156 A merican A nfhropologist [61, 19.591

The examples, ranging in time from Abbevillian to Late Magdalenian, are drawn with very few exceptions from western and southern France. Most impressive are the 15 examples from the cave of Niaux in southernmost France north of the Pyrenees (near Tarascon-en-Ariege, south of Toulouse). This spectacular cave, half a mile in- side a mountain, can be reached only by swimming deep pools and passing narrow con- tractions. The walls are covered with engravings and paintings, entirely in black, first engraved, then painted over. Designs are traced in the clay covering the floor, protected by stalagmite. Many bison, some wounded, and characteristic hunting weapons suggest that this is more than a pictorial representation of familiar sights. Most touching, perhaps, are the footprints of the Middle Magdalenian dancing adoles- cent in the clay floor. The clearest is a double impression of a pair of feet, which, upon examining the photograph, Flavia Waters Champe felt to be an “Indian” side step (Plate 47).

Fine accompaniment to CClCbonovic’s pictures is Grigson’s rhythmic prose, which attempts to capture by empathy the growth of man’s introspection or in-sight. I t made me wonder whether we could not evolve a science of a r t history that synthesizes the personal detachment of science with the intense empathy that is special to art.

The pictures are all meticulously documented, and there is a Chronological and Cultural table a t the end.

Land of the Tollund Man: The Prehistory and Archaeology of Denmark. PALLE LAURING. (Translated by REGINALD SPINK.) New York: The Macmillan Company, 1958. 160 pp., drawings, 77 photographs. $6.00.

Reviewed by L. H. THOMAS, University of Missouri

This book takes its name from the Tollund bog near Viborg which yielded the well- preserved body of a man, a sacrificial victim of the Iron Age. Human culture in Den- mark is here traced from the time of the first settlers through the period of the arrival of the agriculturalists, the intrusion of the Megalithic peoples, the rise of the Bronze and Iron Ages, and down to the beginning of the Viking Age. The problems of pre- history in this rich archeological region of northern Europe are considered from a fresh point of view. Here one finds brief but informative notes on salt production and its role in the trade between the peoples of the coast and the interior. Late Bronze Age crema- tion, bronze ornament, and rock engravings are the basis for a n excellent discussion of the life and beliefs of the time. The treatment of the Iron Age rightly emphasizes the role of the Celts and Romans. True, i t is a popular book, but an excellent one, to be recommended to all whp study the archeology and prehistory of northern Eu- rope. The material is not only presented with refreshing vividness, but is illustrated with magnificent photographs of a quality seldom found in archeological publications.

The Anvil of Civilization. LEONARD COTTRELL. (Mentor: Ancient Civilizations, No. 2.) New York: New American Library, 1957. xii, 256 pp., glossary, 21 plates, table. $ S O .

Reviewed by ROSALIE H. WAX, Chicago, Illinois

Cottrell, who confesses that he is neither a professional historian nor an archeolo- gist, sees this work as a personal quest-an attempt to clarify some of the many im- pressions of ancient lands which resulted from travel, reading, and conversation with archeologists. Some readers, he admits, may regard it as “the product of little learning

Book Reviews 151 and much art,” but, “like the children of some other irregular unions, it was a t least conceived in love.”

Prepared to offer only token resistance to the blandishment of so unconventional a work, I began to read with enthusiasm. Some seven chapters later, I was still search- ing for the seductive passion and imagination characteristic of the literary love child. Here are clear, brief, and unpretentious introductions to Egyptian and Mesopotamian history and archeology. So far as I can judge they are accurate. They are also colorless and unexciting.

Suddenly, with the chapter on Cretan civilization, the art and enchantment that can season academic endeavor begin to manifest themselves. From this point on the work is engrossing, informative, and irritating, and it clarifies a t least some of the reasons why men devote their lives to the study of ancient peoples. Both specialists and lay readers will find much to criticize. I, for example, see the half chapter devoted to myths and morals as uninspired and unbalanced. Greek morality is defended, Egyptian. and Mesopotamian morality ignored, and those awe-inspiring moralists, the Hebrews, are made to sound as unpleasant but by no means fascinating as they really were. On the other hand, the gaps, biases, vulnerable hypotheses, and, above all, the superb selection of quotations may be the most artful portion of this work. They pro- vide the reader with the stimulus to fill in, investigate, refute, and enjoy (as the case may be) through further reading. A bibliography for beginners is included.

LINGUISTICS

Fundamentals of Language. ROMAN JAKOBSON and MORRIS HALLE. The Hague, Nether-

Reviewed by JOSEPH GREENBERG, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences

This work is not, as the title might lead one to expect, a textbook of linguistics. It is rather a treatment of certain topics relating to language which have bulked large in the work of Jakobson and his collaborators and are indeed among the fundamental problems of the subject. The work is divided into two distinct sections. The first is entitled “Phonology and Phonetics” and is under the joint authorship of Jakobson and Halle. The main features of approach to phonology here set forth have already appeared in Preliminaries lo Sjeech Analysis by Jakobson, Fant and Halle (Technical Report No. 13, Acoustics Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1952) where the spectrographic evidence, on which the analysis of some features of the present work is based, is presented in detail. The second section called “TWO Aspects ot Lan- guage and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances” is under the sole authorship of Jakob- son. This also has its predecessor, the now classic essay “Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lantgesetze” (Ujfisala Uniuersitets Arsskrijt, 1942 :9). The two parts are far more intimately connected than might be expected in view of the disparity of the subject matter. This is in part a tribute to the remarkable synthetic powers of Jakobson as a thinker, a gift rare in our time and one for which we should be grateful whether we agree or disagree with all the particular conclusions. Perhaps more than any other contemporary linguist Jakobson has with relentless singlemindedness pushed the no- tion of structure in a particular version to its utmost limits. The two key ideas in this notion of structure are hierarchy and polarity. By hierarchy is meant a relation among elements which is logically that of implication, the subordinate implies the superordi- nate but not vice versa. Hence in the process of learning, those elements in the struc- ture which are superordinate to a particular subordinate are necessarily learned first,

lands: Mouton & Co., 1956. IX, 87 pp. n.p.