DETAIL Praxis

Timber ConstructionDetailsProductsCase studies

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Authors:

Theodor Hugues, Umv.-Prof. Dr. -ing., architect,Faculty of Building Construction and Materials atthe Technical University ot MunichLudwig Steiger, Dipl.-lng. Univ., architect,the Technical University of MunichJohann Weber. Dipl.-lng. (FH),the Technical University of Munich

Drawings:Michaela Jurck, Dipl.-lng. Univ.

Secretary's Office.Marga Cervinka

Editorial Department:Friedemann Zeitler, Dipl.-lng. Univ., architectNicola Kollmann, Dipl.-lng. (FH)

Translation German/English:Robin Benson (pp. 1-50, 97-110),Adam Blauhut (pp. 51-53),Elizabeth Schwaiger (pp. 54-65),David Berry (pp. 66-78)Detail (pp. 80-96}

DTP 8 Production:Peter Gensmantel, Cornelia Kohn, Andrea Linke,Roswitha Siegler

2004 Institut fur internationalArchitektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co.KG,P.O.Box 33 06 60. D-80066 Munich, Germany

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in co-operation with theVerbande des Baye rise hen Zimmerer- undHolzbaugewerbes. Munich

DETAIlPraxisTimber Construction

Theodor HuguesLudwig SteigerJohann Weber

Contents

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1112131415161718192122232425262728293031

333440505366707678

Introduction

House AExterior wall, plinthInterior wall, floor above basementExterior wall, floor/ceiling, windowInterior wall, floor/ceiling, doorExterior wall, ceiling, eavesExterior wall, ceiling, vergeExterior wall, services installation shaftParty wallHouse BExterior wall, plinthInterior wall, sole plateExterior wall, foundationInterior wall, foundationExterior wall, floor/ceiling, windowInterior wall, floor/ceiling, doorExterior wall, eavesExterior wall, vergeExterior wall, cornerParty wall

Product overviewTimberManufactured Wood ProductsBuilding boardsInsulating materialsSheathing paperJoints and fastenersWood preservationJoint sealing tapes

81Overview of exemplary constructionsExemplary constructions

97100101102107109110

Technical informationStandardsLiteratureReferencesSubject indexIndex of projectsPicture credits

The Arbeitsheft Holzbau, the precursorof this book, arose at the suggestion ofthe Bayerisches Zimmerer- und Holz-baugewerbe and was sponsored by theStiftung des Bayerischen Zimmerer- undHolzbaugewerbes Donat Miiller.

The authors should like to extend theirspecial thanks to Univ.-Prof. Dr.-IngHeinrich Kreuzinger (load-bearingstructure) and Dipl,-lng. (FH) Georg Wustand Dipl.-fng. (FH) Woffgang Hallinger(construction and materials).

si:

Introduction

House A House B

Introduction

The Arbeitsbeft Holzbau is intended as anaid to all those working in the field of con-struction. However, it is neither a con-struction manual nor an encyclopaedia ofmaterials. It aims to show the relationshipbetween design, detail work and the builtproduct. What has emerged is a veryhandy book which summarises, in a user-friendly manner, all the material found inoffices and enterprises that deals withbuilding with wood. To avoid the selectionpresenting here falling prey to rapidobsolescence and, above all. prematureobsolescence, it has been limited tobasic designs and proven materials.

Part 1The first part provides an overview of fheexemplary use of building components,component layers and building materialsand their integration into the overall struc-ture of two prototypical limber houses ofdifferent design. Questions concerningbuilding physics, such as heat, andsound insulation, vapour and fire protec-tion, draught proofing and jointing arebriefly explained and presented ingraphic examples of details and jointstypical of wooden construction.Two simple, common types of terracedhouse have been designed and con-structed to illustrate the interconnectionsand the problems. Common to both typesis the relatively low roof pitch permittingthe use of light roofing materials, Bothhouses can be heated with gas.

House A\sa craft-built timber-frameworkhouse standing on a cellar, its lattice-work walls rest on the cellar walls and thefloor above the cellar and bear a woodenjoist ceiling as well as a doubly supportedroof structure which has not been fittedout. The distance between the post axesand the ceiling joists is 125 cm, making ita multiple of the module of 62.5 cm,which many of the building materialsobserve, The disadvantage of usingthicker boarding on the visible joists hasto be weighed up against the spatial (hallwidth, cubic measure) and the designadvantages (door and window openingswithout trimming). It could be reduced to83.33 cm (250 cm: 3).To improve the dimensions of the roofoverhang at the eaves and the verge, therafter spacing between was halved to62.5 cm.

The greater part of House B is designedto be produced in the workshop andassembled from prefabricated wall ele-ments, floors and a roof on a floatingfoundation, assuming that the subsoil issuitable. The roof has been fitted out andintegrated into the interior.The design is based on a dimensional co-ordination of 62.5 cm, corresponding tothe basic elements of panel constructionsuch as the panel dimensions of the ply-wood, chipboard and, above all, plaster-board / gypsum-fibre board. This dimen-sional co-ordination has proven to be auseful standard for partial and full prefab-rication.

The development of the skin and itsmaterial implementation has been exe-cuted in accordance with the differentgoals of the two projects.

Part 2The generic terms of building materialsand joints and fasteners have been ital-icised in the commentary on the details.In part 2 they are listed in the sub|ectindex under the marked generic termalong with products, specifications andmanufacturers.

Part3The brief illustrated documentation of thenine completed projects is intended toconvey an impression of the diversetypes of wooden buildings, showing thedesigns chosen, the specific ways inwhich the details have been elaborated,and the materials used.

Part 4The appendix contains technical informa-tion, a summary of the pertinent guide-lines and standards together with a bibli-ography and a list of manufacturers, alsoincludes cross-references that allow read-ers to follow the path from the manufac-turer to the product and its use and viceversa, as well as a subject index and listof names,

House A

All of the detail drawings are drawn to ascale of 1:10.The yellow squares refer to specific texts.The diverse building components havebeen developed as variations and repre-sent exemplary solutions that must beadapted to specific marginal conditions,prevailing legislation, standards and man-ufacturers' recommendations. Theauthors shall not be liable for any claimsmade against them on the basis of thematerial presented here.

10

House A

House A

12 Exterior wall, plinth13 Interior wall, floor above basement14 Exterior wall, floor/ceiling, window15 Interiorwall, floor/ceiling, door16 Exterior wall, ceiling, eaves17 Exterior wall, ceiling, verge18 Exterior wall, services installation shaft19 Party wall

House AExterior Wall, Plinth

House AInterior Wall, Floor above Basement

Under DIN 18195, and to ensure that thewood is protected, a plinth height of30 cm must be observed. Although aplinth can be lower in principle, specialmeasures must be taken where this is thecase, for example: a roof overhang, off-sets, weather-protected sides, andcoarse gravel strips to reduce watersplashing.The perimeter insulation of the exteriorbasement wall is covered on the outsidefor aesthetic reasons and to offer protec-tion against any mechanical damage, forinstance, with a fibre-cement slab.

Lib

The perimeter insulation and the wallstructure must be made to harmonise withone another at the transition of the perim-eter insulation to the facade. The cross-section for the ventilation must not beobstructed in any way. If banked-upcoarse gravel is used to push the lowerpanel edge against the insulating board,the fibre-cement slab need only be fas-tened with a batten along its upper edge.The vertical panel joint must be executedin a way that prevents moisture fromseeping behind the panel.

U c

The wooden sill plate must take up thetolerances of the concrete floor above thebasement, The joint is sealed with high-expansion cement mortar. The wooden sillplate must be impregnated both to pro-tect it and insulate it from the concretefloor. Chemical wood preservative is notnecessary if timber species with a highresistance class are used. To attach thebar-reinforced sill plate to the floor, theplate is drilled through and then anchoredwith a heavy-duty bolt, taking care that asafe distance is maintained to the edge ofthe concrete.(Alternatively, the sill plate can be fixedwith an angle attached to the side or witha ragbolt cast in concrete,)

d

The exterior wall construction consists of12 x 12 cm posts with a unit spacing of125 cm, and a vertical or horizontal inter-mediate structure adapted both to thesubstructure of the exterior and interiorlining and to the format of the thermalinsulation. Insulation can be applied panelor roll form, or sprayed on in flake form.Flakes should only be injected if there aresealed chambers between the posts.A softboard is fixed across the entirebearing structure to reduce heat lossthrough the structure and the joints. Thepanels, to which battens can be directlyfixed, are rebated to provide draught-proofing.If a fibrous insulating material is used.vertical battening and some kind ofdraughtproofing will be necessary.

The ventilation cross-section between theweatherboarding and the inner board issufficient to ensure ventilation of the exte-rior skin.If more resistant and well-patinated woodspecies such as larch, cedar and Doug-las fir are used, the surface boardingneed not be treated. However, this will notprevent the wood from greying, which isharmless in any case. If other woods areused, a weather-protective layer, such asa glaze or a coat of paint, will be neces-sary - depending on the resistance class.

f

The interior lining comprises verticalmatchboards attached to a horizontal bat-ten substructure. If the post spacing is125 cm, the substructure should have across-section of at least 30 x 50 mm or -better s t i l l -40x60 mm.In this area, dimensional tolerances canbe compensated for and electrical cableslaid. However, there is too little space tofit electric sockets here without piercingthe vapour retarding layer inside the ther-mal insulation. As it is difficult to mountconnections on the vapour retarding layer,electric sockets and switches should beinstalled on the Interior walls wheneverpossible.

The load-bearing interior walls also con-sist of 12 x 12-cm post with horizontalrails. The sill plate must be anchored inthe same way as the exterior wall to thefloor above the basement. It is not neces-sary to observe minimum distances (thestairwell being an exception) between theheavy-duty bolt and the concrete edgehere.When constructing the floor, care must betaken that the sill plate is high enough toensure that the floating screed terminatesat an edge insulating strip. Although flushskirting boards offer a more elegant solu-tion, they are also more expensive.

