Armature Windings

Armature Winding in DC Machines

Elements of an armature windings

A turn – two conductors connected to an end by an end connector


A coil – several turns connected in series


A winding – several coils connected in series


The most common ways of connecting coils for armature windings:

Lap winding

Wave winding

Ends of the coils are connected to the commutator bars

In DC machines most of the coils are full-pitch.


Commutator bar

Lap winding

• One coil between adjacent commutator bars• No. of poles no. of brushes no. of parallel paths


Wave winding

• p/2 coils in series between adjacent commutator bars• ½ of all coils between brushes• Regardless of no. of poles, there are always 2 parallel path• The distance between end coils (commutator pitch) is 2(C1)/p

where C is the no. of commutator bars

Lap windings has four current paths, the same as the number of the field poles, while the Wave windings has only two paths, regardless of the number of poles. Lap windings are also used for applications requiring lower voltages at higher currents, while Wave windings are used for applications requiring higher voltages at lower currents Anonymous

In lap winding, the finishing end of one coil is connected to a commutator segment and to the starting end of the adjacent coil situated under the same pole an so on,till all the coils have been connected.This type of winding derives its name from the fact it doubles or laps back with its succeding coils.Following points regarding simplex lap winding should be noted:

1.The back and front pitches are odd and of opposite sign.But they can't be equal. They differ by 2 or some multiple thereof. 2.Both YB and YF shpuld be nearly equal to a pole pitch. 3.The average pitch YA = (YB + YF)/2.It equals pole pitch = Z/P. 4.Commutator pitch YC = ±1. 5.Resultant pitch YR is even, being the arithmetical difference of two odd numbers i.e YR = YB - YF. 6.The number of slots for a 2-layer winding is equal to the number of coils.The number of commutator segments is also the same. 7.The number of parallel paths in the armature = mP where 'm' is the multiplicity of the winding and 'P' the number of poles.Taking the first condition, we have YB = YF ± 2m where m=1 fo simplex lap and m =2 for duplex winding etc. •If YB > YF i.e YB = YF + 2, then we get a progressive or right-handed winding i.e a winding which progresses in the clockwise direction as seen from the comutator end.In this case YC = +1. •If YB < size="1">F i.e YB = YF - 2,then we get a retrogressive or left-handed winding i.e one which advances in the anti-clockwise direction when seen from the commutator side.In this case YC = -1. •Hence, it is obvious that for

Points to note in case of Wave winding :Both pitches YB and YF are odd and of the same sign.Back and front pitches are nearly equal to the pole pitch and may be equal or differ by 2, in which case, they are respectively one more or one less than the average pitch.Resultant pitch YR = YF + YB.Commutator pitch, YC = YA (in lap winding YC = ±1 ). Also YC = (No.of commutator bars ± 1 ) / No.of pair of poles.The average pitch which must be an integer is given by YA = (Z ± 2)/P = (No.of commutator bars ± 1)/No.of pair of poles.The number of coils i.e NC can be found from the relation NC = (PYA ± 2)/2.It is obvious from 5 that for a wave winding, the number of armature conductors with 2 either added or subtracted must be a multiple of the number of poles of the generator.This restriction eliminates many even numbers which are unsuitable for this winding.The number of armature parallel paths = 2m where 'm' is the multiplicity of the winding.

Pole-pitch : It may be variously defined as (i) The periphery of the amature divided by the number of poles of the generator i.e the distance between two adjacent poles .(ii)It is equal to the nmber of armature conductors per pole

Coil-span or Coil-pitch (Ys)It is the distance, measured in tems o armature slots between two sides of a coil.It is,in fact, the periphery of the armature spanned by the two sides of the coil.

If the coil-pitch is equal to the pole-pitch,then winding is called full-pitched.It means that coil span is 180 electrical degrees.In this case,the coil sides lie under opposite poles,hence the induced e.m.fs in them are additive.Therefore,maximum e.m.f is induced in he coil as a whole.it being the sum of the e.m.fs induced in the two coil sides.

If the coil-pitch is less than the pole-pitch,then the winding is fractional-pitched.In tis case,there is a phase difference between the e.m.fs in the two sides of the coil.

Pitch of a Winding (Y)In general, it may be defined as the distance round the armature between two successive conductors which are directly connected together.Or it is the istance between the beginings of two consecutive turns.Y = YB - YF -------- for lap windingY = YB + YF -------- for wave windingBack Pitch (YB)The distance, measured in terms of the armature conductors,whic a coil advances on the bak of the armature is called back pitch.

Front Pitch (YF)The number of armature conductors or elements spanned by a coil on the front is called the front pitch.

Alternatively, the front pitch ma be defined as the distance between the second conductor of one coil and the first conductor of the next coil which are connected together at the front i.e commutator end of the armature. Both front and back pitches for lap winding are shown in fig.Resultant Pitch (YR)It is the distance between the begining of one coil and the begining of the next coilto which it is connected.It is also shown in fig.Commutator Pitch (YC)It is the distance between the segments to which the two ends of a coil are connected.From fig it is clear that for lap winding , Yc is the difference of YB and YF where as for wave winding it is the sum of the two.

Lap winding is used for high current and low voltage machines.

Wave winding is used for low current and high voltages.



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Armature Windings