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critiques of androcentric and ethnocentric bias), while successful applications dealing with archeological data sets are rare. Several contributions in the present book help to fill that void. Kenneth Sassaman’s chapter is an innovative explanation for temporal differ- ences in the adoption of pottery in the south- eastern United States. He argues that the development of pottery was associated with changes in women’s labor. In areas where this labor change conflicted with an entrenched, male-controlled soapstone trade, a lag in pot- tery adoption resulted. Sandra Hollimon’s analysis of Arikara and Chumash human skeletal remains highlights the potential of physical analyses for contributing informa- tion on task differentiation, but her decision to use a combined sample from Chumash sites between 3500 B.C. and A.D. 1804 limits the utility of her observations. Rosemary Joyce provides an interesting examination of the interconnections among class, economic productivity, and gender as inferred from Classic Maya iconography.

Other chapters include Katharine Victor and Mary Beaudry’s observations on the still widespread underrepresentation of women as authors and authorities in American arche- ology, an observation echoed and elaborated on by Alice Kehoe in the next chapter. Ruth Trocholi’s discussion of 16th- and 17th-cen- tuiy Spanish colonization of Timucua Indi- ans (Florida) contains insightful ethnohis- tory but would have been stronger if archeological material had been integrated into her discussions. Linda Stine presents an interesting discussion of space, scale, and ac- tivity visibility in the context of her compari- son of two North Carolina farmsteads in the early 20th century.

Three contributions in this volume are somewhat problematic. Brian Hayden’s pa- per, while ostensibly a review of possible methods for inferring prehistoric gender be- havior, is in fact a rather sterile discussion because of his failure to problematize the concept of gender, the interrelationship be- tween sex and gender, or his standpoint as a male archeologist. Kathleen Bolen’s essay, while a thought-provoking deconstruction of the category “mother,” does not demonstrate the archeological utility of this work. Finally, Christi Mitchell’s chapter presents an exces- sive critique of Deetz’s 1965 monograph on gender an$ Arikara ceramics without provid- ing a satisfymg alternative.

The book ends with transcripts from three workshops and syllabi from five dif€erent courses related to gender and archeology.

The syllabi are good models for individuals who wish to develop similar courses, although the readings are already somewhat dated. The first workshop transcript, “Engendering the Contact Period,” is an informative and well-organized overview of gender-related is- sues in North America at the time of Euro- pean contact, but “Engendering the Pleisto- cene/Holocene Transition” is disappointing. The discussion is diffuse and simplistic, and most remarks wander far afield of gender issues. The final workshop, “Teaching and Seeing Gender,” has several helpful sugges- tions, although here too the discussions stray. In all, this is a valuable contribution to the growing literature on engendering the past.

Gardens of Prehistoqc The Archaeology of Settlement Agriculture in Greater Mesoamerica. Thomas W. Killwn, ed. Tus- caloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1992. 352 pp.

ANABEI. FORD University of Cdqornia, Santa Barbara

Gardens in Prehistory draws together a com- parative group of papers that underscore the subsistence implications of settlement pat- terns in archeology. By defining “settlement agriculture” in the introduction and covering basic terminology in the summary, this vol- ume sets a formidable foundation for future settlement research. With diverse coverage of different areas and a wide use of e thne graphic analogy, the bibliography alone will serve as a vital reference. The papers them- selves provide a unique view of land use pat- terns that is an outgrowth of recent attention to household, rural, and hinterland compo- nents of ancient societies.

Killion unites the contributions in the in- troduction, where the basic tenets of the vol- ume are spelled out. Given that farming populations prefer to minimize distance to producing fields where they work, specific trajectories can be expected in settlement agricultural patterns. These patterns are modified in the context of population growth and in operation with the social environment, each impinging on the farmer’s preferences. Land use is largely conditioned by soil fertility and workability; distribution and intensity of use are related to population density. There- fore, the presence and importance of gar- dens, infields, and outfields will vary from case to case.

