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Juin 11, 2012MJ Grand Hotel, EastLagon, Accra, Ghana
ARCHITECTURE OF SERVICESDISCIPLINES IN INTRA-REGIONALAGREEMENTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
REGIONAL INTEGRATIONAND SERVICESSékou F. Doumbouya
Programme Officer
Foreword
• Results presented here come from ILEAP past andongoing research on▫ Trade in Services in intra-regional agreements in
SSASSA
• Analyzed agreements are: ECOWAS
UEMOA
ECCAS
EAC
COMESA
SADC
Notes
• IA: Integration Agreement
• RIA: Regional Integration Agreement
• SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa
• REC: Regional Economic Communaties
• NT: National Treatment• NT: National Treatment
• MA: Market Access
• ISP: Independant Services Providers
• CSP: Contractual Services Providers
• IW: Independant Workers
• VSE: Vendors of Services to Enterprises
• ICT: Intra-Corporate Transfer
Overview
1. Why “services” in agreements ?
2. Why the weakness of Commitments at WTO?
3. What role for Regional Integration?
4. Architectural Elements in RIA4. Architectural Elements in RIAa. Scheduling Approach
b. Investment in services
c. Movement of Natural Persons
d. Rules of Origin
e. Trade Rules
5. Conclusions
1. Why negociate for trade inservices?
• To lock in existence openning , especially on cross-borders trade and consumption abroad
• To gradually phase-out barriers, especially intransport and foreign investmentstransport and foreign investments
• To at least begin to allow and facilitate themovement of individual service providers
2. Reluctance at multilateral levelSubsectors No.of Members
(LDC)List of WTO Members (committments of Members)
20 or less 42(21) Angola, Bahreïn, Barbade, Bénin(12), Botswana, Burkina Faso(2), Cameroun, République Centrafricaine,
Tchad, Congo, République Démocratique du Congo, Costa Rica, Chypre(25), Fidji, Gabon, Guinée(9),
Guinée-Bissau(2), Guyane, Haïti, Honduras, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali(2), Malte(12),
Mauritanie(3), Maurice, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibie, Niger(7), Paraguay, Rwanda, Saint-Kitts-et-
Nevis, Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines, Îles Salomon, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzanie, Togo(5),
Ouganda, Zambie.
21-40 23(6) Bangladesh, Bolivie, Brunéi Darussalam, Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire(29), Djibouti, Dominique, El Salvador,
Ghana(30), Grenade, Guatemala, Kenya, Macao, Mongolie, Nigéria(32), Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée,
Pérou, Qatar, Sénégal(29), Sierra Léone (110), Tunisie, Uruguay, Zimbabwe.Pérou, Qatar, Sénégal(29), Sierra Léone (110), Tunisie, Uruguay, Zimbabwe.
41-60 11 Antigua-et-Barbuda, Belize, Cuba, Inde, Maroc, Antilles néerlandaises, Nicaragua, Pakistan,
Roumanie(58), Trinité-et-Tobago, EAU.
61-80 14 Brésil, Bulgarie(80), Equateur, Egypte, Hong Kong(Chine), Israël, Jamaïque, Koweït, Liechtenstein,
Panama, Pologne(61), Roumanie(58), Singapour, Venezuela.
81-100 17(1) Argentine, Cap-Vert (99), Chili, Chine, Finlande(99), République Tchèque(86), République Dominicaine,
Indonésie, Lesotho, Nouvelle Zélande, Oman, Panama, République Slovaque(94), Slovénie(84),
Suède(98), Afrique du Sud, Turquie.
101-120 24(1) Albanie, Allemagne(115), Australie, Autriche(114), Belgique(115), Bulgarie(80), Canada,
Danemark(115), Espagne(115), Estonie(103), France(115), Gambie(111), Grèce(115), Irlande(115),
Italie(115), Jordanie, Lituanie(110), Luxembourg(115), Pays-Bas(115), Philippines, Portugal(115),
Royaume-Uni(115), Suisse, Thaïlande.
121 and more 15 Colombie, Croatie, Géorgiea, Hongrie(102), Island, Japon, Korée, République kirghize, Lettonie(121),
Malaisie, Mexique, Moldavie, Norvège, USA.
