Upload
abirlal1975
View
103
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Architectural conservationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
St Paul's Cathedral, London, clad for refurbishment — in this case, cleaning the exterior.
Revision and conservation of Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc (Czech Republic) in 2006.
Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity
of mankind's built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individual engaged in
this pursuit is known as an architectural conservator. Decisions of when and how to engage in an intervention
are critical to the ultimate conservation of the immovable object. Ultimately, the decision is value based: a
combination of artistic, contextual, and informational values is normally considered. In some cases, a decision
to not intervene may be the most appropriate choice.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
o 1.1 Narrow definition
o 1.2 Broad definition
2 History of the architectural conservation movement
3 Current treatments
4 Common architectural conservation/preservation problems
5 Conservation process
o 5.1 Assessment
o 5.2 Treatment
5.2.1 Case example: Ancient stone structures
6 Public awareness and outreach to promote architectural conservation
7 Related journals
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
[edit]Definitions
[edit]Narrow definition
Architectural conservation deals with issues of prolonging the life and integrity of architectural character and
integrity, such as form and style, and/or its constituent materials, such as stone, brick, glass, metal, and wood.
In this sense, the term refers to the "professional use of a combination of science, art, craft, and technology as
a preservation tool" [1] and is allied with - and often equated to - its parent fields, of historic environment
conservation and art conservation.
[edit]Broad definition
In addition to the design and art/science definition described above, architectural conservation also refers to
issues of identification, policy, regulation, and advocacy associated with the entirety of the cultural and built
environment. This broader scope recognizes that society has mechanisms to identify and value historic cultural
resources, create laws to protect these resources, and develop policies and management plans for
interpretation, protection, and education. Typically this process operates as a specialized aspect of a society's
planning system, and its practitioners are termed built or historic environment conservation professionals.
[edit]History of the architectural conservation movement
As a movement, architectural conservation in general, and the preservation of ancient structures specifically,
gained momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a response to Modernism and its corresponding
architectural perspective, which eschewed sentimental attachment to old buildings and structures in favor of
technological and architectural progress and change. Prior to this time most of the ancient buildings that were
still standing had only survived because they either had significant cultural or religious import, or they had yet to
be discovered.[2]
The growth of the architectural conservation movement took place at a time of significant archaeological
discovery and scientific advancement. Those educated in the field began to see various examples of
architecture as either being "correct" or "incorrect".[3] Because of this, two schools of thought began to emerge
within the field of building conservation.
Preservation/Conservation were used interchangeably to refer to the architectural school of thought that
either encouraged measures that would protect and maintain buildings in their current state, or would prevent
further damage and deterioration to them. This school of thought saw the original design of old buildings as
correct in and of themselves. Two of the main proponents of preservation and conservation in the 19th century
were art critic John Ruskin and artist William Morris.
Restoration was the conservationist school of thought that believed historic buildings could be improved, and
sometimes even completed, using current day materials, design, and techniques. In this way it's very similar to
the Modernist architectural theory, except it does not advocate the destruction of ancient structures. One of the
most ardent supporters of this school of thought in the 19th century was French architect Eugène Viollet-le-
Duc.
[edit]Current treatments
The Department of the Interior of the United States defined the following treatment approaches to architectural
conservation:
Preservation, "places a high premium on the retention of all historic fabric
through conservation, maintenance and repair. It reflects a building's
continuum over time, through successive occupancies, and the respectful
changes and alterations that are made."[4]
Rehabilitation "emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but
more latitude is provided for replacement because it is assumed the property
is more deteriorated prior to work. (Both Preservation and Rehabilitation
standards focus attention on the preservation of those materials, features,
finishes, spaces, and spatial relationships that, together, give a property its
historic character."[4] See also adaptive reuse.
Restoration "focuses on the retention of materials from the most significant
time in a property's history, while permitting the removal of materials from
other periods."[4]
Reconstruction , "establishes limited opportunities to re-create a non-
surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object in all new materials." [4]
Other nations recognize some or all of these as potential treatments for historic structures. Canada recognizes
preservation, rehabilitation, and restoration. The Burra Charter, for Australia, identifies preservation,
restoration, and reconstruction.
