AREVA T&DPower Electronics – HVDC & FACTSPower Electronics HVDC & FACTS

NameTitle

Date

2 2

AREVA Group Overview

AREVA T&D Overview

AREVA T&D Businesses

AREVA T&D OfferingAREVA T&D Offering

3 3

AREVA

World leader in the energy business

N°1 in the entire nuclear cycle

N°3 in electricity transmission and distribution

Our missionOur mission

Innovate to contribute to ever cleaner, safer and economicalCO2-free power generation and electricity transmissionand distrib tionand distribution

Our strategic objectives

Achieve one-third of the world nuclear market and double-digit operating margin

Be one of the most profitable leaders in Transmission and

4 4

Be one of the most profitable leaders in Transmission and Distribution

Energy: our core business

Front End Division

Reactors and Services DivisionBack End DivisionBack End DivisionTransmission and Distribution Division

5 5

Key data as of 31 December 2005

Sales €10,125M,

Operating income €551M

Consolidated net income €1,049M*

Employees 58,760

Market capitalization €14,372M

6 6

N.B.: Key data is presented in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

* including €528M in net income from the sale of FCI

Key data for 2005

Employees by region(in %)

Sales by region(in %)

[Total workforce: 58,760 employees] [Total sales: €10,125 million]

12%

7%10%

3%

63%18%

13%

74%

7 7

Europe & CIS North & South America Asia-Pacific Africa / Middle East

Key data for 2005

Sales by business (in %)

Sales revenue by division(in %)

[Total sales: €10,125 million]

32% 26% 32%

19% 23%68%

Front End Division

Reactors and Services Division

Back End Division

Transmission

Nuclear

Transmission and Distribution

8 8

and Distribution Division

AREVA around the globe

100 countriesMarketing & Sales

€6,754M: 67%of all sales come from outside France

40 countriesProduction & Manufacturing

EUROPE & CIS63% of sales- Nuclear: 77%- T&D: 23%43,279employees

ASIA-PACIFIC12% of sales- Nuclear: 45%

NORTH & SOUTHAMERICA18% Nuclear: 45%

- T&D: 55%5,824employees

18% of sales- Nuclear: 74%- T&D: 26%7,912employees AFRICA &

MIDDLE EAST7% of sales7% of sales- Nuclear: 12%- T&D: 88%1,745employees

9 9

Production & manufacturing

Governance

Chairman of the Supervisory Board: Frédéric Lemoine

Chairman of the Executive Board: Anne Lauvergeon

Shareholders

Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) – French AEC 79%

French State 5%

Investment certificate holders* 4%Investment certificate holders* 4%

Caisse des dépôts et consignations 4%

ERAP 3%

EDF 2%

Framépargne** 2%

Total 1%

10 10

* Listed on Euronext Paris, compartment B, SBF 120 index

** Employee-held investment fund

Organization of the group

FRONT ENDDivision

REACTORS & SERVICESDivision

BACK ENDDivision

TRANSMISSION& DISTRIBUTION

Division

• Plants

• Equipment

• Mining

• Chemistry

• Treatment

• Recycling• Products

• ServicesEquipment

• Nuclear Services

• Nuclear Measurements

• Consulting& Information Systems

Chemistry

• Enrichment

• Fuel

Recycling

• Logistics

• Clean-up

• Engineering

• Services

• Systems

• Automation

11 11

• AREVA TA

A group committed to the 21st century’s great challenges

Access to energy for everyoneAccess to energy for everyone

Preservation of the planet

Responsibility toward future generations

Anchored in our industrial strategy and our daily management, sustainable development combines

Profitable growth

Social responsibilitySocial responsibility

Respect for the environment

12 12

A sustainable development program structured around 10 commitments

13 13

A group united around sustainabledevelopment values

Clearly expressed values (Values Charter) based on the 10 principles of the U.N. Global Compact linked to human rights, l b diti i t l t ti d ti tilabor conditions, environmental protection and anti-corruption efforts

Implementation through AREVA Way a continuousImplementation through AREVA Way, a continuous improvement process structured around our 10 sustainable development commitments and integrated into the general management systemmanagement system

AREVA Way is also a way of being and a way of acting,every day: the will to improve, anticipation, responsivenesse e y day t e to p o e, a t c pat o , espo s e essand openness to dialogue

14 14

Research & Development

Key figures for 2005 €582M* in total R&D spending, i.e. 5.7% of salesg

A hundred registered patents

PrioritiesOptimize the front end of the cycle: more mining R&D

EPR licensing in key markets

Performance improvement of reactors and fuels

Development of the 3rd-generation treatment-recyclingDevelopment of the 3 generation treatment recyclingplant: COEX

Preparing 4th-generation reactors and fuel cycle plants

15 15

*of which 46% was self-financed

Front End Division

All of the activities leading up to the generationof nuclear power:

U i i i d t tiUranium mining and concentration

Uranium conversion and enrichment

Nuclear fuel fabrication

€2,631MSales

11,047E l

16 16

Employees

Reactors and Services Division

Design and construction of:

Pressurized water reactors (PWRs)

Boiling water reactors (BWRs)

Research reactorsResearch reactors

Supply of products and services to power companies for the operation and servicing of all types of nuclear power plants

€2,348MSales

14,323Employees

17 17

Back End Division

Used fuel treatment and recycling after use in nuclear power plants

Interim storage solutions

Design and supply of casks for transportation and storage of nuclear materials

€1,921MSales

10,864E l

18 18

Employees

T&D Division

Complete range of products, systems and servicesfor electricity transmission and distribution:

Regulation

Transformation

Dispatching of electric current in power grids

€3 212M€3,212MSales

22,094Employees

19 19

AREVA Group Overview

AREVA T&D Overview

AREVA T&D Businesses

AREVA T&D OfferingAREVA T&D Offering

20 20

Our history

Acquisition of Sprecher & Schuh

(Switzerland)

Acquisition of AEG (Germany)

Alsthom Acquisition of ALSTOM T&D

(France)(Switzerland) ( )

1983 1988 1998 2006

2004199619861928

Acquisition of Cegelec - T&D (France)

Acquisition of CEM(France)

Merger with GEC (UK)

Acquisition of RITZHigh-Voltage

(Germany)Acquisition of protection relays and measurement transformers

of Schlumberger Industrie(France)

(Germany)

21 21

Strong development through mergers & acquisitions

AREVA T&D within the group

22 22

Source: AREVAYear End December 2005 Figures

T&D: 1/3 of AREVA’s energy business

AREVA T&D at a glance

Annual sales Presence in more than

€3,212M 100 countries

Employees

22,094

Industrial sites

67,

23 23

Global and comprehensive assetsSource: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures

