Archaeology of Warren and Hunterdon Counties - New Jersey · Archaeology of Warren and Hunterdon Counties (WITH MAP) BY ... Hiram E. Deats, ... John Craig Sutton,

REPORTS OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENTSTATE OF NEW JERSEY

Division of Geology—HENRY B. KÜMMEL, State Geologist

BULLETIN 18 ( G E O L O G I C S E R I E S )

Archaeology of Warren andHunterdon Counties

( WI T H M A P )

BY

MAX SCHRABISCH

TRENTON, N. J. MacCrellish & Quigley Co., State Printers

1917

NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

The Board of Conservation and Development.

S I M I O N P . N O R T H R U P , P r e s id e n t , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N e w a r k

P E R C I V A L C H R Y S T I E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H i g h B r idg e .

N E L S O N B . GA S K I L L , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T r e n to n

C H A R L E S L AT H R O P P A C K, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L a k e wo o d .

S T E P H E N P FE I L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C a md e n .

E D W A R D S . S A V A G E , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R a h w a y .

G E O R G E A . ST E E L S , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E a t o n to w n .

H E N R Y C R O FU T W H I T E , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N o r th P l a i n f i e l d .

A L F R E D G A SK I L L , P r i n c e to n , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S ta t e Fo r es t e r a nd D i r e c to r .

H E N R Y B . KÜ M M E L , T r e n t o n , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S ta t e G eo log i s t .

C H A R L E S P . W I L B E R , N e w B r u n s w ic k , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S ta t e F i r e wa rd e n .

O F F I C E : S T A T E H O U S E , T R E N T O N .

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Letter of Transmittal.

July 12, 1917. Hon. Walter E. Edge, Governor of New Jersey, Trenton, N. J.:

SIR—I transmit herewith the manuscript of a report on the “Archæology of Warren and Hunterdon Counties,” preparedunder my direction as State Geologist.

This report summarizes the results of two seasons’ field workby Mr. Max Schrabisch, of Paterson, on the occurrence of pre-historic Indian villages and camp sites, trails, etc. It adds much to our knowledge of the homes and habits of the former inhabit-ants of the State, and because of its interest to a large numberof New Jersey’s citizens, it is submitted for publication. Yours very respectfully,

HENRY B. KÜMMEL, State Geologist.

Acting Director in the absence of the Director.

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Contents.

GENERAL DISCUSSION. Foreward. Physiography of Warren County. Physiography of Hunterdon County. Choice of Sites. The Aborigine a Roamer. Principal Districts of Habitation—

Delaware Valley. Paulins Kill Valley. Great Meadows and Vicinity. Beaver Brook and Vicinity. High Bridge and Vicinity. New Germantown and Vicinity. Flemington and Vicinity.

Minor Districts— Johnsonburg and Vicinity. Musconetcong Valley. Pohatcong Valley. Pequest Valley. Green’s Pond. Scotts Mountain. North Branch of Rockaway Creek. South Branch of Rockaway Creek. Chambers Brook. South Branch of Raritan River. Minor Tributaries of the Delaware.

Rock Shelters. Burial Grounds. Trails—

General Factors. Delaware Valley Trail. Paulins Kill Valley Trail. Beaver Brook Valley Trail. Pequest Valley Trail. Pohatcong Creek Trail. Musconetcong Valley Trail. South Branch of Raritan Valley Trail. Minisi-Neshanic-Alexsauken Trail. Minor Trails.

Raw Material for Implements.

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6 LOCAL DETAILS.

Delaware Valley Sites— Calno. Dimmick’s Ferry. Shoemaker’s Ferry. Delaware Water Gap. Columbia. Delaware. Belvidere. Roxburg. Phillipsburg. Carpentersville. Riegelsville. Holland Station. Milford. Frenchtown. Byram. Stockton. Lambertville.

Paulins Kill Valley— Shuster Pond. Paulina. Blairstown. Jacksonburg. Kalarama. Walnut Valley. Yards Creek. Hainesburg. Mt. Pleasant.

Vicinity of Great Meadows— Jenny Jump Mountain. Danville. Vienna. Warrenville. Roe’s Island.

Beaver Brook and Tributaries— Franklin Schoolhouse. Shiloh. Hope. Kerr’s Corners. Silver Lake. Ebenezer. Mt. Herman. Swayze’s Mills. Beaver Brook. Jenny Jump Mountain.


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High Bridge and Vicinity— Readingsburg. High Bridge. Clinton. Pattenburg.

New Germantown and Vicinity. Flemington and Vicinity—

Flemington. South Branch of Raritan River. Mt. Carmel. Minneacong Brook. Stanton Station. Mine Brook. Neshanic River.

Johnsonburg and Vicinity— Johnsonburg. Indian Hollow. Southtown. Yellow Frame Church. Big Woods.

Musconetcong Valley Sites— New Hampton. Warren Paper Mills.

Pohatcong Valley Sites. Pequest Valley Sites—

Pequest River. High Rock Mountain. Bridgeville. Green’s Pond.

North Branch of Rockaway Creek. South Branch of Rockaway Creek. Chambers Brook. Minor Tributaries of the Delaware—

Hakihokake Creek. Nishisakawick Creek. Lockatong Creek. Alexsauken Creek.

LIST OF SITES.

ILLUSTRATIONS. FIGURE 1. — Method of dividing and numbering an atlas sheet into 6-minute

rectangles. FIGURE 2. — Method of subdividing and numbering each 6-minute rectangle

of the atlas sheet. Map showing location of sites.



Archaeology of Warren and Hunterdon Counties.

BY MAX SCHRABISCH.1

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

FOREWORD.

The locat ion and s tudy of Indian habi tat ions in New Jerseywas commenced by the Geological Survey in 1912 and this repor t is the th ird published on th is subject . The f ie ld workon which it is based was done in June, July, and August, 1914,and all through the summer of 1915. During this period 451sites were located in Warren County and 462, sites in Hunter-don County, a fact that may indicate that these two, countieshad a denser permanent populat ion or at least were more fre-quented by the Indians in their wander ings than was SussexCounty, where 234 sites were found. Practically all of the siteshere recorded except the rock shelters had previously beenknown to local col lectors , f rom whom information regardingtheir occurrence was obtained. As a resul t of this knowledgeand the local interest therein most of these sites had been care-fully searched for relics, so that few were found during thepresent survey. The rock shelters, however, were all unknownto local collectors, and in those discovered and explored by theauthor everything was found “in s i tu ,” just as a t the t ime ofthe redman’s f inal depar ture.

There are many private collections both in Warren and Hun-terdon Counties comprising various kinds of prehistoric objects

1 I n j u s t i c e to M r . S c h r a b i s ch , i t sho u l d b e s t a t ed th a t i t h a s b e en n e c -

e s s a r y to co n d e n s e g r e a t l y t h i s r ep o r t a s o r ig in a l l y su b mi t t e d . T h i s h a sto some degree resu l ted in recas t ing the phraseo logy . Care has been takent o p r es e r v e the a u t h o r ' s me a n in g ev e n tho ugh so me l i be r t i e s h av e b ee nt a k en b y th e ed i to r w i th h i s l a ng ua g e . In i t s r e v i s ed f o rm t h e r e p o r t ma yn o t a l w a ys e x p r e s s t h e ex a c t sh a d e o f me a n in g in t en d ed , b u t i t i s h o p ed t h a t i f su ch i s t h e c as e th e in s t an c e s a re f ew . — H . B . K .

9


10 used by the Indian, with the arrowhead, as usual, predominating.In these jasper artifacts are more numerous than in SussexCounty, and it appears that this mineral was here employed toa greater extent. The collections of Dr. Cummins at Belvidere, Marshall Weidmann, at Columbia, and Dr. Hoagland at OxfordFurnace deserve special mention as being the best in WarrenCounty. The first two number about 3,000 specimens each and abound in objects of excellent workmanship, mostly of flint,chert, and, jasper. Smaller collections of a few hundred speci-mens each are in the hands of Walter P. Lewis, Phillipsburg;John MacCracken, Blairstown; Mrs. Walter Van Campen,Calno, and John C. McConachy, Slate Falls, near Jacksonburg.Small but valuable collections have been made by RaymondLosey, Blairstown; Frank Primrose, Marksboro; L. E. Savacool,Yellow Frame Church, and Lafayette R. Amey, Phillipsburg.

In Hunterdon County, splendid collections are owned byHiram E. Deats, John C. Thatcher, and James A. Kline, all ofFlemington. Each of these contains a thousand and more speci-mens typical of the ancient argillite culture of which Flemingtonand vicinity appears to have been the center. Other collectionsare in the hands of Stephen Dean, Clarence Button, and JohnB. Case, also of Flemington. In this connection we may statethat at this town there was a widespread interest in prehistoricresearch, a result of the thorough investigation of the surround-ing country by the local archæologists.

Another very important collection comprising thousands ofartifacts is in possession of Albert Anderson of Lambertville.Most of these were gathered many years ago when the countrywas still rich in these relics. Other collections of smaller sizeare owned by A. R. Miller, Holland Station; Henry C. Boss, Milford; Harold Snyder, Copper Creek; N. R. Shuster, Ever-it tstown; Floyd Dalrymple, Pattenburg; Mrs. A. D. Mellickand Mr. White, Clinton; Dr. Frank Larison, Lambertville;Linden Swackhamer, White House; J . C. Exton, Polktown;John Craig Sutton, John W. Vroom, John Rinehart and CharlesMurphy, of New Germantown.