[edit]Common architectural conservation/preservation problems
Conservation patches on mosaics wall of Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau (Barcelona)
The earliest building materials used by ancient peoples, such as wood and mud, were organic.[5] Organic
materials were used because they were plentiful and renewable. Unfortunately, the organic materials used
were also very susceptible to the two most significant impediments to preservation and conservation: the
elements, and life (both human and animal).[5] Over time inorganic materials like brick, stone, metal, concrete,
and terra cotta began to be used by ancient people instead of organic ones, due to their durability.[5] In fact, we
know that these materials are durable because many ancient structures that are composed of them, even some
built as far back as the Bronze Age, like Egypt's Great Pyramids, still stand today.
Ancient buildings such as the Egyptian pyramids, the Roman Colosseum, and the Parthenon face common
preservation issues. The most prominent factors affecting these structures are the environment, pollution, and
tourism.
As the Earth's climate patterns change, so too do the environmental conditions governing these buildings. For
example, the Colosseum has already faced lightning, fire, and earthquakes.[6] The changing climate increases
the accumulation of salt crystals on the outside of monuments like the Colosseum and the Parthenon.[7] This
phenomenon increases the deterioration of these buildings.
The salt crystals further contribute to the black effect that man-made pollution has on these buildings.[7] The
Parthenon is especially exposed and many of the remaining marbles are eroding to the point that they may no
longer be identifiable.[8] The pollution from corrosive agents in the air has also attributed to this deterioration.[9]
The third factor affecting ancient building conservation is tourism. While tourism provides both economical and
cultural benefits, it can also be destructive. The Egyptian tomb of Seti the 1st is currently off limits to the public
due to the deterioration that has been caused by tourists.[10] The pyramids in Giza have also encountered
problems due to large numbers of tourists; more tourists mean greater humidity and water presence, which can
lead to erosion.[11]
All of the above factors complicate the conservation options available to treat these buildings.
[edit]Conservation process
A preserved historical alleyway in Beirut Central District
[edit]Assessment
The first step in any building conservation project is a sensitive assessment of its history and merits. As noted
architect Donald Insall states, "Every building has its own biography. A knowledge of the whole life of a building
brings an essential understanding of its features and its problems."[12] He gives the Parthenon in Athens as an
example; built between 447 and 432 BCE to serve as a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, its purpose
over time changed to Christian church, mosque, and powder magazine before it became one of the most
famous tourist attractions in the world.
Once the assessment is complete, the next step is a thorough measured survey with a tape, rod and level.
Modern measuring techniques, such as photogrammetry (the use of aerial photographs to make maps and
surveys) and stereophotogrammetry, are also used today to increase accuracy. Once the measurements are
complete, there is an analysis of the structural stability of the building and its living pattern of movement. No
building is permanently still; soil and wind can affect building stability and need to be documented. Finally, the
architect or surveyor tests the electrical connections, plumbing, and other utilities present in the building (this is
more for historic and re-purposed buildings). For both ancient and historic buildings, lightning conductors and
fire-fighting equipment are checked to make sure they can provide sufficient protection.[12]
At the end of this assessment process, the conservator will analyze all the collected data and decide on a
conservation plan based on available funding sources.
[edit]Treatment
The phrase covers a wide span of activities, from the cleaning of the interior or exterior of a building — such as
is currently underway at St Paul's Cathedral inLondon — to the rebuilding of damaged or derelict buildings,
such as the restoration of the Windsor Great Hall in Windsor Castle after a destructive fire in 1992. The 1985–
1989 removal of 38 layers of paint and the cleaning and repair of the exterior sandstone walls of the White
House in the USA are an example of building restoration.
Buildings are structures which have, from time to time, particular purposes. They require ongoing maintenance
to prevent them falling into disrepair as a result of the ravages of time and use. Building restoration can be
thought of as that set of activities which are greater than year-to-year maintenance, but which by retaining the
building are less than a demolition and the construction of a new building.