2. Reluctance at multilateral level
• Weakness of SSA commitments
• No notification of SSA RIA in services at WTO
• Some concerns: frictions▫ Loss of regulatory freedom
▫ Regulatory impreparedeness
▫ Lack of Regulatory cooperation
3. What role for Integration
• Lesser friction: Fertile for regulatorycooperation▫ Lesser number of participants
▫ Lesser inequal participants
▫ Learning by experience,……▫ Learning by experience,……
• But, Architecture is important for its▫ Content of liberalization
▫ Transparency
▫ Credibility
• What we know on services architecture in SSARIA?
4. Architectural Elements
• Scheduling Approach▫ Sectoral and modal carve-outs
▫ Lists
• Main disciplines▫ National Treatment▫ National Treatment
▫ Market Access
▫ MFN Treatment
• Investment in services
• Movement of Natural Persons
• Rules of Origin and Trade Rules
Sectoral Carve-outs
Agreements Sectoral Carve-outs
ECOWAS, UEMOA, ECCAS, EAC,COMESA
No
SADC Core air transport services
Exclusions modales
Agreement Modal Carve-outs
ECOWAS, ECCAS Modes 1 et 2
UEMOA ?UEMOA ?
EAC, SADC, COMESA No
Sectors subject to trade committments
Positive List Negative List
Basic scheduling approaches
Level of Openness
Positive List
Pure positiveList
Positive/Negative List
Hybride List(GATS)
Level of Openness
Negative List
NegativeList
Scheduling Approaches
Agreement Listing of sectors Listing of level ofopenness
ECOWAS, UEMOA,ECCAS
Not applicable, thecontent is defined in the
Not applicable, thecontent is defined in theECCAS content is defined in the
agreement framework.content is defined in theagreement framework.
EAC, COMESA, SADC Positive Hybride
National Treatment
Agreement Standard of likeness Standard oftreatment
ECOWAS, UEMOA,ECCAS
Referring to serviceproviders
identicalECCAS providers
EAC, COMESA, SADC Referring to services andservice providers(services chapters) andLike circonstances(investments chapters)
No less favorable
Limitations on NT
Agreement Limitations to full NT
ECOWAS (Article4.2 of Protocol onestablishment)
However, if for a given activity, a Member State is notable to provide such treatment, it shall disclose in writing........
UEMOA (article 94) .... The Member States may maintain restrictions on theexercise by citizens of other member states or byexercise by citizens of other member states or bycompanies controlled by them, certain activities whenthese restrictions are justified for reasons ..................... of... General interest.
ECCAS (article 4.6.aof annex VII)
For the application of national treatment will be studiedin priority to activities where freedom of establishmentwill be a particularly valuable contribution to thedevelopment of production and trade.
Market Access
• Non-discriminatory Quantitative Restrictions▫ No disciplines in ECOWAS, UEMOA and ECCAS
• Reproduction of GATS disciplines• Reproduction of GATS disciplines▫ EAC, COMESA, SADC
NPF Treatment
• Intra-regional and Extraregional▫ No disciplines in ECOWAS, UEMOA and ECCAS
• Reproduction of GATS disciplines• Reproduction of GATS disciplines▫ EAC, COMESA, SADC
Treatment of Investment inservicesAgreement Definition of
commercialpresence
Standard ofinvestment inthe Right ofEstablishmentdisciplines
Standard ofInvestment onhorizontalInvestmentdisciplines
ECOWAS, ___ Access and FDI and assetsECOWAS,UEMOA,ECCAS
___ Access andExercice of self-employmentactivities,Constitution andManagement
FDI and assetsauthorized (titreIV of protocol onestablishment)
Treatment of Investment inservicesAgreement Definition of
commercialpresence
Standard ofinvestment inthe Right ofEstablishmentdisciplines
Standard ofInvestment onhorizontalInvestmentdisciplines
EAC GATS Access andExercice of self-
FDI, portfolioinvestment and variousExercice of self-
employmentactivities
investment and variousforms of tangible andintangible property
COMESA,SADC
GATS --- FDI, portfolioinvestment and variousforms of tangible andintangible property
Treatment of Investment inservices
• Dual Coverage in some agreements▫ Complementarities
▫ Overlapping▫ Overlapping
• Need to define relation between servicesdisciplines and establishment/investmentdisciplines
Movement of Natural persons
Agreement Mode 4Definition
Separate chapter or agreementrelated to movements of naturalpersons
ECOWAS No Additional Protocols on FreeECOWAS No Additional Protocols on FreeMovement of Persons, Right ofResidence and Establishment
UEMOA ? Freedom of movement and residence(Article 91 of theTreaty)
ECCAS Rien Movement of persons (Article 3 ofannexe 7 of the Treaty)
Movement of Natural persons
Agreement Mode 4Definition
Separate chapter or agreementrelated to movements of naturalpersons
EAC GATS Free movement of persons and LabourEAC GATS Free movement of persons and Labour(Part D), Right of Residence andEstablishment (Part E) of the commonmarket protocol for EAC
COMESA GATS Protocol on the movement of persons,labor, services, right of establishmentand residence of COMESA
SADC GATS ?