The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the fol-lowing persons for information furnished and other aid ren-dered: Mrs. John Stoddard and Walter Van Campen, both of Calno; Raymond Losey, Samuel Beatty and Dr. Frank Gordon,of Blairstown; Grant Lanternman, Cedar Lake; Joseph Brown,Kalarama; Watson Swartz, Marksboro; L. E. Savacool, Yellow Frame Church; J . Floyd Smith, Ebenezer; E. Frank Fowler,D.D., Mt. Herman; George Dil l and Norman B. Osmun, Hope;


11 William Albertson, Shiloh; George M. Bartow, Bridgeville;William Sigler and John Sidner, Danville; Lafayette R. Ameyand Walter P. Lewis, of Phill ipsburg. Special thanks are dueto the latter in particular for having supplied the writer withmost valuable data regarding the archæology of that part ofthe Delaware River valley between Roxburgh and Lambertville.

In Hunterdon County the following gentlemen contributedmaterially to the success of the survey: James A. Kline, HiramE. Deats, Dory Bellis, John C. Thatcher and Stephen Dean, ofFlemington; Nelson Stryker and Leon Carpenter, Clinton; Dr.Frank Larison and Albert Anderson, Lambertvil le; N. R.Shuster, Everit tstown; David W. Scott and Linden Swack-hamer of White House, and John W. Vroom of New German-town.

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF WARREN COUNTY.

Warren County is bounded on the northeast by SussexCounty, on the southeast by Musconetcong River, which dividesit from Morris and Hunterdon Counties, and on the northwestand west by Delaware River. I t lies wholly within the Ap-palachian Province and embraces a portion of the AppalachianMountains known in New Jersey as the Highlands, and a partof the Appalachian Valley. I ts diversif ied surface is wellwatered by many streams all f lowing into Delaware River. Inthe northern part of the county the Blue or Kittatinny Moun-tain extends from northeast to southwest parallel to DelawareRiver, leaving only a narrow strip of comparatively level landbetween i t and the r iver . The cres t of Ki t ta t inny Mounta inis remarkably even, averaging from 1500 to 1600 feet above sea level. This ridge, which rises l ike a great wall along thenorthwest border of the county, is broken by no deep passesexcept at the Delaware Water Gap, where the river has trenchedit to i ts base.

Southeast of it and 10 miles distant lies Jenny Jump Mountainwith a maximum elevation of about 1200 feet and trending northeast to southwest. Between it and Kittatinny Mountainlies a hil ly country dissected by many streams.

East of Jenny Jump Mountain, along the Pequest, are the Great Meadows, once an extensive tract of marsh land. Stil lfarther east are Cat Swamp Mountain and the southern portionof Allamuchy Mountain, the latter bordering MusconetcongRiver on the west.

Southeast of Jenny Jump Mountain is Mt. Mohepinoke and Upper Pohatcong Mounta in , and south of i t Scot ts Mounta in


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and Lower Pohatcong Mountain in the southwestern part ofthe county. These are separated from each other by broad and well-drained valleys followed by Pohatcong Creek and Mus-conetcong River.

All the county is well watered, the drainage flowing to the Delaware chiefly through Paulins Kill , Pequest River, Pohat-cong Creek, and Musconetcong River, but also through manysmaller tributaries. North of a line from Belvidere to Hacketts-town the drainage is much obstructed and many lakes andswamps dot the surface, but in the southern part of the countythese are conspicuously absent.

The topography of the county has been determined by thegeologic structure. Kittatinny Mountain is formed by the out-crop of a tilted mass of extremely hard sandstone and conglom-erate. Al l the other mountain masses are formed of gneiss icor grani t ic rock. The broad Kit ta t inny Val ley and the nar-rower inter-Highland valleys are underlain by shale and l ime-stone, both rocks being much less resistant to the weather thanthe hard sandstone or the gneiss of the mountain belts. Hencethe harder rocks rise in mountain masses while the softer rockshave been worn down to form the valley belts. During a latestage of geologic history the northern half of the county wascovered by a continental ice sheet. One effect of this was toremove the soil from many areas so covered and to obstruct thedrainage lines. Hence bare rock ledges, ponds, and swamps aremuch more abundant in the northern portion than in the south-ern. During the melting of the ice sheet floods of water fol-lowed existing lines of drainage and many others. Thesestreams were heavily loaded with sand and gravel, the latteroften being very coarse. Thus deposits of gravel and sand werespread somewhat widely over the region covered by the ice sheet,and to a much less extent along the main valleys which, like theDelaware, drained southward from the ice front.

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF HUNTERDON COUNTY.

Hunterdon County is bounded on the northwest by Musconet-cong River, which divides it from Warren County, on the northby Morris County, on the east by Lamington River and theNorth and South Branch of Raritan River, on the south byMercer County, and on the west by Delaware River. I ts north-ern portion is more rugged and more mountainous than the southern. Musconetcong Mountain, which is a continuation ofSchooleys Mountain in Morris County, trends in a southwesterly


13 direction parallel to Musconetcong River, with a maximum ele-vation of about 1l00 feet above sea level. East of i t is FoxHill and Hell Mountain,in the northernmost part of the county.South of these lie Cushetunk and Round Mountains. The for-mer reaches an altitude Of 764 feet above tidewater and has theshape of a horseshoe encircling Round Valley on all sides excepton the northwest. Between the Delaware and the South Branchof the Raritan, south of Clinton, there is a tableland of a meanelevation of from 500 to 700 feet above sea level, which embracesthe townships of Union, Alexandria, Franklin and Kingwood.The southern part of the county is a region of low hills.

The principal stream is the South Branch of the RaritanRiver. It flows through the northern part in an approximatelysoutherly direction, draining the region between MusconetcongMountain on the west, and Fox Hill on the east. Below Clintonit changes to a southeasterly course passing between RoundMountain on the east and the tableland above referred to onthe west. The section of country between Hell Mountain andCushetunk Mountain in the northern portion of the county isdrained by the North Branch and South Branch of RockawayCreek, which after joining their waters at White House de-bouch into Lamington River. The western and southern por-tion of the county is drained by the numerous affluents of Dela-ware River.

CHOICE OF SITES.

Proximity to water, accessibility, shelter from climatic ex-tremes, and soil conditions were factors which controlled inlarge degree the choice by the Indian of his more permanentcamping sites. Water in close proximity to the camp was anabsolute necessity, but it did not seem to matter much whetherit was supplied by a spring, a brook, a lake or a swamp. Someof the best sites known to the writer were situated on the edgeof what is now a swamp, but what anciently, when all this coun-try was one vast expanse of forest, may perhaps have been a shallow lake. Such localities must have been ideal huntinggrounds—places where many kinds of wild animals and waterfowl congregated, and therefore highly desirable from the red-man’s point of view. Great partiality was shown to sheltered localities, particularly during winter time. A site well protectedfrom north winds and the rigors of the climate was, if possible,chosen as winter quarters. Another factor determining the choice of a site was accessi-b i l i ty—that is , such spots were general ly preferred as lay on


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or near the primitive thoroughfares, in the valleys or in lessrugged regions. Consequently camping grounds are rarely metin the mountains or high upon their slopes, i.e., in localities thatare far away from the beaten track. An exception to this well-observed fact is afforded by the Indian rock shelters, many ofthem occurring in the wildest and most secluded mountain dis-tricts.

Lastly, the place where the Indian pitched his tent or built hiswigwam was, to some extent at least, conditioned by the charac-ter of the soil, for sandy or loamy ground was in general pre-ferred to stony or rocky spots.

All of these conditions are fulfilled in varying degree at everyancient camp and village site. At the same time some of the conditions which attracted the Indian made the same localitiesdesirable abodes for the animals which contributed so largely tohis support, among them deer and wildfowl. Driven by thestern laws of the struggle for existence, man was compelled to train his wits and sharpen his senses so that they became almostas acute as those of the animals he hunted, for his weaponswere of the most primitive kind. In order, therefore, to be ableto kill his quarry with the crude stone weapons at his command, he had to have recourse to ruse and stratagem.

All living beings are guided by the fundamental instinct ofself-preservation, and in the struggle for daily food they all fol-low the line of least resistance. In choosing his more permanentvillage sites the redman invariably selected those regions wheregood hunting and fishing was the rule. True to his nomadicinstincts, however, he did not long sojourn at a certain spotbut shifted his abode whenever game became scarce in his vicin-ity. But since his numbers were very small, only a few thou-sand in all the State, there was probably never a severe shortageof those animals which he pursued, and the extinction of anyspecies from this cause was at that time quite out of the question.

THE ABORIGINE A ROAMER.

Although the Indian of New Jersey had made some progressin agriculture and his tilled fields were associated with his morepermanent village sites, nevertheless he was still distinctly ahunter without permanent habitation, whose whereabouts wereuncertain and dictated mainly by the vicissitudes of the chase. From what we know, we conclude that each clan hunted in acertain well-defined area, large enough to support all its mem-bers . Keeping together or separat ing, they pi tched their tents


15 now here, now there, but always careful not to trespass on thehunting grounds of the neighboring tribes. In this wise eachhunter acquired a most intimate knowledge of his particular ter-ritory, taking note of all its features and probably bestowing names on all its more conspicuous ones. This incessant rovingabout on the part of the red huntsman serves to account for theenormous number of prehistoric camp sites found scattered allover the State, traces which at first sight convey the impression of a large population, but which in reality are attributable to avery thin population, amounting probably to less than one indi-vidual per square mile, if evenly distributed, yet inhabiting itfor countless centuries.

While thus each tribe had its own hunting district, with rightsnot encroached upon by others, it must not be imagined that theaborigines were prisoners, so to speak, with each strictly con-fined to his special section. On the contrary, there is good evi-dence to show that it was their custom periodically to join on long trips across the country, either to the seashore, where theygathered oysters, so much coveted by them, or to some otherlocality such as Delaware River, where their great councils wereheld.

PRINCIPAL DISTRICTS OF HABITATION.

The redman preferred those regions which combined topo-graphic advantages with good hunting. Such regions were theriver valleys, for they were not only more easily accessible thanthe mountainous districts, affording him at the same time ready communication by water with other camps along the stream, butthey abounded in a great variety of those animals—fishes, mam-mals, and birds, which supplied him with food. Comfort andexpediency made him seek the river valleys; they fulfilled mostnearly his ideal of what a desirable locality should be. Accord-ingly, it is in the valleys, on the banks of streams and rivers, that the traces of the Indian’s former presence are most fre-quently found.

