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Are you getting tired of gases?. dU = TdS - pdV. dW = -pdV worked well for gases!!. However, in other physical systems, dW = xdX . [x, X] conjugate variables x: force (intensive variables) X: displacement (extensive variables). Magneto X men. Adiabatic Demagnetization. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Are you getting tired of gases?dU = TdS - pdV
dW = -pdV worked well for gases!!
However, in other physical systems, dW = xdX.[x, X] conjugate variables
x: force (intensive variables)X: displacement (extensive variables)
System x X dWfluids -p V -pdV
elastic rods f (tension) L fdL
liquid films surface tension
A dA
dielectric materials E (electric field) pe Edpe
magnetic materials H (magnetic field) m= -MV Hdm
Magneto X men
Adiabatic Demagnetization
Entropy exchanged between spins and phonons !
TdS equations (TediouS equations)
(1)
(2)
(3)
pV
T
p p
p V T
p p
TTdS C dT dV
TdS C dT TV dp
C CdVTdS dp
V
The TdS equations are useful for calculating :
1.heat transferred in reversible processes2.entropy by dividing by temperature and then integrating 3.heat flow in terms of measurable properties4.relationship between coordinates for isentropic processes