Not all building conservation seeks to follow the original design of the building. It is reasonably commonplace
for the shell of a building — its external walls — to be retained whilst an entirely new building is constructed
within. This approach is also referred to as adaptive reuse.
Although techniques of architectural conservation are improving, the action of cleaning or repairing buildings
can, with hindsight, be seen to cause problems that at the time were unforeseen. A good example is the
unrestrained use of sandblasting to clean smog deposits from soft-stoned buildings — a technique employed in
the UK in the 1960s and 1970s — which has damaged the external faces of stonework to the extent that in
some cases, later, the stonework has needed to be replaced. Contemporary building codes recognize such
problems, and (it is to be hoped) mitigate poor outcomes.
[edit]Case example: Ancient stone structures
Most ancient buildings are constructed of stone and have survived from antiquity as a result of the stability of
this building material. However, stone can deteriorate rapidly without protection, particularly in our modern era
of pollution and climate change.
Architect Susan Rebano-Edwards details a simple technique for preserving stone in ancient building structures.
She supports treatment that is effective in stopping deterioration and durable in its protective effort while
changing the appearance of stone as little as possible. It should be simple to apply, and comparatively
inexpensive and reversible.[13]
The process is as follows:
1. Clean the material with soft brushes to remove ingrained dirt. Do not use dust cloths. If dirt is extensive, use
a paste jelly formula such as EDTA ammonium carbonate.
2. Wash with distilled water by brushing, spraying or by immersion or paper pulp method on stones showing
symptoms of salting.
3. Sterilize by brushing or spraying with a minimum 25% to 36% hydrogen peroxide stones affected by
presence of organic growths such as mosses and lichens.
4. Consolidate by brushing, spraying or injecting (or by impregnating, filling, grouting, jointing or pin dowel
adhesive) on very dry stone using a consolidant such as Rinforzante H or ethyl silicate for siliceous stone
(granite, sandstone). Consolidation is recommended when the cohesive strength of stone has weakened and
there is a need to consolidate or bind together the disintegrated material.
5. Gap filling, replacement and/or retouching of missing parts.
6. In appropriate circumstances, water repellents may be applied. Spray or brush protective films or water
repellents on stone affected by chemical integration and biological attack. Common protectants are waxes,
acrylic and silicon resins.
[edit]Public awareness and outreach to promote architectural conservation
There are many organizations that work to raise public awareness of the necessity to preserve ancient and
historic buildings and areas, across communities, users and government. In addition to promoting the cultural
value of these buildings, and encouraging appropriate polices and strategies for conservation, the
organizations can help in raising the required funding to implement conservation initiatives and plans, and often
serve as a link between the community and local/federal governments to advance conservation projects. A brief
list of architectural conservation organizations is below:
IHBC (The Institute of Historic Building Conservation)
SPAB (The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, a member of the
UK's Joint Committee of the National Amenity Societies)
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Council of Europe, Architectural and Archaeological Heritage
APT (The Association for Preservation Technology International)
International Council on Monuments and Sites
[1] The International Scientific Committee on the Analysis and Restoration of
Structures of Architectural Heritage
[edit]Related journals
Context, The official journal of the IHBC
International Journal of Architectural Heritage
Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
Journal of Architectural Conservation
[2] "
[edit]See also
architecture portal
Historic Preservation
Art conservation and restoration
Materials science
Category:Heritage organizations
English Heritage
World Monuments Fund
National Register of Historic Places
National Trust (disambiguation) , with a listing of National Trusts worldwide
World Heritage Sites
[edit]Notes
1. ̂ Weaver and Matero 1997, p. 1
2. ̂ "Art conservation and restoration." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Apr. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36477/art-conservation-and-
restoration>
3. ̂ "Art conservation and restoration." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Apr. 2010
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36477/art-conservation-and-
restoration>
4. ^ a b c d "Introduction: Choosing an appropriate treatment". Secretary of
Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. U.S. National
Park Service. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
5. ^ a b c Rebano-Edwards, Susan. "Conservation of Stone Buildings - Simple
Preservation Techniques for Ancient Buildings." Suite101.com. 20 January
2010.