In Warren and Hunterdon counties there are at least seven sections which evidently found greater favor than others withinthe same territory. They were no doubt centers of intense pre-historic activity, if we may judge by the profusion of sites andobjects of Indian origin scattered thereabouts. These sectionsare (1) the Delaware River Valley, 150 sites, (2) Paulins Kill Valley, 106 sites, (3) the region about the Great Meadows, 57sites, (4) Beaver Brook Valley between Silver Lake andSarepta , 55 s i tes , (5) High Br idge and v ic in i ty , 44 s i tes , (6 )


16 New Germantown and vicinity, 59, sites, (7) Flemington andvicinity, 82 sites. In these seven regions 553 sites have beenrecognized, or more than half the entire number found in thetwo counties.

Delaware Valley.—Ancient camp sites invariably occur alongDelaware River wherever flats or level fields intervene betweenthe steep hillside or mountain slopes and the river. Where thebluffs approach closly to the water’s edge, sites need not belooked for. In a few instances, however, traces of camp sites have been noted on the top of low hills flanking the river; forinstance, at a point opposite the lower end of Shawnee Island,again 2 miles north of Columbia, at the mouth of Stony Brook,also on the hill extending south of Columbia at Delaware, and on the hill half a mile from the river between Martin’s Creek Station and Harmony Station. The surface soil on the flatsconsists mostly of fine sandy or silty loam and farther south inHunterdon County of shale loam, and it seems that this kindof soil always met with the approval of the redskin since it iswell drained, soft under foot, and is easy of digging and ofcultivation.

While all of Delaware River Valley abounds in the memen-toes of Indian days, four important sections have been distin-guished, namely, a northerly one 6 miles long reaching from Millbrook to Shoemaker’s Ferry, centering about Calno; oneextending f rom the Water Gap to wi th in a mi le of Roxburg ,a distance of about 15 miles, with Columbia and Belvidere ascenters;1 the third lies north and south of Phillipsburg and isabout 4 miles long, but it is quite certain that there were oncemany other sites within the town, all traces of which have nowbeen completely wiped out; the last important district and themost southerly one lay at Lambertville and for about a milenorth of i t . There is a well authenticated report that the townof Lambertville was at one time occupied by a large aboriginalsettlement, and even now artifacts are not infrequently dug upwithin the town.

In the northerly section 31 sites have been noted, 18 of whichappear to have been ordinary camping grounds or small camps,6 must be designated as villages by reason of their size, and 2 are burial grounds. Seventeen sites dot the banks of the riverwhi le the remain ing 14 a re d i s t r ibu ted a long Van Campen’s

1Many of the sites comprising this lat ter group have already been described

in Bul le t in No. 9 , containing the resu l ts of the survey of 1912, but are for the sake of completeness again included in this report .


17 Brook from a point opposite Poxino Island, where it joins theDelaware, to within a mile of Millbrook. Thus there are twodistinct rows of sites, one following the river, the other thebrook, their point of contact being at the junction of both.

That part of the river shore which stretches south of Shoe-maker’s Ferry to the Water Gap, a distance of 6 miles, bearsrelatively few traces of prehistoric occupation. Altogether only 6 sites were found including what appears to have been a villagesite opposite Labor’s Island. This is not to be wondered atsince there are here but few places suitable for camps. Kitta-tinny Mountain is for the most part close to the river and its base is generally too rugged to be chosen for camp sites.

Forty sites have been located between the Water Gap andRoxburg. Among them are three rock shelters, four burial places and eight large sites or vil lages. Columbia and Belvi-dere must be regarded as headquarters of Indian activity alongthis part of the river, not only on account of the massing ofsites thereabouts, but more so by reason of the enormous quan-tities of prehistoric artifacts of every description recovered herein the past. Columbia, in particular, was the site of an excep-tionally large Indian settlement, where amateur archæologists have reaped a harvest of many thousands of relics both ofdomestic use and of the chase. This is not surprising since itis here that the Paulins Kill, flowing through another importantsection, empties into Delaware River. Intersecting points suchas this must always be of considerable archæological significance.

The sec t ion o f the va l l ey f rom Roxburg to I ron Moun-tain, 2 miles north of Phillipsburg, is dotted by many sites atshort intervals. Seventeen were located over a stretch of country8 miles long, scattered mostly along the river front. One ofthem, at Roxburg Station, seems to have been a village morethan half a mile long, two more were burial places, and the otherfourteen were camp sites. Three of the latter lay along thesouthern bank of Buckhorn Creek, a tributary of the Delaware,between Roxburg and Hutchinson.

The third center at Phillipsburg is 5 miles long, extendingfrom Iron Mountain to the mouth of Lopatcong Creek. Hereten sites were found, namely, four villages, three burial places,and three smaller sites. Three of the villages lay between thepumping station and the railroad bridge, the fourth one on top of the ridge near the mouth of Lopatcong Creek.

Between Phillipsburg and Lambertville, a distance of about32 miles , many si tes were located in some places grouped, as

2 BUL, 18


18 at Holland Station, Milford, and Frenchtown, and in othersmiles apart. There are indeed long stretches of the river frontwhere nothing is found save an occasional relic. Such is thecase between the mouth of Lopatcong Creek and a point oppo-site Clifford’s Island, a distance of 2 miles, another is between Mount Joy and Holland Station, about 2 miles, a third one between Holland Station and Milford, some 3 miles, and a fourth one between Kingwood and Byram, a distance of nearly5 miles. In all these cases the absence of sites may be ex-plained by topographic conditions, the bluffs flanking the riverleaving too little space to be utilized for camp sites.

Forty-one sites were found between Phillipsburg and Lam-bertville, among them four burial grounds and seven villages,The former were at Holland Station, Milford, Frenchtown, and Brookville; the latter opposite Clifford’s Island, 3 miles south of Phillipsburg, at Frenchtown, Byram, Raven Rock, Stockton,and Brookville.

The last important district was in and about Lambertville.Although only four sites were noted, two of them were of con-siderable extent—one north of the mouth of Alexsauken Creek,the other at the present town of Lambertville.

Including a site south of Goat Hill on the bank of the river,a total of 150 sites are known along Delaware Valley, in War-ren and Hunterdon counties.

There is no doubt that this valley was one of the principalhaunts of the aborigines. The reasons are not far to seek. Inthe first place, Delaware River, anciently called “Kithanne Whit-tuck,” teemed with fish, an important source of food. It was agreat natural highway for communication between the villageslocated along its banks. Moreover, the valley abounds in locali-ties which are ideally suited for camp sites in level fields by theriver’s edge, high enough above it to be safe from floods, withfine sandy bottom and protected from the inclemencies of theelements by the hills all about, so that it is small wonder thatthe Indians were attracted to such a region. The traces of theirvillages suggest a certain permanency of occupation; the count-less artifacts left behind denote an intense primitive industry;while the agricultural implements, such as hoes, mortars, andpestles, give proof of ancient husbandry and often indicate, nodoubt, the exact spot of the redman’s fields.

Paulins Kill Valley.—This includes the territory which ex-tends from the foot of Kittatinny Mountain to a line about amile south of Paulins Kill. It is bounded on the northeast bySussex County , on the sou thwes t by Delaware River . I t i s a


19 hilly country 12 miles long and from 3 to 5 miles wide, and wellwatered by Paulins Kill, anciently called Tonghongneatcung, and i ts many t r ibutar ies . I t ranks in the number and var ie tyof the aboriginal remains second to Delaware Valley only. Asthere is not a square mile in all this region that is devoid ofprehistoric traces, it is certain that it was much frequented. Altogether 106 sites have been located, including four villages,twelve rock shelters, and four burial places, all the others beingcamp sites. All except the burial places were close to somewater supply—a spring, stream, lake, or swamp. In addition,scattered relics have been found in many localities, possibly lostduring the chase or else denoting lodge sites, occupied for a veryshort period.

In certain respects this region differs in a marked degree fromthat along the Delaware. Only four village sites have beenlocated here as against fourteens there, and most of the Dela-ware villages were larger than any one of those along thePaulins Kill. Moreover, the camp sites on the Delaware werelarger and apparently occupied for longer periods than those inthis valley. Again the artifacts found along the Delaware aremore numerous, of a greater variety of types, and on the whole of a higher degree of workmanship. These facts are in l inewith the conclusion that there was greater permanency of occu-pation of the sites along the Delaware, whereas the great num-ber of small camp sites throughout the Paulins Kill Valley plainly suggests a constant shifting of the population, although,as noted below, the region near Blairstown shows signs ofgreater permanency of occupation. In the report on SussexCounty,1 it was pointed out that the region around SwartswoodLake had been a favorite resort for a relatively large population.The Paulins Kill Valley was the natural route taken by bandstraveling to and fro between the Delaware and Swartswood Lake.

The most favored district in the valley was evidently thatwhich lies between Paulina and Walnut Valley, with Blairstownand Jacksonburg as a center. Although only 5 miles long andfrom 1 to 2 miles wide, no less than 47 sites were here noted, 32 of them north, 17 south of the Kill, among them 4 villagesand 8 rock houses. This section, small as it is, must thereforebe regarded as one of the favored haunts of the Indian. Morethan that, in the number of aboriginal remains it easily rankswith the bes t d is t r ic t s a long the Delaware . Again , i t i s qu i te

1 Bul le t in 13 . Geological Survey of New Jersey.


20 significant that the four largest prehistoric settlements in thevalley were found crowded into this bit of territory. Cor-responding with this profusion of sites, numberless objects ofprimitive culture, wholly identical with those of Delaware Val-ley, have been gathered hereabouts, many of which bespeak ahigh degree of workmanship.