Dh

The electrical installations are routedthrough the cavity in the interior wall,which is soundproofed with a mineral- orcoconut-fibre panel. If stable load-bearingstructures are used (for example, solidstructural timber with additional horizontalrails), the boarding can be mounteddirectly. Alternatively, plywood or OSBpanelling can be used.

12 13

House AExterior Wall, Floor/Ceiling, Window

The window, which is mounted flush withthe wall and tixed to the rail at sill levelwith a metal angle, provides a simpletransition to the overlapping verticalweatherboards. Care must be taken thatthe angle is mounted on the bearingstructure in front of the soft particleboard.The draughtproofing can be fixed to a bat-ten beneath the outer window frame.A similar procedure is adopted on theinside when connecting the vapour retard-ing layer to fhe prefabricated windowframe, which is fixed to the outer frame.Before the vapour retarding layer ismounted, the joint between the windowframe and the bearing structure must becarefully filled out or foam-filled with insu-lating material.Joint sealing tape must also be applied toensure that the window is airtight.In January 2002, the Ordinance onEnergy Saving came into effect, whichtightened up the requirements for exteriorwalls. Under the ordinance, these wallsmust be constructed and verified astotally draught-proof enclosures. Thisapplies, in fact, to all junctions, especiallyfor those at the window surrounds.

._. b

The exposed transverse joists in the floorsare fixed to the posts with galvanisedsteel sheet Joist hangers. To ensure thatvapour is fully retarded, a section of foil -to which the vapour retarding layer is sub-sequently attached - is attached to thebearing structure when the beam is fixed.A board is fitted between the beams to abatten substructure to create a flush con-nection to the interior wall cladding andcover the underside of the joint betweenthe panelling and the bearing structure.This step is necessary as swelling maycause movement in the panelling.To prevent airborne noise entering at theedge of the ceiling, the joint between thefloor and the wall must be carefully filledin with insulating material.

14

House AInterior Wall, Floor/Ceiling, Door

c

As a structural grid of 125 cm has beenchosen for the building, tongued-and-grooved floor covering is required. A floorcomprising plain floorboards on timberbearing strips laid loose and filled withinsulating material will suffice for adetached house. If prefabricated parquetor sheet flooring is preferred, it is advisa-ble to lay the flooring on a load-bearingsurface of ready mixed dry screed. Air-borne-sound insulation can be optimisedby putting loose fill beneath the impact-sound insulation or by ballasting the floorstructure with, for example, paving flagsattached with adhesive to give a shear-resistant bond.

d

The joint between the lintel beam and thedoorframe is filled in with insulating mate-rial to improve the sound insulation of theinterior wall. The rebate in the solid doorframe not only seals the joint with the inte-rior-wall lining, but also creates a harmo-nious transition between the door andwindow flashing on the one hand, and theinterior boarding on the other.

De

The fioor joists rest on the head of theinterior load-bearing wall, The spacebetween the joists is sealed with an addi-tional rail at the same level as the joists.This area can now be covered with aboard, as was the case with the exteriorwall.

f

The solid door frame is connected to thefloor by a threshold, a measure which notonly ensures greater stability when trans-porting the door frame, but also makes itpossible to lay the flooring without havingto fit it into the door reveal.To provide adequate impact-sound insula-tion here too, an insulating strip is fittedbetween the threshold and the flooring.The joint between the threshold and theplanks is filled with a cork strip to absorbany movements in the materials.

15

House AExterior Wall, Floor/Ceiling, Eaves

House AExterior Wall, Floor/Ceiling, Verge

A sheet-metal covering joined with lockeddouble-welt standing seams and laid on aseparation layor has been chosen for theroof covering. If the separation layer is toserve as sheathing, a more resistantmaterial, appropriately laid, should beused. The rafter spacing of 62.5 cm cor-responds to the support-grid of 125 cm.Instead of planed boarding, a panel ofwatertight adhesive bonded plywood hasbeen used, which allows the roof-skinoverhang to be extended over the ends ofthe rafters at the eaves. A chemical woodpreservative, as required under DIM 68800, is unnecessary.As the overhang is to be fixed to the raft-ers, its size must be adapted to the lengthof the gutter bracket. The panel widthsare obtained by dividing a standard panelin equal parts to avoid waste, for exampleby quartering a 125 cm-wide panel.

b

The floor beneath the roof void isdesigned in the same way as the upperfloor, whose joists are connected to theposts by beams. A carpenter fits thevapour retarding layer and the thermalinsulation in sections, connecting themwith the ceiling boarding to the roofboarding of the profiled planks. They arethen covered with a water-repellentdraughtproofing designed to allow diffu-sion. The roof overhang on the gable sidecalls for a relatively large cross-sectionfor the projecting eaves purlins. Thedraughtproofing is attached to the eavespuriin.

ncTo ensure that the roof edge is kept asnarrow as possible, the seam at the vergeis bent over and bonded to the overhang-ing roof boarding to form a drip batten.The building's low height allows for asheet bay width of 62,5 cm and therebyharmonises the locked double-welt stand-ing seams with the rafter arrangement,which corresponds to half the structuralgrid.

d

In the gable area, the exterior wall struc-ture only extends as far as the fioorbeneath the roof void. The roof void is notinsulated to the outside. In order to fit theinsulation, the draughtproofing and thevapour retarding layer ai the transition fromthe wall to the ceiling, an edge beam hasbeen fitted to the roof boarding so thatthe individual insulating layers can beattached to both its long sides.

The vertical exterior boarding extends asfar as the lower edge of the roof board-ing; it is screwed to a plank running alongthe edge rafter on the lower side of theroof boarding. At this edge, air from boththe ventilated roof and the wall construc-tion can escape through the ventilationcross-section of the overlapping verticalweatherboarding.

f

A vertical plank, fixed to the side of theposts, will provide sufficient support forthe load-bearing roof boarding at thegable wall.

16 17

House AExterior Wall. Services Installation Shaft

House AParty Wall

The exterior corner of the overlappingvertical weatherboarding is easily madeby connecting the window boards to cre-ate a butt joint. The boards are fixed tothe horizontal battens with nails or screwsof stainless steel (they may be galvanisedonly in exceptional cases! to avoid corro-sion stains on the boarding, Each boardis fixed separately to avoid tension due toswelling and shrinkage.The joint can be made airtight by overlap-ping or bonding the boards at the corner.

Normally, boards of equal width are usedfor the overlapping vertical weatherboard-ing, As the outer boards overlap thosebeneath them - approx. 25 mm on eachside - the boards appear to be of differ-ent widths. This system allows for differ-ences in spacing between the boards,obviating the need to use door and win-dow flashings of special widths. It isessential that the facade be plannedcarefully and all measurements be pre-cisely attuned to the positioning of theboards.When windows are installed flush, theymust be attached to the side of the outerframe in such a way that the overlappingweatherboard seals the joint between theouter frame and the wall. There is noneed for the casement to be rebated atthe side. The draughtproofing, insulationand the vapour retarding layer are con-nected to the wall structure in preciselythe same way as the window to the linteland the parapet beam.

For the services shaft, a substructurecomprising 6 x 20 or 8 x 20 cm posts isnecessary. Optimally, it is constructedhalf a grid space in the exterior wall toreduce the span of the planking. Ceramictiles are bonded to the gypsum fibreboardor impregnated plasterboard (identifica-tion colour: green).When connecting the sanitary fittings, thelocation and dimensions of the posts andrails must be taken into consideration, [fthe rib spacing exceeds 40 cm, two lay-ers of plasterboard will be necessary.

In the area of the shaft, the vapour retard-ing layer is fixed to the inside of the bear-ing structure to ensure that the servicelines do not unnecessarily penetrate thevapour retarding layer,The floor structure continues through theservices shaft. If lines run vertically, theceiling boarding must be drilled or cut outto the size of the conduits.

Dd

According to the building regulations andDIN 4102, a party wall must comply withfire resistance class F 30 B on the roomside and F 90 B in the cavity.These requirements are fulfilled on theinterior by using a single layer of plankingwith 12.5 mm fire-resistant plasterboard.For the exterior, two-layers of plankingwith fire-resistant plasterboard ( 2 x 1 8 mm)are required. In the case of terracedhouses, this requirement applies to bothbuildings. During construction, the side ofthe building must be planked before thewall is erected,The expansion joint between the housesis not filled for reasons of sound insulation.A vapour retarding layer and draught-proofing are not necessary in the partywall. All things considered, this type ofwall structure is a relatively costly andtime-consuming affair. In timber construc-tion, however, there is no recognisedalternative to this approach.

Under the building regulations, a terracedhouse is a low-rise building whose partywalls are constructed like compartmentwalls. In the cavity, the F 90 planking canend at the inside of the overlapping verti-cal weatherboarding. The boarding venti-lation space must, however, be sealedwith a non-flammable insulating materialsuch as mineral fibre extending at leastthe width of the party wall. The boardingcan be continued uninterrupted acrossthe expansion joint.

18 19

House I

20

House.

22 Exterior wall, plinth23 Interior wall, sole plate24 Exterior wall, foundation25 Interior wall, foundation26 Exterior wall, floor/ceiling, window27 Interior wall, floor/ceiling, door28 Exterior wall, eaves29 Exterior wall, verge30 Exterior wall, corner31 Party wall

21

House BExterior Wall, Plinth

House BInterior Wall, Sole Plate

Before constructing a floating foundationwith a load-bearing reinforced concreteslab on frost blanket gravel, it is first nec-essary to carry out preliminary investiga-tions to determine the soil type and estab-lish its bearing capacity. A rapidly drain-ing, concentrated soil with a good bear-ing capacity is absolutely essential. Thetop layer of soil must be replaced by alayer of clean gravel approx. 40 cm deep,which is then carefully compressed andcovered with a sub-base of 5-10 cm-thick grade B5 concrete on which thereinforced floor slab is cast.

Db

On the interior, the floor slab must bethermally insulated beneath the screed.The transition to the exterior wall is a weakpoint. This problem can be overcome(and the planned insulation standardmaintained) by fitting impervious thermalInsulation to the front side of the sole plateand covering the insulation either with aflat fibre-cement slab or concrete roofingtiles.

