although no hard and fast rules can be als, defectors, and those whose antisocial be-set forth in this manual, the following recom- havior may be detrimental to law and ordermendations may be considered. Officer pris- if they are allowedto remain in the generaloners should be segregated from enlisted PW's population.

Section VI. INTELLIGENCE

3-31. General this information, a camp commander mustMilitary police PW camp commanders are have an efficientintelligence system responsive

concerned with the collection,evaluation, in- to hs needs.terpretation, and appropriate utilization ordissemination of information which pertains 3-33. Intelligence Proceduresto PW camp security and the control of PW's a. Obtaining intelligence information in anin the custody of the United States Army. internment camp is a continuing process. TheUnit intelligence officersand military intelli- steps to obtain maximum results are as fol-gence organizations in support of tactical lows:units are responsible for the conduct of tacticaland counterintelligence interrogations of ]PW's (1) Formulation of detailed inteligencein the combat zone. Military intelligence requirements.agencies continue to have an interest in ]PW's (2) Preparation of a collectionplan.for strategic intelligence, counterintelligence, (3) Selection of sources of information.and other intelligence purposes.

(4) Processingof information.3-32. Purpose (5) Dissemination and use of resulting

Accurate and timely intelligence relative to intelligence.PW attitudes and activities enables the camp b. The major portion of camp intelligencecommander and his staff to forecast the in- information must be developedfrom organicfluence of PW motivation and behavior. It resources. External sources may be used toalso aids in determining measures necessary to give background information which may rein-maintain uncontested control as well as to force and give perspective to current intelli-adjust to significant trends. This information, gence. Members of the local militaryproperly evaluated, is an important means of intelligence organization engaged in PW in-countering resistance movements and minimi- terrogation, counterintelligence, and otherzing the use of force. If the leaders, the plans, intelligence activities within the PW com-and the methods of dissident elements are pound are primary sources of information.known, the likelihoodof their being able to Because of their close association withmount major demonstrations or to strike selectedPW's, these specialists will be in aserious blows is sharply reduced. To secure position to receive and furnish camp com-

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mation secured at the request of other agen- telligence purposes. Premature use of suchcies or higher headquarters is dependent upon information may compromise or negate otherthe size of his working force, the desires of sources of information. Problems in this areathe commander, and the desires of the request- may be resolved through coordination betweening agency.Care should be exercised in using the camp intelligence officerand representa-information secured for other agencies for in- tives of the requesting agency.

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Separate facilities are not usually established to requirements. Whenever possible, civiliansin the fieldarmy for civilians; however, during are delivered directly to internment camps.the collectionand evacuation operations, ci- Civilians to be interned from fieldarmy areasvilian internees and PW's are physically are generally processed at PW reception andsegregated from one another. processing camps located in the forward areas

of the COMMZ.Civilians assigned to intern-ment from areaswithinthe COMMZare de-dividual internees are delivered to designatedlivered to the nearest camp having a receptioncampsby area commandmilitary police.Mass

movements of internees are escorted by ele- and processig capability.ments of military police escort guard b. Reception and processing procedures forcompanies. civilian internees are the same as for PW's.

Individuals are not accepted for processing as4-5. Reception and Processing internees unless a written order of internment,

a. Procedures for the reception and process- issued by competent authority, has been pre-ing of civilians must be flexibleand responsive sented.

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CHAPTER 5

EMPLOYMENT

5-1. General terneeswho,in turn, are supervisedby UnitedStatessupervisors.

a. Prisoners of War. PW'sconstitutea largepotentialsource of manpower.The UnitedStatesmay utilizeas laborersPW'swho are 5-3. Labor Restrictions on Prisoners of Warphysicallyfit, taking into accounttheir age, Theextentto whichPW labor maybe mostsex,grade, andphysicalaptitude,witha view fullyutilizedwill be conditionedby a numberparticularlyto maintainingthem in a good of considerations.Severalof the moresignifi-state of physical andmentalhealth.Although cantconsiderationsattendant uponutilizationPW'sare generallyemployedin the COMMZ, are setforth below.

they may be employedin rear areas of thecombatzone or in CONUSwithin areas of a. PW'smay volunteerbut maynotbe com-laborspecifiedby the regulationsbasedon the pelled to transport or handle stores or toGenevaPW Convention. engagein publicworksand buildingoperationswhichhavea militarycharacteror purpose.

