ARMENIAN-TURKISH ARMENIAN-TURKISH RELATIONSRELATIONS

1895-19081895-1908

2 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS!2 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS! INTRA ARMENIANINTRA ARMENIAN

IS ARF TO BE BLAMED FOR RELATIONS WITH THE IS ARF TO BE BLAMED FOR RELATIONS WITH THE CUP? (NATIONALISM PERVERTED?)CUP? (NATIONALISM PERVERTED?)

HOW THE RELATIONSHIP WENT SOUR?HOW THE RELATIONSHIP WENT SOUR?

PERIOD OF 1909-1914…PERIOD OF 1909-1914…

IMPORTANT!!!IMPORTANT!!! ARMENIAN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT ARMENIAN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT

WAS NEVER A SEPARATIST ONEWAS NEVER A SEPARATIST ONE ARMENIAN PARIES MANIFESTOS AND ARMENIAN PARIES MANIFESTOS AND

PROGRAMS NEVER MENTION PROGRAMS NEVER MENTION INDEPENDENCE (EXPLAIN THE HUNCHAK’S INDEPENDENCE (EXPLAIN THE HUNCHAK’S CASE)CASE)

ALL THAT WAS ADVOCATED WAS SOME ALL THAT WAS ADVOCATED WAS SOME SORT OF SELF RULE, NOT EVEN AUTONOMY SORT OF SELF RULE, NOT EVEN AUTONOMY OR FEDERATIVE GOVERNMENTOR FEDERATIVE GOVERNMENT

EVEN WHEN REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA WAS EVEN WHEN REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA WAS FORMED IN 1918 ARMENIAN PARTIES WERE FORMED IN 1918 ARMENIAN PARTIES WERE NOT READY FOR TOTAL INDEPENDENCENOT READY FOR TOTAL INDEPENDENCE

1900-19101900-1910

3 REVOLUTIONS 3 REVOLUTIONS RUSSIAN 1905RUSSIAN 1905 PERSIAN 190PERSIAN 190 YOUNG TURK 1908YOUNG TURK 1908

LEAST BLOODY OF THE 3LEAST BLOODY OF THE 3

CONTINUATION OF MIDHAT CONTINUATION OF MIDHAT PASHA’SPASHA’S

CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM OF 1876CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM OF 1876

1878-19081878-1908

HAMIDIAN REGIMEHAMIDIAN REGIME RUSSO-TURKISH WARRUSSO-TURKISH WAR TREATY OF SAN STEFANO (ARTICLE TREATY OF SAN STEFANO (ARTICLE

16)16) TREATY OF BERLIN (ARTICLE 61)TREATY OF BERLIN (ARTICLE 61) ARMENIAN REVOLUTIONARY ARMENIAN REVOLUTIONARY

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

STARTSSTARTS

SULTAN ABDUL HAMID IISULTAN ABDUL HAMID II

1895 MAY REFORM PROJECT1895 MAY REFORM PROJECT

MASSACRES OF 1894MASSACRES OF 1894 ARMENIAN ISSUE INTERNATIONALIZEDARMENIAN ISSUE INTERNATIONALIZED INTERFERENCE OF EUROPEAN INTERFERENCE OF EUROPEAN

POWERS IN INTERNAL OTTOMAN POWERS IN INTERNAL OTTOMAN AFFAIRSAFFAIRS

FIRST INTERACTION BETWEEN FIRST INTERACTION BETWEEN ARMENIAN REVOLUTIONARY ARMENIAN REVOLUTIONARY SOCIETIES AND “YOUNG TURKS”SOCIETIES AND “YOUNG TURKS”

NEGOTISTIONS WITH ABDUL NEGOTISTIONS WITH ABDUL HAMID’S REPRESENTATIVESHAMID’S REPRESENTATIVES

THROUGH THE OFFICES OF ARTIN THROUGH THE OFFICES OF ARTIN DADIAN PASHA (FOREIGN MINISTER)DADIAN PASHA (FOREIGN MINISTER)

