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Armistice: agreement to end fightingMandates: territories that were
administered by the western powers Divided up land
Reparations: Payments for war damageThe Allies insisted that the losers make
reparations – the Central Powers viewed their armistice as a cease-fire, not a surrender
U.S. had greatest impact on the war1918 - Europe was in ruinsCosts of WWI:
Civilian + Military casualties = 37 million (37,000,000)
financial burden of reconstruction of almost all of Europe – war debts
governments in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman empire had collapsed
colonies saw that Europe was weak and were ready to fight for independence
George (Britain), Orlando (Italy), Clemenceau (France), and George (Britain), Orlando (Italy), Clemenceau (France), and Wilson (US) Wilson (US)
WHO IS NOT IN ATTENDANCE?? WHO IS NOT IN ATTENDANCE??
Germany and Russia were not represented!!
Wilson’s plan for peace - FOURTEEN POINTSOutlined a plan for achieving and keeping peace1. end to secret treaties2. freedom of the seas3. free trade4. reduced armies and navies5. self determination6. League of Nations GEORGE (UK) &
CLEMENCEAU (FRANCE):weaken Germany and make it pay for the war.
June 28, 1919 – Germans ordered to sign Treaty of Versailles against their will.
The Germans resented the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
““You’ve got to You’ve got to swallow it whether swallow it whether you like it or not!”you like it or not!”
accept full blame for causing the war (and all damages done)
pay reparations (not only for the destruction, but also pensions for millions of Allied soldiers or their widows and families) Total cost of German reparations – over $30 billion!!! –
did great damage to already poor German economylimits the size of the militaryAlsace-Lorraine was returned to France stripped of much of its land & all of its colonies
1919 Republicans controlled Senateaka they had to ratify the treatyChance to embarrass Wilson
Wilson would not include any Republican in the negotiating team sent to Paris
Henry Cabot Lodge – main Wilson opponentDelayed votes on treaty so opponents could
present their case
1921 the U.S. signed a separate peace treaty with each of the Central Powers
NEVER JOINED THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Allies drew up separate treaties with the other Central Powers –redrew the map of Europe
New Nations emerged from German, Russian, and Austrian Lands:Baltic States Poland Austria- Hungary became 3 new republics –
Czechoslovakia, Austria, and HungaryYugoslavia
© nperskine 2013© nperskine 2013
European colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific wanted Wilson’s self-determination and an end to imperial rule – they did not get it
The Allies added to their overseas empires by creating a system of mandates (see above)
GB & France took German colonies in Africa and Ottoman land in the Middle East
Germany was not the only country upset by the Treaty of Versailles Italy - didn’t get all the lands promised to them in
their secret treaty with the Allies Japan - western nations refused to recognize
Japan’s claims in ChinaChina was forced to accept Japanese control over
some former German holdings in ChinaRussia was excluded from the peace talks and
resented the reestablishment of Poland and the Baltic states (it was Russian land)
