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Architectural conservation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia St Paul's Cathedral, London, clad for refurbishment — in this case, cleaning the exterior. Revision and conservation of Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc (Czech Republic ) in 2006. Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of mankind's built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individual engaged in this pursuit is known as an architectural conservator. Decisions of when and how to engage in an intervention are critical to the ultimate conservation of the immovable object. Ultimately, the decision is value based: a combination of artistic, contextual, and informational values is normally considered. In some cases, a decision to not intervene may be the most appropriate choice. Contents [hide ] 1 Definitions o 1.1 Narrow definition o 1.2 Broad definition

Architectural Conservation

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Page 1: Architectural Conservation

Architectural conservationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

St Paul's Cathedral, London, clad for refurbishment — in this case, cleaning the exterior.

Revision and conservation of Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc (Czech Republic) in 2006.

Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity

of mankind's built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individual engaged in

this pursuit is known as an architectural conservator. Decisions of when and how to engage in an intervention

are critical to the ultimate conservation of the immovable object. Ultimately, the decision is value based: a

combination of artistic, contextual, and informational values is normally considered. In some cases, a decision

to not intervene may be the most appropriate choice.

Contents

  [hide] 

1 Definitions

o 1.1 Narrow definition

o 1.2 Broad definition

2 History of the architectural conservation movement

3 Current treatments

Page 2: Architectural Conservation

4 Common architectural conservation/preservation problems

5 Conservation process

o 5.1 Assessment

o 5.2 Treatment

5.2.1 Case example: Ancient stone structures

6 Public awareness and outreach to promote architectural conservation

7 Related journals

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References

11 External links

[edit]Definitions

[edit]Narrow definition

Architectural conservation deals with issues of prolonging the life and integrity of architectural character and

integrity, such as form and style, and/or its constituent materials, such as stone, brick, glass, metal, and wood.

In this sense, the term refers to the "professional use of a combination of science, art, craft, and technology as

a preservation tool" [1] and is allied with - and often equated to - its parent fields, of historic environment

conservation and art conservation.

[edit]Broad definition

In addition to the design and art/science definition described above, architectural conservation also refers to

issues of identification, policy, regulation, and advocacy associated with the entirety of the cultural and built

environment. This broader scope recognizes that society has mechanisms to identify and value historic cultural

resources, create laws to protect these resources, and develop policies and management plans for

interpretation, protection, and education. Typically this process operates as a specialized aspect of a society's

planning system, and its practitioners are termed built or historic environment conservation professionals.

[edit]History of the architectural conservation movement

As a movement, architectural conservation in general, and the preservation of ancient structures specifically,

gained momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a response to Modernism and its corresponding

architectural perspective, which eschewed sentimental attachment to old buildings and structures in favor of

technological and architectural progress and change. Prior to this time most of the ancient buildings that were

still standing had only survived because they either had significant cultural or religious import, or they had yet to

be discovered.[2]

Page 3: Architectural Conservation

The growth of the architectural conservation movement took place at a time of significant archaeological

discovery and scientific advancement. Those educated in the field began to see various examples of

architecture as either being "correct" or "incorrect".[3] Because of this, two schools of thought began to emerge

within the field of building conservation.

Preservation/Conservation were used interchangeably to refer to the architectural school of thought that

either encouraged measures that would protect and maintain buildings in their current state, or would prevent

further damage and deterioration to them. This school of thought saw the original design of old buildings as

correct in and of themselves. Two of the main proponents of preservation and conservation in the 19th century

were art critic John Ruskin and artist William Morris.

Restoration was the conservationist school of thought that believed historic buildings could be improved, and

sometimes even completed, using current day materials, design, and techniques. In this way it's very similar to

the Modernist architectural theory, except it does not advocate the destruction of ancient structures. One of the

most ardent supporters of this school of thought in the 19th century was French architect Eugène Viollet-le-

Duc.

[edit]Current treatments

The Department of the Interior of the United States defined the following treatment approaches to architectural

conservation:

Preservation, "places a high premium on the retention of all historic fabric

through conservation, maintenance and repair. It reflects a building's

continuum over time, through successive occupancies, and the respectful

changes and alterations that are made."[4]

Rehabilitation "emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but

more latitude is provided for replacement because it is assumed the property

is more deteriorated prior to work. (Both Preservation and Rehabilitation

standards focus attention on the preservation of those materials, features,

finishes, spaces, and spatial relationships that, together, give a property its

historic character."[4] See also adaptive reuse.