Prior to installing the prefabricated exte-rior wall elements, a sill is put in place,aligned, underlaid and fixed to the con-crete slab with either lug angles and dow-els or anchor bolts. The space betweenthe sill and the floor slab is filled with high-expansion cement mortar. Since it is par-ticularly exposed to hazards, the sill mustbe protected to meet hazard class 2requirements. Alternately, a very resistantwood species can be used, which willeliminate the need for chemical woodprotection.The damp-proof course on the floor slabis first bonded or welded to the sealbeneath the sill. Then the plasterboardlining is attached to the elements, whichare initially left unclad on the interior.

d

A permit must be obtained from the build-ing supervisory authorities before the pre-fabricated insulated wall elements can beerected. Although these elements aresubsequently panelled on both sides(clad elements), with most wooden con-structions it is customary to panel themwith plywood sheeting or plasterboard onthe outside only at first, and to leave themunclad on the room side until they have

been fitted to the structural timbers (soft-wood timbers measuring 6 x 12 to 6 x16 cm, depending on the insulationstandard).The above procedure makes it easier tofix the sill to the floor and install the wallelements.If the panelling is to be used for reinforce-ment, permission must first be obtainedfrom the building supervisory authorities.The elements are screwed to the con-struction, which is then sound insulated,vapour retarded and lined on the interiorwith plasterboard or wood-based panels.

If the interior panelling is to be attacheddirectly to the structural timber elements.great care must be taken when planningthe services, particularly the electricinstallations. If there is no alternative toconnecting sockets to the exterior wall,protected sockets with an adhesive edgemust be used. The sockets must be care-fully bonded to the vapour retarding layerand provided with external insulation.

The height of the elements correspondsto that of the room(s), which, in turn, mustcomply with standard board dimensions.The element lengths partly depend on themethod of transport and assembly used.Elements can extend the entire width ofthe house.

The interior wall elements, which mustcomply with the standard dimensions ofboard materials and construction timbers,comprise structural limbers made of soft-wood and measure 6/12 cm (centre dis-tance = 62.5 cm). Like the exterior wallelements, they should initially be panelledon one side only. Once they have beenconstructed and installed, they should beclad with plasterboard or wooden panels.If the cavity between the structural timberelements has not been completely filledwith expanded mica, cellulose flakes, etc.,it should be filled with mineral or coconut-fibre sound insulation at least 30-40 mmor - preferably - 60 mm thick.Higher sound-insulation values can beobtained by applying double panelling orfitting additional "floating" panel claddingwith flexible wall connections.

f

Appropriately bonded wooden panels orimpregnated plasterboard (identificationcolour green) must be used in the humidrooms. Gypsum fibreboard has the advan-tage of not requiring additional treatment.Two layers of gypsum fibreboard will benecessary if humid rooms are to be tiledor the spacing between the structural tim-bers exceeds approx. 42 cm.

The shrinkage ratio of the noggings mustbe taken into account when attaching thepanelling. Owing to their cross-section,this ratio is small and can be reduced stillfurther by using pre-dried wood.

22 23

House BExterior Wall, Foundation

A different and perhaps more consistentapproach to wood construction as a "dry"construction method is to use a floor con-struction comprising structural timber ele-ments and with excellent thermal insula-tion, and to panel them on both sides.(These elements have dimensions ofapprox. 6 x 20 cm, determined staticallyand in accordance with insulation stand-ards.) The rising walls are connected tothe aligned and fixed floor elements.Cemented chipboard and fibrated concreteslabs make suitable underside panels.

The cavity between the infilling and theunderside of the elements must be per-manently ventilated. This can be done byinstalling correspondingly large gratedopenings on both sides of the terracedhouse.

Floating dry screed composed of wood,plasterboard, or gypsum fibreboardpanels should be installed as a dryconstruction.The PE-foil under the impact-sound insu-lation serves as a vapour retarding layerand simultaneously provides draughtinsulation.

24

House BInterior Wall, Foundation

Beneath the interior walls, there is noneed for frost-proof foundations or forcontinuous footing concreted to the soil orplanked. The position of the footing isdetermined by that of the floor elementsand the load-bearing interior walls.The floor elements should be formed as aplate and anchored to the foundation withauthorised dowels or connection anglesand stone bolts. AW 100 plywood strips orhigh-expansion cement mortar can beused to equalise out any unevenness. Avapour barrier of, say, polymeric bitumenor plastic sheet is fitted between the floorelements and the foundations to preventany damage through moisture. The abut-ting joint between the elements must besealed with insulating strips and sealingtape,

25

House BExterior Wall, Floor/Ceiling, Window

The wall elements are held together by,and aligned with, the upper headpiece.The floor, which is composed of gluedlaminated beams or glued laminated tim-bers, is fitted and bolted in elementwidths of between 60 and 250 cm(beams) or 62.5 and 100 cm (timbers).Mounting and shrinkage must be takeninto account when choosing the width.During the construction phase, the wood- especially the solid elements - must beprotected from the weather at all times toprevent damage through moisture andswelling.If necessary, diaphragm action can beensured by joining the elements to makethem shear-resistant.

u b

To ensure that the light, effectively insu-lated wooden waif fulfils its function, thevapour retarding layer must be connectedto the wall at the floor edge in a way thatallows for subsequent inspection. Corre-spondingly long sections of flexible plasticsheeting that allow for diffusion must bewrapped round the end of the floor andfixed on the upper side of the floor to thevapour retarding layer sheeting of theinstalled wall elements.

The selected assembly system and pointin time when the exterior wall cladding isinstalled determine whether the surface-finished windows are assembled in theworkshop or on site, and whether they areinstalled with or without glazing.The windows must be fitted to the struc-ture with a section of vapour-resistant,flexible plastic that is fixed to the windowframe.The joint between the lintel and the win-dow frame performs a vital function dur-ing installation in absorbing tolerancesand movements. It should be filled withan insulating material (mineral fibres, min-eral wool, sheep's wool, etc.) and sealedwith a pre-compressed seating tape orpermanently elastic sealing material. Thestringent requirements of the energy con-servation regulations must be observed(see also p. 14a).

26

House BInterior Wall, Floor/Ceiling, Door

d

The ceiling's structural connection to theinterior walls corresponds to that of theexterior walls. The problems related tofitting the vapour retarding layer anddraughtproofing do not apply here.

The joint between the lintel and the door-frame is constructed in the same way asthat of the window (see item c). Therequirements of building physics con-cerning heat, vapour and draughts, whichpresent considerable practical problems,do not apply here.

f

The floor structure, which is composed ofparquet, dry screed and impact insulation,has been made 3 cm thicker than usual toinclude a services shaft which, in turn,accommodates the larger number ot lineslaid along the floor/ceiling. The problemof power-supply lines crossing oneanother can only be surmounted by care-ful planning.Even with such a relatively "complex"ceiling structure, additional measures canbe taken to improve airborne-sound insu-lation by, for example, using "sand hon-eycombs".

27

House BExterior Wall, Eaves

aThe roof floor of glued laminated beams orglued laminated timbers is fitted to thesupport and screwed to the sill. As withthe floor, a section of plastic sheet thaiallows diffusion is guided around theheadpiece of the roof floor and fixed tothe floor vapour retarding layer. The sheetends must be either bonded together orwell overlapped and fastened.

b

The height of the cross rafters is deter-mined by the thickness of the thermalinsulation.Covering the insulation with vapour per-meable, water-repellent paper, or withplastic sheeting displaying the same quali-ties, ensures that any precipitation (rain,drifting snow...) or "secondary" meltwater(changes in weather or cold night air thatcools the underside of the non-suckingroofing material) can drain off, and thatthere is no reduction in insulation value.Ventilation and drainage are ensured bycounter battens and a triangular cleat ofperforated plate, which is fixed to theeaves flashing with tingles.

The eaves flashing rests on a plywoodstrip, for which the cross-rafters are cutout. II is advisable to bolt the flush coun-tersunk gutter hanger onto a continuousfascia.

The dimensions and spacing chosen forthe rafter-supporting purlins depend onthe corrugated sheet roofing used.

House BExterior Wall, Verge

28

The width of the insulating panels mustbe greater than the clear spacing of thecross rafters to accommodate the slightlycompacted thermal insulation installedbetween them, which has to compensatefor any wood shrinkage.The division of the substructure intocross-rafters and counter battens ensuresthat the vapour-permeable protectivelayer is level and remains securely fixed.

The main goal here (depending on thethermal-insulation requirements for theroof) is to ensure that the continuous raft-ers do not create a thermal bridge. Thiscan be avoided by installing a secondinsulating layer, as shown in the examplehere. Another solution is to place insula-tion beneath the foil between the horizon-tal counter battens, or to install continu-ous bituminous fibreboard decking, whichsimultaneously acts as a protective layer.

The efficiency of the various insulatingmeasures and the utility of a houselargely depends on whether the protec-tive layers, which take the diverse loadsimposed on a building (thermal, moisture,air), can be applied consistently andsafely to all connections. They must alsobe open to inspection.

The storage capacity of the heavy roofmembers improves thermal protectionduring the summer.

29

House BExterior Wall, Corner

House BParty Wall

If the substructure unit spacing of62.5 cm is observed, the plywood panels(which are generally 125 cm wide) can bescrewed in the centre of the panels andat their edges. The width of the coverstrips has to be calculated accurately toensure that the edge spacing of thescrews is sufficient, and to fully cover thescrew heads. Narrower cover stripsshould not be used unless an alternativeway is found of fixing the facing panels(e.g. by screwing them onto more closelyspaced substructure elements) and thepanel edges only has to be cramped bythe screwed-down cover strips.

Although the absence of a visible boltedconnection (with a shadow gap, sealingtape and a correspondingly wide sub-structure) on a smooth large plywoodcladding panel does justice to the mate-rial, it nevertheless exposes the paneledges. This, in turn, makes it almostimpossible to prevent water absorptionand heightens the risk of damage ormovement from swelling and shrinkage.The following protective measures can betaken here: reduce the weather loads,e.g. by circumspect alignment of thebuilding, use large roof overhangs or can-tilevered balcony slabs, and give alledges water-repellent treatment. As theseprecautions were not taken in the exam-ple presented here, a more resistant jointwas chosen and secured with coverstrips.