6. ̂ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/colosseum/qanda/
7. ^ a b http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2007-06-08-colosseum_N.htm
8. ̂ http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/13/2215521.htm
9. ̂ http://encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com/pages/16759/Parthenon.html
10. ̂ http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_3_brown.pdf
11. ̂ http://www1.american.edu/TED/egypt.htm
12. ^ a b "Art conservation and restoration," Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
Web. 26 Apr. 2010
13. ̂ Rebano-Edwards, Susan. "Conservation of Stone Buildings: Simple
Preservation Techniques for Ancient Stone Structures." January 20, 2010.
[edit]References
Weaver, Martin and Frank Matero (1997) Conserving Buildings: A Manual of
Techniques and Materials. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Martin-Gil J, Ramos-Sanchez MC, Martin-Gil FJ (1999) "Ancient pastes for
stone protection against environmental agents". Studies in Conservation,
44(1):58-62.
[edit]External links
The Institute of Historic Building Conservation The UK's Professional body for
historic environment conservation professionals
Icon, the Institute of Conservation (UK Professional body) *
Yin Yu Tang: A Chinese Home Residing in Salem, Ma this authentic and fully
rebuilt Chinese house of the Huang family, offers an in depth and interactive
look into accurately restored Chinese architecture of the Qing dynasty.
Asian Academy for Heritage Management , a virtual institute
under UNESCO Bangkok's Office of the Regional Advisor for Culture in Asia
and the Pacific.
UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation .
Architectural Conservation Programme at The University of Hong Kong , Asia's
leading postgraduate-level professional programme in built-heritage
conservation.
Cultural Heritage Management Programme in the School of Professional and
Continuing Education at The University of Hong Kong, a postgraduate-level
professional programme that focuses on the management of cultural heritage
assets.
American Institute for Conservation , the professional body in the US
representing practitioners of architectural conservation.
Parks Canada , the official Canadian government agency responsible for the
conservation of Canada's natural and cultural (tangible and intangible)
heritage.
English Heritage , the official British government agency responsible for the
conservation of English heritage.
Historic Scotland , the official British government agency responsible for the
conservation of Scottish heritage.
Antiquities and Monuments Office , the official agency of the Hong Kong
Government responsible for the conservation of local cultural heritage.
Heritage of Malaysia Trust , the quasi-government agency in Malaysia
responsible for the conservation of local cultural heritage.
University of Pennsylvania Graduate Program in Historic Preservation
Uukka Jokilehto, "A History of Architectural Conservation: the Contribution of
English, French, German and Italian Thought towards an International
Approach to the Conservation of Cultural Property" (Rome: ICCROM, 1986).
[hide]
V
T
E Conservation-Restoration
Specialties within the professionArchitectural conservation
Book and paper conservation
Conservation science
Electronic media conservation
Digital preservation
Film preservation
Media preservation
Frame conservation
Furniture conservation
Horological conservation
Metals conservation
Natural science conservation
New media art preservation
Object conservation
Paintings conservation
Photograph conservation
Preventive conservation
Stained glass conservation
Textile conservation
Techniques of conservation-restorationConservation of ivory
Detachment of wall paintings
Desmet method
Historic paint analysis
Mass deacidification
Mold prevention
Optical media preservation
Paper splitting
Preservation metadata
Preservation of illuminated manuscripts
Preservation survey
Transfer of panel paintings
Conservation-restoration materials
British Museum leather dressing
Cyclododecane
Japanese tissue
Renaissance Wax
Conservation-restoration associations
American Institute for Conservation
International Institute for Conservation
Midwest Regional Conservation Guild
Western Association for Art Conservation
View page ratings
Rate this page
What's this?
Trustworthy
Objective
Complete
Well-written
I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)
Submit ratings
Categories:
Architecture occupations
Cultural heritage
Historic preservation
Conservation-restoration
Log in / create account
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia
Toolbox
Print/export
Languages
Eesti
Français
Hrvatski
This page was last modified on 5 March 2012 at 03:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
terms may apply. See Terms of use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.