Restoration  "focuses on the retention of materials from the most significant

time in a property's history, while permitting the removal of materials from

other periods."[4]

Page 4: Architectural Conservation

Reconstruction , "establishes limited opportunities to re-create a non-

surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object in all new materials." [4]

Other nations recognize some or all of these as potential treatments for historic structures. Canada recognizes

preservation, rehabilitation, and restoration. The Burra Charter, for Australia, identifies preservation,

restoration, and reconstruction.

[edit]Common architectural conservation/preservation problems

Conservation patches on mosaics wall of Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau (Barcelona)

The earliest building materials used by ancient peoples, such as wood and mud, were organic.[5] Organic

materials were used because they were plentiful and renewable. Unfortunately, the organic materials used

were also very susceptible to the two most significant impediments to preservation and conservation: the

elements, and life (both human and animal).[5] Over time inorganic materials like brick, stone, metal, concrete,

and terra cotta began to be used by ancient people instead of organic ones, due to their durability.[5] In fact, we

know that these materials are durable because many ancient structures that are composed of them, even some

built as far back as the Bronze Age, like Egypt's Great Pyramids, still stand today.

Ancient buildings such as the Egyptian pyramids, the Roman Colosseum, and the Parthenon face common

preservation issues. The most prominent factors affecting these structures are the environment, pollution, and

tourism.

As the Earth's climate patterns change, so too do the environmental conditions governing these buildings. For

example, the Colosseum has already faced lightning, fire, and earthquakes.[6] The changing climate increases

the accumulation of salt crystals on the outside of monuments like the Colosseum and the Parthenon.[7] This

phenomenon increases the deterioration of these buildings.

The salt crystals further contribute to the black effect that man-made pollution has on these buildings.[7] The

Parthenon is especially exposed and many of the remaining marbles are eroding to the point that they may no

longer be identifiable.[8] The pollution from corrosive agents in the air has also attributed to this deterioration.[9]

Page 5: Architectural Conservation

The third factor affecting ancient building conservation is tourism. While tourism provides both economical and

cultural benefits, it can also be destructive. The Egyptian tomb of Seti the 1st is currently off limits to the public

due to the deterioration that has been caused by tourists.[10] The pyramids in Giza have also encountered

problems due to large numbers of tourists; more tourists mean greater humidity and water presence, which can

lead to erosion.[11]

All of the above factors complicate the conservation options available to treat these buildings.

[edit]Conservation process

A preserved historical alleyway in Beirut Central District

[edit]Assessment

The first step in any building conservation project is a sensitive assessment of its history and merits. As noted

architect Donald Insall states, "Every building has its own biography. A knowledge of the whole life of a building

brings an essential understanding of its features and its problems."[12] He gives the Parthenon in Athens as an

example; built between 447 and 432 BCE to serve as a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, its purpose

over time changed to Christian church, mosque, and powder magazine before it became one of the most

famous tourist attractions in the world.

Once the assessment is complete, the next step is a thorough measured survey with a tape, rod and level.

Modern measuring techniques, such as photogrammetry (the use of aerial photographs to make maps and

surveys) and stereophotogrammetry, are also used today to increase accuracy. Once the measurements are

complete, there is an analysis of the structural stability of the building and its living pattern of movement. No

building is permanently still; soil and wind can affect building stability and need to be documented. Finally, the

Page 6: Architectural Conservation

architect or surveyor tests the electrical connections, plumbing, and other utilities present in the building (this is

more for historic and re-purposed buildings). For both ancient and historic buildings, lightning conductors and

fire-fighting equipment are checked to make sure they can provide sufficient protection.[12]

At the end of this assessment process, the conservator will analyze all the collected data and decide on a

conservation plan based on available funding sources.