Db

The elements are jointed at the corner.Although the corner design shown hereis atypical for wooden frame construc-tions, it does make it easier to connectthe elements in an open corner joint.After it has been screwed together, thecorner must be sealed on the outside witha prefabricated, thermally insulated metalangle.The greater requirements (regardingbuilding physics! placed on the exposedoutside corner mean that considerablecare must be taken when installing thethermal insulation and the vapour retardinglayer. The joint must be completelypacked with insulating material (filling,injecting) and the angle sealed with tape(buthyl, for instance) beneath the overlap-ping joint of the vapour retarding layer(nailed/clamped and bonded).

According to the Building Regulationsand DIN 4102 T-4, party walls must havea fire-resistance class of F 30-B (interior)and F 90-B (exterior). These requirementscan be met using glued laminated beamsor glued laminated timber elements whichare panelled accordingly on the outside(in contrast to trie procedure adoptedfor House A). If this method is chosen,the construction must be inspected anda permit may have to be obtained. Asan alternative to leaving an air spacebetween the party walls, an elastic insulat-ing material could be used here (e.g.building class A, melting point > 1000 C).

dII is necessary to establish the requiredacoustic reduction (required Bw = 57 dBor 67 dB for greater sound insulation).Sound insulation can be improved evenmore with an interior facing shell of plas-terboard panels on spring shackles.

The expansion joint must extend to theouter edge of the exterior wall.The width of the non-flammable backfillinsulation must be established in co-oper-ation with the responsible authority.

31

Products Products

Products

Timber34 Solid wood35 Structural solid wood36 Glued laminated timber37 Glued laminated beams38 Boards/planks39 Profile boards

Manufactured Wood Products40 Blockboard and laminated board41 Three- and five-ply panels42 Laminated construction board43 Parallel laminated veneer44 Parallel strand lumber45 Laminated strand lumber46 Oriented strand board47 Fibreboard48 Flat-pressed boards49 Extruded particle boards50 Fibre-Reinforced cement boards

Building Boards51 Fibre cement boards52 Plasterboard53 Gypsum fibreboard

Insulating Materials545556575859606162636465

Wood fibreBituminated fibreboardCorkExpandable polystyreneExtruded polystyrenePolyurethaneMineral woolSheep's wool/cotton woolFlax/hempCoconut fibreCellulosePerlite/swelling clay

Sheathing paper666768

Vapour retarding layer/vapour barrisrDamp-proofingProduct overview

Joints and Fasteners7071727374

DowelsAnchors/boltsScrews/staplesNaiIs/Nail PlatesSheet steel brackets

76 Wood preservation

78 Joint sealing tapes

TimberSolid Wood

TimberStructural Solid Wood

Solid Wood

DIN 1052-1DIN 4074-1DIN 68365DIN EN 350-2Thermal conductivity:

Vapour diffusion resistance factor:H = 40

Raw density: dependent on timberspeciesp - 450-800 kg/nV

Computation weight in accordance withDIN 1055-1:4-6kN/m3

Building material classification:B2

Thermal capacity:C = 350 kJ/mJK

Wood moisture content:as dry structural wood < 20 %

Amount of swelling and shrinkageper % change in wood moisture0.24 % across the grain

Commonly used timber species spruce fir pine larch Douglas fir

DimensionsCross-section dimensions for squaretimber stock [cm]:6/6, 6/8. 6/12,8/8, 8/10, 8/12, 8/1610/10. 10/12,10,20, 10/2212/12, 12/14, 12/16, 12/20, 12/2414/14, 14/16,16/16, 16/18, 16/20,18/2220/20, 20/24

Length:depending on the sawing facilities of thesawmill: up to 16 m.

Material Solid wood is debarked round timber

and converted building timber (squaredtimber, planks, boards and laths) ofsoftwood (coniferous wood) and hard-wood (wood from deciduous trees).

Structural timber is round wood or sawntimber. The cross-sections of load-bear-ing building elements are dimensionedin relation to the load-bearing capacityof the wood species in question.

Converted building timbers are laths,planks and squared (softwood) timber.The following types of sawn timber aredistinguished according to their thick-ness-to-width ratio:

LathBoard

'Thickness dHeight h [mm]d

TimberGlued Laminated Timber

TimberGlued Laminated Beams

Glued Laminated Timber

DIN 1052-1/A1 EC 5DIN 4074-1Thermal conductivity:

*.ri=0.13W/mKVapour diffusion resistance factor:H - 4 0

Raw density - depending on the woodspecies:p = 450-800 kg/m3

Building material classification:B2

Computation weight in accordance withDIN 1055-1:4 to 5 kN/m3

Wood moisture content:8-12%

Amount of swelling and shrinkageper % change in wood moisture:0.24 % across the grain

Wood species: spruce, fir, larch Douglas fir, Western hemlock, Southern pine, Yellow cedar

Types of glue:Urea-formaldehyde resin (UF)Melamine modified urea-formaldehyderesin (MUF)Phenol resorcinol resin (PRF)Polyurethane (PU)

DimensionsRecommended width [cm]: 8-22Height [cm]: up to 200The height-to-width (h/w) ratio of 1/10must not be exceededLength [m]: up to 30.Overlengths or up to 50 m are possible(check for transportability)

MaterialGlue-laminated timber is a modified solidwood in which the weakening influence ofgrowth-related defects has been largelycancelled out.Glued laminated timber is composed of atleast three sheets of softwood timberglued under pressure, parallel lo thegrain, to create stable building elements.

Glued laminated timber grades

Glued laminatedtimber gradeBS11BS14

Grade oflaminatesS 10, MS 10S13

BS18MS 13MS 17

UseSynthetic resin glues with a urea-formal-dehyde resin basis may be used for non-water-resistant gluing. The glued joint islight in colour and barely distinguishablefrom the wood.If water-resistant gluing is required, syn-thetic resin glues with a phenol, resorcin,melamine or polyurethane basis must beused. Phenol and resorcin resins areidentifiable by the dark-brown glued jointsthey make, whereas modified melamineresins are light to chocolate-brown in col-our. Polyurethane joints are light andtransparent.

Glued laminated timber that is exposeddirectly to Ihe vicissitudes of the weatherrequires additional chemical treatmentwith oleaginous wood preservatives.

For invitations to tender and orders; Wood species Glued laminated timber grade Width, height, length Gluing Surface Wood preservation measuresCalculated per m3

ManufactureThe individual laminates used to makeglued laminated timber must be at least6mm thick and not exceed 33 mm.Straight building components may be42 mm thick provided that they are notsubject to extreme, climatically inducedload changes.

The laminates are dried and planed. Allnatural defects such as excessively largeknots and pieces of bark are removedmechanically. Abutments are staggeredand glued as finger joints and clamppressed.

Load-bearing components may only bemanufactured by authorised enterprises.These components must be clearly identified with kite marks.

Manufacturers) {selection}Achberger Ingenieur Holzbau GmbHGrossmann Bau GmbHHaas Fertigbau GmbHHarle Karl GmbHKaufmann HolzbauwerkMaier Holzbau GmbHMerk Holzbau GmbHZeh Ulrich GmbH&Co.KG

InformationDeutsche Gesellschaft fur Holzforschunge.V. DGfHStudiengemeinschaft Holzleimbau e.V,Gutegemeinschaft BS-Holz e.V.Otto-Graf-lnstitut

Glued Laminated Beams

Non-standardisedThey may only be used if permission is

[granted on the basis of the local Building[Regulations in each individual case.

thermal conductivity:Wl t t = 0.13W/mK^Vapour diffusion resistance factor:

Raw density:p = 450-800 kg/m-1 depending on the

wood species usedComputation weight in accordance withDIN 1055-1:| 4-5 kN/m3

Suilding material classification:B2

Thermal capacity:C = 350 kJ/mJK

Wood moisture content:1 5 3 %

Amount of swelling and shrinkageper percentage change in wood moisture0.24 % across the grain

dimensions|Beam height [cm]:

Walls 6,8-12Floors/ceilings 12-24

MaterialGlued laminated beams are solid, flat,building elements. They are composed oflayers of boards or planks connected toeach other with nails or hardwood driftbolts. The quality of the original material isnot subject to particularly high minimalrequirements. Laminations of gradesS7/S10 are sufficient. Side boards can beused. Although there are no obligatorylamination thicknesses, the customarysawmill thicknesses of 24-32 mm, or upto 60 mm in special cases, are recom-mended. Boards and planks with thick-nesses between 32 mm and 45 mm areoften used for visible structures.

UseFloors, ceilings, roofs, (both bearing andnon-bearing] can be constructed withglued laminated beams. The individualbeams are used vertically in the wall ele-ments.Additional measures can be taken if dia-phragm action is desired.Solid wooden elements have a far higherstorage capacity and therefore providebetter thermal insulation during the sum-mer months than wooden framework wallconstructions.The individual elements are connectedwith groove-and-tongue joints, rebates orflat steel connections. Swelling andshrinkage must be taken into considera-tion when selecting element widths. Inorder to avoid swelling, the wood must beeffectively we at her proofed to protect itduring transport, storage and installation.

This system, which has a high load-bear-ing capacity, allows for extremely slendercross sections. A variety of compositeconstruction systems involving the use ofconcrete are available on the market.

For invitations to tender and orders:- Manufacturer Wood species Thickness/width/length SurfaceCalculated per m/mJ

ManufactureGlued laminated beams are generallyprefabricated. After the laminations havebeen dried to a wood moisture content of15 + 3% they are levelled, arrangedclose together lengthways, and gluedwith staggered joints in a continuousprocess. Laminations of the same thick-ness and width are used. The couplingforce can be transferred to the laminationjoints by using more nails, or by gluing orfinger jointing. The joint can be strength-ened by using profiled boards on thefaces.

Floor/ceiling openings and other open-ings must be taken into considerationwhen manufacturing glued laminatedbeams.

The elements can be prefabricated inlengths of up to 2.40 m, depending ontransportability. Lengths should notexceed 12 m.