Some interesting inferences may be drawn from the distribu-tion of sites in this valley. As 42 of the 106 sites are near the Paulins Kill, we must conclude that the strip of land in its im-mediate vicinity was considered the most suitable for occupa-tion. This is not strange, for not only did the stream afford anopportunity for fishing, but the level, well-drained land terracesadjacent to it are better adapted for habitation than the hillycountry immediately south of the Paulins Kill . This may inpart be ascribed to climatic conditions, since the country nearerthe mountain was better protected from north winds. Exceptfor the sites on or near the southern bank of the Kill, the ele-vated belt of country south of it traversing the county from eastto west is almost devoid of them. If this region was consideredundesirable, it was probably due to its being too hilly.

Traces of camping grounds have been found at three of thelarger ponds in the valley. We may venture the opinion thatwhile fishing constituted the chief attraction of Delaware RiverValley, it was only of secondary importance in Paulins Kill Valley. Here the main stream being smaller and not so wellstocked with fish, it seems probable that the aborigine rovingthis region would largely depend upon hunting as the best meansof supplying his material wants.

Great Meadows and Vicinity.—Another interesting section replete with reminders of Indian days are the Great Meadows and vicinity. The meadows are a tract of low, marshy landabout 6 miles long by 2 miles wide, watered by Pequest Riverand its tributary, Bear Creek. Within the bogs is a row of sixislands, Young’s, White Oak and Post’s islands being east ofthe river, Buck, Money and Roe’s islands being west of it. Withhigh land on three sides, the meadows are well sheltered fromthe rigors of the elements.

Some years ago the drainage of this region was improvedand parts of the rich muck are now yielding great crops ofonions, celery and lettuce. Before this was done it was all one swamp covered with a luxuriant growth of vegetation. It maybe presumed tha t a t the t ime of the Indians i t was more l ikea lake, the virgin forest all around keeping it from drying up.Even now there i s wate r enough in some p laces to ca l l fo r a


21 rowboat. Anciently, no doubt, some of the islands referred toabove were real islands approachable only by canoe. But what-ever the aspect of this region may have been, it is certain thatit was much resorted to by the redskins, a fact attested to by the numerous traces of aboriginal camping grounds found allabout the edge, of the meadows and on some of the islands.

The protection from cold winds afforded by the highlandswould seem to have made this a desirable region for winterquarters, but the multiplicity of remains noticeable everywhere,many of which are of a character indicative of agricultural pur-suits, make it more likely that it was occupied not only duringthe winter but all the year round. Fish, wild fowl and othergame were probably abundant.

Altogether 57 sites have been noted in this district, includingtwo large ones or villages and two rock shelters. Of these 30are in the immediate vicinity of the Meadows, the remainderbeing a mile to the east and south of them. There is a massingof sites at the northern end between Long Bridge and South-town, where no less than 15 have been located not far from the confluence of Pequest River and Bear Creek. This is a levelstretch of country and the surface soil consists for the most partof silt loam. Both village sites are situated at the southeasternextremity of the Meadows in close proximity to each other, on the opposite, banks of Pequest River, at a point where it sweepsaround in a sharp curve. One site was found on Young’s Island, one on Post’s, and three, including a small Indian cave, on Roe’s.All the points of higher land projecting into the Meadows give indication of former occupancy and multifarious object 's ofprimitive art have been picked up on all the fields throughoutthis region.

Beaver Brook and Vicinity.—This is the last of the four prin-cipal Indian districts in Warren County. It is irregularly tri-angular in shape. On the west, its shortest side, it is boundedby Delaware River; on the southeast, its longest, by Jenny JumpMountain; on the north, by the Paulins Kill . I ts surface ishilly, particularly toward Delaware River, where the maximum elevation of the hills above the neighboring valleys is about 300feet. While slate rock predominates in its western portion andon the hills south of Paulins Kill, there are many cherty lime-stone ridges between Hope and Kerr’s Corners, especially nearTrout Brook. This section is drained by Beaver Brook, thechief tributary of Pequest River and its affluents, the most im-portant of which are Honey Run and Mud Run on the west,and Trout Brook on the east.


22 Among the 55 sites located there were 4 large ones or villages,

5 rock houses, and a burial place. The Indian’s predilection for Beaver Brook is manifested by the fact that no less than 21 sitesare on i ts banks against 2 on Honey Run, 4 on Mud Run, and5 on Trout Brook. Three of the largest sites or villages arealso on Beaver Brook, while the fourth one is on Mud Run.The remaining sites are either near swamps or on small brooks,all tributary to Beaver Brook. Four rock houses are in the lime-stone district between Hope and Kerr’s Corners, while the fifthlies at the foot of Jenny Jump Mountain, just east of Shiloh.The prehistoric burial place is on the summit of Jenny JumpMountain on a straight line between Sarepta and Green Pond.Scattered relics occur almost everywhere in the valley at thefoot of the mountain, and, while not indicating camping grounds,they give us many a clue as to the redman’s former presence.

There appears to be a total absence of aboriginal remains inall the territory which lies between Knowlton, Mount Hermanand Swayze’s Mill on the east, and Delaware River on the west.I t has already been stated that this is in the main a slaty tractof country with many hills and therefore quite rough. On theother hand, it is intersected by numerous valleys, most of themwell watered. However, the fact cannot be disputed that it wasshunned by the Indian for some reason or other, and that they regarded it as inhospitable. Possibly he disliked the surface soil consisting mostly of heavy stony clay with many angularfragments of shale and slate. This may, indeed, have been thereason, for it is quite certain that the character of the soilinfluenced, the Indian in his selection of his more permanentcamp sites. Moreover, it may be stated as a matter of fact thataboriginal remains are never so plentiful in slate rock districtsas they are in those where other rocks predominate . This isan observation the writer has frequently made. Even rock shelt-ers consisting of slate or shale were hardly ever used. Severalof this nature, both in Sussex and Warren counties, were foundon examination to be devoid of all traces of former occupationnotwithstanding the fact that they were well formed, with waterclose at hand.1

1 The comparat ive absence of Indian remains in regions under la in by s late

is probably due not to any avers ion on the part of the Indian to s la te as arock , as the au thor ' s words might imply, but to the facts that (1) the s la te belts are as a rule hil ly, (2) their soil ( in the glaciated area) is a heavy stonyclay, with many large boulders , or is chief ly a mass of weathered shale orslate ch ips, and (3) the chief s t reams, bordered by f la t te r races covered wi th


23 High Bridge and Vicinity.—That High Bridge should have

been favored by the redman is no more than would be expectedin view of his well-known ability to recognize quickly naturaladvantages. Situated at the southern base of MusconetcongMountain, it is well protected from northerly winds, and therolling country is well watered by numerous streams both largeand small. The South Branch of Raritan River flows throughthe center and Spruce Run drains all the section to the west. Furthermore, it is at the very gateway to two mountain passes,one of them crossing Musconetcong Mountain by way of GlenGardner, the other leading to German Valley.

Forty-four sites were found within an area less than 5 mileslong by about 2 miles wide, reaching southward from StoneMill to Clinton, and from Jerico Mill east of the river to Polk-town and Coles Mills west of it. One of these was a small rockshelter on the west bank of the Raritan River at Stone Mill,three others were evidently workshops and the rest were campsites. Nineteen sites lay on the banks of Raritan River, elevenon Spruce Run and the others on small streams tributary tothese. Four were at the very headwaters of brooks, a locationchosen wherever surface conditions were at all favorable.

In the main the sites indicate small camps, occupied for briefperiods, but at the three workshops noted the profusion offlakes and unfinished objects indicate longer periods of habita-tion and the active manufacture of implements. Argillite, locallyknown as “blue jingler,” was the principal material used herefor spear and arrowheads, although the rock of this vicinity isgneiss and limestone, the nearest argillite ledges being foundfurther south. No aboriginal burial ground is known in this region, although doubtless many scattered graves exist.

New Germantown and Vicinity.—The conditions which made the High Bridge area attractive to the Indian pertain to thisregion also. Like the former, i t is an undulating tract of coun-try at the southern base of the highland, well drained by manystreams, with a soil comparatively free from boulders. I t l iesin the northeastern portion of the county and is topographicallywell defined, being bounded on the north by Hell Mountain andFox Hill, on the east by Lamington River, on the south byRockaway Creek, on the west by the North Branch of RockawayCreek and S i l v e r H i l l . Co ld Brook , a wes t e r ly t r ib u t a ry o f

sandy loam such as could be cul t ivated by the crude agricul tural too ls of theIndian, f low through l imestone bel ts . Where favorable topographic and soi lcondi t ions prevai led in the s la te bel ts , as a long the Delaware f rom theDelaware Water Gap to Belvidere, Indian si tes are common.—H. B. Kümmel.


24 Lamington River, drains its northern half, and there are besidesnumerous smaller streams and large springs.

Of the fifty-nine sites located, three were workshops, as indi-cated by a profusion of chips covering the ground, and the othersordinary camps. Six of them were along Lamington River,twelve on Cold Brook, four on Rockaway Creek, three on theNorth Branch of Rockaway Creek, four h igh up on Fox Hil lon the banks of a stream, and several more near big springs.Argillite implements predominate here as at Flemington.

Flemington and Vicinity.—This district is the most important in Hunterdon County. Considering the remarkably large num-ber of sites crowded into a comparatively small area, we mayconclude that i t was frequented far more than any other thusfar investigated by the Survey, not even excepting some of the best sections in the Delaware Valley. If we include within itKlinesville, the region south of Croton, Copper Hill, ThreeBridges and Riverside—that is, the territory 3 miles all about Flemington, omitting only the Reaville section southeast of thetown, where strangely enough there appeared to be no signs, ofprehistoric activities, we have a tract of land covering some 20 square miles. On this tract no less than 82 sites were noted.

The Indians seem to have been attracted to this region bythe occurrence of immense argillite deposits, a rock well suitedfor the manufacture of arrowheads, spear points, and othertools. It was the center of the ancient argillite industry and thequarries once operated by them are perhaps the most extensivein all New Jersey. More will be said about this subject in thechapter on raw material.