[edit]Treatment

The phrase covers a wide span of activities, from the cleaning of the interior or exterior of a building — such as

is currently underway at St Paul's Cathedral inLondon — to the rebuilding of damaged or derelict buildings,

such as the restoration of the Windsor Great Hall in Windsor Castle after a destructive fire in 1992. The 1985–

1989 removal of 38 layers of paint and the cleaning and repair of the exterior sandstone walls of the White

House in the USA are an example of building restoration.

Buildings are structures which have, from time to time, particular purposes. They require ongoing maintenance

to prevent them falling into disrepair as a result of the ravages of time and use. Building restoration can be

thought of as that set of activities which are greater than year-to-year maintenance, but which by retaining the

building are less than a demolition and the construction of a new building.

Not all building conservation seeks to follow the original design of the building. It is reasonably commonplace

for the shell of a building — its external walls — to be retained whilst an entirely new building is constructed

within. This approach is also referred to as adaptive reuse.

Although techniques of architectural conservation are improving, the action of cleaning or repairing buildings

can, with hindsight, be seen to cause problems that at the time were unforeseen. A good example is the

unrestrained use of sandblasting to clean smog deposits from soft-stoned buildings — a technique employed in

the UK in the 1960s and 1970s — which has damaged the external faces of stonework to the extent that in

some cases, later, the stonework has needed to be replaced. Contemporary building codes recognize such

problems, and (it is to be hoped) mitigate poor outcomes.

[edit]Case example: Ancient stone structures

Most ancient buildings are constructed of stone and have survived from antiquity as a result of the stability of

this building material. However, stone can deteriorate rapidly without protection, particularly in our modern era

of pollution and climate change.

Architect Susan Rebano-Edwards details a simple technique for preserving stone in ancient building structures.

She supports treatment that is effective in stopping deterioration and durable in its protective effort while

changing the appearance of stone as little as possible. It should be simple to apply, and comparatively

inexpensive and reversible.[13]

Page 7: Architectural Conservation

The process is as follows:

1. Clean the material with soft brushes to remove ingrained dirt. Do not use dust cloths. If dirt is extensive, use

a paste jelly formula such as EDTA ammonium carbonate.

2. Wash with distilled water by brushing, spraying or by immersion or paper pulp method on stones showing

symptoms of salting.

3. Sterilize by brushing or spraying with a minimum 25% to 36% hydrogen peroxide stones affected by

presence of organic growths such as mosses and lichens.

4. Consolidate by brushing, spraying or injecting (or by impregnating, filling, grouting, jointing or pin dowel

adhesive) on very dry stone using a consolidant such as Rinforzante H or ethyl silicate for siliceous stone

(granite, sandstone). Consolidation is recommended when the cohesive strength of stone has weakened and

there is a need to consolidate or bind together the disintegrated material.

5. Gap filling, replacement and/or retouching of missing parts.

6. In appropriate circumstances, water repellents may be applied. Spray or brush protective films or water

repellents on stone affected by chemical integration and biological attack. Common protectants are waxes,

acrylic and silicon resins.

[edit]Public awareness and outreach to promote architectural conservation

There are many organizations that work to raise public awareness of the necessity to preserve ancient and

historic buildings and areas, across communities, users and government. In addition to promoting the cultural

value of these buildings, and encouraging appropriate polices and strategies for conservation, the

organizations can help in raising the required funding to implement conservation initiatives and plans, and often

serve as a link between the community and local/federal governments to advance conservation projects. A brief

list of architectural conservation organizations is below:

IHBC  (The Institute of Historic Building Conservation)

SPAB  (The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, a member of the

UK's Joint Committee of the National Amenity Societies)

UNESCO World Heritage Centre

Council of Europe, Architectural and Archaeological Heritage

APT  (The Association for Preservation Technology International)

International Council on Monuments and Sites

[1]  The International Scientific Committee on the Analysis and Restoration of

Structures of Architectural Heritage

Page 8: Architectural Conservation

[edit]Related journals

Context, The official journal of the IHBC

International Journal of Architectural Heritage

Journal of the American Institute for Conservation

Journal of Architectural Conservation

[2] "

[edit]See also

architecture portal

Historic Preservation

Art conservation and restoration

Materials science

Category:Heritage organizations

English Heritage

World Monuments Fund

National Register of Historic Places

National Trust (disambiguation) , with a listing of National Trusts worldwide

World Heritage Sites

[edit]Notes

1. ̂  Weaver and Matero 1997, p. 1

2. ̂  "Art conservation and restoration." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.

Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Apr. 2010

<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36477/art-conservation-and-

restoration>

3. ̂  "Art conservation and restoration." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.

Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Apr. 2010

<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36477/art-conservation-and-

restoration>

4. ^ a b c d "Introduction: Choosing an appropriate treatment". Secretary of

Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. U.S. National

Park Service. Retrieved April 5, 2011.

Page 9: Architectural Conservation

5. ^ a b c Rebano-Edwards, Susan. "Conservation of Stone Buildings - Simple

Preservation Techniques for Ancient Buildings." Suite101.com. 20 January

2010.

6. ̂  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/colosseum/qanda/

7. ^ a b http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2007-06-08-colosseum_N.htm

8. ̂  http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/13/2215521.htm

9. ̂  http://encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com/pages/16759/Parthenon.html

10. ̂  http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_3_brown.pdf

11. ̂  http://www1.american.edu/TED/egypt.htm

12. ^ a b "Art conservation and restoration," Encyclopædia

Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.

Web. 26 Apr. 2010

13. ̂  Rebano-Edwards, Susan. "Conservation of Stone Buildings: Simple

Preservation Techniques for Ancient Stone Structures." January 20, 2010.

[edit]References

Weaver, Martin and Frank Matero (1997) Conserving Buildings: A Manual of

Techniques and Materials. New York: John Wiley & Sons

Martin-Gil J, Ramos-Sanchez MC, Martin-Gil FJ (1999) "Ancient pastes for

stone protection against environmental agents". Studies in Conservation,

44(1):58-62.

[edit]External links

The Institute of Historic Building Conservation  The UK's Professional body for

historic environment conservation professionals

Icon, the Institute of Conservation (UK Professional body) *

Yin Yu Tang: A Chinese Home  Residing in Salem, Ma this authentic and fully

rebuilt Chinese house of the Huang family, offers an in depth and interactive

look into accurately restored Chinese architecture of the Qing dynasty.

Asian Academy for Heritage Management , a virtual institute

under UNESCO Bangkok's Office of the Regional Advisor for Culture in Asia

and the Pacific.

UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation .

Page 10: Architectural Conservation

Architectural Conservation Programme at The University of Hong Kong , Asia's

leading postgraduate-level professional programme in built-heritage

conservation.

Cultural Heritage Management Programme in the School of Professional and

Continuing Education at The University of Hong Kong, a postgraduate-level

professional programme that focuses on the management of cultural heritage

assets.

American Institute for Conservation , the professional body in the US

representing practitioners of architectural conservation.

Parks Canada , the official Canadian government agency responsible for the

conservation of Canada's natural and cultural (tangible and intangible)

heritage.

English Heritage , the official British government agency responsible for the

conservation of English heritage.

Historic Scotland , the official British government agency responsible for the

conservation of Scottish heritage.

Antiquities and Monuments Office , the official agency of the Hong Kong

Government responsible for the conservation of local cultural heritage.

Heritage of Malaysia Trust , the quasi-government agency in Malaysia

responsible for the conservation of local cultural heritage.

University of Pennsylvania Graduate Program in Historic Preservation

Uukka Jokilehto, "A History of Architectural Conservation: the Contribution of

English, French, German and Italian Thought towards an International

Approach to the Conservation of Cultural Property" (Rome: ICCROM, 1986).

[hide]

V

 

T

 

E Conservation-Restoration

Specialties within the professionArchitectural conservation

 

Book and paper conservation

 

Page 11: Architectural Conservation

Conservation science

 

Electronic media conservation

 

Digital preservation

 

Film preservation

 

Media preservation

Frame conservation

 

Furniture conservation

 

Horological conservation

 

Metals conservation

 

Natural science conservation

 

New media art preservation

Object conservation

 

Paintings conservation

 

Photograph conservation

 

Preventive conservation

 

Stained glass conservation

 

Textile conservation

Techniques of conservation-restorationConservation of ivory

 

Detachment of wall paintings

 

Page 12: Architectural Conservation

Desmet method

 

Historic paint analysis

 

Mass deacidification

 

Mold prevention

 

Optical media preservation

 

