Architecture Theories of the world

7/30/2019 Architecture Theories of the world

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2/41

bdg s s-bkd d bk s,

s,sds,g

mssv ss zd b k, spg ws,fw

pgs m bdgs ps d ss, w

f fs sd f g s bks sppd b x ws d s spd s.

gp d p fss d vgs egp sb - sb, sd b, s

dsk, hgps w sbd f dv ppss s w s

d s vs sps.

ancientegyptt Gz pd px

tp f hs edf


3/41

c s f Gk w wd ps bkd bk, s d b, s, sp bz

conStruction SyStemS1)s f ssv s bks f ws ,s s fbd s k pv fs f vs d ds,s l G m.2)cs ss w s sd f ds dgws d pvd ds f ps, s d ts

Gk ssd f ds-- D, i,d c.

t bs ps d:column

caPital( d)entaBlature (bg s)PeDiment( g gb f f).

t bs p f ws v sp: g bw sw-pd gbd f, sdd b w fs ( fd b d p), sdg pd f sps.

GreeK architecture

cs w dsd b Gks b pp psv f bd f .t bs sggss f, sf s d p d.

e d d s w vs

b dsg f b.t b s dvdd ss; s, fz d v.

adg s f ss, b sdws b dvsb s zs.


4/41

romanarchitecture

ms sd w S,bk,() d b.

rs d sgf pvs ddss s sg.

t s dvpd w s sss bsd d d.

r s s dvpd ss f wd ss s.


5/41

e Bz (cs) ws sp f r . t gd g f Bz d fs w g (52765) f p Js, pf bd d p f s.

Bdgs sd g px, bk d ps w sd dd s ds w sd f, ss pd vd d, px ds sd p ssv ps wdws fd g g ss f

bs sf s.

czd d Bs pg. css s/ d Gk ss. Ds pdvs. Vs d s.


6/41

romanesque

t rs pd ppx 800 a.D. 1100 a.D.rs s spd b r . Ss bw r d rs d d s, s s,d bs-s p

ms rs s v fwg ss: s pps

s b v g v k d v ws k d v ps s wdws d s sppg f v w sd ss

t spp v s vs, s sd ssv wsd ps.a dsgsg f f rs s, bs s g sps sd b g vs d sd bs s bs bdg .

t wg f gs wd d bk ws wd.ts pss wd s kw s wd s. t spp ws, g ps f s wd b skd g w vs bss ws f psg wd.D wg f s g, w f d b v k. Wdws d b s kp sg f w sg. Bs f s, s ws d.ts ws svd g dsg ws sd.


7/41

G s s f w fsd ep dg dv pd.i vvd f rs d ws sdd b rss.

t G s pszs v d g.ts ws vd b dvp f fs w s ps f bdg sd b s sd ws.

t b s sk psg f sd s, pd bbdvs d fg bsss

i G a pd s sd v f b s d dvpps.G pgs s s dws, wdws,ds d gs v pd s.

t G v b sd f gd g spd ps s s pzdst s dvg s pd s wg s sp g.

o x, v

s pssd j wb ws d sps d ss w b vbsss,s, b gw wdws, vdgs d ds dfgv sp .

i s ss vd b pd d bs

gothic architecture

ms G s f l ss p. t v g v kg bd f . t s svs d sp Bd s xs w b d . t v s g fkd sd b ss. i s s wdws w g sp.


8/41

rss s f pd bw 15 d 17 s dff gs fep, dsg ss vv d dvp f s f Gk d r g d .

t rss s ps pss s, pp, g d g f ps. od gs f s,pss d s, s w s s f s s, sp ds, s d ds pd pxpp sss d g pfs f dv bdgs.

Pt ps f rss bdgs v s, s pp wpps s bsd d.W d s f wd f s.

FdFds s d v xs. c fds g sd b pd d gzd b ssf pss, s d bs. t s d wdws sw pgss wds .

Ds bdgs f sd b . t s g p f pgs f, d pdd s kd b f s s b, sd sd.

cs d Pssrss, s d ss, pss, d bs s gd ss.

WdwsWdws b pd ds w s- .t v s s

d g sgpds, w fsd .