Contact us
Historic preservationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Historic Preservation)
Demolition of the former Penn Station concourse raised public awareness about preservation
This article is about the specific cultural heritage preservation movement and system that emerged in the
United States. For Cultural heritage preservation or conservation as a broad concept, see Cultural heritage. For
mechanisms of cultural heritage preservation in general, see Cultural heritage management.
Historic preservation is an endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects,
landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. Other names for the discipline or sub-disciplines include
urban conservation, landscape preservation, built environment conservation, built heritage conservation, object
conservation, and immovable object conservation; within English-speaking countries "historic preservation" is
generally used by speakers in the United States to refer to what is known in other dialects as "heritage
conservation" or "heritage preservation". As such, this article focuses on the particular movement and
regulatory regime that evolved under that term in the United States.
As used by practitioners of the endeavor, "historic preservation" tends to refer to the preservation of the built
environment, and not to preservation of, for example, primeval forests or wilderness.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
o 1.1 National movement
2 National Register of Historic Places
o 2.1 National Historic Landmark
o 2.2 Historic districts
3 National Park Service
4 Relationship to international systems
o 4.1 Heritage conservation in Canada
5 Influential people
6 Careers
o 6.1 Professional Organizations
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Bibliography
10 External links
[edit]History
In England, antiquarian interests were a familiar gentleman's pursuit since the mid 17th century, developing in
tandem with the rise in scientific curiosity. Fellows of the Royal Society were often also Fellows of the Society
of Antiquaries[citation needed].
The first Ancient Monuments Protection Act was adopted in 1882. The UK's Ancient Monuments Act (1913)
officially preserved certain decayed and obsolete structures of intrinsic historical and associative interest, just
as modernism was lending moral authority to destruction of the built heritage in the name of progress.[citation
needed] The UK's National Trust began with the preservation of historic houses and has steadily increased its
scope. In the UK's subsequent Town and Country Planning Act 1944, and the Town and Country Planning Act
1990, steps were taken toward historic preservation on an unprecedented scale.[citation needed] Concern about the
demolition of historic buildings arose in institutions such as the pressure group The Society for the Preservation
of Historic Buildings, which appealed against demolition and neglect on a case by case basis.[2]
Mount Vernon plantation, near Alexandria, Virginia
In the United States one of the first historic preservation efforts was the Washington's Headquarters State
Historic Site, in Newburgh, New York. It was the first-ever property designated as a historic site by a U.S. state.
Another early Historic Preservation undertaking was that of George Washington's Mount Vernon in 1858.
[3] Founded in 1889, the Richmond, Virginia-based Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for
the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) was the United States' first statewide historic preservation group.[citation
needed][4]
The architectural firm of Simons & Lapham (Albert Simons and Samuel Lapham) was influential in creating the
first historic preservation ordinance in Charleston, South Carolina in 1930, affording that city a regulatory
means by which to prevent the destruction of its historic building stock. In 1925, efforts to preserve the historic
buildings of the French Quarter in New Orleans led to the creation of the Vieux Carré Commission and later, to
the adoption of a historic preservation ordinance.[5][6]
[edit]National movement
The US National Trust for Historic Preservation, another privately funded non-profit organization, began in 1949
with a handful of privileged structures and has developed goals that provide "leadership, education, advocacy,
and resources to save America's diverse historic places and revitalize our communities" according to the
Trust's mission statement. In 1951 the Trust assumed responsibility for its first museum property,Woodlawn
Plantation in northern Virginia. Twenty-eight sites in all have subsequently become part of the National Trust,
representing the cultural diversity of American history. In New York City, the destruction of Pennsylvania
Station in 1964 shocked many nationwide into supporting preservation. On an international level, the New
York-based World Monuments Fund was founded in 1965 to preserve historic sites all over the world.
