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Aristotelian RhetoricAristotelian Rhetoric
Used by permission from Used by permission from
Prof. J. RhodesProf. J. Rhodes
Call State San BernardinoCall State San Bernardino
AristotleAristotle
384-322 B.C.E.384-322 B.C.E. Studied with Plato Studied with Plato
367-347 B.C.E.367-347 B.C.E. Defined rhetoric as Defined rhetoric as
“the faculty of “the faculty of discerning in every discerning in every case the available case the available means of means of persuasion persuasion [[pisteispisteis].”].”
Dialectic vs. RhetoricDialectic vs. Rhetoric
DIALECTICDIALECTIC Concerns truths that Concerns truths that
can be shown by can be shown by attention to universal attention to universal principles.principles.
Demonstrates Demonstrates through through syllogismsyllogism and and inductioninduction..
RHETORICRHETORIC Concerns Concerns
probabilities and “that probabilities and “that which usually which usually happens.”happens.”
Demonstrates Demonstrates through through enthymemeenthymeme and and exampleexample..
“Rhetoric is the counterpart [antistrophe] of Dialectic.”
SyllogismSyllogism
Major premiseMajor premise Minor premiseMinor premise ConclusionConclusion
All men are mortal.Socrates is a man.Socrates is mortal.
Yes, most definitely.
EnthymemeEnthymeme
Major premiseMajor premise ConclusionConclusion(Speaker assumes that audience will (Speaker assumes that audience will
supply minor premise)supply minor premise)
All men are mortal.Socrates is mortal.
Yes, most likely.
““Rhetoric is concerned with proofs.”Rhetoric is concerned with proofs.”
Proofs are either Proofs are either artificialartificial or or inartificialinartificial
Inartificial (or Inartificial (or nonartisticnonartistic) ) proofs exist outside of the proofs exist outside of the rhetor’s speech. Examples: rhetor’s speech. Examples: witnesses, depositions under witnesses, depositions under torture, contracts.torture, contracts.
Artificial (or Artificial (or artisticartistic) proofs ) proofs have to do with the art of have to do with the art of rhetoric, i.e., they are rhetoric, i.e., they are “furnished by our method.”“furnished by our method.”
Inartificial proofs are Inartificial proofs are usedused; ; artificial proofs must be artificial proofs must be inventedinvented.. Definitely a
nonartistic proof.
The Pisteis
Ethos(character
of the speaker)
Pathos(disposing the hearer
in a certain way)
Inductive(by example)
Deductive(by enthymeme)
Logos(demonstration inthe speech itself)
Artistic Proofs
EthosEthos
“…we trust good men more and sooner, as a rule, about everything; while, about things which do not admit of precision, but only of guess-work, we trust them absolutely.”
PathosPathos
Images from libertyoutlet.com
“The hearers themselves become the instruments of proof when emotion is stirred in them by the speech; for we give our judgments in different ways under the influence of pain and of joy, of liking and of hatred.”
LogosLogos
“Proof is wrought
through the speech itself
when we have
demonstrated a truth or an
apparent truth by the means of persuasion available in a given case.”
Kinds of RhetoricKinds of Rhetoric
KINDKIND AUDIENCEAUDIENCE DIVISIONSDIVISIONS TIMETIME ENDSENDS
DELIBERATIVE or DELIBERATIVE or POLITICALPOLITICAL
Members of the Members of the assemblyassembly
Persuasion Persuasion and and dissuasiondissuasion
FutureFuture Expediency and Expediency and inexpediencyinexpediency
FORENSIC or LEGALFORENSIC or LEGAL JudgesJudges Accusation Accusation and defenseand defense PastPast Justice and injusticeJustice and injustice
EPIDEICTIC or EPIDEICTIC or CEREMONIALCEREMONIAL
Spectators, Spectators, publicpublic
Praise and Praise and blameblame PresentPresent Honor and dishonorHonor and dishonor
Commonplaces (Topoi)Commonplaces (Topoi)
To find appropriate proofs, one must first To find appropriate proofs, one must first know one’s facts, know the generally held know one’s facts, know the generally held premises of one’s audience, and know premises of one’s audience, and know how to argue logically.how to argue logically.
One argues logically by evaluating the One argues logically by evaluating the relationship of claim, evidence, and relationship of claim, evidence, and premise; certain stock relationships are premise; certain stock relationships are known as known as topoitopoi, or “commonplaces.”, or “commonplaces.”
Aristotle’s 28 TopoiAristotle’s 28 Topoi Opposites Identical results and antecedents Inflections Altered choices Correlative terms Attributed motives More and less Incentives and deterrents Time Incredible occurences Definition Conflicting facts Induction Meeting slander Existing decisions
Cause to effect Turning the tables Meaning of names Part to whole Actions compared Simple consequences Course of action Criss-cross consequences Previous mistakes Inward thoughts, outward show Division Proportional results Ambiguous terms
For more on topoi, go toFor more on topoi, go tohttp://www.lcc.gatech.edu/gallery/rhetoric/terms/topoi.htmlhttp://www.lcc.gatech.edu/gallery/rhetoric/terms/topoi.html