Treatment of movement of naturalpersons
• Dual coverage in some agreements (eg: EAC)▫ Complementarities
▫ Overlapping▫ Overlapping
• Need to define relationship between servicesdisciplines and horizontal movement of naturalpersons disciplines
ECOWAS: Categories of Nat.Pers.Catgories ofpersons
Trade benefits bounded Eg. Link with GATSMode 4
IntinerantWorkers
Entry without visa, circulation,stay period 90 days, renewable,NT and MA in all sectors exceptreserves
ISP, CSP, VSE
Seasonnal Entry without visa, circulation, IW (services related toSeasonnalWorkers
Entry without visa, circulation,residency with permit, NT andMA in all sectors except reserves
IW (services related toagriculture), ICT
Border AreaWorkers
Entry without visa, circulation,NT and MA on all sectors exceptreserves
Foreign Workers toForeign enterprises ofservices
Migrant Workers Access to Labour Market, right ofstay (contract duration), NT andMA on all sectors except reserves
Foreign Workers toForeign enterprises ofservices
ECCAS: Categories of Nat.Pers.Catgories ofpersons
Trade benefits bounded Eg. Link with GATSMode 4
Business Persons Entry, circulation, NT in allsectors, except reserves
Visiting BusinessPersons
IndependantProfessionals
Entry, circulation, establishment,TN dans tous les secteurs saufréserves
No link, but relevant toGATS Mode 3
Workers Access to Labour Market, right ofstay (contract duration), NT in allsectors, except reserves
Foreign Workers toForeign enterprises ofservices
COMESA: Categories of Natural Persons
IndependantProfessionals
ContractualServicesSuppliers
Business Visitors
Service sellersService sellers
Persons responsible for setting up acommercial presence
Intra-corporate transferees
Managers Specialist
Movement of natural persons andprofessional recognitionAgreements Provisions
ECOWAS To facilitate access to non-salaried activities and the exercise ofsuch activities, the Commission shall recommend to theCouncil, which shall propose to the Authority that decisions betaken for the mutual recognition at Community level ofdiplomas, certificates and other qualifications.(Article 4.5 of thediplomas, certificates and other qualifications.(Article 4.5 of theProtocol on the right of establishment).
ECCAS Member States undertake to facilitate access to self-employment and their free exercise by a recognition of certainprofessions (Article 2.4.c of Annex 7)
EAC Annexes to the common market protocol will be negotiated forthe implementation of the recognition (Article 11 of Protocol).
Movement of natural persons andprofessional recognition ssanceAgreement Provisions
COMEA Member States shall encourage the relevant professional bodiesand Qualification Authorities or regulators in their respectiveterritories to jointly develop and provide recommendations onmutual recognition for the purpose of the fulfilment in whole orin part by service suppliers of the criteria applied by each bodyin part by service suppliers of the criteria applied by each bodyfor the authorization, licensing, operation, and certification ofservice suppliers and in particular professional services.