Under the direction of James Marston Fitch, the first advanced-degree historic preservation program began
at Columbia University in 1964.[7] It became the model on which most other graduate historic preservation
programs were created.[8] Many other programs were to follow before 1980: M.A. in Preservation Planning from
Cornell (1975); M.S. in Historic Preservation from the University of Vermont(1975); M.S. in Historic
Preservation Studies from Boston University (1976); M.S. in Historic Preservation from Eastern Michigan
University (1979) and M.F.A. in Historic Preservation was one of the original programs at Savannah College of
Art & Design. The M.Sc. in Building Conservation degree program is offered by the School of Architecture
at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. In 2005, Clemson University and the College of
Charleston created an M.S. degree program based in Charleston, SC. The first undergraduate programs (B.A.)
appeared in 1977 from Goucher College and Roger Williams College, followed by Mary Washington College in
1979.[9] Today there are three community colleges that offer an Associates Degree in Historic
Preservation; Colorado Mountain College in Leadville, Colorado, College of the Redwoods in Eureka,
California, and Belmont Technical College in St. Clairsville, Ohio.[citation needed]
[edit]National Register of Historic Places
Main article: National Register of Historic Places
[edit]National Historic Landmark
Main article: National Historic Landmark
[edit]Historic districts
Main article: Historic district (United States)
A historic district in the United States is a group of buildings, properties or sites that have been designated by
one of several entities on different levels as historically or architecturally significant. Buildings, structures,
objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributingand non-
contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some having hundreds of structures while others have just a few.
The U.S. federal government designates historic districts through the U.S. Department of Interior, under the
auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register
of Historic Places.[10] Historic districts allows rural areas to preserve their characters through historic
preservation programs. These include "Main Street" programs that can be used to redevelop rural downtowns.
Using historic preservation programs as an economic development tool for local governments in rural areas
has enabled some of those areas to take advantage of their history and develop a tourism market that in turn
provides funds for maintaining an economic stability that these areas would not have seen otherwise.[11][12]
A similar concept exists in the United Kingdom: a Conservation area is designated in accordance with
the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 in order to protect a zone in which there are
buildings of architectural or cultural heritage interest.
[edit]National Park Service
Main article: National Park Service
The United States led the world in the creation of National Parks, areas of unspoiled natural wilderness, where
the intrusion of civilization are intentionally minimal.[citation needed]
The department of the interior designated several areas of Morristown, New Jersey as the first historic park in
the United States national park system. It became designated as the Morristown National Historical
Park. [1] The community had permanent settlements that date to 1715, is termed the military capital of the
American Revolution, and contains many designations of sites and locations. The park includes three major
sites in Morristown.
In addition to preserving the natural heritage, the National Park Service also maintains the National Register of
Historic Places to recognize significant buildings and places, including historic parks, battlefields, National
Historic Landmarks, memorials and monuments.
[edit]Relationship to international systems
Landscapes and sites of outstanding universal value can be designated as World Heritage Sites. A requirement
of such designation is that the designating nation has appropriate legislation in place to preserve them.
[edit]Heritage conservation in Canada
Main article: Heritage conservation in Canada
In Canada, the phrase “heritage preservation” is sometimes seen as a specific approach to the treatment of
historic places and sites, rather than a general concept of conservation. “Conservation” is taken as the more
general term, referring to all actions or processes that are aimed at safeguarding the character-defining
elements of a cultural resource so as to retain its heritage value and extend its physical life.
Historic objects in Canada may be granted special designation by any of the three levels of government:
the federal government, the provincial governments, or a municipal government. The Heritage Canada
Foundation acts as Canada's lead advocacy organization for heritage buildings and landscapes.
[edit]Influential people
Ann Pamela Cunningham (1816–1875): influential in saving Mount Vernon (plantation) from demolition
and founding the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, one of the first preservation organizations in the
United States (est. 1854).[13]
James Marston Fitch : educator, author, critic and design practitioner made a major contribution to the
philosophical basis of the modern preservation movement and trained and inspired generations of
preservationists.
Carolyn Kent (1935-2009): Spearheaded the designation of the Hamilton Heights/Sugar Hill Historic
District in Harlem, New York, and co-founded the Morningside Heights Historic District Committee
William Morris: founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings.
W. Brown Morton: author of "The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Illustrated
Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings".