This region also appealed to the redman because of certaintopographic advantages. Being situated along the southeastern base of a plateau, it was sheltered from north winds. It is afertile stretch of country dotted with ridges and knolls and its surface soil consists of red shale loam. Hydrographically, too,it leaves nothing to be desired, being drained by the South Branch of Raritan River and many affluents, the largest ofwhich are Mine1 and Walnut brooks and the three Neshanicrivers.

Among the 82 sites located there were at least two whichappear to have been regular village sites by reason of the varietyand numb er o f imp le men t s t hey y ie lded . One o f th e se i s a t

1 Mine Brook as named here i s ca l l ed Walnu t Brook on the S ta te map ,

and the name Walnut is here appl ied to the branch which joins i t about amile south of Flemington.


25 Holcomb Mills, the other at Copper Hill on the banks of theSecond Neshanic. Then there were more thin a dozen largesites which from the chips which litter the surface were evi-dently workshops. They were mostly distributed along Mine(Walnut) Brook, others were on the banks of Raritan Riverand at the headwaters of the Second Neshanic River. A clusterof 12 sites was found just north of Flemington and othersagain lay near big springs, which are quite abundant hereabouts.A burial site containing one Indian skeleton is within the townlimits, and a rock shelter, now totally destroyed, lay east ofKlinesville. Rows of sites have been noted along some of thestreams, lying so close together as to coalesce the one into theother.

MINOR DISTRICTS.

In addition to the seven important centers already noted, thereare others which possessed in a lesser degree or in a smallercompass those qualifications which appealed to the aborigine.In some of these the crowding of camps was as pronounced asat the favored spots already mentioned, although the area cov-ered was much smaller. These minor districts may be listed asfollows: Altogether eleven minor districts have been distin-guished, namely, (a) Johnsonburg and vicinity; (b) Musconet-cong Valley; (c) Pohatcong Creek Valley; (d) Pequest RiverValley; (e) Green Pond; ( f ) Scot ts Mountain; (g) NorthBranch of Rockaway; (h) South Branch of Rockaway; (i)Chambers Brook; (j) South Branch of Raritan River and trib-utaries; (k) Smaller tributaries of Delaware River.

Johnsonburg and Vicinity.—This is a rough stretch of coun-try traversed by many limestone ledges and watered by Johnson-burg Creek, Bear Creek and Trout Brook, all flowing intoPequest River. Separating the rocky hills are numerous smalllevel or gently rolling tracts, usually along the streams. Herethe surface soil is usually a sandy or gravelly loam easily culti-vated.

Of the twenty-nine sites located four were rock shelters.Some are near springs, others on the banks of brooks, or at theedge of swamps, which were plentiful in this region. Eightsites, including a rock house, were found in the neighborhoodof the “big woods,” an extremely rugged section of country justsouth of Yellow Frame Church, and another group of seven liesbetween Kerr’s Corners and Johnsonburg in a region dottedwith many small bogs and drained by Johnsonburg Creek.


26 Musconetcong Valley.—Musconetcong Valley, lying between

Allamuchy, Upper Pohatcong and Pohatcong mountains on thenorthwest, and Schooley and Musconetcong mountains on thesoutheast, is drained by Musconetcong River and numerous trib-utaries, which flow in narrow trenches sharply cut in the gentlyrolling floor of the valley. The rock of the valley is shale andlimestone, but the adjoining highlands are gneiss.

On the whole, sites are not numerous throughout this valley,which is more than 30 miles long and 1 to 3 miles wide. Acrowding of sites was observed at certain points along the river,as south of Beattystown, at Penville, on the river banks southof The Point, west of Hampton, at Asbury, and in the countryabout Bloomsbury. All except seven lay on or near the banksof Musconetcong River, the others were either along the east-erly base of Upper Pohatcong Mountain or on the slopes ofMusconetcong Mountain about a mile east of the river. Nearlyall appeared to have been mere camping grounds giving no indi-cation of permanent habitation. A few of them may be re-garded as workshops by reason of the great quantities of chipsand rejects covering the surface. A cave claimed to have beenused by the Indians was noted on the west bank of Musconet-cong River in a limestone ridge opposite Hampton, and anaboriginal burial place lay on Musconetcong Mountain, a milesoutheast of Warren Paper Mills.

The survey proved somewhat disappointing since the writerhad expected to find an ever-increasing number of sites as Dela-ware River was neared. However, this was not the case, asonly six sites were located along the last 4 miles of Musconet-cong River. The total found in the valley is forty-nine.

Pohatcong Valley.—Pohatcong Creek rises near the summitof Upper Pohatcong Mountain, 1146 feet above tidewater, fol-lows a southwesterly course and empties into Delaware Riverbelow Carpenterville. Eighteen sites were noted in this districtif we include within it a few isolated sites on Pohatcong Mountain on the southeast. Nine of these sites are on the banks ofthe creek, most of the others on its tr ibutaries. A group offour sites occurs at an elevation of 840 feet above sea level, ashort distance north of Mount Bethel. No village site wasidentified within this region.

Pequest Valley.—Between Townsbury and Bridgeville, a dis-tance of about 6 miles, there are eleven sites on Pequest River,nine on its north bank, two on its south. Four others are fromhalf a mile to a mile south of it, and there are five on the northslope of Mount Mohepinoke. The region for 2 miles northeast


27 of Pequest Furnace was most frequented, for here there are eight sites including a village and. a rock shelter. With JennyJump Mountain and Mount Mohepinoke to the north this partof the valley was well protected from north winds.

In addition to these sites on the lower Pequest, there weresixteen others which were included in the Great Meadows group,so this stream was evidently much visited by the redmen. Withthirty-six sites between Long Bridge and Bridgeville, and otherson tributary streams, Pequest Valley was without question amuch favored district in Warren County.

Green’s Pond.—Ensconced between two mountains, Green’s Pond (recently named Mountain Lake) could not fail to attractthe aborigine. Its sheltered position recommended it as winter quarters, while its fish contributed to his sustenance. It is notsurprising, therefore, that not an acre of shore land but revealshis former presence, either by the ubiquitous arrowhead, themore pretentious stone axe, or fragments of pottery. Asidefrom the natural advantages, the nearness to Delaware Riverand accessibility of the pond contributed to its popularity. Inaddition to isolated finds all around the lake, five well-definedcamping grounds occur, one of which, because of its large size and the profusion of relics, probably should be called a village.It occupied a level tract of land at the southern end of the lakebetween Tamarack Swamp and the foot of Jenny Jump Moun-tain. Another but smaller site was at its northern end and three others are on its east bank.

Scott Mountain.—Although the top of Scotts Mountain pre-sents wide areas of level or gently rolling surface, and streamsand springs are abundant, only nine sites were located within an area measuring approximately 32 square miles. Five ofthese are along Lopatcong Creek, at and above Allen’s Mills ,in what is locally known as Harker 's Hollow; the others arewidely separated but in each case near the headwaters of abrook.

North Branch of Rockaway Creek.—Thirty-five sites have been found within the terr i tory drained by the North Branchof Rockaway Creek. A few are located in the hilly regionbetween Mountainville, Fairmont, and Califon, chiefly along ornear the streams, but the larger number occur in the lower coun-try east of Apgar’s Corner. No one was of large size such asbetokens relative permanency of occupation; most of them wereordinary camping grounds, but one, on the west bank of thecreek just north of White House Station, was apparently aworkshop, since large numbers of flakes now cover the surface.


28 Nothing authentic could be learned about any burial place, nor was any rock shelter found.

South Branch of Rockaway Creek.—In the region drainedby the South Branch of Rockaway Creek west of White HouseStation, about twenty sites were found, most of them, merelycamping grounds, probably occupied for only brief periods.There were three areas where the profusion of chips and flakes are still to be found, indicating a workshop. A number of siteslie along the northwest base of Cushetunk Mountain, and sev-eral occur east of White House below the junction of the Southand North Branches. The most important site of the regionwas located on the south bank of Rockaway Creek near its junc-tion with Lamington River. This may have been a village,judging from the great abundance and variety of , chipped tools gathered at that spot.

Chambers Brook.—This brook is about 7 miles long. It rises half a mile south of White House Station and flows in an east-erly direction into the North Branch of Raritan River. A care-ful survey of this strip of country resulted in the finding ofseven sites, two of which were at the headwaters of the brook.

South Branch of Raritan River.—The most important centers of population in the area drained by the South Branch of Rari-tan River, notably High Bridge and Flemington, have alreadybeen described. In addition to these and some smaller centersalso referred to above, there are many scattered sites along thenumerous smaller tributaries. Their location is shown on themap, and the most important of them will be described in the chapter giving local details.

Minor Tributaries of the Delaware.—Practically all tributa-ries of the Delaware, no matter how small, show traces of Indianoccupation, even if nothing more than a few chips or a strayarrowhead. The Indian evidently approached or left the riverby way of the tributary valleys, traveling their whole length andthence over the divide to the headwaters of the next stream.Between Phillipsburg and the Mercer County line fifty-five siteshave been located along the smaller tributaries in addition tothose in the main valley. It is noteworthy, however, that noneof these appeared to have been a village. A few were no doubtworkshops, one was a rock shelter, and another a burial place,all the others being ordinary camping grounds. Thus three siteswere noted on the banks of the Queequawkomisikunk Creek,now known as Hakihokake Creek, five on Hakeohokake, cor-rupted into Harihokake, three on Nississakawah, corrupted intoNishisakawick, ten on Lockatong Creek, f ive on Wickecheoke


29 Creek, and thirteen on Alexsauken Creek and its affluents. Asthe latter stream led to a large aboriginal settlement once situ-ated at the site .of the present city of Lambertville, it does notseem strange that it should have been frequented more than any of the others.

ROCK SHELTERS.