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Common themes are evident throughout the volume: the importance of space between residential structures, the significance of the house-lot gardens, labor investment in fields and population growth, and the complexity of the economic landscape. In addition, many authors deal directly with issues pertaining to the use of ethnographic analogy, demonstrat- ing the possibilities and pitfalls one might encounter. The retrospective review of Turner and Sanders is insightful, brings in further definitions for added clarity, and is helpful in putting the collected readings in perspective.

The presentation is divided into three parts, after the introduction and before the conclusion. The first part examines the arid landscapes of Central Mexico, the Northern Plateau, and the American Southwest. Scruti- nizing the problems inherent in e thne graphic analogy, Maxwell and Anshuentz demonstrate that the archeological record can be far more diverse and challenging than the ethnological record. Doolittle takes on ethnographic analogy in his coverage of the Gran Chichimeca, focusing on the omissions in ethnographies of that area and seeking to rectify them. Evans’s paper focuses on the expansion of occupation into the dry pied- mont zone of Central Mexico during the Az- tec period due to the vital exchange environ- ment and the multiplicity of uses of maguey.

The next part of Gardens in Rehistmy con- siders the artifactual and organizational im- plications of prehistoric agriculture. This sec- tion forges new methodological terrain in three papers that employ unique designs from which the authors develop innovative, if not speculative, conclusions. Killion exam- ines the application of his ethnography to archeological survey data from Matacapan. Some of Killion’s concepts are operational- ized in Santley’s consideration of the Olmec in the Tuxtlas. In the last paper, McAnany considers the problem of agricultural intensi- fication at Pulltrouser Swamp by demonstrat- ing changes in stone tool discards.

The last section includes two papers exam- ining cultivation and its signatures. Zier’s pa- per on Ceren reveals the spectacular data captured by a local volcanic eruption in the early part of the first millennium A.D. Ball and Kelsay’s paper takes on variability in chemical indicators of land use in the Belize Valley.

For me, this volume is timely, and I think others will find it so. Having just completed an archeological survey and broad-scale resi- dential excavations, I am challenged to con-

sider these data in light of the contributions in this volume. Reviewing the provocative pa- pers, I am certain that this volume will serve as an important reference for a long time to come.

Ideology and PreColumbian Civilizations. ArthurA. Daarest and Geofrq W. Conrad, eds. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series. Santa Fe: School ofAmerican Research Press, 1992. 278 pp.

CHARLES SPENCER A d a n Museum of Natural Histo?

A great deal of anthropological debate re- volves around provocative dichotomies, and few are less contentious than the one that informs this book idealism versus material- ism. While it may be tempting to dismiss such theoretical polarization as simplistic, a useful purpose can be served if the partisan sniping gives rise to a more inclusive synthesis. Arthur Demarest, in a thoughtful opening chapter, makes it clear that the book’s goal is to hasten the completion of this dialectical process by seeking “ways to combine ideology with the study of ecological, economic, and political factors involved in culture change” (p. 7). Specifically rejected is the notion that ideol- ogy was a prime mover in cultural evolution. The participating authors include eight archeologists who present the results of re- cent field research and two discussants who comment on the other contributions and an- thropological approaches to ideology in gen- eral.

Alan Kolata’s chapter is an exposition of the relationships among agriculture, political economy, militarism, administration, reli- gious symbolism, and ideology in the Ti- wanaku imperial state. Kolata proposes that an emphasis on ideological (as opposed to coercive) techniques of control gave the Ti- wanaku state an enduring stability (nearly 1,000 years) that was not exhibited by the more militaristic Huari and Inca states.

David Wilson also offers a synthesis of ideo- logical and material factors, expressed by an ecosystems model in which “causation is equally topdown and bottom-up’’ (p. 62), that is, both superstructural and infrastructu- ral. He argues that the canal irrigation econ- omy of coastal Peru’s Santa Valley articulated with an ideology of intervillage, intravalley cooperation, while warfare occurred mostly on an intervalley basis.