William J. Murtagh: first Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places in the United States and
significant contributor to the literature of the discipline [2]
Lee H. Nelson: worked for Charles E. Peterson at the National Park Service's Historic American Buildings
Survey and helped to formulate national policies on historic preservation.
Charles E. Peterson : considered to be the "founding father" of historic preservation in the United States.
John Ruskin : established the basic theory of preservation (retention of status quo).
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc : well known French architect who restored Gothic buildings; believed that
restoration could improve on the past—especially with the introduction of modern technology.
Walter Muir Whitehill : Chair of the Whitehill Report in the late 1960s, which established the first guidelines
for higher-ed historic preservation programs.
[edit]Careers
Although volunteers continue to play a large role in historic preservation activities, the field has seen an
increased level of professionalization. Today, there are many career options in historic preservation in the
public, non-profit, and private sectors. Institutes of secondary education (universities, colleges, etc.) in the
United States offer both certificate and degree (A.A.S, B.A., B.F.A., B.S.,M.A., M.F.A., M.S., and PhD)
programs in historic preservation.[14] Some students—at schools with such programs available—choose to
enroll in "joint degree" programs, earning a degree in historic preservation along with one in another, related
subject, often an MArch, MUP or JD degree.
Possible career fields include:
Architectural conservator
Focus specifically on the physical conservation of building materials. Most hold degrees in chemistry or
materials science.
Architectural historian/historian
Primarily researches and writes statements expressing the historical significance of sites.
Historic preservation planner
Most are employed by local, county, state, or Federal government planning agencies to administer tax
abatement programs, ensure compliance with local ordinances and state and Federal legislation, and
conduct design reviews to ensure that proposed projects will not harm historic and archaeological
resources. At the state level, they are known as a State Historic Preservation Officer while at other
levels of government they may be known as a Federal or Tribal Historic Preservation Officer. Some
may also serve as consultants to local governments, conducting Section 106reviews in accordance
with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966.
Preservation architect
Design and develop architectural conservation plans and work specifications in consultation with
Engineers, Historians, and Planners, ensuring compliance with local design guidelines to protect
sensitive historic building fabric. Most are employed by private architecture firms though some find
work with government agencies.
Preservation craftsperson/traditional trades practitioner
Employs knowledge of traditional building techniques and contemporary conservation technologies to
complete the conservation, repair, or restoration of historic buildings.
Preservation engineer
Work with Architects to devise conservation solutions of a structural or material -specific nature. Most
are employed by private architecture and/or engineering firms.
Public historian/resource interpreters
Most are employed by government agencies and private foundations to interpret the significance of
historic resources for the general public.
Historic site administrator
Non-profit sector careers
Engage in a variety of activities concerned with historic preservation advocacy, easements, and private
foundations at the local, regional, statewide, or national levels.
[edit]Professional Organizations
American Institute of Architects
American Institute for Conservation
American Planning Association
International Council on Monuments and Sites
Preservation Trades Network
Society of Architectural Historians
[edit]See also
Building restoration
Adaptive reuse
Athens Charter , doctrinal text
Architectural conservation
Barcelona Charter , doctrinal text
Cadw
Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage management
Demolished buildings and structures
Heritage organizations
Historic preservation organizations
English Heritage
Historic Scotland
List of historic houses
National Trust (disambiguation) , containing a listing of National Trusts
worldwide
Space archaeology
Sustainable Preservation
Ship of Theseus , a philosophical problem regarding identity of
preservation and replacement
Venice Charter , doctrinal text
[edit]Notes
1. ̂ Maryland Association of Historic District
Commissions, Handbook (1997).
2. ̂ Society for the Preservation of Historic Buildings
3. ̂ Lea, Diane. "America's Preservation Ethos: A Tribute to Enduring
Ideals." A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in the Twenty-First
Century. ed. Robert Stipe. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press, 2003. p.2
4. ̂ APVA.org, accessed 15 August 2008
5. ̂ Blevins, Documentation of the Architecture of the Architecture of
Samuel Lapham and the Firm of Simons & Lapham, Masters of Fine
Arts in Historic Preservation Thesis, Savannah College of Art &
Design, 2001
6. ̂ Ellis, Scott S. (2010). Madame Vieux Carré: the French Quarter in
the Twentieth Century. University of Mississippi. p. 43.