WITH “DROSHAK” (TASHNAK) IN WITH “DROSHAK” (TASHNAK) IN GENEVAGENEVA

NO TANGIBLE RESULTSNO TANGIBLE RESULTS BOTH SIDES WERE ADAMENT IN BOTH SIDES WERE ADAMENT IN

THEIR STANCESTHEIR STANCES

ARTIN PASHA DADIANARTIN PASHA DADIAN

YOUNG TURK MOVEMENTYOUNG TURK MOVEMENT

1890’S CONSIDERED A START1890’S CONSIDERED A START

REVOLUTIONARY CELLS IN REVOLUTIONARY CELLS IN IMPORTANT “UNIVERSITIES”IMPORTANT “UNIVERSITIES”

PATRIATE SOCIETIES IN PARISPATRIATE SOCIETIES IN PARIS

AND OTHER EUROPEAN AND OTHER EUROPEAN CAPITALSCAPITALS

MIZANCI MURAT BEY AND MIZANCI MURAT BEY AND “MIZAN”…THE “PALACE COUP” “MIZAN”…THE “PALACE COUP”

THEORISTTHEORIST

MIZANCI MURAT’S MIZANCI MURAT’S DECLARATIONDECLARATION

In MizanIn Mizan

O our Armenian Compatriots! O the O our Armenian Compatriots! O the committees of [the] nation [within the committees of [the] nation [within the fatherland] and abroad! We are fatherland] and abroad! We are addressing this invitation to you on behalf addressing this invitation to you on behalf of the Ottoman Committee of Union and of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress. Let us devote our efforts to the Progress. Let us devote our efforts to the future by forgetting the past. Let us unite future by forgetting the past. Let us unite to rescue the fatherland from the calamity to rescue the fatherland from the calamity to which it is being subjected. to which it is being subjected.

AHMED RIZA AND “MESHVERET”AHMED RIZA AND “MESHVERET”

RIZARIZA

Riza met with the ARF and the British (Anglo-Riza met with the ARF and the British (Anglo-Armenian Committee, and Friends of Armenian Committee, and Friends of Armenia) in London. His positivist ideas, Armenia) in London. His positivist ideas, which did not include revolutionary tactics, which did not include revolutionary tactics, and his centrist stance, which did not include and his centrist stance, which did not include a future federative form of government in a future federative form of government in the Ottoman Empire, were insurmountable the Ottoman Empire, were insurmountable obstacles for cooperation with Armenians. obstacles for cooperation with Armenians. Consequently, the latter refused to recognize Consequently, the latter refused to recognize Ahmed Riza as the leader of the Young Turk Ahmed Riza as the leader of the Young Turk movement in Europe. movement in Europe.

DAMAD MEHMUT CELALETTIN DAMAD MEHMUT CELALETTIN PASHAPASHA

PRINCE SABAHETTINPRINCE SABAHETTIN

DAMAD MEHMUT PASHA-ARF DAMAD MEHMUT PASHA-ARF MEETING IN EGYPT IN 1901MEETING IN EGYPT IN 1901

THIS COMES FROM THE ARF ARCHIVES:THIS COMES FROM THE ARF ARCHIVES:

The report of the interview consisted of The report of the interview consisted of 29 handwritten pages in the ARF 29 handwritten pages in the ARF archives. Damad Mahmud Pasha archives. Damad Mahmud Pasha confideD in the Armenian delegates confideD in the Armenian delegates and asked for secrecy regarding his and asked for secrecy regarding his revelation revelation

CONTINUATION CONTINUATION

1-Did not want a federative form of 1-Did not want a federative form of government, because that is very harmful government, because that is very harmful for Turkey. It refuted the union of the for Turkey. It refuted the union of the country. The issue is the sultan. Who says country. The issue is the sultan. Who says that a new sultan would act [as Hamid] that a new sultan would act [as Hamid] toward Armenians? Take for example the toward Armenians? Take for example the imprisoned Sultan Murad [V] or his son, who imprisoned Sultan Murad [V] or his son, who I think will act totally differently with you. I think will act totally differently with you. And don’t think that since he is imprisoned And don’t think that since he is imprisoned he does not know what is happening in the he does not know what is happening in the country.country.