b. Civilian Internees. The UnitedStatesisresponsiblefor providing favorableworking b. A PW may notbe employedon a job con-

condition nddequatemedicalattentionfor sideredto be injuriousto his healthor danger-conditionsand adequatemedicalattention forinternee workers.he standardsfor working ousbecause ofthe inherentnatureof thework,internee workers.he particular condarditionsounderorkhich it isconditionswill be in accordancewith the the particular conditionsunder which it is

nationallaws,regulations,and existingproce- performed,or the individual'sphysicalunfi-duresof the occupiedterritory, but not higherthanthosestandardsthat existfor work ofthe c. PW'smay not be assignedto laborthatsamenature in the samedistrict for workers would be lookedupon ashumiliatingor de-whoare not internees.Internment campcom- gradingfor a memberof the UnitedStatesmandersare responsiblefor complyingwith ArmedForces.Thisprohibitionhas no effectthe provisionsof the GenevaCivilianConven- on the performanceof unpleasantbut neces-tion and pertinent regulationsas relate to sary tasks connectedwith theadministrationlabordetails. and maintenanceof the internmentcamp.

d. PW'smaynotbe retainedor employedin5-2. Supervision of Labor an areawheretheymaybe exposedto the fire

of the combatzone.a. Prisoners of__War. PW's are usually

workedunder the immediatesupervisionoftheir own noncommissionedofficerswho, in 5-4. Logstical Supportturn, are supervisedby UnitedStates Army a. Thepracticalutilizationof PW'sandcivil-personnel.Campcommandersare responsible Jan interneesis governed,in part, by thefor selectingand training prisonersupervisors logisticaleffortrequiredto make themavail-for all camplabor.Usingagencies,including able for the laborto be performed.Significantcontractemployers,-are requiredto provide factorsinclude-technicalsupervisionfor workdetails.

b. Civilian Internees. Civilianinterneswho (1) Constructionrequirements.performworkmaybe supervisedby otherin- (2) Anticipatedduration of work re-

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quirement. (5) Distance to hospital facilities.(3) Number of PW's or civilian internees b. PW's and civilian internees are used to

required. the fullest extent possible for the construc-(4) Distance PW supplies and equipment tion, maintenance, and administration of

must be transported. internment camps.

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CHAPTER 6

RIOT CONTROL IN INTERNMENT CAMPS

6-1. General may be instigated for the purposesThe basic principles and procedures of riot listed below:

control contained in this chapter apply to the (a) Fo r purpose of escape. A riot maycontrol of disturbances in either PW or civil- be organized either as a diversionian internee camps. These principles and for an escapeattempt by selectedprocedures are adopted from FM 19-15. individuals or small groups, or for

a mass escapeattempt.6-2. Authority for Control of Disturbances (b) For political purposes. Riotsmay

be organizedas a meansof embar-a. Prisoners of War. Provisions of Article82 of the GenevaConvention Relative to the rassing the detaintng powers intheir relationswith theprotectingTreatment of Prisoners of War of August 12,