Paper splitting

Preservation metadata

 

Preservation of illuminated manuscripts

 

Preservation survey

 

Transfer of panel paintings

Conservation-restoration materials

British Museum leather dressing

 

Cyclododecane

 

Japanese tissue

 

Renaissance Wax

Conservation-restoration associations

American Institute for Conservation

 

International Institute for Conservation

 

Midwest Regional Conservation Guild

 

Western Association for Art Conservation

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Contact us

Historic preservationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Historic Preservation)

Demolition of the former Penn Station concourse raised public awareness about preservation

This article is about the specific cultural heritage preservation movement and system that emerged in the

United States. For Cultural heritage preservation or conservation as a broad concept, see Cultural heritage. For

mechanisms of cultural heritage preservation in general, see Cultural heritage management.

Historic preservation is an endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects,

landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. Other names for the discipline or sub-disciplines include

urban conservation, landscape preservation, built environment conservation, built heritage conservation, object

conservation, and immovable object conservation; within English-speaking countries "historic preservation" is

generally used by speakers in the United States to refer to what is known in other dialects as "heritage

Page 15: Architectural Conservation

conservation" or "heritage preservation". As such, this article focuses on the particular movement and

regulatory regime that evolved under that term in the United States.

As used by practitioners of the endeavor, "historic preservation" tends to refer to the preservation of the built

environment, and not to preservation of, for example, primeval forests or wilderness.[1]

Contents

  [hide] 

1     History   

o 1.1      National movement   

2     National Register of Historic Places   

o 2.1      National Historic Landmark   

o 2.2      Historic districts   

3     National Park Service   

4     Relationship to international systems   

o 4.1      Heritage conservation in Canada   

5     Influential people   

6     Careers   

o 6.1      Professional Organizations   

7     See also   

8     Notes   

9     Bibliography   

10      External links   

[edit]History

In England, antiquarian interests were a familiar gentleman's pursuit since the mid 17th century, developing in

tandem with the rise in scientific curiosity. Fellows of the Royal Society were often also Fellows of the Society

of Antiquaries[citation needed].

The first Ancient Monuments Protection Act was adopted in 1882. The UK's Ancient Monuments Act (1913)

officially preserved certain decayed and obsolete structures of intrinsic historical and associative interest, just

as modernism was lending moral authority to destruction of the built heritage in the name of progress.[citation

needed] The UK's National Trust began with the preservation of historic houses and has steadily increased its

scope. In the UK's subsequent Town and Country Planning Act 1944, and the Town and Country Planning Act

1990, steps were taken toward historic preservation on an unprecedented scale.[citation needed] Concern about the

Page 16: Architectural Conservation

demolition of historic buildings arose in institutions such as the pressure group The Society for the Preservation

of Historic Buildings, which appealed against demolition and neglect on a case by case basis.[2]

Mount Vernon plantation, near Alexandria, Virginia

In the United States one of the first historic preservation efforts was the Washington's Headquarters State

Historic Site, in Newburgh, New York. It was the first-ever property designated as a historic site by a U.S. state.

Another early Historic Preservation undertaking was that of George Washington's Mount Vernon in 1858.

[3] Founded in 1889, the Richmond, Virginia-based Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for

the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) was the United States' first statewide historic preservation group.[citation

needed][4]

The architectural firm of Simons & Lapham (Albert Simons and Samuel Lapham) was influential in creating the

first historic preservation ordinance in Charleston, South Carolina in 1930, affording that city a regulatory

means by which to prevent the destruction of its historic building stock. In 1925, efforts to preserve the historic

buildings of the French Quarter in New Orleans led to the creation of the Vieux Carré Commission and later, to

the adoption of a historic preservation ordinance.[5][6]

[edit]National movement

The US National Trust for Historic Preservation, another privately funded non-profit organization, began in 1949

with a handful of privileged structures and has developed goals that provide "leadership, education, advocacy,

and resources to save America's diverse historic places and revitalize our communities" according to the

Trust's mission statement. In 1951 the Trust assumed responsibility for its first museum property,Woodlawn

Plantation in northern Virginia. Twenty-eight sites in all have subsequently become part of the National Trust,

representing the cultural diversity of American history. In New York City, the destruction of Pennsylvania

Page 17: Architectural Conservation

Station in 1964 shocked many nationwide into supporting preservation. On an international level, the New

York-based World Monuments Fund was founded in 1965 to preserve historic sites all over the world.