S'ags,r


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Wsex ws g f g fsd ss, d sg ss.F f sps, sfs dd w fss.css, dgs d dv ds vd w g ps.

t d s sd f, b s v gs f s vsb f x, ds s s f fg s sps w vsb .

asas s-sg. as fsd ds, sppd ps s wps

VsVs d v bs.t s- sg d sp, k Gv w s fg.

cgsrfs fd w f ffd gs.t fpd dd.

DsDs s vs s. t

b s w sd b g sgpd.

t rs Bpsf F

t D f SP's Bs,r.

tp d S P m, r,


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Baroque

B bg sx i, k r vbf rss .i ws zd b w xps f f, g dsdw d d s.

t pp s f s pd w sp Gz B,Fs B d p P d c d vvd wdsv dvd xpss.

Dss f B s f i sd g vss s S B f nps d l.

S Ss r, i

e's P t, G


11/41

mgs r bdgs, p S. Ps Bs, b sddpss B .

Dsv fs f B d:

i s, bd vs d ss gv v fs Fg db p s d s f g; sg g-d-sd ss (s ffs) f

gg b s f sv wdws (.g. f Wg abb) p s f d s (p fgs d f wd (f gdd), ps

s, b fx fsg) g-s g fss x fd f zd b d pj s s f pg, sp d s (sp B) s ffs k p (s vvg x s g

d p s dpd bjs pp dss.) d bdg f pg d p-spd ds Bv, cz, Ps, d uk B m d h t s d c s, f ksgvg f dg

pg

Fd f c f Gs

c f SP d P Kkw, Pd


12/41

rococo

r , s d bv, ws g, gf, s b vs f B , wws d s. nb dffs bw b r d B , f bg s, s rpssd s f fs, ws B ws pps.

sg f p s.

t s xps f r bdgs s w s s. ags s fs d c P, rss, qz n P Pg,. as w w wd f ss sg s d Fs Brs, Pp d lg,

r s bg sgf gs bdg f dfs, pg pss pv gd pbjs f B , s w s pvg s f bdgs d v.

r s fd s "l B", s 18- s w dvpd s B ss gv p s d bsg , fd, d pf. r s w dsgd s wks f w g d f, s sps, s, d ps pg , fs, d w pgs. i ws g sppd b nss s.

t r Bs ob (Bv)t c P tssk S qz n P Pg


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americancolonialarchitecture

a ds sv bdg dsg ss ssd w pd f ud Ss, dg FsPd egs (-dv), F c, Sps c, D c, G c d Gg c.ts ss ssd w ss, s d gv bdgs f pd bw b 1600 g 19 .

Sv v ds g ss f gzd ud Ss.

Bdg ss 13 s w fd b s d ss f egd, s w s ds bg b ss f ps f ep. i nw egd, 17- ss w b p f wd, fwg ss fd sss f egd. D c ss, b p hds rv V, lg isd, d nw Js, fds ss f hd d Fds d sd s d bk xsv bdgs nw egd.

i md, Vg, d cs, s d "S c" s gzd, zd b d p d -pssg s ps, w f d g s pjg f gb-ds f s. ag w Dw rv, Swds

ss dd g b a. a s ss d Psv ppd (f 1681) dps Gg fs. a Psv D s s gzd ps f ss Psv w sdb G gs 18 .

e bdgs s s f ud Ss f ds f pws d s gs.a ss f ls d F cd dfd s F , d f dv F fs. t Sps s vks rss d B ss f Sp d mx; ud Ss s fd Fd, nw mx,txs, az, d cf.


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nss ws s pdd b ss v bg d-18 ,fsd b s ds s gs r s f s , d s fs s gw fs sszg fs f l B. i s ps f s s pp dvd f f css G d f i ad Pd. i f, nss pszs w s d s spds f s ps.

tg ss ps sss vb s l B , ds psz s p s, spvs.

Pjs d sss d ffs f g dsd f; sp bs-fs f d d b fd fzs, bs ps. is d dvd fs sd pg, s d p svs.t W

f G

p.

t cdf Vs

P Bdg,B, egd


15/41

t Gk rvv ws v f 18 d 19 s, pd n ep d ud Ss.

t s dv f w g sf-ss ps f sw, d sd d d w d f . W w fd ss G, gs-s f pd sdd D d i v, xps f w b fd rss,Pd, l d Fd (w ssb f Gk bdgs hsk s p b). y d, s wskd s xpss f s d v v, sp G d ud Ss w d ws gdd s bg f fss d s sss.

t s f gs Gk f d dsg ws s pk b bgg f 19 , w dsgs f ts

hp d fd b f dv ss kw vs s nss, ep, rss ep, d rg. Gk rvv k dff s b f s, sg cv W a (1860s) d v Sd. t sws s xpd G d fs w (G d Ds) kgs f w dpd .