SADC The Parties undertake to establish within two years thenecessary steps in the negotiation of mutual recognitionagreements (Article 7 of the Protocol on services)
Rules of Origin: Services
Agreement Definition of« service supply byanother party » inmode 1 and 2
Denial of Benefits inmode 1 and 2
CEDEAO, UEMOA,CEEAC
No definition of mode 1and 2
NothingCEEAC and 2
EAC, COMESA, SADC Definition of mode 1 and2
Nothing
Rules of origin: Judicial PersonsAccord Benefits of the Agreement
…extended tojudicial personsconstitued underdomestic law ofthat member andhaving :
…extended to judicial personshaving:
ECOWAS (article3 of protocol onestablishment),COMESA (article2.s)
A real and continuouslink with thatmember
their registered office, centraladministration or principal place ofbusiness in the territory of any othermember of the Agreement
UEMOA (article92 of revisedTreaty)
their registered office,centraladministration orprincipal place
their registered office, centraladministration or principal place ofbusiness in the territory of any othermember of the Agreement
Rules of origin: Judicial Persons
• ECCAS (Article 1.f of annex)▫ 30% of the share capital must be held by citizens
or public agencies of this member
• EAC (Article 1)▫ The benefits are extended to judicial of each
member
▫ Each member defines its judicial person
• SADC (Articles 1 and22)▫ Reproduction of GATS rule
Rules of Origin: Natural Persons
• ECOWAS, UEMOA, ECCAS, COMESA:▫ Benefits limited to domestic national (or citizens)
• SADC• SADC▫ Benefits limited to domestic national (or citizens)
▫ Extended to permanent residents
Trade Rules
• Domestic Regulation▫ Transparency
▫ Necessity Tes
▫ Sectoral disciplines▫ Sectoral disciplines
• Government Procurement
• Subsidies
• Safeguards
Transparency (1)
Features EAC COMESA SADC
Publication of lawsand regulations
__ Yes Yes
Notification -Notification of allmeasures of generalapplication affectingTIS at entry into forceof CMP- Prompt notification
Notification to Secretary General Prompt notification toTNF of measuressignificantly affecting Tisin covered commitments
- Prompt notificationof new measures
Enquiry Points
Non, mais obligationde répondre à toutedemande par un autreMembre concernantles informationsspécifiques sur l’unede ses mesuresd’application générale.
-Information to services suppliers.
Detailed list of obligations, including to:- (1) provide preliminary information on
laws and regulations;- (2)how to access public registers,- (3) contact details of other authorities,
and associations and organizations,- (4) means of redress in case of dispute- (5) Completion of formalities through
electronic means at enquiry points (Art33:1 –endeavor clause)
- Information aux EtatsMembres seulement,
- Infos limitées à ce quidoit être rendudisponible
Prior Comment __ (best endeavour)
Transparency (2)
Features EAC COMESA SADC
AdditionalCommitments
Yes Mentioned but notdefined in services
regulations…but definedin Guidelines
No
Reasonable, objectiveand Impartial
Yes Yes Yesand Impartialapplication of laws andregulations
Révision judicaire No Yes Yes
Développement desdisciplines
No Yes Yes
Information sur lesdécisions et sur le statutdes demandes
No Oui No
Necessity Test
• Recall: Necessity Test (GATS article VI.5(a):▫ Weak Test as concerns only licencing and
qualification and technical standards
• COMESA has reproduced GATS necessity Test
• No test in other agreements
Trade Rules
Agreement GovernmentProcurement
Subsidies Safeguards
CEDEAO,UEMOA, CEEAC,
No No NoUEMOA, CEEAC,EAC, COMESA
SADC No Mandate (Article 11) No
Sectoral Disciplines
• Sectoral disciplines can better account for theregulatory environment in which specificservices are provided
• Particulary progress in telecommunications▫ Cf. ECOWAS Additional act on Telecom
5. Conclusions
• Differences between REC scheduling approachees▫ What impact for Integration at continental level?
• Dual coverage of Investment and movement ofnatural persons▫ Best practce (complementarities) but need to resolve▫ Best practce (complementarities) but need to resolve
Overlapping
• How to move forward in mutual recognition in eachREC
• Few experience with GATS plus and AGCS-Xdisciplines▫ What implication for the EPA?