Under the direction of James Marston Fitch, the first advanced-degree historic preservation program began

at Columbia University in 1964.[7] It became the model on which most other graduate historic preservation

programs were created.[8] Many other programs were to follow before 1980: M.A. in Preservation Planning from

Cornell (1975); M.S. in Historic Preservation from the University of Vermont(1975); M.S. in Historic

Preservation Studies from Boston University (1976); M.S. in Historic Preservation from Eastern Michigan

University (1979) and M.F.A. in Historic Preservation was one of the original programs at Savannah College of

Art & Design. The M.Sc. in Building Conservation degree program is offered by the School of Architecture

at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. In 2005, Clemson University and the College of

Charleston created an M.S. degree program based in Charleston, SC. The first undergraduate programs (B.A.)

appeared in 1977 from Goucher College and Roger Williams College, followed by Mary Washington College in

1979.[9] Today there are three community colleges that offer an Associates Degree in Historic

Preservation; Colorado Mountain College in Leadville, Colorado, College of the Redwoods in Eureka,

California, and Belmont Technical College in St. Clairsville, Ohio.[citation needed]

[edit]National Register of Historic Places

Main article: National Register of Historic Places

[edit]National Historic Landmark

Main article: National Historic Landmark

[edit]Historic districts

Main article: Historic district (United States)

A historic district in the United States is a group of buildings, properties or sites that have been designated by

one of several entities on different levels as historically or architecturally significant. Buildings, structures,

Page 18: Architectural Conservation

objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributingand non-

contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some having hundreds of structures while others have just a few.

The U.S. federal government designates historic districts through the U.S. Department of Interior, under the

auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register

of Historic Places.[10] Historic districts allows rural areas to preserve their characters through historic

preservation programs. These include "Main Street" programs that can be used to redevelop rural downtowns.

Using historic preservation programs as an economic development tool for local governments in rural areas

has enabled some of those areas to take advantage of their history and develop a tourism market that in turn

provides funds for maintaining an economic stability that these areas would not have seen otherwise.[11][12]

A similar concept exists in the United Kingdom: a Conservation area is designated in accordance with

the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 in order to protect a zone in which there are

buildings of architectural or cultural heritage interest.

[edit]National Park Service

Main article: National Park Service

The United States led the world in the creation of National Parks, areas of unspoiled natural wilderness, where

the intrusion of civilization are intentionally minimal.[citation needed]

The department of the interior designated several areas of Morristown, New Jersey as the first historic park in

the United States national park system. It became designated as the Morristown National Historical

Park. [1] The community had permanent settlements that date to 1715, is termed the military capital of the

American Revolution, and contains many designations of sites and locations. The park includes three major

sites in Morristown.

In addition to preserving the natural heritage, the National Park Service also maintains the National Register of

Historic Places to recognize significant buildings and places, including historic parks, battlefields, National

Historic Landmarks, memorials and monuments.

[edit]Relationship to international systems

Landscapes and sites of outstanding universal value can be designated as World Heritage Sites. A requirement

of such designation is that the designating nation has appropriate legislation in place to preserve them.

[edit]Heritage conservation in Canada

Main article: Heritage conservation in Canada

In Canada, the phrase “heritage preservation” is sometimes seen as a specific approach to the treatment of

historic places and sites, rather than a general concept of conservation. “Conservation” is taken as the more

Page 19: Architectural Conservation

general term, referring to all actions or processes that are aimed at safeguarding the character-defining

elements of a cultural resource so as to retain its heritage value and extend its physical life.

Historic objects in Canada may be granted special designation by any of the three levels of government:

the federal government, the provincial governments, or a municipal government. The Heritage Canada

Foundation acts as Canada's lead advocacy organization for heritage buildings and landscapes.

[edit]Influential people

Ann Pamela Cunningham  (1816–1875): influential in saving Mount Vernon (plantation) from demolition

and founding the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, one of the first preservation organizations in the

United States (est. 1854).[13]

James Marston Fitch : educator, author, critic and design practitioner made a major contribution to the

philosophical basis of the modern preservation movement and trained and inspired generations of

preservationists.