BdbgG B,G.

l v Kz'sW,rgsbg,Bv, 1842.

Kz's Pp(Gw) m,1854-1862.


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Bx-as xpsss d ss s g ds Bx-as Ps.

t Bx-as s v fd uS pd f 1880 1920. n-F ep s f pd 18601914 dd gv wd w d s fxg Ps.

Ps G

ag df ss dkss SFs c h

B a d d d d d F d i B d


17/41

Bx-as dpdd sp d g svv d s, pg F d i B dr fs bd w psss fs d s.

Sg vsd ds, bd sp sppg ss, dp s, swgs d sp s s bvfs d ffd gv p sv gs f ds d vs f i d c epbkgds.ss f Bx-as dd:

ag d f ss d kss S Fs c h F f rsd d sd fs s h f sps, f "b sps"gd s d sss s ad wdws ad d pdd ds css ds: fs sss f ss ss d d s; f b f "s" S S, sp (bs-f ps, fg sps, sp gps), s, ss, d wk, dd

ss d f bdg css ds: bsds, pss, gds, s, w p dsp f dd sps (gfs),

bks d sppg ss Sb p

S Fs W m op hs Bx-as bdg d psg gs f rgddsss P d D.


18/41

as d cfs ws dsg psp gd egd d fsd bw 1860 d 1910 , g sf 1930s.i ws g gs pvsd s f dv s d ds b w w pdd.t psp ws dv f d fssp sg sp fs d f dv, fk ss f d. is dd dv f d s f d s b sdd s ss -ds.

artsandcraftsarchitecture

rd hs, Bx, ld (1859),dsgd f ms b Pp Wbb,xpfs as d cfs s, ws w-ppd sd fs, wd ps,sp f, pd wdw s, bkfps d wd fgs.

t "P S" f Fk ld Wg,Gg Wsg m d s cg, c D S v, bgw d bgw s fss ppzd b G d G,J mg, d Bd mbk sxps f a as d cfs da cfs s f .

t ogPb lb og, is,u.S

ms FKdgbdg akd

m d c d


19/41

md s g zd b spff f d f f s d f bdg.md bg f 20 w ffs pps dg dsg w pdg dv d dz f s.

nb s p s d dvp f ds v d Fk ld Wg, ldwg ms v d

r, l cbs, os n, av a, W Gps dls i K.

a gs sd vs ss xsssf V d edwd.

W ids rv, vb f w-vbbdg s s s ,s, d s gss dv v f w bdgs.

i ws 1830s e hdgksdd s b,dg wdspd s f s.

ad 1900 b f s d dsgsd wd bg dvpg w ss g d pds (sss G,f s) w w g pssbs.

t wk f s f s w p fw s bd gzd s a nv("nw a").

css d, s sw bdj g-ss cg,is. iBm Pz (g), bldwg ms v d r, s xp f s d gss f i S, wsm c, (f), b s

sd Bd Gdbg,fs sp md-c md s.

t cs P

t Sk is px l J, cf, b ls K.

t rb hs

a n i b d b


20/41

a nv s psp ds f , d ppd sp dv s w s pp dg 18901910.a d f 19 , wsspd b fs d ss, fws d ps, b s vd s. asd z w v. i ss sdd psp f dsg f f,w ws dsgd dg w bdgd d p f d f.

ag a nv ws pdb 20- ds ss, ssdd w s p sbw ss f nsssd ds.

i , pbs d pbs wdws, s d ds , ddv dgs 'gw' p-dvdfs.

a nv d dsgswd vv ss f 19. tg a nv dsgs sd

d 'dsd' s f bss f r s, s s f d sxs, s dvd s f vssd g fs s s f sp,xpdg '' p s swd,gsss, d ss.

essff ep (1903) S. Psbg, rss

t cs Bmdsbdg

D f


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Dvp f ss

c s f d d:

"F fws f", d g xpssd b Fk ldWg's ls Sv, g s f dsg sd dvd f s pps

sp d f fs d f "ss d" vs xpss f s (s ppsd dg f s s) d p f "t s", g

pp f g b s d d pssg s

s f ds-pdd s; dp f s p i S ds,

vs pss z d v sFwg f xps a nv d s d vs d wd,ds d dsg gw f ss ds gg gwd:

Wg's lk Bdg(1904) Bff,nw yk, utp (1905) okPk, is, d rb hs (1910) cg, isw s f fsxps f d

ud Ss.

t rb hs

t Bs bdg Dss, dsgdb W Gps

csvs S


22/41

csvs ws f f d fsd Sv u 1920s d 1930s. ibd dvd g d gg w vwd cs s pps.

csvs d pd pp -ds bs vs w bs -bjv ss w k .

t p spf "ogk"gz

t fs d s fs csvs pj


23/41

t fs d s fs csvs pjws 1919 pps f ds f c S Psbg b Fs Vd t, f dts tw. tg d b, sgss d sd s fs s d p s( vs f s vs w sbs v d d) s f pjs f 1920s.

a fs csvs pj ws ltb b e lsszk (1920), vg spks pd.

i s d ts wk ps f csvsd b s b dp f vs g-Ws fs, s s gg fs f Gsveff d nw yk cgs sksps, f wv s.

nkzp

Zv Wks'cb

expsss d f d f


24/41

expsss s d f s ds f ff; s sbjv f. i ws v w d bf vg G d nds s f fs wd wbg. i ws fd s w s d ws s vd, dd b1925.

t v s sggsg v,Swpg d vg fs,Spk ws, W dv bkwk

ts sps w d pssb b ps pps f dfd f xpss s sggsv f sp .

Bp fssog k bdgs w sp f gs sd b dd fw b s b sg w ss f bj.

i , w spf bdgs dfd s xpsss: Bt's Gss Pv cg Wkbd exb (1914), d emds's es tw Psd, G pd 1921. hsPzg's B (Gss Ssps) f mx rd ss ss d.

Gss pv Wkbd exb

mkg b s f sp fs d v s f s ss, xps d rdf S's Sd G, b f1926 Bs, Swzd d es Psd, G.

t Sd G, 1924-1928, Bs, Swzd

In 1920 Between 1920 and 1921 he created a


25/41

In1920

g emds(1887-1953)ws gv pp dsg bsv f

ppsf kgss gvd abes's fv.

Between1920and1921hecreateda

bdg ws s d ds sf ps w w wsssd.

F bgg sg bvd p f fd b bdg f w s xpss.hvg p v ds f spp d d, s bdg ffd w, pvs kw fd dsg.

is fd v, v d vx fs pp spd b, sbg s sp wd swp sb w spwds f spx.

us fs d gd wdws pd s-d sw dd d s.

art deco architecture


26/41

artdecoarchitecture

a d s s d dsg s bg Ps 1920s d fsd g 1930s, Wd W ii.t s fd s f dsg, dg d dsg, ds dsg, fs d jw, s w s vs s s s

pg, gp s d f.a d psd g, g, f d d.

a ds s ws ds dp f fwgs g vs f s pdss s v; bdfs f dff ss f w , dgss, svs, bs, ds d fs d dwsp f egp d az fs.

a xps svv dff s wdwd, s s dvs s c (Sg), uK, lv, Sp, cb, mx,ids, Ppps, ag, Pd, as, G, rss,r, as, cd, nw Zd, id, Bz, cb d ud Ss.i nw yk, ep S Bdg, cs Bdg d rkfc g gs d bs-kw xps f s.

gd g bdg

ep S Bdg

a d s zd b :a D s zd b s f


27/41

a d s zd b :

lg, fs Sp, sps cvg sfs, w sd

k Sppd fs, dd s, tpzd, zgzggd, g d

jbd sps o s g szd

f ps fs tp- spd dv s d

bk d tp fs dd szd s,

fg, f fgs, d s s expsv s, w f

d -d sbss (pss,sp bk; v-gss; df) dd s(jd, sv, v, bsd, , dk s).

a D s zd b s fs s s , ssss, , Bk, c dd wd.

ex s s s sksk(sg), d zb sk w svd.t s f sppd fs dg vs (k ss,

vs f a nv),vps, zgg-sps, fs, d sbs f p f a D.

