Architecture Lecture egyptian, mesopotamian, romanian achitecture, greek byzantine

8/11/2019 Architecture Lecture egyptian, mesopotamian, romanian achitecture, greek byzantine

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ncient Egyptian rchitecture

from 3000 BCto 700 BC)

Egyptian architecture is easily recognizable, thanks to its most famous

buildings pyramids. The construction of these impressive burial places for

pharaohs and their families required between 20,000 and 30,000 workers.

Construction materials were limestoneand sun-baked bricks. Workers had to

transport materials by sled and than they had to lift the blocks using the system

of ramps and pulleys. Other Egyptian structures were temples and tombs,

which were often decorated with hieroglyphics and carvings.


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Historical BackgroundSocial Characteristics & Beliefs

Ancient Egyptians believed inlife after death, that is why

preserving the body of the

dead was important to keep

their soul alive, enabling

them to transcend into the

heavens.

They make tombs to protect

these preserved bodies.

Pyramids for Pharaohs

represent a gigantic stairway

for the Pharaoh to climb to

join the sun god in the sky


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Historical BackgroundSocial Characteristics & Beliefs

Architectural Ideas Tombs also have charms

to protect dead person

& her/his property

Dead buried in cities of

the dead, called

Necropolis located in

desert


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Pyramids at Giza


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Great Pyramid of Gizaalso called the Pyramid of Khufu and the Pyramid of Cheops)


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Pyramid of Menkaurealso Pyramid of Mycerinus)


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Karnakalso Great Temple of Amun)


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Mesopotamian

rchitecture

The most distinguishing characteristics of Babylons,Chaldeans, and Assyrians is the ziggurat. This tower is built

at successive levels with one hump leading from platform to

the next.


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Mesopotamian art and architecture were

produced by the diverse peoples who

occupied the land between the Tigris and

Euphrates rivers from about 3500 to 539 BC.

The earliest civilization of MESOPOTAMIA

was created by Sumerian-speaking people,and although their Sumerian language was

preserved, the original inhabitants

eventually either died out or were absorbedinto the population of SEMITES who moved

into this area at various periods in history.


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Greek

rchitecture

Most of our knowledge around Greek architecture comes

from temples.Temples were essentially storage places for

the artifacts (statues, helmets, candles) and symbolic

treasures that people associated with and dedicated to the

patron god or goddess of the temple. Temples were

either structured as a rectangle lined with two rows ofcolumns, of which there were three kinds: Ionic, Doric

and Corinthian.


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The ancient Greeks invented three types of columns.

Doric architecturewas traditionally austere and

formal,Ionicwas more relaxed and ornamental, andCorinthianwas rare but by far the most decorative. We

can learn the most by studying the iconic columns that

characterize each order.


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The Doricstyle is

the most plain.

The Ionicdesign is

famous for its scrolls.

The Corinthian

style is quite

fancy.


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The Pantheon in Rome is one of the most famous buildings in the world. It was

commissioned by Hadrian in 118 and completed in 128. At one time it had a

colonnaded court leading to the portico. The dome of the rotunda behind the portico

is 43.2 m (142 ft) in diameter. The oculus (a round opening) at the top is 8.5 m (28 ft)

in diameter and provides the only source of light for the interior.


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The Parthenon

The Coliseum


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Byzantine

architecture


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PENDENTIVES

It is a curved support shaped

like an inverted triangle.

It is used to hold a dome.

Using pendentives, Byzantine

architects could build a higher

and wider dome.

SQUINCH

It is used to provide atransition from square to

polygon.


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According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the

word "Romanesque", meaning "descended fromRoman", was first used in English to designate

what are now called Romance languages (first

cited 1715). Architecturally, the term was first

applied in French by the archaeologist Charles deGerville or his associate Arcisse de Caumont, in

1818, to describe Western European architecture

from the 5th to the 13th centuries

Romanesque

rchitecture


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Romanesque

rchitecture

(1113thcentury)

This style was inspired by Roman architecture, continuingthe tradition of rounded arches and columns. Romanesquebuildings were monumental, supported by massive walls, and hadvery small windows. Wooden roofs were replaced by ceilings(stropy), which were constructed with barrel and cross vaulting

(valen a kovklenba). The most representative buildings are therotunda and basilica.


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Romanesque architecture is an architectural style

of Medieval Europe characterised by semi-

circular arches.

It developed in the 12th century into the Gothicstyle, characterised by pointed arches.

Combining features of Western Roman

and Byzantine buildings, Romanesquearchitecture is known by its massive quality, its

thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin

vaults, large towers and decorative arcading.

h h


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The French Monastery inCluny


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Gothic

rchitecture

(12 15thcentury)

Gothic architecture began mainly in France, wherearchitects were inspired by Romanesque architecture and the

pointed arches (lomen oblouky) of Spanish Moorish architecture.It's easy to recognise Gothic buildings because of their arches,ribbed vaulting (ebrovklenba), flying buttresses (oprn pile),elaborate sculptures (like gargoyles) and stained glass windows.

Gothic architecture was originally known as FrenchStyle. During the period of Renaissance it fell out of fashion andit was not respected by many artists. They marked it as Gothicto suggest it was the crude work of German barbarians (Goths).


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Renaissance

rchitecture

(15 17thcentury)

A return to classical ideas brought an age of awakening

to Italy, France and England. During the Renaissance, architectswere inspired by the symmetrical and well-balanced buildings ofGreece and Rome. The buildings lost the Gothic verticaldimension but gained range. Other typical features were columns,arches and domes as well as harmonious arrangements of doors

and windows. Characteristic building was the palace. St. Peter'sBasilica in Vatican and the Louvre in Paris are examples ofRenaissance architecture.

St Peter's Basilica


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St. Peter s Basilica

Louvre


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Baroque

rchitecture

(17 19thcentury)

Elements of the Baroque architecture are complicated

decorations, paintings and contrasts between light and shadow.The final effect of this style is tension and humility. Baroquelooks different in different countries. In Italy, where it started,the style is reflected in dramatic churches with irregular shapes,

huge domes and extravagant ornamentation. In France is highlydecorated combined with classical features. Sacred buildings andchateaux were typical for this style. Some examples of Baroquearchitecture: Trevi Fountain in Rome, Palace of Versailles inParis and St. Paul's Cathedral in London.


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Modern

rchitecture

1. SKELETON CONSTRUCTION- steel and Renaissance

concrete2. CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION- mostly seen in

bridges

3. GEODESIC DOMES- conjoined hexagon; theaters,

showrooms, markets, factories, offices


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Materials and Style

1. STRUCTURE- reaction of structure to calamities;

quality of design

2. TEXTURE- roughness and smoothness of material isconsidered

3. ASPECT- colors and outside skin


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Principles of Construction

1. POST-AND-LINTEL- post and beam

2. ARCH- wedgeshaped blocks arranged in semi-circle

3. DOME- a roof hemispherical in form

4. TRUSS- strong framework that functions like a beam

5. CANTILEVER- beam extended horizontally

6. SKELETON CONSTRUCTION- strong foundation


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Philippine rchitecture

Philippine architecture is developed different colonial periods.

The architectureof the Philippinesis a reflection of the

history and heritage of the country. The most prominent

historic constructions in the archipelago are from

the Spanish, Japanese, Malay, Hindu, Chinese, and American

cultures.


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Architecture Lecture egyptian, mesopotamian, romanian achitecture, greek byzantine