Competitive Landscape

*

Notes:- 2005 data proforma (estimation)- For the “Top 3” players (ABB, Siemens and

Areva ,figures based on published financial figures with scope adjustment)

24 24

- Constant exchange rate : 1 USD = 0.80510 €- Source: Company information, Areva T&D

Strategic Marketing Analysis

* Following VA Tech acquisition

AREVA T&D: n°3 on the market

Strong worldwide positioning

Europe

N°1 ABBN°2 Siemens

N°3 AREVA T&DMarket size: €12 bn

Asia Pacific

N°1 ABBN°2 Siemens

Americas

N°1 ABBN°2 Siemens

Market size: €12 bn

Africa - Middle East

N°2 SiemensN°3 AREVA T&DMarket size: €14 bn

N°3 AREVA T&D

Market size: €9 bn

N°1 ABBN°2 SiemensN°3 AREVA T&DMarket size: €7 bn

25 25

Source: 2005 AREVA T&D estimates

Key data for 2005

Sales revenue by region (in %) Employees by region (in %)

26 26

Total sales: €3,212M Total workforce: 22,094Source: 2005 AREVA annual report

One commitment to customers

Sales & Marketing Community

Product line 1...

Products BU

Sales &Marketing

rce

forc

e

S t BU

Product line...

Product line 9

untr

y Sa

les

fo

nal M

arke

ting

Serv

ice

Key Account

Systems BU

Product line 1...

Product line 4

CustomersCustomers

Cou

Reg

iony

ManagementAutomation BU

Product line 1...

Product line 3

27 27

One commitment to customers

Strong proximity to our clients

Central Europe & Western AsiaCentral Europe & Western AsiaCentral Europe & Western AsiaCentral Europe & Western Asia

28 28

Local presence in 12 regions

AREVA T&D organization chart

Chairman & CEOPhilippe Guillemot

International Sales Organization& Sales Community Performance

Marco Graziano

Human ResourcesLaurent Mareschal

Performance & CountryShared Services Optimization

Ahmed Bennour

Control & FinancingKarim Vissandjee

ProductsBusiness Unit

Marius Vassoille

A t ti B i U it &

Strategy & MarketingSébastien de Montessus

Automation Business Unit & Service Product Line

Laurent Demortier

SystemsBusiness Unit

LegalPierre Laporte

Communications

29 29

Business UnitMichel Augonnet Leslie Asch Guillon

AREVA Group Overview

AREVA T&D Overview

AREVA T&D BusinessesAREVA T&D Businesses

AREVA T&D OfferingAREVA T&D Offering

30 30

Our Businesses

PRODUCTS SYSTEMS AUTOMATION SERVICE

• Turnkey Transmission Projects• Turnkey Distribution

Projects

• HV Switchgear• Power and

Distribution Transformers

• Automation Products• Automation Systems• Automation Support

• Network Consulting• Erection &

Commissioning• Maintenance &

• Power Electronics• Decentralized Power

Supply Systems

• Measurement Transformers• MV Switchgear

Repair & Retrofit• Spare Parts• Training and

Expertise• Proximity Projects • Total Asset Care

31 31

• Total Asset Care

Products Business

Generator circuit breakers, circuit breakers, disconnectors, GIS equipment, power and distribution transformers,

measurement transformers, primary and secondary distribution equipment

Capabilities:55 sites in 26 countries including:55 sites in 26 countries including:

Manufacturing and assembly sites,close to markets

Site for final product adjustmentsSite for final product adjustments located near the customers

32 32

Source: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures

Advanced technologies & superior product offering

Systems Business

Transmission and distribution substations

Power electronics for HVDC, DC supply, electrolysis and FACTsFACTs

Connection to the grid and distribution networks for large industry/infrastructures and power generation

Decentralized energy projects, such as biomass and biogas

Capabilities:23 sites in 19 countries23 sites in 19 countriesin Europe, North & South America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa

33 33

Global engineering & project management expertiseSource: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures

Automation Business

Automation Products:Digital protection, measurement and data communication

Automation Systems:Automation Systems:EMS, DMS, MMS, substation automation and data communication

Automation Support:Automation Support:Integrated refurbishment, protection monitoring, hardware life cycle,system reliability, system upgrade and expert training

C bilitiCapabilities:7 product assembly lines, 18 engineering centers20 service centers

34 34

The world leader in EMS / DMS / MMSSource: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures

Service Business

Traditional product services covering all T&D equipment

Network consulting, expertise and training

P i it j tProximity projects

Total asset care solutions

C bilitiCapabilities:2,100 service experts close to our customers8 Product service competence centersPresent in more than 20 countries

S i b d d t f t i k h

35 35

Source: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures

Service based on product manufacturing know-how

AREVA Group Overview

AREVA T&D Overview

AREVA T&D Businesses

AREVA T&D Offering

36 36

AREVA T&D: A fully-fledged player

Ultra High-voltage Transmission

Primary Distribution

Low-voltage Applications

High-voltage Transmission

Secondary Distribution

Gas-insulated switching equipment

Disconnectors

g q p

Circuit breakers including generator circuit breakers

Power transformers

Instrument transformers

Distribution transformersProducts

Disconnectors

Power electronics

Switchboards, MV switchgear and prefabricated substations

High-voltage substations Power distribution

SystemsDistributed energy

Automation products

Automation systems

Automation support

Automation

37 37

Source: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures

Care - Imagine - Master - AnticipateService

Complete portfolio of electricity transmission & distribution

Products

Circuit BreakersGenerator Circuit Breakers

Gas-Insulated Substations

Instrument Transformers

Power Transformers

Disconnectors Primary Distribution Secondary Distribution Distribution Transformers

Systems

Substations Power Electronics Distributed Energy Power Distribution

Automation

Automation SupportAutomation Products Automation Systems

Service

38 38

Maintenance & Repair

Total Asset Care Erection & Commissioning

Retrofit Spare Parts Training & Network Consulting

Systems, Automation & Products:leading positions in all areas

InstrumentTransformers

Substations for Transmission

Disconnectors

Gas Insulated Switchgears

Automation

N°1

Generator Circuit Breakers

Circuit Breakers

HVDC

PowerTransformers

Static Power Supply

HVDC

Primary Distribution

Substations for DistributionN°2

DistributionTransformers

Distribution

Secondary Di t ib ti

N°3

39 39

Transmission focus

Distribution

N°4Distribution and industry focus

Transmission & Distribution functionalities

Generation

Transform voltages

For each function, AREVA T&D offers:

Switch

Measure

ProductsSystemsService

Protect

Manage the flows Serviceg

Interconnect networks

40 40

End user

AREVA T&D’s Offering

Transform voltageTransform voltage

41 41

Distribution TransformersPower Transformers

AREVA T&D’s Offering

SwitchSwitch

42 42

High-Voltage Switchgear Medium-Voltage Switchgear

AREVA T&D’s Offering

MeasureMeasure

43 43

Current Transformers Voltage Transformers

AREVA T&D’s Offering

ProtectProtect

44 44

HV Protection Relays MV Protection Relays

AREVA T&D’s Offering

Manage the flowsManage the flows

E M S Di ib i M S

45 45

Energy Management Systems Distribution Management Systems

AREVA T&D’s Offering

Interconnect networksInterconnect networks

HVAC HVDC

46 46

HVAC HVDC

Offers adapted to your activities

Examples:

Power Engineering Oil & Gas Passenger Transport Wind FarmsPower Engineering Oil & Gas Passenger Transport Wind Farms

Nuclear Upstream Interurban OffshoreNuclearHydroThermal

UpstreamDownstreamLNG plant

InterurbanUrban

OffshoreOnshore

47 47

Full solutions for Power Plants

Electrical solutions for connecting power plants to the grid and for in-house electricity distribution

120 years of expertise in electrical solutions for power generation120 years of expertise in electrical solutions for power generationCustomized contracts from single equipment supply to global solutionsPower quality and disturbance monitoringPower quality and disturbance monitoringSoftware solutions for optimizing powerplant assets

Long term service agreementsLong-term service agreements

Full solutions for connecting nuclear

48 48

Full solutions for connecting nuclear, hydro, thermal power plants to the grid

Full solutions for all Oil & Gas Processes

At every step of the way, through exploration and production, storage and transportation and the transformation/refining process, we offer:

A full range of MV/LV equipment for platforms, FPSO*

HV/MV/LV equipment for onshore applications

Electrical control systems including power management

Energy optimization solutions

Containerized electrical solutionsContainerized electrical solutions

Long-term service agreements

*FPSO: floating production storage offloading

49 49

Full solutions for upstream LNG plants and downstream Oil & Gas projects

Full solutions for Rail, Metro & Tram

For the entire railway electrical infrastructure: railways, metros, tramways, and electrified freight carriage, as well as locomotives, EMU (electrical multiple unit), stations, tunnels and other facilities, we offer:

A full range of products for AC (16.7/50/60Hz)or DC electricity supply

Adapted equipment for rolling stock such as traction transformers

Long-term service agreementsLong term service agreements

50 50

Advanced solutions and systems for the Rail sectorAdvanced solutions and systems for the Rail sector

Full solutions for Wind Farms

For both onshore and offshore wind farms, we offer:Power system design and grid studies

HVDC and HVAC linksHVDC and HVAC links

Pre-designed solutions for equipment to connect wind farms to the grid

SVC for power quality management

Energy trading and asset management software

Switchgear and distribution transformersSwitchgear and distribution transformers for large wind generators

Long-term service agreements

51 51

Full solutions to integrate your wind farm to the grid

AREVA Group Overview

AREVA T&D Overview

AREVA T&D Businesses

AREVA T&D Offering

AREVA T&D Power Electronics– HVDC & FACTSHVDC & FACTS

52 52

AREVA T&D SYSTEMS BUBusiness Unit Assistant

Dominique DupontSYSTEMS BU

Michel AugonnetSYSTEMS BU

Michel Augonnet

Support functions

O ti

FinanceLuis Flaquer

SourcingOli i S i t

q p

HR & collective performanceDominique Vincent

Michel AugonnetMichel Augonnet

OperationsPaul Brossier

Olivier Seignovert

Region 1 Region 2Product lines DistributedPower

CommunicationsToni Lepone

Region 1Rathin Basu

Region 2Jean Nakache

EnergyGilles David

Sub-Product lines

Power Electronics

A. Canelhas

J.C. Iemma

Distribution Segment (DIS)

Graham Johnson

HVDC

Transmission Segment (TRA)Y. Grandjean /

SYS 1 DENSYS 2HVDC

& FACTS

SPS

53 53

J. Castro

HVDC & FACTSS b P d t Li

Power ElectronicsScope of Activities

Sub-Product Line

Power Flow Control500

kV

HVDC: for both Back to Back and Point to Point schemes (overhead line or cable)

Power QualityHVDC

FACTS: SVC, STATCOM….. for Utilities and Industry

Power SuppliesElectrolysis substation: for production of aluminium

HVDC

Electrolysis substation: for production of aluminium, chlorine, copper, zinc up to 500kA -1500VDC.Traction substation: for both AC and DC suppliesSpecial supplies, e.g. laboratories

38FACTS p pp , g

ELECTROLYSIS1.5

kA

15

TRACTION

0

54 54

6 5004kA

200

Power ElectronicsHVDC & FACTS Sub-Product Line

HVDC & FACTSA. Canelhas VP

Operations (shared with SPL)B. Baudry

FinanceR. Subramanian

C i l Di tT h i l Ad i Commercial DirectorE. Moutaux

Technical AdvisorJ. Courault

R&D for Control SystemsA. Relet

Business DevelopmentS. Jourden, N. Kirby, P. Sauger

Marketing DirectorR. Critchley

R. Bonchang

UK (PES)A. Canelhas

ChinaA. Canelhas (acting)

IndiaA. BhardwajTendering

S t E i i

55 55

jSystem EngineeringTechnologyR&DSourcing

Power Electronic Activities Interacting Key Domains

System Studies/Design

Power transformerMachine

MICROELECTRONIC POWERC O C O CCOMPONENTS COMPONENTS

POWER

INTEGRATION

ALGORITHMS TOPOLOGY

R b t INTEGRATION

COOLINGRobustness

AREVA T&D PEA

56 56

AREVA T&D PEA

Basic HVDC Transmission

DC link ReceivingSendingE d

InverterRectifier

TransformerEndEnd

Vdc

F FIdc

Harmonic Filter(Reactive Power)

Idcii i

t

Idci

t

i

Iact

i

Iac

57 57

Basic HVDC TransmissionBack to Back

InverterRectifier ReceivingSendingE d

TransformerEndEnd

Vdc

F F

Idc

Harmonic Filter(Reactive Power)

Idcii i

t

Idci

t

i

Iact

i

Iac

58 58

Basic HVDC TransmissionPoint to Point – Overhead Line

InverterRectifier

ReceivingSendingE d DC Line

TransformerEndEnd

Vdc

F F

Idc

Harmonic Filter(Reactive Power)

Idcii i

t

Idci

t

i

Iact

i

Iac

59 59

Basic HVDC TransmissionPoint to Point – Submarine Cable

InverterRectifier

ReceivingSendingE d

TransformerEndEnd

Vdc

F F

Idc

Harmonic Filter(Reactive Power)