Carolyn Kent  (1935-2009): Spearheaded the designation of the Hamilton Heights/Sugar Hill Historic

District in Harlem, New York, and co-founded the Morningside Heights Historic District Committee

William Morris: founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings.

W. Brown Morton: author of "The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Illustrated

Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings".

William J. Murtagh: first Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places in the United States and

significant contributor to the literature of the discipline [2]

Lee H. Nelson: worked for Charles E. Peterson at the National Park Service's Historic American Buildings

Survey and helped to formulate national policies on historic preservation.

Charles E. Peterson : considered to be the "founding father" of historic preservation in the United States.

John Ruskin : established the basic theory of preservation (retention of status quo).

Eugène Viollet-le-Duc : well known French architect who restored Gothic buildings; believed that

restoration could improve on the past—especially with the introduction of modern technology.

Walter Muir Whitehill : Chair of the Whitehill Report in the late 1960s, which established the first guidelines

for higher-ed historic preservation programs.

[edit]Careers

Although volunteers continue to play a large role in historic preservation activities, the field has seen an

increased level of professionalization. Today, there are many career options in historic preservation in the

public, non-profit, and private sectors. Institutes of secondary education (universities, colleges, etc.) in the

United States offer both certificate and degree (A.A.S, B.A., B.F.A., B.S.,M.A., M.F.A., M.S., and PhD)

programs in historic preservation.[14] Some students—at schools with such programs available—choose to

Page 20: Architectural Conservation

enroll in "joint degree" programs, earning a degree in historic preservation along with one in another, related

subject, often an MArch, MUP or JD degree.

Possible career fields include:

Architectural conservator

Focus specifically on the physical conservation of building materials. Most hold degrees in chemistry or

materials science.

Architectural historian/historian

Primarily researches and writes statements expressing the historical significance of sites.

Historic preservation planner

Most are employed by local, county, state, or Federal government planning agencies to administer tax

abatement programs, ensure compliance with local ordinances and state and Federal legislation, and

conduct design reviews to ensure that proposed projects will not harm historic and archaeological

resources. At the state level, they are known as a State Historic Preservation Officer while at other

levels of government they may be known as a Federal or Tribal Historic Preservation Officer. Some

may also serve as consultants to local governments, conducting Section 106reviews in accordance

with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966.

Preservation architect

Design and develop architectural conservation plans and work specifications in consultation with

Engineers, Historians, and Planners, ensuring compliance with local design guidelines to protect

sensitive historic building fabric. Most are employed by private architecture firms though some find

work with government agencies.

Preservation craftsperson/traditional trades practitioner

Employs knowledge of traditional building techniques and contemporary conservation technologies to

complete the conservation, repair, or restoration of historic buildings.

Preservation engineer

Work with Architects to devise conservation solutions of a structural or material -specific nature. Most

are employed by private architecture and/or engineering firms.

Public historian/resource interpreters

Most are employed by government agencies and private foundations to interpret the significance of

historic resources for the general public.

Historic site administrator

Non-profit sector careers

Engage in a variety of activities concerned with historic preservation advocacy, easements, and private

foundations at the local, regional, statewide, or national levels.

Page 21: Architectural Conservation

[edit]Professional Organizations

American Institute of Architects

American Institute for Conservation

American Planning Association

International Council on Monuments and Sites

Preservation Trades Network

Society of Architectural Historians

[edit]See also

Building restoration

Adaptive reuse

Athens Charter , doctrinal text

Architectural conservation

Barcelona Charter , doctrinal text

Cadw

Cultural heritage

Cultural heritage management

Demolished buildings and structures

Heritage organizations

Historic preservation organizations

English Heritage

Historic Scotland

List of historic houses

National Trust (disambiguation) , containing a listing of National Trusts

worldwide

Space archaeology

Sustainable Preservation

Ship of Theseus , a philosophical problem regarding identity of

preservation and replacement

Venice Charter , doctrinal text

[edit]Notes

Page 22: Architectural Conservation

1. ̂  Maryland Association of Historic District

Commissions, Handbook (1997).