1949,subject enemy PW's to the laws, regula- powers and other nationstions, and orders in force in the United States use as propaganda by the n ionsof personnelengagedin the riot.military forces. This provides the necessary Theymay also be organizedas alegal basis for the application of measures means of intimidating other indi-necessary to control disturbances among thesetypes of personnel and punishment, if appro- been cooperative with the detpriate, under the Uniform Code of Military

~~~~~~~Justice. ~ingower.ustice.(c) As a grievance protest. Grievance

b. Civilian Internees. Provisions of Article protests, both real and fancied,117 of the GenevaConvention Relative to the may be organized as riots. UnderProtection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, normal circumstances, a riot of12 August 1949, subject civilian internees to this type will not be of an ex-the laws in force in the country in which tremely violent nature initially butinterned. This article also provides for the may becomeso as the leaders at-promulgation of laws,regulations, and orders tempt to exploit any successesofconcerning conduct of such persons which pro- the riot or weaknesses of the de-videsan additional legalbasis for the control taining powers.of disturbances among these types of person- (d) For tactical purposes. Riots maynel and their punishment, if appropriate. be organized solelyfon the purpose

of causing the detaining power to6-3. Types of Disturbances maintain large numbers of troops,

a. Riots. Riots may be either- thereby limiting, to a certain ex-(1) Organized. PW's, being members of tent, personnel available as combattroops.a military organization, can readily

reorganize themselves into quasi- (2) Unorganized. Unorganized riots aremilitary groups. These groups are characterized at their inception ascapable of developing plans and tac- being spontaneous in nature, al-tics for riots and disorders. Riots though they may be exploited and

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so that the total group involvedcan- listed, however, depending upon the situation,not function as a cohesivewhole.Due they may be applied either concurrently or into limited spaceavailable in a PW or the order deemednecessary by the commander.civilian internee facility, it may not (1) Show of force.be possible to obtain a sufficientordesired dispersionbetween individ- (a) Theshowof force consistsof dem-uals or groups. Under suchconditions, onstrating to personnel engaged inresults similar to those obtained a disturbance, the personnel, equip-through dispersion may be achieved ment, and facilities which areby immobilizing and rendering indi- availabe for quelling the disturb-viduals and groups ineffectiveby ance. This force must consist offorcingthem to lie on the ground, suffcientpersonneland equipmentassume the wall search position, or to apply such priorities of force assegregation in a maximum security the situation may require. Thefacility which has cells available. showof force wii make evident toAdaptations of riot control forma- thoseparticipating in the disturb-tions outlined in FM 19-15 shouldbe ance the facts that authority pre-employedto effectthis dispersion. vails, that order will be restored,and that means are availableto

(3) Prevention of assemblage. This prin- restore order by the vigorous appli-ciple is applied in conjunction with cation of force, if necessary.the principle of dispersion of person-nel.Oncethe individuals participating mander, the disturbance has notin the disturbance have been dis- reacheda stage of overt violencepersed or rendered ineffective,they wherebylives and securityof themust not be allowedto rejoin or par-ticipate in the disturbance. This may faciity are endangered, an attempttheir physica can be made to reason withthe

~be ac~~complshedy tringleaders of the disturbanceremoval from the scene, confinement rior to the further appication ofin maximumsecurity, orby any prior to the further applicationofin maximum security, or by any

force. If an attempt is made to rea-other means of effectivelypreventing force.If an attempt is madeto rea-their rejoiningthe disturbance. son with the ringleaders,the at-tempt shouldconsist of informing

(4) Identification, isolation, and removal them of the forces, equipment, andof ringleaders. When a disturbance facilities available to reestablishbegins, action should be taken to control and the futility of continu-identify, isolate, and remove the ring- ing the disturbance. This is not toleaders from the disturbance. This be interpreted as condoning bar-action should be taken in conjunction gaining or making concessions.Ifwith the principles outlined above.In such reasoning fails, an order willmany instances, it will not be possible be given to personnel involvedinto effect this principle completely the disturbance to terminate the

until full control of the disturbance disturbance. In those instanceshas been reestablished; however, where it is not possible to reasonpositive action should be taken to ef- with ringleaders or personnel en-fect identification of ringleaders so gaged in the disturbance, this ac-that they can be isolated and removed tion will be omitted as a part offrom the scene of the disturbance the "show of force" and higherwhen control has been reestablished. priorities of force necessary to

b. Procedures used to effectthe principles of control the disturbance will becontrol are commonlyknown as the "priorities applied immediately.of force" of riot control. Normally these (2) Use of riot control agents. The em-priorities are applied in the order in which ployment of riot control agents is the

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most humane method which can be ian internee compounds, suitableused when it becomesnecessary to use adaptations of these formations mayforce to control a disturbance. These be utilized to meet certain situations.agents produce limitedand tempo- (4) Use of firepower by selected marks-rary effectsupon personnel which are men. In exceptionalcircumstances,aof sufficientduration and intensity commandermay employ selectedto render them ineffective so that marksmen to fire upon individuals

control may be established by con- who are known ringleadersof thecurrent use of adaptations of riot disturbance,who are activelycom-controlformations. mitting overt acts which are endan-Note. Caution must be observed in en- gering the lives of others, and who

closedspaces. Techniques for the employment cannot be immobilizedor removedof riot control agents in the control of dis- from the disturbance by other means.turbances are contained in FM 19-15. Fire by selected marksmen should beFire by selectedmarksmenshouldbe

(3) Use of riot control formations. In used sparingly and only upon orderany disturbance in a PW or civilian of the senior commander concerned.internee facility, dispersion and seg- (5) Use of full firepower. When it is de-regation of personnel involvedin the termined by the commander that thedisturbance must

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Army Vietnam Enemy Prisoners and Civillian