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The roots of Modern

MovementARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING ON THE XIX CENTURY

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According to Sir Nikolaus Pevsner, Art and Architecture professor, the

Modern architecture grown up from three different roots: Arts and Crafts

movement, Modernisme and nineteenth engineers works.

The Architecture of the Engineering on XIX century was based on iron

development, at first as cast-iron, then as wrought iron and finally as

steel.

Iron began to be used in architecture as useful material (not as

resistance material), replacing wood or stone. Its early applications

was in industrial buildings, as beams or columns.

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1796 - Ditherington

Flax Mill, today's the

oldest iron framed

building. It's five

storeys high and its

cast iron beams and

columns frame isrigidify by thick

brickwork walls.

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Slowly, iron begin to appear in buildings faade, but decorative detail stillremains. However, with the extensive use of cast iron, glass extensive use

emerges too.

On the top: Sheerness naval dockyard boathouse (1858); below: OrielChambers Warehouse (1868), in Liverpool. Almost modern buildings y themiddle of the nineteenth.

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1781 - Coalbrookdale Bridge, upon

Severn river, is the first iron bridge.

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Sunderland Bridge (1793-1796), designed by Tom Paine and erected by Walker,

Roberham and Burdon, had been the largest iron bridge in the world when it was

erected, with a spam of 206 feet. It was rebuilt in 1859 by Robert Stephenson. .

The adjoining railway bridge was built in 1879, and extended the railway southfrom Monkwearmouth to the centre of Sunderland.

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Parallelly to these new iron arch bridges engineers became to develop thesuspension bridge.

Chinese was the first in know iron chains suspension bridges

In occident the first solid suspension bridge had been designed and constructed

by James Finley, in the United States, in 1811.

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In the Great Britain had to wait until 1815 for they impressive Menaisuspension bridge, in north Wales, with a spam of 579 feet and aastonishing landscape around it. Was Thomas Telford, an Scottish

Engineer, the design entrusted.

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Span: 702 ft (214 m)Height of towers: 86 ft (26 m) above deck

Clearance: 245 ft (75 m) above high water level

The Clifton Suspension Bridge, spanning the beautiful Avon Gorge, is the symbol of the city of

Bristol.

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1822 - Brighton chain pier

The Chain Pier was destroyed by

a fierce storm on December 1896.

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1818 - Brighton PavilionJohn Nash Brighton

Pavilion was the first

time that iron

appearances viewed on

a Royal Building.

The dome was

constructed with ironribs and in the Royal

Kitchen (below) slender

iron shafts are crown

with palm cooper leafs.

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The early

greenhouses

The Great Stove,Chatsworth, designed

by Joseph Paxton.

Constructed 1836-40.227 feet long, 123 feetwide, and 67 feet high."Photographed beforeits destruction in May

1920"

Palm House, Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew. Decimus Burton.

1844-48

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1851 The Crystal Palace

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1851 - The appearance of the Crystal Palace,

in the First International exposition (London),

meant the iron and glass architecture

reaffirmation and its best example. It was and

only iron and glass construction, itsmeasures was huge; 1.851 feet long (more

than Versailles Palace); and it was whole

prefabricated.Inside view, plans and elevation.

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1865 St. Pancras Station, London

1849 London Coal

Exchange

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1850 - St. Genevieve Library

(Paris)

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Industrial age scenes becomes

to art topics: Artists finds

beauty on the new images and

society accept it.

On the top: 1844. W. Turner.Rain, Steam and Speed

Below: 1872. A. Menzel.

Eisenwalzwerk (Rolling

Workshop)

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1883 - Brooklyn Bridge. A step

forward without precedents in

bridges and new spam recordwith 1.596 feet (479m).

Some acient views of Brooklyn

Bridge in a New York with noskyscrapers.

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1889 - Firth of Forth bridge, in Scotland.Another maximum spam record with

1.735 feet, and a innovative structural

concept.

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1889 - International Exposition of Paris.

1889 Machines Gallery.

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Eiffel Tower

1889 - International Exposition of Paris.

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After Paris international exposition and1890, architectonic thinking can't been

understand without steel, and steel means skyscraper. The run had begun.