CONTINUATIONCONTINUATION

2-Armenia already knew what enemies 2-Armenia already knew what enemies planned and did not believe that there planned and did not believe that there were any guarantees that Russian were any guarantees that Russian influence would not increase?influence would not increase?

3-The constitution already was published 3-The constitution already was published and activated in 1876-77 however the and activated in 1876-77 however the federative system was totally against it federative system was totally against it since it could lead the country to a civil since it could lead the country to a civil war. war.

CONTINUATIONCONTINUATION

4-Midhat Pasha’s constitution was ratified 25 4-Midhat Pasha’s constitution was ratified 25 years ago; therefore it is necessary to update years ago; therefore it is necessary to update

5-In Islam, the Caliph is elected by the people 5-In Islam, the Caliph is elected by the people and must rule with the people’s consent. Much and must rule with the people’s consent. Much as was the case of the Russian Tsar, or the as was the case of the Russian Tsar, or the British Queen.British Queen.

6-The comrades were found among the Turkish 6-The comrades were found among the Turkish émigrés in Europe, which was discouraging.émigrés in Europe, which was discouraging.

CONTINUATIONCONTINUATION

7-Other nationalities were not involved because the 7-Other nationalities were not involved because the pasha was familiar with the Armenians. On the pasha was familiar with the Armenians. On the other hand the pasha did not trust the other hand the pasha did not trust the Macedonians or Bulgarians.Macedonians or Bulgarians.

8 -Secrecy was to be maintained since a leak would 8 -Secrecy was to be maintained since a leak would have caused Hamish prosecution of Armenians have caused Hamish prosecution of Armenians

9 -The defective coup d’etat of 1896 was the result 9 -The defective coup d’etat of 1896 was the result ofof the lack of European intervention on the side of the lack of European intervention on the side of the reformers. A future coup could only succeed the reformers. A future coup could only succeed through European and especially British through European and especially British intervention. intervention.

1902 ANTI SULTAN CONGRESS 1902 ANTI SULTAN CONGRESS IN PARISIN PARIS

ARMENIAN PARTICIPATION IN ARMENIAN PARTICIPATION IN THE 1902 PARIS CONGRESSTHE 1902 PARIS CONGRESS

HNCHAKS DIDN’T PARTICIPATEHNCHAKS DIDN’T PARTICIPATE

ARF PARTICIPATEDARF PARTICIPATEDDELIGATIO HEADED BY AVEDIS DELIGATIO HEADED BY AVEDIS

AHARONIANAHARONIAN

ALSO SOME ARMENIAN INTELLECTUALSALSO SOME ARMENIAN INTELLECTUALSMINAS CHERAZMINAS CHERAZGARABET BASMAJIANGARABET BASMAJIAN

IMRO WAS NOT INVITEDIMRO WAS NOT INVITEDARF HAD PROBLEM WITH THISARF HAD PROBLEM WITH THIS

RESOLUTIONS OF THE 1902 RESOLUTIONS OF THE 1902 PARIS CONGRESSPARIS CONGRESS

1. Existence and the enthronement of the Ottoman Royal 1. Existence and the enthronement of the Ottoman Royal House and the obligation of obedience and loyalty to this House and the obligation of obedience and loyalty to this dynasty of illustrious name within the orders legitimately dynasty of illustrious name within the orders legitimately vested.vested.

2. Exalting of the religion of Islam along with [its] 2. Exalting of the religion of Islam along with [its] civilization and the protection of other religions.civilization and the protection of other religions.

