ARCHITECTURE

The Parthenon 447-432 B. C.

Architecture is frozen music. The building the sound,

the space we occupy the silence.

-Frank Lloyd Wright

Guggenheim Museum by Frank Lloyd Wright

EMP: The Experience Music Projectby Frank Gehry

Nationale-Nederlanden Building, Frank Gehry

Nationale-Nederlanden Building, Frank Gehry

Four Necessities of ArchitectureAll requirements are interconnected, one cannot function without the other.

• Technical requirements – how it is built.• Functional requirements – for what

purpose is the building being used.• Spatial requirements – how the building

functions.• Revelatory requirements – the building

reflects the values of society

Technical requirementsArchitects are artists and engineers. They must know the building materials and their potentials. How those materials will work in and interact with the surrounding environment. And how those materials will stand in and withstand the environment in which they are used.

World Trade Center NYC Minoru Yamasaki

Functional requirementsForm follows function. Buildings are designed for specific purposes. A business building has a different look than a cathedral. When we see buildings the buildings give visual clues as to what they are for. Cathedral of the Madeline SLC Utah Union Carbide Building NYC

Functional Requirementscase study:

Gothic Architecture and Cathedrals

The art and architecture of cathedrals are designed to inspire those of their faith. When the Gothic Cathedrals developed during the Middle

Ages many of the people were illiterate. Not being able to read and write the people were instructed

through images on and in the buildings.

The flying buttresses of Notre Dame were an architectural development designed to thin

out the thickness of the building. This developed because of the need to create

high ceilings. The architectural design of high ceilings invite those who enter the building to

look up, thus looking upward toward God.

Nave in Notre Dame

Notre Dame, Paris France

Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome Italy

St. Serinin, Toulouse France

The floor plan of the Cathedrals is in the shape of a cross in remembrance

of Christ on the cross.

West portal jamb sculptures, Chartres France

Laon, France

Tympannum

Last Judgement

The façade of the cathedral can be seen as a sculptural story. Stories of Saints and from the bible.

Pieta by Michelangelo Buonarati (Renaissance)

Crucifixion detail at St Remi c 1190

Stained glass windows and sculptures also told visual stories.

Arena Chapel by Giotto

Altar piece announciation with Donors and St Joseph c.1425

Altar piece paintings and wall murals also told of stories of Saints and stories from the bible to inspire people. Many of these paintings require a great deal of “reading” the image in order to understand the story. Often very subtle changes in the image added nuances to the interpretation of scriptural stories.

Spatial requirementsThe compatibility between the building and its surroundings. How the building fits into the space in which it is built? How do we fit into the space inside the building?

Falling Water architect Frank Lloyd Wright

Revelatory requirements

Forms of architecture reflect and interpret some of the fundamental values of society. Buildings are a document to the values of a particular time and place. As society changes so do our buildings.

Types of Architecture

Sky-oriented

Earth-rooted

Earth-resting

Rockefeller Center NYC

Palazzo Farnese Rome

Mont-Saint-Michel France

Earth-rooted ArchitectureThe earth is a securing agency that grounds the place of our existence. The earth is a symbol of security. Primitive cultures believe we are born from the earth. Mother Earth. The earth gives us food and shelter. Earth-rooted architecture discloses the earth by drawing our attention to the earth or the site around the building. The building submits to gravity. Often uses pyramid or horizontal forms. Almost as if the building is rising from the earth.

Temple of the Sun Chichen Itza, Mexico

Potala Palace, Lhasa Tibet

Sky-oriented ArchitectureSky-oriented

architecture are buildings that defy

gravity and reach toward the sun. The buildings

are symbolic of our reaching for potential and toward the future.

Sagrada Familia by Antonio Goudi Sung Pagoda, Hong Kongby Mies van der Rohe Hiroshima Japan

Earth-resting ArchitectureEarth-resting architecture accents neither earth nor sky but sits on or rests

upon the earth, using the earth like a platform and the sky as a background. The earth does not appear as an organic part of the building but more as a stage. This type of architecture is more appropriate when

the building is surrounded by other buildings, as in urban areas.

Farnsworth house by Mies van der Rohe

Taj Mahal

Earth-resting and Sky-oriented

Haga Sophia aka Blue Mosque Turkey

Earth-rooted and Sky-oriented

The three pagodas of Wat Phra Si Sanphet in Ayutthaya historical park, Ayutthaya, Thailand

Earth-rooted and Sky-oriented

Himeji Castle, Japan

Earth-rooted and Earth resting

Environmental influencesSpace

Homes and buildings that are built are influenced by

the space available and the economic influences of an

area. For example in places like San Francisco, New

York City, or Japan where limited space is available there is no where to build

but up and very close together.