Idcii i

t

Idci

t

i

Iact

i

Iac

60 60

Basic HVDC TransmissionPoint to Point – Underground Cable

InverterRectifier

ReceivingSendingE d

TransformerEndEnd

Vdc

F F

Idc

Harmonic Filter(Reactive Power)

Idcii i

t

Idci

t

i

Iact

i

Iac

61 61

Classical 12-pulse HVDC SchemeMain Equipment

Converter Transformers

DC ReactancesThyristor Bridges

DC Filters

~ ~+

Vdc

FF FF DC lineSwitched Filter

BanksSwitched Filter

Banks

FF FF

_

Banks Banks

Many thyristors connected in series3-phase, 6-pulse

62 62

in series3 phase, 6 pulse bridge

HVDC Configuration OptionsMonopole & Bipole

Monopole example at 500 MW500 MW Monopole

FF F FFF F FPole 1

500 MWPole 1

500 MWAC

HV Cable

LV Cable AC

+ +

Bipole example built from two 500 MW poles

FF F FFF F F

1000 MW Bipole

HV Cable+ +FF F FFF F F

FF F FFF F F

Pole 1500 MW

Pole 1500 MW

LV CableAC AC

63 63

Pole 2500 MW

Pole 2500 MW

HV Cable- -

HVDCWhat are the Market Drivers?

Geographic mismatch of energy supply and load demand

Including off-shore wind farm generationg g

Energy Trading

Deregulation

System Improvement

Insurance against, dips, interruptions & blackoutsHow to value in the Return on Investment equation?

64 64

The Perfect Tool

Advantages of HVDC Links

The Power Flow on an HVDC link is Fully Controllable - Fast and Accurate!

The Operator or automatic controller determines how much power flowsThe Operator or automatic controller determines how much power flows via the link

An HVDC Link is asynchronous - the ac voltage and frequency in the two ac networks can be controlled independently of each other.

The HVDC link can be used to assist one (or even both) of the ac networks (e.g. power system damping)

HVDC links do not increase the Short Circuit Level of the system

Faults don’t transfer across HVDC interconnected systems

HVDC provides increased Transmission Capacity in a fixed corridor“Up to 3 times more power per tower”Up to 3 times more power per tower

HVDC can transport energy economically and efficiently over longer distance than ac lines or cables.

65 65

Sometimes HVDC is the only option!

Why Use HVDC?

C ti f t tiConnection of remote generation >700km

Submarine links

StationCost

>40km

Frequency conversion 50 60Hz

DCConvertorS i

DCBreak EvenDistance

50-60Hz

When synchronism of AC connections is impossible

Stations

ACStations

AC

Stations

TransmissionDistance

66 66

The Perfect Tool

More Power Per Tower

1850MW1850MVA 5550MW

DC DCAC DC DCAC

67 67

Up to 3 Times More Power

AREVA - Pioneers in HVDC

Inventors of Phase Locked Loop (1960s - now Industry standard)

Operation at less than unity short-circuit power ratio

)

3-terminal HVDC scheme

AC system damping control

Water/Glycol single circuit cooling system

Unmanned HVDC scheme 4-terminal HVDC scheme

Largest capacity (2000MW) submarine cable scheme with

“Black-start” capability at receiving end

I t t t lsubmarine cable scheme, with highest utilisation of all such schemes

No smoothing reactor required

Inverter current control

Operation without telecommunications

No smoothing reactor required

Four-winding converter transformers

Creating a national grid using back-to-back HVDC

68 68

Our HVDC Experience

Nelson River OHL Konti-Skan 1De-icer+SVCDü h *

Cheju Haenam

Nelson River OHLBP1 1000MW 1973/93BP2 2000 MW 1978/85 *

380MW Cable2006

250MW2006

Dürnrohr *380MW B-B1983/97

Cheju-Haenam300MW Cable1999McNeill

150MW B-B UK-France

SACOI380MW Cable +OHL1967/85/93

1989Chandrapur2 x500MW B-B1997

2000MW Cable1986

GCCIA BtB

1967/85/93

Rivera

Vizag500MW B-B1999

Sasaram500MW B-B2001

GCCIA BtB3 x 600MW2008

Rivera 70MW B-B2000

Cahora Bassa *1920MW OHL1978

* AREVA T&D partnering with the German HVDC Group

69 69

~20% Market Share of HVDC Projects

AREVA T&DAREVA T&DSome Examples of our HVDC Experience

70 70

Sardinia – Corsica – ItalySACOI

200 MW 200 kV Monopole

Overhead Line plus S b i C blSubmarine Cable

Commissioned 1967

Corsica tap added in 1986Corsica tap added in 1986

Italy

Corsica

Sardinia

71 71

Nelson River

1620MW, ±465kV Hydro electric over 900km

Hudson Bay

Limestone 1330 MW

MANITOBA

ysupplying half of Manitoba’s load

Commissioned 1972-77 Lake Winnipeg

Limestone 1330 MWLongspruce 980 MW

ONTARIO

Kettle 1272 MW

Co ss o ed 9

Pole 1 re-valved and uprated in 1992-93

ONTARIOWinnipeg

First scheme where HVDC link was used for AC system damping

Generator frequencies

72 72

Nelson River HVDCEffect of Damping Controls

OFFHz64

ONHz64

62

60

62

60

Kettle Generator Speed

5810 20 30 10 20 30

58 t (sec)

0.20.1

0.20.1

Hz Hz

t (sec)

0-0.1-0.2

10 20 30

0-0.1-0.2 10 20 30

73 73

Manitoba Equivalent Machine Frequency10 20 3010 20 30

Cross ChannelSellindge Converter Station

2000MW double bipole HVDC scheme

In service 1985/86, Air cooled valves

SVC per bipole

World’s largest HVDC cable scheme

A il bilit

Bipole 2 Control Building

Bipole 1

AvailabilitySpecified = 95 %

Achieved > 97 5 %

Filters

Filters

BuildingAchieved > 97.5 %

Highest Utilization of

all HVDC Schemes Filters

99.5%EdF stated that the

scheme paid for itself 4

74 74

400kV GISSubstation

SVC 2 SVC 1Cable Route

scheme paid for itself 4 times over in the first 10 years of operation!