The Indian lived mostly in tents built of poles over whichbark or skins were stretched. These tents could be quicklypitched and in traveling from place to place the squaws usuallydragged the poles along, since they were veritable beasts of burden to whom most of the rough work was assigned. A stil lsimpler sort of dwelling was the so-called tree hut, to constructwhich no material was required. The Indian selected a groupof small trees or saplings standing closely together and united their tops in a common center. Obviously, this kind of habita-tion would be useful only in summer time when the trees werein foliage. There does not appear to be any record among theLenni Lenape Indians, who were the inhabitants of this State, of houses built of hewn timber, such as the so-called “long houses” of the New York Iroquois. In this sense, then, ourNew Jersey Indians had not attained as high a plane of materialculture as was reached by the Six Nations.

In addition to these artificial abodes, the redman made use ofnatural shelters such as were supplied by caves and shelving oroverhanging rocks. In this he followed a tendency common toall primitive peoples the world over, including even the Pueblos,who represented the highest indigenous culture. Consequently,rock houses giving indication of aboriginal occupancy may bemet in all parts of the United States. As already intimated,places of this description are natural rock formations affordingprotection from rain and wind. They occur nearly always atthe foot of a ledge, the upper portion of which projects abovethe floor. Real caverns are extremely rare and when, found show usually much fewer traces of occupation than the rockhouses. In fact, the writer knows some caves that were wholly devoid of any such traces. If, then, rock houses were generallypreferred to caves, i t may be for the reason that the latter arein most cases damp and partially dark, while the former areusually dry and well lighted.

Rock houses are found, of course, only in regions wherenumerous rock cliffs give opportunity for their development, sothat it is generally true that the more rugged a district, thegreater the number of rock shelters. However, some classes of


30 rock lend themselves more readily than others to the formationof these shelters. Certain kinds, such as gneiss and slate, didnot often form good shelters, whereas in sandstone, and espe-cially in limestone districts, rock houses are quite common.

As already stated, the Indian was quick to avail himself ofany covert supplied by nature. In this regard he was a truetroglodyte. But certain conditions had to be fulfilled if a shelterwas to be considered really desirable. In the first place, itsshape must be such as to afford real protection from the rainand wind. A projecting roof was therefore necessary, a roofjutting far out above the floor. Taking the measurements of a hundred rock shelters, the writer found this projection to varyfrom 5 to 25 feet. Next, the height must be sufficient to per-mit the occupants to stand. Shelters, with a low roof wereusually spurned. Again, there had to be a dirt floor under the roof—the softer, the better. If the floor was strewn with rocksthe shelter became less attractive, but if good otherwise, theIndian would probably remove the rocks. That the characterof the floor was a factor for or against a shelter may be inferredfrom the fact that several are known which, although good inother respects, were not utilized evidently for no other reason than that they had a stony and uneven floor.

Another factor of importance was a good supply of waterconveniently near, even as it was in the selection of a campingground. Needless to say that many a fine rock shelter wasavoided just because of this deficiency. Exposure seems to havebeen, of minor concern, as it apparently did not matter muchwhether the rock house opened to the south or north. Neitherdid its situation matter much, however inaccessible, so long asthe main conditions were complied with. When on the chasethe redskin would go anywhere, penetrating the wilderness andtracking his prey to its very lair. Thus, no part of the country was inaccessible to him if he so chose, and rock houses onceoccupied by him have been found in the most secluded mountaindistricts. Rock shelters that were, hard to approach and laymiles away from the beaten path were, however, seldom visited,even by hunters. Sojourning but a brief time, they left fewtraces to remind us of their former presence under these rocks.All that we find are mostly chips and arrowheads buried in thesubsoil at varying depths. In these shelters fragments of pot-tery are invariable absent, as hunters did not encumber them-selves by carrying pots. On the other hand, rock houses situ-ated nearer the trails were more often visited even by womenand children. In these cases the remains found deposited in the


31 debris are generally of a more varied description, including oftengreat quantities of potsherds, along with arrow points and bones.Some of these rocks give evidence of prolonged occupation,others again were apparently tenanted only for a very short period. The aborigine not infrequently improved this sort ofhabitation by leaning poles against the ledge and covering themwith skins or bark. In this way he could enlarge its shelteredspace and keep it warm.

A thorough search of Warren and Hunterdon counties re-sulted in the discovery of thirty-one rock shelters containingremains of aboriginal culture. Twenty-nine of these were in Warren, and only two in Hunterdon County. In Sussex County,which was investigated during the summer of 1913, twenty-five of these interesting sites were located. Moreover, in the lightof our present knowledge it is quite certain that the SussexCounty rock shelters are, in the variety and number of artifactsfound, of somewhat superior archæological significance to thoseof Warren and Hunterdon counties. A comparison between thetwo groups of shelters shows that the Sussex shelters were morefrequently occupied. Furthermore, there were among theirnumber four rock houses of the first order as against one inWarren. This particular shelter is si tuated on Delaware Rivera short distance north of Dunnfield. Although it is the, mostimportant in the two counties of all those known to the Survey,it does not compare favorably with any of the four great shel-ters located in Sussex. The other shelters, namely, twenty-sevenin Warren and two in Hunterdon County, are of little impor-tance if we are to judge by the scarcity of prehistoric remains,many of them containing only broken pieces of pottery, a fewbones, and fresh water shells.

In Warren, as in Sussex County, the shelters occur mostfrequently wherever limestone ledges are common. These aremore abundant in the nor thern par t of the county, nor th ofthe terminal moraine which marks the southern limit of the iceduring the last glacial epoch. South of this line rock ledges aremuch less numerous, the topography being less rugged and therock more uniformly covered with a mantle of soil. North ofthe moraine, the ice scraped bare the rock over wide areas,scored it deeply, and left behind a region marked by countlessledges of irregular shape and in many places of fantastic outline.

Fourteen rock shelters were discovered in Paulins Kill Valley,all but one in limestone. Twelve of them lay between the Killand the foot of Kittatinny Mountain, the other two just southo f t h e K i l l . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e o th e r s w a s a s f o l l o w s :


32 Three were scattered along Delaware River, four in the vicinityof Johnsonburg, two near the Great Meadows, one in PequestValley, one near Green Pond, and five in Beaver Brook Valley.Twenty-one shelters were in limestone, two in sandstone, twoin slate rock, and two in gneiss.

Careful exploration of Kittatinny Mountain between the Sus-sex County line and Delaware River failed to disclose a singlerock house either on the top of the mountain or on its slopes.Two, however, were found amid the cliffs at the Delaware Water Gap.

It is characteristic of the Warren County rock houses thatthey are each and all easily accessible. None of them lies inan out-of-the-way place, but all are rather near where we maysuppose the redman’s trails to have been. This being the case, the scantiness of aboriginal remains under their roofs is themore surprising, since easy accessibility would seem to favorfrequency of occupation. It is therefore quite certain that allthese shelters were but little used, least of all as winter quarters,as in that case the debris would be comparatively rich in objectsof primitive origin, both of the chase and of domestic use.

An interesting observation made in connection with theserock houses is the fact that the culture layers under some of them contained only potsherds, a few bones, and unio shells,while implements of war or of the chase were conspicuouslyabsent. Places such as this, which reveal only traces of a dis-tinctly feminine character, have been designated squaw shelters,for it is known that all Indian tribes reserved such coverts forthe exclusive use of their women. As may be expected, theyordinarily lie near the settlements and sometimes another shelteris close by which was used by all, as indicated by the nature ofthe remains. A case of this kind was noted at the DelawareWater Gap, where there are two rock houses not far apart, onegiving evidence of male occupation, the other containing onlysome bones and pottery. Six of these so-called squaw shelters have been discovered, most of them in Paulins Kill Valley.

While the great majority of all shelters are simply over-hanging ledges, a few are caves, as, for example, the Pox Hole at Jacksonburg, the Devil’s Kitchen between Ebenezer andKerr’s Corners, the Wolf Den at Southtown, and the FairyHole on the northeastern slope of Jenny Jump Mountain. Allof them were once visited by the redman.

The Devil’s Hole near Johnsonburg belongs to the same cate-gory, but it is not sure whether it was ever occupied by theIndian. To decide this question would require the use of a der-


33 rick, for it is now partially filled with boulders which cover allof its dirt floor. It is a large hole in the limestone rock, about12 feet below the ground, with plenty of light and air and witha subterranean passage extending from its rear. Near by, alsoat Johnsonburg, is the Devil’s Wheelwright Shop. This, too,may have been frequented by the Indians, as it is in close prox-imity to a large ancient camping ground. At present there isnothing left of it but a cleft in the limestone rock, but formerly before a part of the cliff was blasted away to make room forthe new line of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Rail-road, it was a much larger place with a projecting rock in front.

Several good natural shelters in Warren County have evi-dently never been resorted to by the redskins. Among theseare a slate rock shelter at Blair’s Creek Falls, south of FranklinGrove; another slate rock shelter on the north bank of HoneyRun, one mile southwest of Swayze’s Mills; one-half a mile north of Karrsville on Upper Pohatcong Mountain; a smallcave at Shiloh; and Rock Hannah north of the eastern entranceto the Musconetcong tunnel, near West Portal. This latter rocklies on the upper slope of the mountain at an altitude of about700 feet above sea level and at a point where it may be easilycrossed. Toward the south the rock rises as a cliff at the footof which there is a spacious shelter fronting south and there-fore well protected from north winds. There is no water withinseveral hundred yards of this rock, and the excavation of itsfloor proved futile. Had this rock lain near some water supplythe redman would in all probability have utilized it.

Both of the Hunterdon County shelters were of little valuealthough quite favorably situated. One of them is at Milford,on the east bank of the Hakihokake (Oueequawkomisikunk)Creek, under an overhanging ledge of red shale. The other isin the gneiss rock, at Stone Mill, 1 mile north of High Bridge,on the west bank of the South Branch of Raritan River. Inaddition to these there are in Hunterdon County a number ofcaves in a more or less dilapidated condition which traditionclaims to have been occupied by the aborigines. There is asmall cave on the east bank of Spruce Run nor th of Cl in tonin a limestone ledge on the Conover farm, now filled with fallenrocks, so it could not be investigated. A second lay on the oppo-site side of Spruce Run, also in the limestone. While it is nowwiped out, old residents of this locality claim to have securedthere various relics of Indian origin. There was a third in theshale rock formation south of Everittstown near the banks ofthe Nississakawah Creek, but as its roof had collapsed explora-tion was out of the question.