Manufacturer(s) (selection)Bau-Barth-HolzbauelementeHolzbau Becke & Sohn GmbHHiwo Holzindustrie Waldburgzu Wolfegg GmbH & Co. KG

Rudolf Janssen GmbH & Co. KGKaufmann HolzbauwerkeKaufmann Massivholz GmbHKobus

InformationFachagentur HolzBund Deutscher Zimmermeister

36 37

TimberBoards/Planks

TimberProfile Boards

Boards/Planks

DIN 4071-1DIN 4071-1Thermal conductivity:

k,,= 0.13W/mKVapour diffusion resistance factor:

H = 40Raw density:p = 350-500 kg/m1 depending on the

wood species usedComputation weight in accordance withDIN 1055-1:4-6 kN/m'1

Building material classification:B2

Thermal capacity:C = 350 kJ/mK

Wood moisture content:Equivalent to equilibrium moisturecontent < 20 %

Amount of swelling and shrinkageper % change in wood moisture0.24 % across the grain

Wood species: spruce, fire, pine larch, Douglas fir Northern softwood species for planed

assortments

DimensionsThickness, unplaned [mm]:

16, 18,22,24, 28,38.44,48,50, 63, 70, 75

Thickness, planed [mm]:13.5, 15,5, 19.5, 25.5, 35.5, 41.5, 45.5

Thickness, northern woods, planed [mm]:9,5, 11, 12.5, 14, 16,22.5,25.5, 28.5, 40, 45

Width [mm]:75, 80, 100, 115, 120, 125,140, 150, 160, 175

Length [mm]:1,500-6,000

Gradations [mm]:250, 300

MaterialUnplaned softwood boards and planksare parallel square-edged materials.Planed softwood boards and planks areplaned smooth on one side and pro-cessed to an even thickness on the back,The edges are neither planed nor pro-filed.

UseUnplaned and planed boards andplanks are used for shuttering, externalcladding and the most diverse areas ofconstruction. When boards and planksare used for structures that have to bedimensioned in relation to load-bearingcapacity, they must meet the require-ments of DIN 1052 and be graded inaccordance with DIN 4074-1. If theboards do not have to perform a load-bearing or reinforcing function, there isno necessity under German buildingregulations to take preventive measuresto preserve the wood.It is advisable to use load-bearing lathingwith a cross section of 30 x 50 mm (mini-mum cross section 24 x 48 mm) to affixthe cladding. These cross sections areavailable as dry wood from trade stores:cross sections with an average moisturecontent of 15 3 % can also be obtainedby invitation to tender.Visible joints and fastenings for externaluse must be made of galvanised steel or- better still - chromium-nickel stainlesssteel.

The spacing of the load-bearing iathingdepends on board thickness:

Board thickness'mm]18.019.522.024.025.528,0

Lathing spacing[mm]400-550500-700550-800600-900700-950800-1.050

For invitations to tender and orders: Classification-DIN Grading Wood species Thickness Width LengthCalculated per m2/m3

ManufactureBoards and planks are sawn from roundtimber in sawmills or milled in planingmills and then planed, if necessary. Theirdimensions and thickness-to-width rationare their distinguishing features.

Board

Thickness (t)_[mm)

:40Plank t > 4 0

Width (w)|_[nnnnj!~w^80 _' w > 3 t

If boards are to be used externally, theymust be treated with a preventive struc-tural wood preservative. Careful planningand execution are essential.

If boards are exposed to weather, theyshould not be made of pine as it invaria-bly has sap rot and blue stain. Their sapis particularly susceptible to wood-decay-ing and wood-staining fungi, which notonly damage the wood but also causepaint failure.

To avoid changes in form in internalareas, the wood moisture content must bestated when placing orders. It is advisa-ble to ventilate the wood cladding.

Manufacturer(s)Boards and planks, both planed andunplaned, can be obtained from a varietyof sawmills and planing mills.

InformationLignum

Profile Boards

DIN 4072 (matched boards)DIN 68122 (matched tibreboards))IN68123 (weatherboards))IN 68126-1 +3 (profile boards with broadcot and chamfer)

)imensions(latched boards:fhickness (European) [mm]:15.5, 19.5,22,5,35.5kith [mm]: 95, 115. 135, 155lickness (northern) [mm]:

19.5, 22.5, 25.5Idth [mm]: 96, 111,121

Matched fibreboards:Phickness (European) [mm]:15.5, 19.5

Width [mm]: 95, 115FTiickness (northern) [mm]:12,5

[Width [mm]: 96, 111

[Weatherboards:Thickness (European) [mm]:

19.5jWidth[mm]: 115, 135, 155[Thickness (northern) [mm]:

19.5Mdth [mm]: 111, 121, 146

'rofile boards with broad root and chamfer"hickness (European) [mm]:12.5, 15.5, 19.5Vidth [mm]: 96, 115mickness (northern) [mm]:

112.5,14,19.5pidth [mm]: 12.5, 14, 19.5

-ength (European) [mm]:1,500-4,500, gradations 250(increments)^.500-6,000, gradations 500^gth (northern) [mm]:

fe .800-6,000, gradations 300

I

MaterialMatched boards are boards with groovesand planed tongues.

Softwood matched boards are boardswith planed tongues and grooves, cham-fered to an angle of less than 45" on theupper side.

Softwood weatherboards are boards withplaned tongues and grooves, and a con-cave-rounded edge on the tongue side.

Softwood profile boards with broad rootand chamfer are boards with tongues,planed grooves and chamfered edges onthe visible face and a wide tongue on theface side.

UseMatched and profile boards are used topanel both interiors and exteriors.Any building boards that have to bedimensioned in relation to their load-bear-ing capacity must meet the requirementsoi DIN 1052 and be graded in accord-ance with DIN 4074-1.

For invitations to tender and orders: Designation-DIN Grade Wood species Thickness Width LengthCalculated perm?

ManufacturePlaned and profile woods are sawn fromround timber in sawmills and then milledand planed in planing mills.

In addition to the forms and dimensionscovered by DIN, other profiles anddimensions can be obtained from themanufacturer - depending on the toolsand equipment at the manufacturer's dis-posal. Planing mills make profile boardson request and sell them through tradestores.

Manufacturers/ (selection)The assortment of profile boards availablefrom trade stores varies considerably dueto the great range of types and shapes.

InformationBundesverband Deutscher

Holzhandel e.V.

Manufactured Wood ProductsBlockboard and Laminated Board

Manufactured Wood ProductsThree- and Five-Ply Panels

Blockboard and laminated board

DIN 68705-2Thermal conductivity:

>v,, = 0.15W/mKVapour diffusion resistance factor:

H = 50/400Raw density:p = 400-800 kg/m3

Computation weight in accordance withDIN 1055-1:4.5-6.5 kN/m3

Building material classification:B2

Material class:20, 100

Emission class:E1

Wood moisture content;5 < 15%

Amount of swelling and shrinkageper % change in wood moisture content:0.020 %

Wood species: sprucefir pine

DimensionsThickness [mm]:

13, 16, 19,22,25,28,30,38Length [mm]:

1,220, 1,530, 1,830.2,050,2.500.4,100Width [mm]:

2.440. 2,500, 3,500, 5,100, 5,200. 5,400

MaterialFormerly known as core plywood, block-board consists of a core layer of solidwood board-shaped strips that are gluedtogether. The width of the strips variesfrom approx. 24 mm to a maximum of30 mm. A face veneer (three-ply board)or a cross-band veneer and a faceveneer (five-ply board) is fixed to eachside, with the grain running perpendicularto that of the adjacent layer.

Laminated boards are composed of amiddle core of perpendicular rotary-cutveneers (strips) that are glued together.The veneers are 5-8 mm thick. A faceveneer, or a cross-band veneer and aface veneer, are fixed to each side. Thegrain of each sheet runs perpendicular tothat of the adjacent one.All glues with an assured adhesivestrength are permissible.

In the case of blockboard. the gluedwooden core is composed of softwoods(primarily spruce) to ensure a more stableform, whereas softer or harder hardwoodsare generally chosen for cross-bandveneers and face veneers.The same wood species can be used forboth wooden core and veneer plywood,alongside the customary indigenous soft-woods and hardwoods. A number oftropical woods are also used for the coresand for cross-band and face veneers,rounding off the customary indigenoussoftwoods and hardwoods available.

UseBlockboards and laminated boards areprimarily used in the manufacture of furni-ture, as well as in laboratory and stairconstruction. However, they are rarelyused in timber engineering.

For invitations to tender and orders: ManufacturerDIN Panel type Wood species Emission class Thickness Width Length SurfaceCalculated by m2

ManufactureIn general, 24 mm-thick softwood boardsthat have been carefully dried to a woodmoisture content of approx. 6-8 per centare considered suitable for the manufac-ture of block cores. These boards are cutinto laths with multi-blade circular sawsso that the lath width corresponds to thethickness of the inner core. The laths arethen glued together with casein, poly-vinylacetate or urea-formaldehyde resinsto form boards and pressed.

DIN 68705-4 refers to structural block-board and core-stripe blockboard asplywoods with defined, monitored elasto-mechanical properties. They are used inbuilding construction (e.g. for reinforce-ment).

In the manufacture of the core, rotary cutveneers 5-8 mm thick are glued in layersparallel to the grain to create blocks.These are then sawn at right angles to thelevel of the single plies to make boards.In both manufacturing processes, thecross-band and face veneers are gluedto the inner plies with the same glues andpressed.

Three- and Five-Ply Panels

German building authority certification:Z-9.1-2422-9.1-258Z-9.1-376Z-9.1-404Z-9.1-477

Thermal conductivity:= 0.14 W/mK

Vapour diffusion resistance factor:11 = 50/400

Raw density:p = 400-500 kg/m3

Building material classification:B2

Material class:20,100, 100G

Emission class:E1

Wood moisture content:12 2 %

lount of swelling and shrinkageper % change in wood moisturecontent:0.020 %

Wood species:sprucelarch

i* Douglas fir

Manufactures) (selection)Pfleiderer

.-nensionsiThickness (three-ply) [mm]:^12-75

hickness (five-ply) [mm]:33-80

[Length [mm];_ 2,500-6,000

i [mm]:1,000-4,750

MaterialThe panels consist of three or five layersof softwood, each glued at right angles tothe adjacent ply. Melamine modifiedurea-formaldehyde and phenolic resin areused as glues.Since the thicknesses of the single pliesvary according to type and manufacturer.the elasto-mechanical properties of pan-els of equal thickness can also differ con-siderably.