South Korea - Cheju Cable Link

300 MW, ±180 kV, 840 A

100k b i bl li k100km submarine cable link

Commissioned 1997

Sole power source to load

Seoul

S. KOREASole power source to load-growth island

First HVDC link with:Inverter control of current

Operation without telecoms

“Bl k t t” t i i d“Black-start” at receiving endCheju

75 75

Korea - Cheju Cable Link

ChejuSite

Thyristor Valves

76 76

ElectrodeStation

McNeill: Alberta-Saskatchewan, Canada

150MW, Back to Back

Remote site

Extreme climatic conditions

First HVDC link with:Single circuit water/glycol cooling of valves

No dc smoothing reactor

Four-winding converter transformers

Short-circuit power ratio of less than unity

Completely unmanned operation -

Edmonton

McNeillCANADA

77 77

remote controlled from regional control centre

+/-150MW

USA

CANADA

ALSTOM HVDC in India -Creating a National Grid

Sasaram 500 MW2002

ChandrapurChandrapur2 x 500 MW

1997Visakhapatnam 500 MW

1998

2 000 C S O

78 78

2,000 MW HVDC supplied by ALSTOM

The Perfect HVDC Solution

79 79

Sasaram 500MW Back-to-Back HVDC Project

Back to Back HVDC Valve HallIndia

80 80

High Reliability, High-tech Valves for India

Recent experiences

2006: Successful commissioning of the HVDC link between Denmark and Swedenbetween Denmark and Sweden

2005: Order booked in Canada for an HVDCiceTM2005: Order booked in Canada for an HVDCiceHVDC that can be reconfigured as an SVC

2005: Order booked in Saudi Arabia for a 3*660 MW HVDC schemes for Gulf countries networks interconnection: GCCIA projectp j

81 81

HVDC link between Denmark and Sweden

Replace Pole 1 of HVDC submarineReplace Pole 1 of HVDC submarine link: Denmark to SwedenTwo new converter stations

Danish same site as Pole 2

KS2

KS1

Danish same site as Pole 2Swedish move to be at same site as Pole 2

Additi f bi l t l tAddition of a bi-pole control systemEnables high-level control of the existing Pole 2 as well as the new Konti-Skan 1 polepAutomatic balancing currents to cancel current flow in the sea

Converter stations fully automatedControl to be from a dispatch centre in Stockholm

Power increase to full cable rating

82 82

From 275MW to 380MWFrom 250kV to 285kV

Hydro-Quebec’s problem

During the ice storm in the winter of 1998, an accumulation of ice toppled towers andof ice toppled towers and downed hundreds of kilometres of high-voltage transmission lines.The ice storm generated ice buildup as much as 75mmAround 1 4 million people inAround 1.4 million people in Québec were without power for up to a week

83 83

The SolutionAREVA de-icer …. HVDCice™

Another application of HVDC technologyAnother application of HVDC technology

AREVA HVDCice™ technologyGenerates up to 7,200 Adc to increase conductor temperature causing ice to melt and fall off

1st project for Hydro Quebec at Levis b t ti h b th t t fi t t isubstation, a hub that connects five strategic

lines When not used for de-icing, system will act as

SVC t i th lit f than SVC to improve the power quality of the local transmission network.Mode changeover < 30 minutesIn Service November 2006

84 84

HVDCice™ … World's first use of HVDC to de-ice power lines

De-Icer Mode of Operation

5/7/11/1370MVAr

HP155MVAr

7,200A dc

DC &60HzFilters

315kV 43kV315kV 43kV

20kV

TSC154MVAr

85 85

HP255MVAr

…. To SVC Mode of Operation

5/7/11/1370MVAr

HP155MVAr

315kV TCR43kV

20kV

315kV TCR43kV

TSC154MVAr

86 86

HP255MVAr

GCCIA:Gulf countries networks interconnection

87 87

GCCIA : first HVDC in Gulf countries

Turnkey contract for three 600 MW

i lnominal power back-to-back HVDC schemes

616MW to be616MW to be installed per scheme to compensate f t lfor tolerances and transmission losses

Contract signed in Nov 2005

Commissioning by

88 88

Commissioning by end 2008.

GCCIA: Site Location

GCCIA: Scope of Works

3 HVDC Back to Back schemes will connect the 50Hz 400kV

Turnkey Solution

(Saudi Arabia) and 60Hz 380 kV ac gridsEach Back to Back rated at 600MW & located at the same site

But independent in operationBut independent in operation

Each converter station will consist of:AC switchyards with harmonic filter baysAC switchyards with harmonic filter baysConverter transformersThyristor valves and controlsCivil WorksCable connection to existing & New Substations

Onerous cooling requirements as ambient is +550C

89 89

Onerous cooling requirements as ambient is 55 CStringent limitations in use of water prevents use of evaporative cooling techniques

Latest TechnologyH400 HVDC Valves

Uses considerably fewer, state-of-the-art thyristor devices

Future-proofed for devices known to be made available during p gnext 10 yearsModular using a standardised approachapproach

Significant increase in reliability

Greater power per valve moduleGreater power per valve moduleReduces building sizes

>40% reduction in cost compared to previous version

Classified as world-beating by TransEnergie of Canada

90 90

TransEnergie of CanadaWorld’s most advanced HVDC user

HVDC Valves

91 91

H400 Valve ModuleBuilding Block

92 92

Thyristor Clamped Assemblies

Thyristor Clamped Assembly

GRP clamping strapsp

Heatsink

Thyristor

Heatsink with coolant connection

Loading adaptor for thyristor

Power connection

93 93

Loading adaptor for thyristor changing tool

H400: Latest Technology HVDC ValvesKontiSkan HVDC Scheme

94 94

VSC HVDC

95 95

VSC HVDC SchemeMain Equipment

DC Link Capacitors

Transistor Bridge Converter

DC Chopper, discharge & O/V

protection

Converter Transformer

Bridge ReactorRFI Reactor+

Vdc

0V

FF

DC cableNon-switched

High Frequency

FF_Vdc

High Frequency Filters

Many transistors connected in series

96 96

in series

3-phase bridge, PWM 1- 2kHz

Why VSC HVDC? - 1

VSC is close to an ideal component for use in T&D networksIt acts as a motor or a generator, without mass, that can control active and reactive power simultaneouslyp yVSC offers many benefits compared to classical LCC

Black Start capabilityVSC t it AC lt i th i i t ithVSC generates its own AC voltage in the receiving system with controlled amplitude and phase angleCan connect to a weak or isolated network (or load) without the need for equipment to provide a commutation voltage (Synchronous Compensator)Compensator)

No possibility of commutation failureCan use standard transformersMinimal filtering requirements – only high frequency (2-4kHz)

Active and reactive power independently controlled in one equipment

97 97

Capacitive as well as inductive reactive powerFast response

Why VSC HVDC? - 2

VSC offers many benefits compared to classical LCC Cont’dVSC offers many benefits compared to classical LCC – Cont’dNo filter or other reactive power switching requiredCompact dimensions and lower weight