2. ̂  Society for the Preservation of Historic Buildings

3. ̂  Lea, Diane. "America's Preservation Ethos: A Tribute to Enduring

Ideals." A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in the Twenty-First

Century. ed. Robert Stipe. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina

Press, 2003. p.2

4. ̂  APVA.org, accessed 15 August 2008

5. ̂  Blevins, Documentation of the Architecture of the Architecture of

Samuel Lapham and the Firm of Simons & Lapham, Masters of Fine

Arts in Historic Preservation Thesis, Savannah College of Art &

Design, 2001

6. ̂  Ellis, Scott S. (2010). Madame Vieux Carré: the French Quarter in

the Twentieth Century. University of Mississippi. p. 43.

7. ̂  Murtagh, William J. Keeping Time: The History and Theory of

Preservation in America. New York: Sterling Publishing, Co., 1997.

8. ̂  Michael Tomlan. "Historic Preservation Education: Alongside

Architecture in Academia." Journal of Architectural Education, Vol.

47, No. 4. (1994): 187-196.

9. ̂  Preservation News (Oct 1, 1979)

10. ̂  Federal, State and Local Historic Districts, TOOLBOX, FAQ,

National Park Service. Retrieved 19 February 2007

11. ̂  Stenberg, Peter L. (October 1995). “Historic Preservation as Part of

Downtown Redevelopment.” Rural Development Perspectives, Vol.

11, no.1, pp. 16-21. Washington, DC : Economic Research Service.

Retrieved December 30, 2008.

12. ̂  John, Patricia LaCaille (July 2008). “Historic Preservation

Resources.” Rural Information Center Publication Series no.

62. National Agricultural Library. Rural Information Center. Retrieved

December 30, 2008.

13. ̂  "Biography of Ann Pamela Cunningham" National Women's History

Museum. Retrieved 21 April 2010.

14. ̂  National Council for Preservation Education - Academic Programs

in Historic Preservation

Page 23: Architectural Conservation

[edit]Bibliography

Fitch, James Marston. Historic Preservation: Curatorial Management

of the Built World. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia,

1990.

Jokilehto, Jukka. A History of Architectural Conservation. Oxford, UK:

Butterwort/Heinemann, 1999.

Munoz Vinas, Salvador. Contemporary Theory of

Conservation. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann, 2005.

Page, Max & Randall Mason (eds.). Giving Preservation a

History. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Price, Nicholas Stanley et al. (eds.). Historical and Philosophical

Issues in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Los Angeles: The

Getty Conservation Institute, 1996.

Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. New York: Dover

Publications, 1989. Originally published, 1880. Important for

preservation theory introduced in the section, "The Lamp of Memory."

Stipe, Robert E. (ed.). A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in the

Twenty-First Century. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North

Carolina Press, 2003.

Tyler, Norman, Ted J. Ligibel, and Ilene R. Tyler. Historic

Preservation: An Introduction to its History, Principles, and

Practice. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009.

Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emmanuel. The Foundations of Architecture;

Selections from the Dictionnaire Raisonné. New York: George

Braziller, 1990. Originally published, 1854. Important for its

introduction of restoration theory.

[edit]External links

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive orinappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (March 2011)

An Overview of Preservation in the United States  (US/ICOMOS)

Archeology Laws: A Guide for Professionals (National Park Service)

Page 24: Architectural Conservation

Association for Preservation Technology International , an organization

concerned with technologies used for conserving historic structures

and their settings.

Historic Preservation: Legal and Economic Issues , an essay

concerning the legal and economic implications of historic

preservation.

National Center for Preservation Technology and Training , the

National Park Service's preservation research center, offering

research materials, preservation training, and grants.

National Trust for Historic Preservation , the principal non-profit

preservation advocacy organization in the United States.

Preservapedia  historic preservation and cultural heritage

management encyclopedia.

Preservation Trades Network , an international organization focused

on preservation trades and traditional craft skills.

PreserveNet , contains a directory of preservation-related websites

and academic programs in the United States.

Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in

Canada

Standards and Guidelines for Preservation in the United States

v  

 

d  

 

e  Lists of

v  

 

d  

Page 25: Architectural Conservation

 

e  U.S. National Register of Historic Places

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