F fs Sbks (sp k sss w) pszg g f

Sg ss og ps, ks hd-dgd w f d d d wdw pgs, .g. sppd

fsp d sppd wdw d. Vs d sds Sps f wdws w dd g wk sds dd v fg m wdws: ss, s ag sg-dd wdws pp, s wdw

dd wdw d d jb s fd.

Dv s f d :


28/41

Dv s f d :

Sbss d fs - psg dw f w d g.

t Sksp sp - sb f 20 .

Sbs f spd, pw d fg - xg w dvps sp ds.

G sps - psg d g w ws g wd sv pbs.

t w w - vg w s fds.

a s - f dd g, ws fs w vzs f egp d a

chrysler Building

a d s d S md, spS, dvpd s fwd.S ws fd b d d dsgs,dg s dvpg f dvg gsf v, bss, d pps g gv. t sps sg f sf ppdd pps w dpd f a D, ppgsg s sf bjs f vd f,s s s.

GdBs S cvd,o, swg Smds.

ep S Bdg


29/41

p g

a - Sv, lb d h

t f ws fd 1929 b cd rdhd ,Sv, W lb f Bk, d als h f cg.S lw k a Dcs Ss - S f, s ddg

t dsg ss s -k s s, s,ws fs dd dzz sk d w sf ws v

Fst ep S Bdg ss 1,250 f (381 ) 102d f, d s f s g (dg bds) s 1,453 f d 8 9/16 s (443 ).

t bdg s 85 ss f d ff sp(2,158,000 s f / 200,465 s ) d dd d bsv dk 86 f.

t g 16 ss ps sp, w s ppdb 102d f bsv, d p sp s ppd ff w gg d. t ep S Bdg s fs bdg v 100 fs.

t ep S Bdg s f s pp d bsvs wd, vg b vsd b v 110 pp. t86 f bsv dk ffs 360-dg vws f .

ep S Bdgs s sss s g-w ps bg s bsv w sp bd d pssv.

ep S Bdgs fd ss s g.

international Style


30/41

international StyleW g-s ds dsg vb d sg-dwg sd bdgs ud Ss, s d mds b p-, d ss (f ds f pfss) pb, dsg s f b 1932 b1984.

as w wkd i s wd bk w d d dsg sp,d bdgs. t s sds gss f fd (s w),s f x spp, d f fsd spps; f ps w f dg. t s b s vd dsg fsksps

bg " bx" w s dssvg bkgd w s d g gssws, s ws p s w Fswhs b ms v d r d Gss hs bPp Js

sds d fs zg wss d, kg vb d ppg pp. m f s dsgs s

s : bg bw d d dsps.

S s s sps d d s f vg ps f

W s k swss dsb f g pb,s ds s s ss ss d pv fmds: d d pm dsg.

t Sg

Bdg, nwyk c, 1958, bldwg ms vd r

t B hs

minimalism


31/41

minimalism

ms dsbs vs vs fs f d dsg, sp vs d s, w wk s sppd dw ss fd fs. as spf v s s dfd w dvps psWd W ii Ws a, s sgw a vs s 1960s d 1970s.t s s f ppd dsg g w s sp sppd s sss.

t s s s sd dsb

d dsg d w sbj s dd s ss s.

ms dsg s b g fd bJps d dsg d .i dd, wk f D Sj ss s js f f f s kd f wk.

D Sj xpdd ds d bxpssd b sg bs s s s sd ps gzd v p s.

a ldwg ms v d r dpd lss s dsb s s f gg s ssps f bdg pss

f x sp, b sg v d d sv p vs d fppss (s s dsgg f s svs d, ssv fp ss b).

b pv

t dsgs p sp


32/41

itsunsurpassedviewsthroughtransparentwallsshow howaman-

madeobjectbestrelatestonature.

Fsw hs s sdd pdg f s a. t s's s

sss f ps f d f sbs sppdb f fd s sk f f bs,gds d s. s.

g p p bw pf ps, g gg, df sd f vd sps f b vf -ds sps f dsg.

as i S k d, s s d


33/41

sd f s p fs fs, w s g g ds ss.

e S, av a d os n w f s pf s d dsgs s v, w sfd p ds.

s s bg xpg g fs fw d ssb.