Mainly due to very small filtering requirements

Power reversal by adjusting the DC voltage at both converter stations

No polarity reversal required – ideal for cable schemes using much lower cost and weight extruded cablesNo control mode changes or blocking required

S th fl i ht d tSmooth power flow, right down to zeroNo discontinuous current flows

High dynamic control performanceBuilt-in STATCOM functionality to help support the gridMulti-terminal configurations are simple

Many terminals can easily incorporated

98 98

y y p

Very fast recovery from network faultsDue to no need for large reactive power banks

Disadvantages of VSC HVDC

Higher capital equipment costT i ll 15%Typically 15%

Higher power loss More than double that of classical LCC, usually 3 timesMore than double that of classical LCC, usually 3 times

EMC issues much more important

Immature technology

Inherently has lower reliabilityDue to much greater component count

100s of small IGBT chips versus 1 thyristor slice

Not used for overhead lines yetMost probably because of problems of protection against lightning

99 99

Most probably because of problems of protection against lightning

Typical Classical & VSC HVDC Losses~500MW nominal load

Converter stationsClassical 0.6%

VSC HVDC 1.8% (2 level with optimised PWM)

200km of cableCl i l 1 4%Classical 1.4%

VSC HVDC 1.8%

Scheme totalClassical 2.0% - need 510MW in to get 500MW out

100 100

VSC HVDC 5.4% - need 528MW in to get 500MW out

Reliability/Availability IssuesClassical HVDC

Uses single slice thyristors, which are easier to protect: They have a significant surge rating capabilitySwitching is regenerativeSwitching is regenerative

Fewer devices in series and associated auxiliariesState of art is 8.5kV, 125mm diameter devices

Pressure contact double sided cooling keeps silicon cooler

Simple gate drive with low PSU requirements

Less cooling plantLess cooling plantFor devices and the building

Filters are at lower frequencies

More complex transformers

Well proven technologyDeveloped over >40 years

101 101

Developed over >40 years

Reliability/Availability issuesVSC HVDC

E h IGBT i d f ll hiEach IGBT is made from many small chipsVirtually no surge ratingNon-regenerative switching

Devices de saturate under overcurrent- Devices de-saturate under overcurrent

2.5kV devices, therefore many more items to put in seriesPressure contact to emmiter has to be via springs

Th f ff ti l i l id d l dTherefore effectively single sided cooledEven more devices needed to meet ratings

More cooling plant equipment neededF b th d i d b ildiFor both devices and building

Very complex gate drive with high PSU requirementsCreated from switching action

Filters are at higher frequencySimpler transformerAs yet, immature technology

102 102

IGBT chip

Monopole, Bipole and “Bipolar”

MonopoleMonopoleLoss of link if one cable or one leg of converter goes out of service

ClassicalFF F FFF F F

Pole 1 Pole 1

HV Cable

LV Cable

+VClassical

0V

+V

12 pulse bridge

VSC HVDCVSC HVDC

-V6 pulse bridge

103 103

+V and –V equates to “bipolar” operation to create sinewave at the AC sideIt is not a BIPOLE

HVDC Configuration OptionsBipolep

Loss of only 50% power if one cable or one leg of converter goes out of service

ClassicalFF F F

Pole 1 Pole 1

HV Cable

LV Cable

Classical

FF F F

Pole 2 Pole 2

LV Cable

HV Cable

Requires 2 fully insulated cables

VSC HVDCRequires

4 fully insulatedinsulated

cables

104 104

Comparison of Classical HVDC and VSC Transmission

Classical HVDC VSC Transmission

Station Cost ☺☺Power Losses ☺Reliability/Availability ☺Reliability/Availability ☺Control of reactive power ☺Operation into passive ☺Operation into passive

AC network ☺Footprint ☺P i ☺Proven experience

(Service life) ☺Power range ☺

105 105

Long distance transmission ☺

Various FACTS Applications

Network System Operation Concerns

System insecurityContinuous change and restructuring

Power transfers: utility/utility….country/country

Network congestion & constraintsBecoming more & more heavily loaded

Operated in ways not originally designed/planned

Flexibility required to cope with diverse generation andFlexibility required to cope with diverse generation and load patterns…….Renewables

Stability and voltage limits, network flow control

Lack of previously held “tools”Control of generation, etc

All in an environment of:

107 107

All in an environment of:Deregulation, politics, economics, environmental issues...

The Solution - FACTS

Flexible AC Transmission SystemsFACTS devices are used for the dynamic control of voltage, impedance and phase angle of high voltage AC transmission p p g g glines. They offer:

Better utilisation (optimisation) of existing, and new, AC systemsIncrease transfer capacity (by at least 30%), reduce losses

Maintain voltage profile under many network operating conditions

Increased system reliability & availability

Improved dynamic system stabilityImproved dynamic system stabilityBoth during and after faults

Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries

Environmental benefitsEnvironmental benefits

All with substantially less investment and environmental impact than classical reinforcement of the grid.

Insurance for the

108 108

Insurance for the Transmission System Operator

FACTS Types

Shunt connectedShunt connectedMSC Mechanically Switched Capacitor

MSCDN Mechanically Switched Capacitive Damping Network

SVC Static VAr Compensator

RSVC Relocatable Static VAr Compensator

STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator (VSC based)

Series connectedFSC Fixed Series Capacitor compensator

TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Compensator

SSSC St ti S i S h C t (VSC b d)SSSC Static Series Synchronous Compensator (VSC based)

UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller (VSC based)

IPFC Interline Power Flow Controller (VSC based)

109 109

SVC is the most popular FACTS device

( )

MSCMSCMSCDN

110 110

Purposes of MSC/MSCDN

Non-dynamic steady state voltage control

F tFeaturesStepwise control arrangement

Infrequent use onlyInfrequent use only

MSCDNs require system studies to determine required d i h t i tidamping characteristics

111 111

SVCs

112 112

What are SVCs?

An SVC is a continuously adjustable impedance from capacitance (+ve) through to inductance (-ve)

It can quickly respond to network changes to precisely q y p g p ycounterbalance the variations caused by a load or a fault

SVCs are shunt compensation systemsI d d t d i t d t i t i tIndependent devices connected at appropriate points on the transmission system

113 113

SVCsA Washing Line Analogy

114 114

SVCsA Washing Line Analogy

115 115

SVCsA Washing Line Analogy

116 116

SVCsA Washing Line Analogy

117 117

SVCsA Washing Line Analogy

118 118

SVCsA Washing Line Analogy

PProps

119 119

Why use Utility SVCs?

No Load 0MW

400kV

No Load 0MWFerranti Overvoltage Effect

800 km

400kV

Full Load: 800MWSystem Collapse

800MWVariable

800MWGenerati

800MWVariable

800MWGenerati

800MWVariable Load

800MWGeneration

Loadon Loadon

120 120

Uncompensated lines are too “short”

Why use Utility SVCs?