Applications)Depending on glue type and the woodpreservative (if any), the panels can beemployed wherever panels of woodclasses 20, 100 and 100 G are allowedunder both the German Building Regula-tions and DIN 68800-2.Once permission has been granted, themulti-ply panels can be used as effectiveand as reinforcing planking in manufac-turing wall, ceiling and roof panels forwooden houses that are erected as panelconstruction systems in accordance withDIN 1052-3.Depending on the type of permit granted,these panels can sometimes be used inplace of laminated construction board asper DIN 1052-1.If the edges are carefully covered orsealed for protection, they can also beused for large ventilated facades.

Invitations to tender and orders: Manufacturer Certification number Panel type Wood species Wood preservation measures Thickness Width Length SurfaceCalculated per m2

ManufactureIn the case of softwood plies glued atright angles to one another, at least 90per cent of the single sheets must begrade S10 (DIN 4074-1) and the remain-ing sheets at least grade S7.The surface veneers must be at least4 -9 mm thick, and those oi the innerplies 4-50 mm.

Manufacturer(s) (selection)Dold Suddeutsche SperrholzwerkeGmach HolzbauwerkeHaas Fertigbau GmbHKaufmann HolzbauwerkProbstel Holzwerke

41

Manufactured Wood ProductsLaminated Construction Board

Laminated Construction Board

DIN 68705-3German building authority certification:Z-9.1-43Z-9.1-6Z-9.1-7

Thermal conductivity:X,, = 0.15W/mK

Vapour diffusion resistance factor:u = 50/400

Raw density:p = 450-800 kg/rrf

Building material classification:B2

Wood moisture content:5-15 %

Amount of swelling and shrinkageper % change in wood moisture content:Thickness: 0.25-0.35 %Length/width: 0.01-0.02 %

Wood species (selection): spruce pine Clear pine Douglas fir Hemlock Soutlwn pine mahogany Cherry mahogany

Panel types;Laminated construction board 20Laminaled construction board 100Laminated construction board 100 G

DimensionsThickness [mm]:

8,9, 10, 12, 15, 18.20.21,24.25,40Formats [mm]:2,500/3,000x1,250/1,5002,400/3.050 x 1,200/1,525

MaterialLaminated construction board is made byarranging and gluing alternate veneersperpendicular to one another. Urea resinis used to glue the veneers of laminatedconstruction board 20, whereas water-resistant, alkaline hardening / phenolicresin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, andre sore i no! resin are used for laminatedconstruction board 100 and 100 G. Allother glues must be certified by the build-ing authorities.

Application(s)Laminated construction board is mostlyused as effective, reinforcing panelling forwalls, ceilings and roofs, For the requiredpanel type, which depends on the panel'sposition in the building component,please refer to DIN 68800-2.

Panel type Panel moisturein service

Laminated construction board 20 k 15 %Laminated construction board 100

Manufactured Wood ProductsParallel Strand Lumber

Manufactured Wood ProductsLaminated Strand Lumber

Parallel Strand Lumber

German building authority certification:Z-9.1-241

Thermal conductivity:AH = 0.15W/mK

Vapour diffusion resistance factor:M = 50/400

Raw density:p = 670 kg/m3 for Douglas firp = 720 kg/nr for southern yellow pine

Building material classification:B2

Material class:100, 100G

Wood species: Douglas fir Southern pine

MaterialParallel Strand Lumber (PSL) consists ofstrands approximately 16-mm wide and3.2 mm thick. These are aligned parallelto the longitudinal axis of the beam andglued with waterproof phenol-formalde-hyde resin. The graded strands are gluedto create 483 mm-thick panels and thensawn into beams.Currently, PSL is only manufactured in theUSA.Paraffin is applied to give the lumber awater-repellent finish.Owing to the natural resistance of the twowood species used (resistance class 3 inaccordance with DIN 68364|, no woodpreservatives are added.

Application(s)Parallel Strand Lumber can be used forall work in which glued laminated timberis permitted unless otherwise certified.Parallel Strand Lumber has maferial prop-erties very similar to those of glued lami-naled timber; its advantages lie in its con-siderable flexural, compression andshearing strengths.The adhesive bond is weather resistant,but weather exposure causes the wood toturn grey.

Invitations to tender and orders: Certification number Wood species Thickness Width LengthCalculated by m:i

ManufactureAfter being soaked and steamed, the logsare peeled to create veneers 2.5-3.2 mmthick. The strands are then dried to obtaina9-10 percent moisture content and cutinto 45-260 cm-long strips. After thedefects have been extracted, the strandsare glued with phenol-formaldehyde resinand pressed in continuously operatingpress. Afterward, they are cured in amicrowave process.The veneer strands are arranged parallelto one another with their ends staggered.During the pressing process, the materialis compressed to increase its raw densityto a value slightly higher (approx. 15 percent) than that of the original wood. Asthere are gaps between the strands, cavi-ties are visible, especially at the ends.The resulting 20 m-long section is thencut to fhe desired lengths.

Laminated Strand Lumber

German building authority certification:Z 9.1-323

Thermal conductivity:^ = 0.14 W/mK

Vapour diffusion resistance factor:u = 50/400

Raw density:p = 600-700 kg/m3

Building material classification:B2

Material class:100

Emission class:E1

Wood moisture content:15%

Wood species:poplar

Glues:Polyurethane adhesive

Applicationfs)Laminated Strand Lumber may be usedfor all areas of work in which glued lami-nated timber is permitted in accordancewith DIN 1052-1 and in which laminatedconstruction board is permitted inaccordance with DIN 68705-3.The wood is preserved in the same wayas glued laminated timber.

Invitations to tender and orders: Manufacturer Certification number Panel type Wood species Gluing Emission class Thickness Width LengthCalculated by m!

ManufactureLaminated Strand Lumber consists ofapprox. 1.0 x 25 x 300 mm-long poplarchips which are glued together with for-maldehyde-free polyurethane resin(PMDI).After being bonded in a mixer, the chipsare aligned in their original grain flow. Themass is pressed under heat and thenseparated and ground.Long-chip wood is manufactured in twogrades: tntratlam S and Intrallam P.

Dimensions:Width [mm]:44-280

Height [mmj:44-483

Length [m]:up to 20

Manufacturers) (selection)Merk Holzbau GmbHTrus Joist Mac Millan

Dimensions:Thickness [mm]:

32-89Format [mm]:max. 2,438 x 10,700

Manufacturers) (selection)Trus Joist MacMillan

44 45

Manufactured Wood ProductsOriented Strand Board

Manufactured Wood ProductsFibreboard

i .

Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

DIN EN 300German building authority certification:2-9.1-275Z-9.1-326

Thermal conductivity:AR = 0 . 1 3 W/mK

Vapour diffusion resistance factor:H = 50/100

Raw density (depending on wood spe-cies):p = 600-660 kg/m3

Computation weight in accordance with1055-1:5-7.5 kN/m5

Building material classification:B2

Material class:100

Emission class:E1

Wood moisture content:5 - 6 %

Amount of swelling and shrinkageper % wood moisture content:0.035 %

Wood species: pine Clear pine Douglas fir Oregon pine alder poplar

MaterialOSB (oriented strand board) is composedof aligned strands. Owing to the alternat-ing, cross-alignment of the strands, ori-ented strand boards - like plywood -have mechanical properties.Excellent mechanical properties havebeen obtained (two to three times thoseof normal chipboard types) by machine-cutting the wood parallel to the grain.

A variety of glues is used for bonding:phenol resin, polycarbamide (isocya-nate), MUPF (Kauramin) surface glue,and PMDI core resins. All these resins arewaterproof.

Application (s)Typical areas of application:OSB flat-pressed boards may be used forall work where class 100 wood-basedmaterials are permitted under the localBuilding Regulations.It may be used for panelling, with weatherproofing, the exterior of load-bearing/reinforcing walls.

invitations to tender and orders: Manufacturer Certification number Panel type Emission class Thickness, Width, Length- SurfaceCalculated by m2

ManufactureLarge coarse rectangular chips (ca. 35 x75 mm, thickness 0.6 mm) are used tomanufacture OSB boards. The flat chipsare obtained by peeling and crushingveneers or by using a chipper. They arethen sieved, graded, dried, glued, spreadout and aligned. The strands arearranged crosswise in three or five layers,depending on the required board thick-ness. In the case of three-ply boards, thecore (comprising 50 per cent of thewhole) is generally laid crosswise, whilstthe grain of the surface sheets (account-ing for 25 per cent each) generally runsparallel to the machined length. Once thestrands have been aligned, the sheetsare pressed under heat. After they havecooled, they are formatted and ground.

Fibreboard

DIN 68754-1i Thermal conductivity:| \, = 0.065-0.17 W/mKVapour diffusion resistance factor:H = 5-70

Raw density:p = 350-1100 kg/m:i

Computation weight in accordance withDIN 1055-1:9-11 kN/rn3

I Building material classification:! B2Material class:20 (100 with certification)

Emission class:E1

Wood moisture content:5 3 %

| Amount of swelling and shrinkageper % change in wood moisture content:< 20 % in thickness

Wood species: spruce pine f i r1 beech

poplar birch

Glues: Urea-formaldehyde resins

Phenol-formaldehyde resin

MaterialFibreboards are panel-shaped materialsmade of fibrous - primarily wood - par-ticles.The particles are combined under heat,with or without glue or additives. Pressuremay be applied.Fibreboards can be manufactured assingle- or multi-ply boards in a wet pro-cess without bonding agents or in a dryprocess using bonding agents.Depending on their raw density they aresubclassified as: Porous fibreboards,

not bituminated- Bituminated porous fibreboards- Hardboard and medium-density wood

fibreboards for the construction industry for interiors and furniture

Other types of wood fibreboard are alsoavailable, e.g. medium-density fibre-boards.