D d pf . expsss xp f f wsvvd, s s Sd op hs as b Juz.

cbg s xpsss w s dvs bd w fs b pssb dsb

Fx cd, Sps xp vg mx, d ig P lg nv, wd k p sds sf fd d s s. i 1954,Bks F pd gds d.

a ss ws "nw Fs" ( "n-Fs",ss sd "Fs").lk p-w "Sppdcsss", "nw Fs" wd bd s f sss( s bsd vs) w ds dsgs.

css dwg sss d gd s,s f s d ds ds, d s f g-ds (s s b g), wks s v ss s f fs w iS.

n cgssf Bz, b osn

tWa t,J F. Kdap, nw yk,1962, b eS

Sdop hs bJ uz

BrutaliSm anD monumentality


34/41

BrutaliSm anD monumentality

as s s ls K, P rdp, m B, i.m. P d s wd spd "g" gss ws dvd b ldwg ms v d r, b g w pss sbs s, s s d bk, d gwks w "" . "Bs" s dvd f s f "B b" ("w"), dd, f w d ks g, g s ss d,Bs wd b ppd bd d s f s

s fs, s s bkwk. t ws fs sd b l cbs.

tb

i 1963, w s ss f fd bs ppd sksp dsg ds. t Bgds d s g Fz K dfd fdb s s " ds sp s psd f , f, pssb fs, bd fs, s ws, jd dgs f v b-ks ss pb f ssg fs d b vg f

fd.

cs spd d x s f b. hz ds, f xpwd, sppd b s s w. ab f x sf s vb fwdws. Fd bs w fw s, d s sb f sp.W g pgs k gg ds d, b f s b pd, wsf gds sd s g.

t fs bdg pp b-f s ws DW-cs ap

Bdg w K dsgd d ws pd cg b 1963. ts d fdsf b ss f sksps, dg s w J hk cd Ss tw, d b s s f Wd td c d s sp sksps s 1960s, s s Ps tws d J mBdg.t f cg pg ds dvpd b K s f kw s "Sd cg S".

t Sk is px l J, cf, b ls K.

t nassb Bdgf Bgds bls K

cubism


35/41

t cz's pspsss wk, w s s ss f dg fs f vsb bjs d s f s s s fdg.t pv , sp af sp, w s xpssv ds ffs f f b.Dff d sppsd pspvs f s bj dpd. absf sp dp.

ls d ps f psd gv - psv. Fs sppsdg ffs f sps.c s.ab sdg.i , bss ds w dpd b s cz s(Jsf c, 1880-1956; Pv Jk, 1882-1956; Jsf G, 1880-1945)w dpsd fs f bdgs w bs, ps fs s s f fg f cbs .

t K Z hgs Dfgk (c f h t) V, b kw s Wb c s d V. iws b bw ags f 1974 d ob f 1976 bss f d b Fz Wb.

Psd bg s Psd s sd b dd


36/41

g s fs xps f w g d s bg f 1950s, b dd b s 1970s d s f ps-d .

b f "w, d f" sps fs f i S f ds.

t f d fzd sps d sps f ds s pd b dvs ss:

ss d, f s dpd f s w sk, dw ws f vwg f ss d sp bd.

s dsvd xpssv d sbv f s d fs dvvd g s f bdg w d bbdd b d s.

if g-s xps f psd mGvs' Pd Bdg Pd, og d Pp Js's S Bdg

(g at&t Bdg) nw yk c, w bws s d fsf ps d ds d sbs

Psd s gd d bdgs s sss d bd,v sps d bs.

Psd s s b dsbd s"-", w f d v

d fd, pg ggssvd d ss. ts s s fbd w s f -g gs ds sfs, s fs S Gf Sg (nw wg f Ssg Sg)b Js Sg d Pzz d'i b csm. t Ss P Bdg edbgv s b d s bg f psd vg.

ds s d d

s f s w s bsf , w psdss j f s s s b dss d sks gd xpss s f bdgs, fs, d ss fs.

t S Bdg(f at&tbdg) nwyk c, 1984, bPp Js

o bdg f pfs xps f Psds s d gb f, p f f f fS f f f f f


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t v w f dss fs s w sd bVs dp f ms v d rs fs x lss s

"lss s b."

s sg d ,, d d s

bdgs. F ws g b dfds b s f s pp.