0MW 400kV 800MW400kV

800 km

800MWVariable

Load

800MWGenerati

on

800MWVariable

Load

800MWGenerati

on

800MWVariable Load

800MWGeneration

SVC SVC

Loadon Loadon

SVCs dynamically regulate the networkby providing or absorbing reactive power

121 121

by providing or absorbing reactive power.- Transmission line capacity is increased

SVC dynamic stability in action

Voltage PU With SVCPU

1.0With SVC

With SVC(fast recovery and low

voltage dip

With SVC(much faster recovery with lower voltage dip)

0.75 Without SVC(may just recover, but large voltage dip experienced )

Time

0.5Without SVC

(heading for system collapse)

122 122

0 0.5 1.0

TimeSeconds0.25 0.75

SVC: Power Oscillation Damping

TransmittedPowerPower

With SVC

No SVC

Time

123 123

Summary of Purposes of SVC

St d St tSteady StateRegulates voltage profile, particularly in weak systems

By providing or absorbing reactive power

Improves system power flow capacityReduce or eliminate requirement for new lines

Reduces system losses & maximizes capability of assetsy p y

DynamicPost fault recoveryPost fault recoveryPower oscillation/swing dampingImproves system stability marginsReduction of voltage fluctuations (flicker)Balancing single phase loadsReduces the incidence of black/brown-outs

124 124

educes t e c de ce o b ac /b o outs

SVC increases transmission line capacity

Components of an SVC Example: +150/-75MVAr

Local network voltage support

Better utilisation ofBetter utilisation of existing AC systems

Improves system stability

75MVAr 75MVAr75MVArThyristor Controlle

Thyristor Switched

125 125

stabilityControlled Reactor

Switched Capacitor

s

Our SVC Experience

8568 MVAr

1654 MVAr1654 MVAr

8951 MVAr

1422 MVAr3753 MVAr

24.3 GVAr SVCs Installed World-wide

126 126

21% Market Share of World-wide SVC Projects225 projects in 38 different countries

Some Recent SVC References

127 127

-75/+150MVAr SVCNGT, Lovedean, UK

Customer - National Grid Transco

Utility SVC

Local network voltage support

400kV substation400kV substation

Connected to 13kV transformer tertiary windingwinding

128 128

Inner City SVCSt. Johns Wood, London. 2 x -106/+150MVAr

129 129

-200/+237MVAr SVCWAPA, Watertown, USA

130 130

145MVAr SVCXcel Energy, Lake Yankton, USA

To minimize voltage fluctuations during weak AC system conditionsconditions

Associated with connection of wind farms

115kVIn-service: September 2004

No trips to date

131 131

p

-120/+280Mvar SVC Transgrid, Armidale, Australia

132 132

150MVAr SVC ProjectManitoba Hydro, Ponton, Canada

Very remote location:600km north of Winnipeg600km north of Winnipeg

Extremely weak point in the electrical network

Operating temperatures: -500C to + 400C

Un manned substationUn-manned substation

230kVImmunity against u ty aga stGeomagnetic InterferenceVery low noise limits!

133 133

CompactCompact Relocatable SVCs (RSVC)

134 134

What are Relocatable SVCs?

A relocatable SVC adds flexibilityC bi f i d i tCabins for indoor equipment

Valves and controls, etc

Skids for outdoor equipmentReactors, capacitors, etc

Factory assembled & testedReduced civil worksReduced civil worksSmall footprintSite work minimized3-6 month relocation

135 135

The Flexible Option

‘Compact SVC’: World’s First Relocatable Unit

Delivered to CERN, Switzerland in 1987

136 136

,Single cabin ratings up to 38kV, 200 Mvar

T 0738

Relocatable SVCon its way to Iron Acton

137 137

Power on the Move

RSVC at Iron Acton, UK

138 138

Relocatablity

Two SVCs relocated in UK during 2004/05

8 relocatable SVCs delivered to NGT, UK t ti f 1992starting from 1992

139 139

Reactive Power Compensation on the Move

RSVC on the Move

140 140

AREVA T&D’s latest SVC technology

141 141

S500 SVCFeatures

25% of physical size of previous versions

Up to 38kV AC connectionUp to 38kV AC connection

Fixed or Re-locatable versions

Shares 80% of components withShares 80% of components with H400 HVDC valve

New low cost, advanced, SVC control system already il blavailableProven on Manitoba Hydro/Ponton SVC

Delivery times from 9 to 15 months depending on scheme

142 142

Delivery times from 9 to 15 months depending on scheme complexity

Technical SolutionElectrically equivalent valve modules

Physical size comparisonPhysical size comparison

S500

S350 equivalent

S500 module

equivalent rated

module

143 143

S500 SVC Valve

3-phase valve

1 module per phase

200 MVA l200 MVAr valve

TCR and TSC versions

Relocatable orRelocatable or traditional buildings

144 144

VSC Based FACTSVSC Based FACTS

145 145

Types of VSC FACTSSTATCOM

St ti S h C tStatic Synchronous CompensatorConnected in shunt to the networkActs like a Synchronous Condenser without inertia and moving parts, but with much faster response to disturbances

RFI R t

Transistor Bridge

FF

Coupling Transformer

DC Link Capacitor

Reactor

Non-switched High Frequency

Filters

Transistor bridge can be built using same PEBB modules as

used in VSC HVDC

Many transistors connected

146 146

in series

3-phase bridge, PWM 1- 2kHz

STATCOM CharacteristicsCompared to Classical SVC

System Voltage(p.u.)Classical SVC (p u )

1.0 p.u.STATCOM

0.4 p.u.