7. ̂ Murtagh, William J. Keeping Time: The History and Theory of
Preservation in America. New York: Sterling Publishing, Co., 1997.
8. ̂ Michael Tomlan. "Historic Preservation Education: Alongside
Architecture in Academia." Journal of Architectural Education, Vol.
47, No. 4. (1994): 187-196.
9. ̂ Preservation News (Oct 1, 1979)
10. ̂ Federal, State and Local Historic Districts, TOOLBOX, FAQ,
National Park Service. Retrieved 19 February 2007
11. ̂ Stenberg, Peter L. (October 1995). “Historic Preservation as Part of
Downtown Redevelopment.” Rural Development Perspectives, Vol.
11, no.1, pp. 16-21. Washington, DC : Economic Research Service.
Retrieved December 30, 2008.
12. ̂ John, Patricia LaCaille (July 2008). “Historic Preservation
Resources.” Rural Information Center Publication Series no.
62. National Agricultural Library. Rural Information Center. Retrieved
December 30, 2008.
13. ̂ "Biography of Ann Pamela Cunningham" National Women's History
Museum. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
14. ̂ National Council for Preservation Education - Academic Programs
in Historic Preservation
[edit]Bibliography
Fitch, James Marston. Historic Preservation: Curatorial Management
of the Built World. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia,
1990.
Jokilehto, Jukka. A History of Architectural Conservation. Oxford, UK:
Butterwort/Heinemann, 1999.
Munoz Vinas, Salvador. Contemporary Theory of
Conservation. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann, 2005.
Page, Max & Randall Mason (eds.). Giving Preservation a
History. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Price, Nicholas Stanley et al. (eds.). Historical and Philosophical
Issues in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Los Angeles: The
Getty Conservation Institute, 1996.
Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. New York: Dover
Publications, 1989. Originally published, 1880. Important for
preservation theory introduced in the section, "The Lamp of Memory."
Stipe, Robert E. (ed.). A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in the
Twenty-First Century. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North
Carolina Press, 2003.
Tyler, Norman, Ted J. Ligibel, and Ilene R. Tyler. Historic
Preservation: An Introduction to its History, Principles, and
Practice. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009.
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emmanuel. The Foundations of Architecture;
Selections from the Dictionnaire Raisonné. New York: George
Braziller, 1990. Originally published, 1854. Important for its
introduction of restoration theory.
[edit]External links
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive orinappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (March 2011)
An Overview of Preservation in the United States (US/ICOMOS)
Archeology Laws: A Guide for Professionals (National Park Service)
Association for Preservation Technology International , an organization
concerned with technologies used for conserving historic structures
and their settings.
Historic Preservation: Legal and Economic Issues , an essay
concerning the legal and economic implications of historic
preservation.
National Center for Preservation Technology and Training , the
National Park Service's preservation research center, offering
research materials, preservation training, and grants.
National Trust for Historic Preservation , the principal non-profit
preservation advocacy organization in the United States.
Preservapedia historic preservation and cultural heritage
management encyclopedia.
Preservation Trades Network , an international organization focused
on preservation trades and traditional craft skills.
PreserveNet , contains a directory of preservation-related websites
and academic programs in the United States.
Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in
Canada
Standards and Guidelines for Preservation in the United States
v
d
e Lists of
v
d
e U.S. National Register of Historic Places
View page ratings
Rate this page
What's this?
Trustworthy
Objective
Complete
Well-written
I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)
Submit ratings
Categories:
Historic preservation
Architectural history
Cultural heritage
Museology
Conservation-restoration
Log in / create account
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia ToolboxPrint/exportLanguages
Česky
Deutsch
Euskara
Français
Հայերեն
עברית
Latviešu
Magyar
Nederlands
Norsk (bokmål)
Norsk (nynorsk)
Polski
Português
Русский
中文
This page was last modified on 24 December 2011 at 17:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-
profit organization.
Contact us