cxs, d kg ps f 20 c, fs dgs f psd v g. cxs s d bf kwdg s x-

ssv. ts d ws v k f s kwdg b dsd w sdgs x. W w xps f d spdd b sb d d ps x (zd b ts S "cxs: ub ids d Dfs," db c rw d Fd K cg c), psd f ddssd x s f s, fs d ds f bdgs d x.

ds. Sddg w w f f bdg, s f f ws svd f pps s w d sw, d ws g w v g sps w s s bs, b ws vss v d ss. (ts w, f , "s f vg," dg lcbs, d s dd s v gbdfs.) hwv, Psds's w ds s pp s f w xps f "d" fs. F s,rb V's V V hs bks gb dd, dg f f f

V V hs w s spgb.

Psds w s dvs psssss ssv bdgs x d s, d s s. t psds f d d f b b d d d d b d d F


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s f sdd g s f b bdgs d sdgs dg bdgs dsg. F xp, Fk G's V B hs, gbg ss v s bg f . ts v ssv s f vd, b s dsgs spd g-s gbs. Js Sg's a m. Sk ms hvd uvs fs dd d spd bk pg f d d f p V m h ss s,g s s v ss.

ts ss d s f sp fs, s,pps d s w pf p '. tsps ss bd w p ssf g. ts ss f g d ps, dbdg, fg bsss d g gs, d pdx, dxs.

af s f g, d. Fk Gs VB s, b 1986, s d w s ds wd v b sdd xssv d dss mds.t V B hs s ssb f gs wxs s f d. t gs p d v ppsf dg p wdw vs. hwv, f d v b pd w p vsb , ks xggd xs g .

Db dg bdgs v gsss. t S Bdg nw yk ds s v w.t bdg s sksp w bgs w s fv d g. y, p ds s. t p svs s f ss . ts db dg s pv f Psds.

a sb

dg tp 101(tw) t c h mssssg, cdvs Psd sdpg p f "fs f"

hd ms f a ps f Dcg hv

ad d tf S cz d tf bSg cv.

hg- , s kw s l mds S


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gexpsss, s s gd 1970s, pg sf g- ds d g bdg dsg.hg- ppd s vpd ds, xs f spvs ds dd b v dvs g vs. tsg svs s bdg bw ds d ps-ds.lk Bs, S expsss bdgs v s sd sw s sd, b w vs pss pd s d/ sk s s ppsd x ws. i bdgs s s Ppd

c, s d f vd s s k x, w pp sps svg s .

as w bd g :-> rd rgs> n Fs> rz P

t ld's bdgrd rgs. bdg ws vv vg s svs s s sss, fs, pw ds d w pps sd, vg d sp sd. t 12 gss fs w fs f kd uK.t bdg sss f 3 ws d 3 sv ws d , g sp. is f p s gg udwgr gd f, w ss fs l B. t udwg r (f sp kw s ' r') s vkd bgs, fg 60- (200-f)-g g g b-vd gss f.t fs f gs p sp, d d b ss g dd f s.t g fs gssd-, d b d v sd fs.

DeconStructiViSm s dvp f psd bg 1980s. i s zd b ds f


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fg, s pg ds f ss sf sk, - sps w sv ds d dss f s f , s s s d vp. t fsd vs pp f bdgs xb dsvs ss s zd b sg pdb d d s.

t p dsvs

g s v w f w s ps s s sg s f dss s f fws f, pf f, d s.

W psds d b f s

s fs ds d sd,dsvs js psd p f sfs. i s js d f s f-g d.

G ws dsvss w ws psdss, sbj f p, d s p f g ws , ppd f, s, d sp sps f dsvs bdgs. o xpf dsvs px s Fk G's V Dsg ms W--r, w ks p dd w b f ds gs ddss , sg gs s f bs d bs xpsss.

S clb b rKs doma

V Dsg ms bFk G, W r

Dsvs psp


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"pss f ps," d s s sbjf dsvs psp . tpspps s s gg pbf g g d f vg sb ds f gs psp.[5] t d fps d bs, sd d vd s f es's pjs, b b d b. B Dd

d es bv s, p f ps,s , d s d f ps dbs s fd s d dsvs.

uFa-Ps

Dsd b cphb()

lbskd'sip Wms n ms

t Ggg ms Bb b Fk G, Bb, Sp.

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