1.0 p.u. 1.0 p.u.Capacitive Current Inductive Current

147 147

p pCapacitive Current(Leading)

Inductive Current(Lagging)

Types of VSC FACTSSSSC

Static Synchronous Series CompensatorSimilar to STATCOM but connected in series with the

k i h f linetwork, with transformer coupling

Provides series compensation by directly controlling the voltage across the series impedance effected by the t f i i ditransformer primary winding

Uses:To control power flow in lines

To prevent sub-synchronous resonance

Transistor bridge can be built using same PEBB modules as

used in VSC HVDC

148 148

used in VSC HVDC

Types of VSC FACTSUPFC

Unified Power Flow ControllerCombination of a STATCOM and an SSSCSTATCOM keeps the DC link charged as well as controlling the ac voltage amplitude at the point of connectionAs DC charge is maintained the SSSC can inject a voltage into the ac line at any phase angleinto the ac line at any phase angleCan control, individually or in combination, all three important transmission parameters

Voltage impedance angleVoltage, impedance, angle

Can control both active and reactive power flows in the line

Transistor bridges can be built i PEBB d l

149 149

STATCOM

using same PEBB modules as used in VSC HVDC

SSSC

Why VSC FACTS? - 1

Grid sees the device as a synchronous machine without inertia

Offers sub-cycle responseOffers sub cycle response

Do not require large reactive components (capacitors and shunt reactors) to provide inductive and capacitive reactive powerpower

Compact leading to minimum footprint

Operating range is wider than a classical SVCHigher reactive output at lower system voltagesRobust recovery support under severe system disturbancesSignificantly improved voltage control, particularly under contingenciescontingencies

Higher dynamic response characteristics than a classical SVC

150 150

Due to high switching frequency PWMCan mitigate voltage flicker problems

Why VSC FACTS? - 2

Power oscillation damping capabilities

For optimum dynamic voltage balancing/support the phases are independently controlled during system disturbancesare independently controlled during system disturbances

Important for rapidly fluctuating asymmetrical loads

Low losses at zero output, losses increase smoothly with b th iti d i d ti t tboth capacitive and inductive output

Active filtering capability

Modular converter design leads to wide range of ratings andModular converter design leads to wide range of ratings and a wide range of operational topologies

151 151

Disadvantages of VSC FACTS

Higher capital equipment cost~15%

EMC issues much more importantEMC issues much more important

Immature technology

Inherently has lower reliabilityInherently has lower reliabilityDue to much greater component count

100s of little IGBT chips v 1 thyristor slice

Complexity

152 152

Recent VSC Based FACTS Reference

153 153

Glenbrook STATCOMNortheast Utilities, USA

Two ±75Mvar STATCOMs

Required to assist in post fault recoverypost fault recovery

From double circuit faults

Commissioned 2004

154 154

FACTS S l tiFACTS Solutions Comparison Charts

155 155

Choice of Shunt Reactive Power Compensator

Equipment Land area

Cost Losses Speed of response

Voltage control

Harmonic performance

Application

MSC 0.8 0.6 0.2 Slow Step Possible resonance

Predictable, slow, 2x dayload changes

MSCDN 0.8 0.7 0.25 Slow Step Harmonic Predictable, slow, 2x daypdamping

yload changes

SVC 1.0 1.0 1.0 Fast Vernier Needs filters Dynamic compensation Fault recovery

RSVC 1.0 1.05 1.0 Fast Vernier Needs filters Dynamic compensation Fault recovery

STATCOM 0 6 1 15 1 0 Very fast Vernier Low Dynamic compensationSTATCOM 0.6 1.15 1.0 Very fast Vernier Low harmonic output

Dynamic compensation Fault recovery, LV operation, land constraints

156 156

Reactive Power SolutionsBestAdequate

Not appropriate

☺

FACTS DevicesShunt Series Combined

M S C

M S R

SC SR P S T

SVC(TSR/TCR/TSC)

STAT-COM

D-STAT-COM

SSSC(DVR)

TCSCTSSCTPSC

IPFC UPFC

C

Shunt Series Combined

☺☺ ☺

Solution

Problem

Voltage Control –Steady State

Voltage Control –Dynamic

Phase Balancing –

☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

☺Phase Balancing

Steady State

Phase Balancing –Dynamic

Power Oscillation ☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

☺

☺ ☺Damping

Transient Stability

Power Flow –Steady State

☺

☺☺

☺ ☺☺

☺☺

☺☺

☺ ☺

☺☺

yFault Current

Limitation

Circuit

☺

157 157

CircuitMSC = Switched CapacitorMSR = Switched ReactorSC = Series CapacitorSR = Series ReactorPST = Phase Shifting Transformer

SVC = Static Var CompensatorTSC = Thyristor Switched CapacitorTSR = Thyristor Switched Reactor TCR = Thyristor Controlled ReactorDVR = Dynamic Voltage Restorer

STATCOM = Static Synchronous CompensatorD-STATCOM = Distribution STATCOMTSSC = Thyristor Switched Series CapacitorTCSC = Thyristor Controlled Series CapacitorTPSC = Thyristor Protected Series Capacitor

IPFC = Interline Power Flow ControllerUPFC = Unified Power Flow ControllerSSSC = Static Synchronous Series Compensator

FACTS ApplicationsThe Way Forward

Detailed Network StudyInvestigate critical grid conditionsInvestigate critical grid conditions

Risks of voltage problems, power swings, resonances…

Define technical solution optionsTraditional

FACTS based

Economical study to compare various options againstEconomical study to compare various options against benefits

Create a functional specificationVAR compensation requirements

Dynamics

A ailabilit reliabilit

158 158

Availability, reliability

Environmental conditions

Control Systems

159 159

Latest TechnologySeries V Control System

Common modular platform for all power electronics solutions

Scalable flexible and fully digitalScalable, flexible and fully digital

High Dynamic Performance

Extremely easy re-use of engineeringExperience capitalization

Future proofed“Evergreen” ControlsEvergreen Controls

S/W architecture divorced from hardware as much as possible

Classified as significantly superior toClassified as significantly superior to its closest rival by TransEnergie of Canada

World’s most advanced HVDC user

160 160

World s most advanced HVDC user

Series V: Overview of implementationDuplicated system for Back to Back HVDC

161 161

Valve Test Facilities

162 162

HVDC & FACTS Testing

Valves are constructed from many large, high voltage thyristors connected in series

Many hundreds of devices for HVDC

IEC standards dictate complex testing regimes for thyristor valves which will get connected to transmissionthyristor valves which will get connected to transmission networks

Conventional testing laboratories cannot provide the required:required:

Level of power and its duration (days not seconds)

Waveform complexity

So we have our own purpose built Valve Testing Facility

163 163

Valve Test FacilityEssential to be able to test HVDC and SVC valves to international standards

During development

D i t tDuring contracts

Facility established 1960sOnly 3 similar facilities exist in the worldOnly 3 similar facilities exist in the world

Currently undergoing ~€10M investment

164 164

Valve Testing

Dielectric testingRequires amps not microamps

Operational TestingApply Representative Heating Current to the Valve

Realistically Simulate the Required Repetitive Voltage and Current Switching Stresses

Apply Voltage Impulses at Selected Times, while the Valve is Operating

165 165

Valve Testing Simplified Circuit

Operation is based on interleaving of the outputs of two independent, but synchronized, oscillators:

High Current circuitHigh Voltage Circuit

Hi h V ltHi h C t

V1

High VoltageCircuit

High CurrentCircuit

Test Valveand local

circuit

166 166

circuit

Can operate anywhere between 45Hz and 65Hz