Soft fibreboard: see insulating materials.

ApplicationAccording to DIN 1052-3, the use of fibre-boards as effective and reinforcingboards in the manufacture of wall, ceilingand roof panels is restricted to woodenhouses built as panel construction sys-tems.They may also be used in rooms with alow moisture content, i.e. in areas wherewood class 20 is used and in areas inwhich wood class 100 is permitted by thelocal Building Authority.

Invitations to tender and orders: Manufacturer DIN Certification number Panel type Gluing Emission class Thickness Width LengthCalculated by rrf

ManufactureIn the manufacture of wood fibreboards,the wood chips are placed in a reactiontank known as a defibrator, steam-treatedand then defibrated mechanically withgrinding plates. This approach primarilyexploits the matting properties of thefibres and their natural adhesive strength.The latter can be increased by addingbonding agents and water-repellents aswell as by thermal and other treatments.The various manufacturing processes dif-fer mainly in the technique employed toproduce the fibrous material and thefibrous mat. These processes are referredto as wet or dry processes, depending onwhether the fibrous material is trans-ported or formed in a wet or dry process.

DimGnsionsThickness [mm]:

6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 22, 25,30Formats [mm]:2,500/5,000x1,2505,000 x 2,5002,440x1,2202,620 x 1,250/5.000

46

Manufacturers) (selection)CSC Forest Products (Sterling) Ltd.Glunz AGKronospan Ltd.&Cie.

InformationVerband der DeutschenHolzwerkstoffindustrie (VHI)

IDimensions:Thickness [mm]:

5-16[Width [mm]:1 up to 2,100Length [mm]:up to 5,500

Manufacturer(s) (selection)Euro MDF BoardGutexHornitexKunz GmbH & CoOdenwald FaserplattenwerkPavatexWilhelmi Werke GmbH & Co KG

47

Manufactured Wood ProductsFlat-Pressed Boards

Flat-Pressed Boards (FP)

DIN 68763Thermal conductivity:

A.H = 0.13 W/mKVapour diffusion resistance factor:

LI = 50/100Raw density:p = 550-700 kg/m3

Computation weight in accordance withDIN 1055-1;5-7.5 kN/rrr3

Building material classification:B2

Material class:20, 100, 100 G

Emission class:E1

Wood moisture content:5 < 12 %

Amount of swelling and shrinkageper % change in wood moisture content:0.035 %

Wood species: Softwood Hardwood

Glues: Urea-formaldehyde resins Melamine modified urea-formaldehyde Phenol resin PMDI

DimensionsThickness [mm]:4,8,10, 13, 16, 19, 22,25, 28, 38

Formats [mm]:1,250 x 2,500, 1,250 x 5,000,4,100x1,850,2,710x2,080,2,750/5,300x2,050

Lengths of up to 14,000mm are available

MaterialFlat-pressed boards are panel-shapedwood-based materials that are made bybonding and pressing particles of woodor wood-like fibrous materials.Depending on the gluing procedure andwood preservatives, the panel types canbe classified as follows:

- V20This resin is only suitable for rooms wherehumidity is generally low, as it is notresistant to atmospheric corrosion.Glues: aminoplasts, alkaline-hardenedphenolic resins, polymeric diphenyl meth-ylene diisocyanate (PMDI).

V 1 0 0For use in humid rooms.Glues: alkaline-hardened phenolic resins,phenol-resorcinol resins, PMDI.

V100GAlso durable in highly humid environ-ments; protected against destructivefungi by a wood preservative.Glues: alkaline-hardened phenol resorci-nol resins, PMDI.

ApplicationFlat-pressed boards manufactured for Iheconstruction industry are primarily usedas effective, reinforcing panelling forwalls, floors, ceilings and roofs. Panelselection depends on the intended use inthese building elements. Information maybe found in DIN 68800-2 (see appendix).

Invitations to tender and orders: Manufacturer DIN 68763 Panel type Gluing Emission class Thickness Width LengthCalculated by in2

ManufactureFlat-pressed boards are manufactured bybonding and pressing relatively smallwood chips, which are ideally alignedparallel to the board surface. Theseboards are generally manufactured ashomogenous multi-ply panels.

Manufacturer(s) (selection)Glunz AGHornitexKunz GmbHPfleiderer IndustrieSchlingmann GmbH & Co.

InformationVerband der DeutscheHolzwerkstoffindustrie e.V.

Extruded Particle Boards

DIN 68764-1/2Thermal conductivity:\, = 0.17W/mK

Vapour diffusion resistance factor:i^ = 20

Raw density;p = 450-700 kg/m3

Computation weight in accordance with1055-1:5-7.5 kN/m3

Building material classification;B2

Emission class:E1

Wood moisture content:5< 12%

Wood species: sprucefir

' pine

Glues: Urea-formaldehyde resin Melamine modified urea-formaldehyde Phenol resinPMDI

MaterialExtruded particle boards have a highshearing strength but a low flexuralstrength and insufficient integrity. Conse-quently, when used in the constructionindustry, they must be panelled with chip-boards, hardboards, veneers or plasticboards.

Application^)Extruded particle boards are used inmaking doors. They are authorized foruse as panelling in wooden panel-con-struction houses,

timensionshickness [mm]:

. Solid extruded board: 10-34j Tubeboards [mm]: 23-80[Width [mm]:I 900-2,100length [mm]:

up to 5,000

Manufactured Wood ProductsExtruded Particle Boards

Invitations to tender and orders: Manufacturer DIN Panel type Wood species Gluing Emission class Thickness Width LengthCalculated by m2

ManufactureIn the manufacture of extruded particleboards, particles are mixed with a bond-ing agent and pushed rhythmically alonga heated channel by a ram. The cross-section of the channel forming the boardcorresponds to that of the resulting prod-uct. The particles are positioned perpen-dicularly to the board's surface, whichproduces a relatively high shearingstrength at right angles to the surface.Extruded particle boards are made in acontinuous manufacturing processbecause the heating process and the rateof feed are adjusted to the curing time- Asthe particles pass through the channelshaft, they are bonded together to forman endless stream of board that is onlycut into sections after pressing is com-pleted.Solid extruded boards are produced insingle layers only. Owing to the arrange-ment of the particles, these boards havea lower flexural strength than flat-pressedboards. Extruded particle boards are onlysuitable as cores in composite boards,Tubeboards, whose cores contain tubularcavities, are produced by arrangingtubes parallel to the shaft.

Manufacturers) (selection)SauerlanderSpanplatten GmbH & Co KG

49

Manufactured Wood ProductsFibre-Reinforced Cement Boards

Building BoardsFibre Cement Boards

Fibre-Reinforced Cement Boards

DIN EN 633DIN EN 634Thermal conductivity:

X,, = 0.35 W/mKVapour diffusion resistance factor:H = 20/50

Raw density:p= 1,250-1,300 kg/m3

Building material classification:B 1 , A 2

Material class:20, 100,100 G

Emission class:E1

Wood moisture content:9 3 %

Amount of swelling and shrinkageper % change wood moisture content:0.03%

Wood species: sprucefir

Bonding agent: Cement

DimensionsThickness [mm]:8-40

Format [mm]:1.250x2,600, 1,250x3.100

MaterialIn contrast to organically bonded wood-based materials, fibre-reinforced cementboards are anorganically bonded withcement (which accounts for approxi-mately one third of their weight percent-age). They can be used in the same fieldsas wood classes 20, 100. 100G inaccordance with DIN 68800-2. The bond-ing agent renders the boards moisture-resistant. The boards can be coated andplastered for more effective and enduringweather protection. They are certified foruse as load-bearing and reinforcing pan-els for wooden panel-construction housesunder DIN 1052-3.

The panels are hardly flammable andhave been classified as B1 under DIN4102. To ensure that they meet therequirements of building material classifi-cation A 2 (not flammable), perlite(amounting to approx. 24 % of total mass)is added.

Apphcation(s)Fibre-reinforced cement boards are usedas exterior wall cladding or as wall-re-inforcement panelling. Effective, enduringweather protection is essential for extenorwalls. Their good fire-proofing propertiesmake these panels suitable as fire barri-ers. They also have good sound-insulat-ing properties owing to their high rawdensity, and can be used as a floorcovering.

Invitations to tender and orders: Manufacturer DIN Certification number Panel type Emission class Thickness Width Length SurfaceCalculated by rrf

ManufactureConiferous wood (spruce or fir) that hasbeen stored for three to four months andnot treated against fungi is chipped andseparated into fine and coarse chips andthen stored in chip bins. A mixture ofwood chips, cement, recycled trimmings,supplementary agents and water is pre-pared in a semi-dry process in a mechanical mixer. The material is evenly sepa-rated into an outer layer and a core layerin a mechanical sifter and spread evenlyacross plates. Surplus material is fedstraight back into the mixer. There is nowaste water. The mix is pressed andallowed to set in a climatic chamber.Afterwards, the boards are cured forapproximately four weeks in a condition-ing storage unit. Prior to shipment, thepanels are conditioned so thai they havethe right moisture balance; they are thentrimmed and cut, and their edges pro-filed. Finally, they are impregnated andcoated.

Fibre Cement Boards

German building authority certification:Z-31.1-34Z-31.1-36

h Thermal conductivity:I \ = 0.58 W/mKVapour diffusion resistance factor:

H-11Raw density:p= 1,150-2,000 kg/m3

Building material classification:A2

MaterialFibre cement is a composite material offibre and cement. It consists of 40 % Port-land cement, 11 % aggregate (limestonepowder), 2 % reinforcement fibre, and5 % cellulose fibres and water.

ApplicationFibre cement boards are suitable asweatherproofing for roofs and walls, andmay also be used as ventilated exteriorwall cladding as per DIN 18516-1.