Environmental influencesthe Weather

Using the mountains as inspiration, the snow factor in Utah led to the design of houses that aid in the melting of snow.

Environmental and Economic Influences

In the North the wooded areas, logging, fishing and cold climate

the homes are built closer together.

Environmental and Economical Influences

The more open spaces and influence ofplantations and the structure of slavery inthe South creates homes that are larger andfarther apart.

Kingsley Plantation St. George Island, Florida

Notice the difference between the plantation mansion and the slave

quarters.

Environmental and Historical Influences

The influences of buildings in the

South West are the religious churches

and Spanish missions that were

built by Spanish explorers. The dry

climate also influences the color and landscaping.

Environmental and Academic Influences

Thomas Jefferson’s concept of the university as an “academic village” formed the basis for what became a uniquely American architectural

phenomenon, the college campus.

Charlottesville Virgina, Thomas Jefferson, 1826

The Style or Time period of Architecture

Is determined by time, place and philosophy

• Prehistoric Era• The Ancient World• Early Christian• Medieval (including Romanesque and Gothic)• Renaissance• Baroque (including Mannerism and Rococo)• Revolutionary (Neoclassic, Romantic)• Twentieth Century styles

Prehistoric EraBefore recorded history, humans constructed stone circles, megaliths, burial mounds and other structures. Many used for a type of religious ceremony.

Often crudely formed and in a state of decay.

The Ancient World3000 BC to 337 BC In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, civilizations built

enormous temples and shrines. Large structures of a colossal scale. Pyramids (Egypt), post and beam structures (Greece and Rome).

Eastern example of Post and Beam support structure

Early Christian373 to 500 AD. The Roman emperor Constantine

meant to unite a split kingdom by declaring Christianity the official religion. Christians used the Roman Basilica form to create centers of worship. The style goes from a rectangular form to a more

rounded building with rotundas.

San Angelo

Medieval (including Romanesque and Gothic)

500 to 1200 AD As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged.

1200 to 1400 AD Innovative builders created the great cathedrals of Europe.

Souillac c. 1130

Notre Dame, Paris San Denis, interior

Renaissance1400 to 1600 AD A return to classical ideas of Greece and Rome

ushered an age of "awakening" in Italy, France, and England.

Andre Palladio, Rotunda

Sistine Chapel, interior

American Colonial 1600 to 1780 AD European settlers in the New World borrowed ideas

from their homelands to create their own breed of architecture.

Parson Capen House, Topsfield Ma. 1683

Baroque (including Mannerism and Rococo)1600 to 1700 AD In Italy, the Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation. In France, the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint. Russian

aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in the building of St. Petersburg.

Rococo 1650 to 1790 AD During the last phase of the Baroque period, builders constructed elegant white buildings with sweeping curves.

Chateau de Versailles, France Carlo Rossi, St Petersburg Russia 1829

Revolutionary (Neoclassic, Federalist, Idealist, Romantic)

1750 to 1880 AD A renewed interest in ideas of Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio inspired a return of classical shapes in Europe, Great

Britain and the United States.

Woodlawn, Va. William Thornton

Revolutionary (Greek revival)1790 to 1850 AD These classical buildings and homes often feature columns, pediments and other details inspired by Greek forms. Antebellum homes in the

American south were often built in the Greek Revival style.

Saratoga, NY

Revolutionary (Victorian)1840 to 1900 AD Industrialization brought many innovations in architecture.

Victorian styles include Gothic Revival, Italianate, Stick, Eastlake, Queen Anne, Romanesque and Second Empire.

Italianate Queen Anne

Arts and Crafts1860 to 1900 AD Arts and Crafts was a late 19th-century backlash against the forces of industrialization. The Arts and Crafts movement revived an interest in handicrafts and sought a spiritual connection with the surrounding environment,

both natural and manmade. The Craftsman Bungalow evolved from the Arts and Crafts movement.

Art Nouveau1890 to 1905 AD Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design. The style spread to architecture and furniture in the

1890s. Art Nouveau buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs.

Horta House, Brussels Belgium

Art Deco1925 to 1935 AD Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic

effect on jazz-age, Art Deco buildings.

Chrysler Building, Chicago

Twentieth Century styles1900 to Present. The century has seen dramatic changes and astonishing

diversity. Twentieth century trends include Art Moderne and the Bauhaus school coined by Walter Gropius, Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism,

Structuralism and Postmodernism.

Bauhaus Archive Museum of Design 1964 Germany

Groupius House Lincoln MA, 1938