3 BUL 18


34 There is good ground for thinking that there were formerly

a number of rock shelters along the base of the red shale cliffsskirting Delaware River between Holland Station and Milford,but they have been destroyed to make room for the highway andthe Belvidere Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Thereare even now several good shelters among these cliffs but they are mostly high above the river, and they proved on investiga-tion to be devoid of all s igns of former habitation. A smallrock house near Mount Carmel has likewise met with destruc-tion.

Finally, two rock houses were located in the northern por-tion of the county, namely, Wolf Rock on Musconetcong Moun-tain, a short distance north of Wood Glen, and Sheep Rock onthe western slope of the mountain, just east of Mountainville.Although of excellent configuration neither contained any tracesof prehistoric occupation, probably because water was too faraway to make these shelters desirable.

BURIAL GROUNDS.

It is altogether probable that the Lenni Lenape Indians, like

ourselves, disposed of their dead by burial in graves, but thesewere usually quite shallow—only from 1 to 3 feet deep. Burn-ing their corpses on funeral pyres, or depositing them in thebranches of a tree, were methods peculiar to many tribes inother parts of the country.

The fact that the redskins were in possession of the land for untold centuries might lead one to think that their remainswould frequently be discovered, and our knowledge of the pre-historic burial places might be much more comprehensive thanit really is. On the contrary, our information of these ancient cemeteries is exceedingly meager. It is true that the Indianpopulation of this State amounted only to a few thousands, butit is equally true that an occupation extending over long periodsof time would counterbalance the effects of a scant populationin regard to aboriginal remains of any kind.

Since the number of graves known to us is extremely smallwhen contrasted with the hundreds of ancient camp sites knownall over the State, the question naturally arises—what became of them. The answer will be suggested by the following con-siderations. In the first place, Indian graves are not recogniz-able nowadays by outward signs marking them as such. Whilein Indian times they might have been distinguished by piles ofstones, or wooden head posts, or even by being fenced around,


35 these external indications have long ago been obliterated eitherby the action of the elements or the activities of the white man.Again, there are no traces left of the more ancient graves, thebones having crumbled to dust long before this. I t must alsobe remembered that tradition or history is quite mute on thispoint, that in but very few cases has any definite informationin relation to the exact site of aboriginal cemeteries been trans-mitted to posterity. Yet there can be little doubt that the num-ber of graves in a tolerably good state of preservation is consid-erable, and that they are more widespread than our presentknowledge would indicate. It is certain that many of them willnever be discovered, and that others will no more be recognizableeven if excavated.

At best the discovery of an Indian grave is largely a matterof chance. In places, bones of undoubted Indian origin havebeen found when grading a street, or making an excavation fora house; they have occasionally been turned up by the plow orexposed to view by washouts due to heavy rains.

It has quite generally been held that the redman in selectinga last resting place for his dead gave preference to the sunnyside of the hills, especially if the soil consisted of fine light sandor gravel. This supposition has not been borne out in the caseof the Indian cemeteries found in Warren County. While suchlocalities were sometimes selected, the survey of this countyshowed that burial places may be met in almost any kind of territory. To illustrate, one large prehistoric cemetery is re-ported to l ie on the top of Jenny Jump Mountain, another onthe southern slope of Kittatinny Mountain, others again are inDelaware and Paulins Kill Valleys, now in a level field, now ontop of low ridges. Most often the soil containing the remains consists of light sand, but at other places it is gravelly andeven rocky. Sometimes the burial ground is in the heart of anaboriginal settlement or in its vicinity, sometimes it is in out-of-the-way places miles away from any known camp, and insome cases only a single grave was found.

What information the writer has regarding Indian graves isnot the result of his own discoveries but is derived from peopleliving near them. This information, scant as it may be, is in every instance fairly well corroborated. Through local assist-ance 26 localities were noted where human bones of Indianorigin had been found, namely, 18 in Warren and 8 in Hunter-don County. Ten of these seem to mark the sites of prehistoric cemeteries by reason of the relatively large number of deadbodies once bur ied there. Four of them are in Delaware River


36 Valley, the others l ie inland. The best known, and probablythe largest aboriginal burial-place in Warren County is at Calno,on the farm of the late Andrew Ribble on the top of a low ridgeabout 1200 yards from Delaware River. Others lie at Dunn-field in the valley between Delaware River and the foot of BlueMountain; at Delaware, on the top of a hill near the river; atHolland Station, on a high sandy bank close to Delaware River;on the southern slope of Blue Mountain, 3 miles north of Jack-sonburg; on a ridge north of Walnut Valley, less than a milefrom Paulins Kill; one on the summit of Jenny Jump Moun-tain, 1½ miles north of Butzville.

In addition to these, smaller burials have been discovered atHutchinson; north of Iron Mountain; south of the PumpingStation, and at another point in Phillipsburg; at Lopatcong, 1mile east of Delaware River; at Milford, on the ground of theWarren Paper Mills; north of Frenchtown; between Brookville and Lambertville. There are others on Musconetcong Mountain southeast of Warren Paper Mills; at the southern slope ofCushetunk Mountain, near Stanton; and between Mount Airyand Ringoes.

Single graves have been found at Shoemaker’s Ferry on Del-aware River, in Paulins Kill Valley between Shuster’s Pond and the Kill, and in the town of Flemington.

Single skulls were found on Delaware River near the mouthof Stony Brook, at Kalarama, and on George Wildrick’s farm,1 mile north of Pequest Furnace.

Lastly, a large quantity of human bones unquestionably be-longing to the Indians was discovered in a fissure among therocks on Delaware River between Delaware and Columbia.Another ossuary was found at Vulcanite, Warren County, 2 miles east of Delaware River.

TRAILS.

General Factors.—The subject of ancient trails involves some

of the most difficult problems with which the investigator hasto deal. While once these prehistoric highways were very realand easily discernible at least to those who used them, there arenowadays practically no traces left indicating the course they took. By their very nature they are evanescent and exist onlywhen in constant use. The moment they ceased to be troddenby the feet of those who made them, vegetation began to oblit-erate them. Efforts at this late date to determine their location are therefore largely conjectural. At the best we can only draw


37 inferences and make deductions based chiefly on the distributionof camp sites and the topography.

Thus, in the absence of any direct observation of the trailsthemselves, our attempt to reconstruct them, figuratively speak-ing, can at best be only approximately correct. In discussingcamp sites, rock shelters, and even graves, we always stand onsolid ground with substantial telltale marks coming to our aidand elucidating many an obscure problem. In the matter oftrails, on the other hand, we are wholly dependent upon indirector circumstantial evidence, a course of procedure always imply-ing some uncertainty in the conclusions reached.

The following principles are probably safe guides in the at-tempt to locate these forgotten highways. Trails most com-monly followed the water courses, usually close to the river anddeviating only where physical obstacles interfered. Since, fur-thermore, all primitive life converged toward the river valleys,it is quite obvious that along them trails both great and smallwere most numerous. That many lakes were once skirted bytrails is equally certain, for they were all visited by the redman.Permanent villages and the larger camp sites were unquestion-ably connected by well-trodden paths. It follows, of course,that the more favored a district the greater the number ofaboriginal highways leading toward and intersecting it. Con-versely, it must be, true that the least favored districts werethose with the fewest number of trails. Yet there were no doubtmany trails running through inhospitable regions merely for thesake of direct routes between principal districts.

It has already been intimated that there were great and smalltrails. The important ones were often hundreds of miles long,had distinct names, and were known far and wide. A pre-historic avenue of this kind was the famous Minisink Path,running from Elizabethport to the country of the Minisinks onDelaware River, south of Port Jervis, and referred to in early deeds. These great highways were periodically used by theIndians when traveling from the inland country to the ocean.Aside from these, a network of small or secondary trails with-out question connected the many camp sites in the various dis-tricts, new ones being added and old ones abandoned as thepopulation shifted.

That the Indians regarded the mountain t racts as undesir-able for habitation is evident from the total absence there ofany but occasional small camps. Yet there is no doubt thattrails pierced these mountain barriers and were traveled at cer-tain seasons by the red huntsman, invading their soli tudes for


38 the sake of game. Although he was distinctly a dweller of thelowlands, securing most of his prey along the shores of rivers,lakes and swamps, he was at times compelled to penetrate themountains, for they were the habitat of certain species of animalsvaluable for their hides, among them bears, wolves and cat-amounts. On these hunting expeditions he sought the shelterof a rock house many miles f rom his s tar t ing point , or madea temporary camp. It is probable that on these trips he did notwander at random, but in coming and going followed more orless definitely marked paths whose location was controlled chieflyby the topography.

Since each camp, if more than that of a single lodge, marked a definite point on some trail, important or otherwise, a row ofsites all close together fixes a trail beyond much question, par-ticularly if the lay of the land be such as to leave no choice ofroute. In such a case the route of travel undoubtedly connectedthe various sites in the most direct and the easiest manner.Again, we may not be far from the truth in presuming thatmost large sites were situated along the important highways,while many of the smaller ones lay on secondary trails. Theproblem of ascertaining their approximate location grows more difficult in regions where sites are scarce, but here topographyoften comes to our aid.

One more point must be considered. It must be rememberedthat not all the sites in any large district were contemporaneousin the sense of all being occupied at the same time; far from it. In consequence of the redman’s nomadic mode of living, campswere always being shifted. Owing to these fluctuations of primi-tive society, it often happened, no doubt, that now a regionwould witness a great influx of people, now a general exodus.This fact is easily lost sight of, as any group of sites now locatedis likely, to convey the impression of permanence of populationand contemporaneity of occupation. The fact, however, thatthe population was migratory and all the camp and village sitesnow known were not occupied simultaneously, does not destroythe validity of the conclusion that the location of the ancienttrails is in large measure indicated by the distribution of campsas now found, it being recognized that along every importantroute of travel there were many deserted sites. In brief, whethera site was now vacant, now occupied, is quite immaterial to theproblem under discussion. Each of them helps us in sheddingsome light upon it.