Manufacturer(s) (selection)Eternit AGFulguritGlunz AG

DimensionsLength [mm]:

1,250,2,000, 2,500Width [mm]:

1,250, 1,500Thickness [mm]:8,10, 12.5, 15, 18

Invitations to tender and orders: Manufacturer Certification number Thickness Width Length Surface areaCalculated per m2

ProductionFibre cement boards are made of an inti-mate mixture of cement and water plusartificial and cellulose fibres. They aremanufactured with a surface coating orwith various colour additives. The inor-ganic materials are weatherproof, frost-and rot-resistant, and incombustible. Inaddition, they are largely resistant toaggressive chemical atmospheres. In themixture, the fibres perform a similar func-tion to that of steel in reinforced concrete.

Manufacturer(s) (selection)Eternit AGFulgurit Baustoffe GmbHWan it

InformationFachregeln des Deutschen Dachdecker-handwerks (Professional Regulations ofthe Germany Roofing Trade DeutschesDachdeckerhandwerk)

51

Building BoardsPlasterboard

Plasterboard

DIN 18180German building authority certification:2-9.1-199Z-9.1-204Z-9.1-221Z-9.1-246Z-9.1-318Z-9.1-319

Thermal conductivity:XR = 0.21 W/mK

Coefficient of thermal expansion:0.013-0,020 mm/mK

Vapour diffusion resistance factor:H = 8

Raw density:p = 900-1000 kg/m1

Building material classification:A2Heat storage capacity:C = 960 J/kgK

Dimensions:Thickness [mm]:

9.5, 12.5, 15, 18,20, 25Width [mm]:

600, 625, 1,250Length [mm]:2,000-4,000 inincrements of 250

MaterialPlasterboard consists of a plaster coreencased in adhesive cardboard. Naturaland FGB plaster obtained from flue gasdesulfurisation provide the raw materialsfor production.Depending on the application, varioustypes of plasterboard may be used, withdifferent cardboard casings and plasteradditives:- Gypsum plasterboard

Yellowish-white cardboard,blue lettering

Fire protection plasterboardYellowish white cardboard, red lettering

Impregnated plasterboardGreenish cardboard, blue lettering

Impregnated fire protection plaster-boardGreenish cardboard, red lettering

Gypsum baseboardGrey cardboard, blue lettering

Gypsum dry screed boardwith/without sound-impact insulation

Applications)Plasterboard can serve as wall or ceilingpanelling, as a lining for suspended ceil-ings, as lining for prefabricated walls, andas dry screed.It may be used wherever class 20wooden boards are allowed as per DIN68800-2. In addition, impregnated plas-terboard may be installed on the outsideof exterior wall elements if the conditionsfor effective, lasting weather protection,as specified in the note of authorization,are met.Plasterboard may be used as reinforcingpanelling for ceilings in wooden buildings(fixed to the bottom side) and for pitchedroofs.Plasterboard may also be employed as aload-bearing reinforcement for wall panel-ling in wooden houses erected as panelconstruction systems.

Invitations to tender and orders: Board type- Thickness Length- Width Edge shapeCalculated per rrf

ProductionPlasterboard is produced on large con-veyor belts in a continuous manufacturingprocess. The calcined, ground plaster ismixed with water and additives, sprayedonto a base, and formed into boardstogether with the cardboard lining. Theboards are then lettered, cut, turned,dried and bundled.In combination with the plaster core, thecardboard reinforces the tensile zone andlends the boards the requisite firmnessand flexural strength.

Manufacturer(s) (selection)Danogips GmbHFels-Werke GmbHGebr. Knauf Westdeutsche GipswerkeGyproc GmbHLafarge Gips GmbHLindner AGFiigips GmbH

InformationIndustriegruppe Gipsplatten

Gypsum Fibreboard

German building authority certification:Z-9.1-187Z-PA-III 4.864

Thermal conductivity:\ = 0.36 W/mK

Vapour diffusion resistance factor:H=11

Raw density:p = 880-1,250 kg/m3

Building material classification:A2

Dimensions:Thickness [mm]:10,12.5, 15, 18

Sizes [mm];1,000 x 1,5001,245x2.0001,245x2,5001,245x2,5401,245x2,7501,245x3,000

MaterialGypsum fibreboard is a homogenousboard made of a mixture of calcined natu-ral plaster and cellulose tibres. The cellu-lose fibres, which are primarily obtainedfrom recycled paper, strengthen theboard.

Application^)Gypsum fibreboard can serve as wall orceiling panelling, as a lining for sus-pended ceilings and prefabricated walls,and as dry screed (when used in multiplelayers). In the form of composite boardwith foam plastic, it can be used to pro-vide additional thermal insulation.Gypsum fibreboard may be used as aload-bearing reinforcement for wall pan-els in both wooden houses with a paneldesign and in limber skeleton buildings.It may be employed as reinforcing andload-bearing wall panelling whereverclass 20 wood material is permitted (inaccordance with the German buildingauthority certification).It may also be used to plank the outsideof exterior wall elements if effective, last-ing weather proof ing is ensured.

Gypsum fibreboard is resistant to fire andhumidity.

Building BoardsGypsum Fibreboard

For requests for tenders and orders Gypsum, fibreboard Certification number Thickness, length and widthCalculated per mJ

ProductionCellulose fibre is obtained from paper in arecycling process and then mixed withground plaster. Water is added to themixture, with no additional bonding agent.The mix is pressed into boards underhigh pressure, dried, impregnated with awater-repellent agent and formatted.

Manufacturers) (selection)Fels-WerkeLindner AGRigips GmbH

Insulating MaterialsWood Fibre

Insulating MaterialsBituminated Fibreboard

For invitations to tender and orders: ManufacturerDIN Application type Thickness Width LengthCalculated per m2

For invitations to tender and orders: ManufacturerDIN Application type Thickness Width LengthCalculated per m/

Wood Fibre

DIN 68755DIN EN 316Thermal conductivity:A.B = 0.045-0.060 W/mK

Vapour diffusion resistance factor:\i = 5-10

Raw density:p= 130-450 kg/m3

Building material classification:B2

Thermal capacity:C = 360 kJ/m-K

Application types:T, TV, IC

MaterialPorous soft fibreboard is manufacturedfrom spruce, fir and pine pulp in a wetproduction process. Fibre humidityexceeds 20 per cent during the manufac-turing process.The raw density of soft fibreboard liesbelow 450 kg/m;i, making it lower thanthat of medium hard and hard fibreboard.

ApplicationSoft fibreboards are used as insulation forfloors, walls, ceilings and roofs; they arealso employed as impact sound insulationunder floor screed, dry screed and woodflooring, and as sound absorbing panels.

Depending on the application, the boardsare connected by butt joints, rebate jointsor tongue-and-groove joints. The panelsare loosely laid and then mechanicallyfastened or glued. Special joint adhesivesealing may be required to ensure airtightness.

Like untreated wood, wooden fibreboardsmust be protected against UV-radiationand humidity. With a wood moisture con-tent of less than 20 per cent, theseboards are highly resistant to wood pestsand other sources of damage (bacteria,fungi, and insects).Wood fibreboards are available as insu-lating plaster-base elements for exteriorwalls. They are also suitable as elementsfor composite or sandwich construction incombination with hardboard or gypsumboard.

ManufactureIn the wet manufacturing process, waste(rom locally harvested coniferous trees ischipped and shredded. The chips arepulped with vapour in a reaction chamberand subsequently milled into fibres. Addi-tives and, if required, wood preservativesare blended into the fibre slurry. Theslurry is spread on a Foudrinier to createa flat fibrous mat, which is then dehy-drated by extrusion or by applying nega-tive pressure. In the final stage, the matsare shaped into boards and dried.Thicker panels (25-30 mm and upwards)are manufactured by laminating severalindividual boards.

Bituminated Fibreboard [Asphalt-Treated Board; US]

[DIN 68752lermal conductivity:

^ = 0.056-0.060 W/mK'apour diffusion resistance factor:

= 5-10Raw density:p = 200-350 kg/m3

Building material classification:B2

Fhermal capacity:C - 630 kJ/m;'K

\pplication types:T,TV

MaterialBituminated fibreboards are porous woodfibreboards, manufactured with a bitumenadditive.A distinction is made between bitumi-nated (ibreboards with 10-15 per cent bitumen additive(moisture-proof) and a water absorptionrate of less than 25 per cent (BPH) with more than 15 per cent bitumenadditive (increased moisture resistance)and an average water absorption of lessthan 20 per cent (BPH2).

ApplicationThe primary areas of application ar& exte-rior walls, roof extensions and subfloors.Bitumen-impregnated wood fibreboardscan be used under roof covering aswater- and airtight layers. The bitumencontent renders them resistant to mois-ture, rot, fungi and insects.

ManufactureBituminated wood fibreboards are manu-factured in the same manner as porouswood fibreboards; the only differencebeing that a bitumen emulsion is addedto the fibre slurry.

DimensionsThickness [mm]:

6-80Width [mm]:

400-1,220Length [mm]:

1,200-2.500

Manufacturer (selection)Emfa Baustoff GmbHGlunzAGGutexHolzfaserplattenwerk Schonheide GmbHPa vat exSteinmann

"isionsnickness [mm]:

16-25Wdth [mm]:

[400-1,220Length [mm]:[2,440,2,500

Manufacturer (selection)Emfa Baustoff GmbHGutexIsofloc Warmedammtechnik GmbHPavatex

Insulating MaterialsCork

Insulating MaterialsExpandable Polystyrene

Cork

DIN 18161-1Thermal conductivity:

XH = 0.040-0.055 W/mKVapour diffusion resistance factor;H = 5-10

Raw density:p - 80-200 kg/m3

Building material classification:B2

Thermal capacity:C = 223 kJ/m;lK

Application types:T. TR, TS

MaterialCork, the outer bark of the cork oak tree,is available - as natural or expandedgranulated material (expanded cork, cak-ing cork) - in the form of insulating panelsand fill.The cork oaks, predominantly indigenousto the western Mediterranean region, canbe debarked every 8 to 10 years. Theyhave a lifespanof 100 to 150 years.

Applications)Cork is mould and rot resistant even whenthoroughly moist. However, exposure tomoisture over an extended period mayresult in fungal decay.Cork insulating boards are laid downloosely, then nailed, plugged or glued.Granulates are poured or injected. Insu-lating cork is especially suitable for usein areas subjected to pressure loadsand as impact so