3. 3. Granting of Muslim and non-Muslim Ottoman Granting of Muslim and non-Muslim Ottoman subjects an equal share in the material and moral subjects an equal share in the material and moral benefits by trying to unite them politically.benefits by trying to unite them politically.

4. 4. Acceptance of the Constitution that had been Acceptance of the Constitution that had been proclaimed in the year 1293 [1876] as grounds for proclaimed in the year 1293 [1876] as grounds for unity and a guiding principle in the administration of unity and a guiding principle in the administration of domestic and foreign policiesdomestic and foreign policies. .

ARMENIAN-MACEDONIAN ARMENIAN-MACEDONIAN RELATIONSRELATIONS

MAINLY WITH IMROMAINLY WITH IMROTHROUGH THROUGH GIORCHE PETROVGIORCHE PETROV

SVETOSLAV MERDZHANOVSVETOSLAV MERDZHANOV WAS WAS TO BECOME THE MAIN LIASON WITH TO BECOME THE MAIN LIASON WITH THE ARFTHE ARF

SULTAN HAMIDS ASSASSINATION SULTAN HAMIDS ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT PREPARED IN SOFIA ATTEMPT PREPARED IN SOFIA (BULGARIAN CONNECTION)(BULGARIAN CONNECTION)

PAN TURKISM IN THE CUP PAN TURKISM IN THE CUP AFTER 1902AFTER 1902

CONGRESS DIVIDED AMONG CONGRESS DIVIDED AMONG MIDHATISTSMIDHATISTS (AHMED RIZA) AND (AHMED RIZA) AND REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS (PRINCE SABAHETTIN) (PRINCE SABAHETTIN)

SABAHETTIN’S FACTIONS STARTS SABAHETTIN’S FACTIONS STARTS LOOSING GROUND AND RIZA’S LOOSING GROUND AND RIZA’S FACTION STARTS TO RISEFACTION STARTS TO RISE

YUSUF AKCHURAYUSUF AKCHURA JOINS RIZA JOINS RIZA

ARMENIUS VAMBERIARMENIUS VAMBERI……

BEHAETTIN SHAKIRBEHAETTIN SHAKIR

BEHAEDDIN SHAKIR’S BEHAEDDIN SHAKIR’S MANAGERIAL ABILITIESMANAGERIAL ABILITIES

JOIN ALL FACTIONS (IMRO AS A MODEL)JOIN ALL FACTIONS (IMRO AS A MODEL)

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BODIESINTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BODIES

INTERNAL IN SALONIKAINTERNAL IN SALONIKAEXTERNAL IN PARISEXTERNAL IN PARIS

AN OPPORTUNIST WHO WANTED THE AN OPPORTUNIST WHO WANTED THE LEADERSHIP OF THE MOVEMENT AND GOT IT “BY LEADERSHIP OF THE MOVEMENT AND GOT IT “BY ANY MEANS POSSIBLE”…ANY MEANS POSSIBLE”…

1906 AND THE BIRTH OF THE 1906 AND THE BIRTH OF THE CUP IN PARISCUP IN PARIS

ARF 4ARF 4thth GENERAL CONGRESS GENERAL CONGRESS VIENNA, 1907VIENNA, 1907

RUPTURE WITH SABAHEDDIN AND RUPTURE WITH SABAHEDDIN AND JOINING FORCES WITH BEHAEDDIN JOINING FORCES WITH BEHAEDDIN SHAKIR AND THE CUPSHAKIR AND THE CUP

THUS WAY WAS PAVED FOR 1908 THUS WAY WAS PAVED FOR 1908 COUPECOUPE

IT WAS THE INTERNAL ORGANIZATION IT WAS THE INTERNAL ORGANIZATION (SALONIKA) THAT LED THE WAY(SALONIKA) THAT LED THE WAY

EXTERNAL ORGANIZATION AGITATED EXTERNAL ORGANIZATION AGITATED FROM OUTSIDEFROM OUTSIDE