We know that the redskin was naturally lazy and that in his t ravels he a lways obeyed the law of leas t res is tance. Accord-


39 ingly, he often made a detour for the sake of easy travel, andhe circled a mountain rather than to climb straight across. Thisbeing so, we may imagine that most of his trails were quitecrooked. But as he generally evinced a remarkable knack inchoosing the best route compatible with directness, it is not sur-prising to find that many of our modern highways and railroadsfollow closely the lines of prehistoric thoroughfares.

On the strength of the two factors discussed above we arejustified in assuming the existence in Warren and Hunterdoncounties of several great ancient highways, namely, those ofDelaware Valley, Paulins Kill Valley, Beaver Brook, Pequest Valley, Pohatcong Creek, Musconetcong Valley, Fast Branchof Raritan River, and Minisi-Neshanic-Alexsauken creeks. Aside from these there were no doubt many trails of second-ary importance following mostly the smaller streams and serv-ing as connecting links between the principal highways.

Delaware Valley Trail .―This trail is probably the most im-portant and at the same time the least conjectural, for in tracingit we are guided by an almost continuous series of camp and village sites strung along the banks of the river, and by thetopography. The sides of the narrow trench occupied by theDelaware are usually steep, everywhere well defined, and forthe most par t only a few hundred yards from the r iver . Inview of this we may presume that the trail connecting the set-tlements lay close to the river.

Its Warren County portion began north of Calno. At thispoint it probably branched, if we may judge by the distributionof sites, one arm running along the river, the other followingVan Campen’s Brook to Millbrook, thence perhaps back to theriver at Flatbrookville, in Sussex County. South of Calno itmust have clung closely to the river for topographic reasons, atleast as far as the Water Gap, and most likely also farther southas indicated by numerous river settlements. That minor trailsran up the mountain at different points may be taken forgranted.

Between Columbia and Delaware the trail probably took tohigher ground along the top of the hill rather than along thealmost precipitous slope next to the river. This assumption issomewhat supported by the fact that three camp sites are scat-tered along the hillside high above the river near where theancient highway is quite likely to have passed.

Between Holland Station and Milford, and particularly be-tween Kingwood and Byram, where no traces of camp sites werenoted in a distance of 4 miles, cliffs rise so steeply close to the


40 river that it seems probable that the trail left the valley andcrossed the neighboring hills.

Paulins Kill Valley Trail.—There can be no doubt that this valley was also traversed by a great prehistoric thoroughfare, but its, location is less definitely known for the valley is broadand there were many possible routes. The most important trailthrough this region probably wound along the Paulins Kill, formost of the sites are distributed along its banks at short inter-vals. There may have been a trail on both sides of the Kill, butthat on its north bank appears to have been most frequentedsince the majority of sites are on that bank.

The occurrence of camp sites along brooks in this sectionsuggests several other routes of travel, since we know that theredskin was wont to follow the water courses. Thus, he seemsto have traveled along Stony Brook, a tributary of Delaware River, scattered remains and a couple of sites having been notedon its banks. Yard’s Creek was followed all the way to CatfishPond, on Kittatinny Mountain. A much-traveled route lay evi-dently on the high ground west of Jacksonburg Creek, beginningnear its confluence with Paulins Kill and running northwardlyto Catfish Pond. Considerable significance seems to attach tothis route from the fact that it is mentioned in an ancient deedissued in 1752 to one Lazarus Adams. This individual acquired a tract of land south of Cedar Lake, the western boundary ofwhich is described as lying 800 yards east of a famous Indian trail, called the “Minisink Path.” While nothing was said aboutthe direction it took south of the lake, the deed stated that i tpassed a big spring, now known as “Rattlesnake Spring,” near Kalarama, and fording Paulins Kill, pursued a northerly courseto the foot of Kittatinny Mountain, thence to Catfish Pond.This route was a famous Indian highway, one often referred toin ancient deeds as running from Elizabethport to the countryof the Minisinks, south of Port Jervis. As elsewhere, practicallynothing is known as to its exact location. The information con-tained in the Adams deed is valuable in that it defines a portionof it, however small. South of Cedar Lake, the Minisink trailmay have passed close to the camps about Silver Lake, but thisis a mere suggestion, as there is nothing to aid us in determiningits course.

The distribution of sites north of Blairstown indicates anothertrail route which skirted Blair’s Creek and ran north to SandPond.

The fact that the Great Paulins Kill trail joined the DelawareValley trail at Columbia was bound to make that region one ofgreat importance as a headquarters of aboriginal life.


41 Beaver Brook Valley Trail.—The distribution of sites along

Beaver Brook and some of its affluents seem to bespeak the pres-ence of several ancient thoroughfares in the region west andnorth of Jenny Jump Mountain. The most important of these followed, no doubt, Beaver Brook, the principal stream, begin-ning at Belvidere and running in a northeasterly direction toSilver Lake and beyond to the limestone country around John-sonburg. It appears to have branched a few miles north ofSarepta, one route bearing northward along Mud Run towardMount Herman. Another bifurcation seems to have been nearHope, whence a trail followed Trout Brook toward Southtown, with a branch at Shiloh across Jenny Jump Mountain to theGreat Meadows. All this may be inferred with some degreeof certainty from the grouping of sites thereabouts.

Pequest Valley Trail.—If we may trust the testimony of theremains found all through this valley, i t must have been thesite of another great aboriginal highway, which skirted Pequest River from Belvidere to Quaker Church and beyond. NearButzville a branch probably turned off to Green Pond, andanother up a small stream at the southern base of Cat SwampMountain. The Great Meadows being surrounded by sites werewithout question encircled by a trail. Seemingly, another trailbranched off near the confluence, of Pequest River and BearBrook, following the latter stream to Johnsonburg.

We may presume that the Pequest and the Beaver Brook trails joined at the confluence of these two streams. At this point, 2 miles northeast of Belvidere, there are indications of alarge prehistoric settlement.

Pohatcong Creek Trail.—In the section lying between theheadwaters of Pohatcong Creek, near the summit of UpperPohatcong Mountain and New Village, there are sufficient campsites along the creek to suggest a trail and its approximatecourse. Moreover, judging from the distr ibution of sites atboth ends of a gap across the mountain north of Karrvi l le , i tis possible that an ancient path crossed at this point and soestablished communication with the settlements of Pequest River.

Owing to the absence of sites throughout the lower portionof the valley from Willow Grove to Delaware River, a distanceof about 9 miles, we are without data suggesting the former occurrence of a trail, let alone the direction it may have taken.Although no traces of former occupation excepting an ossuarynear Vulcanite and 4 sites at the mouth of the creek have beenobserved, yet the nature of the country is such that a prehistoricpath probably traversed all this valley to the Delaware, the more


42 so as traveling through it was not attended with any particulardifficulties.

Musconetcong Valley Trail.—Although the number of campsites scattered along the banks of Musconetcong River is com-paratively small, there being sections a and 3 miles long devoidof any well-defined traces of occupation, it may be taken forgranted that a prehistoric thoroughfare skirted this stream itsentire length. This does not preclude the possibility of othertrails traversing the valley in various directions, but if therewere such nothing tangible is known as to their whereabouts.The river trail may, however, be ascertained with some degreeof accuracy by means of the sites strung along its banks.

In addition to the main trail along the valley, the author isinclined to believe that a path diverged from MusconetcongRiver somewhere near The Point and extended across the valleyto Port Colden, where there is a group of sites, and thence to the Pohatcong Valley, a route now followed by canal, railroad,and highway. Local tradition claims that Musconetcong Valleyand the Raritan Valley were joined by an Indian path whichcrossed Musconetcong Mountain by way of Glen Gardner, fol-lowing the deep gorge now utilized by the Central Railroad ofNew Jersey and the highway. This was probably the main trailacross the mountain, but there appears to have been an auxiliarypath across it as shown by a row of sites along the upper courseof Spruce Brook from Junction via Red Mill, Newport, andLitt le Brook to German Valley. In addition to these, othertrails may have crossed the mountain near West Portal, wherethere is a gap, near Bloomsbury, and also at Warren PaperMills.

It will have been observed that all the great trails in WarrenCounty led toward Delaware River. This fact serves to empha-size size the important part anciently played by this stream as thegreat avenue of communication between the various tribes ofthe Lenni Lenape.

Two more great primitive highways and several minor onesremain to be discussed. They are in Hunterdon County.

South Branch of Raritan River Trail.—Since two great cen-ters of Indian occupation lay near the South Branch of theRaritan, High Bridge and Flemington, and there is hardly amile along its banks but gives some indication of the redman’s presence, it seems certain that an important thoroughfare oftravel lay close to this stream although there are now no signsof its actual position. The river being navigable along most ofits course, canoeing was no doubt much resorted to in traveling


43 from place to place, but as canoes were not always availableexcept perhaps at those settlements which were more perma-nently occupied, we may presume that most Indians followedthe land route, which hugged the river closely, or deviated fromit, as demanded by the topography. Over long stretches it seemsto have kept close to the water, if we are to believe the testi-mony of sites most of which are strung along its banks. Theregion was generally favorable for foot travel, and much ofthe river was, we think, lined by trails on both sides, save per-haps for a few miles north of High Bridge, where rocks andledges near the water 's edge may have compelled the Indian tomake a detour.

It is probable that branch trails led from the main thorough-fares along the river. Two probably branched off near Califon,one of them running up Fox Hollow, the other passing up thehills toward Lower Fairmount, a row of sites extending in thelatter direction may well serve to indicate the route it took.

Another thoroughfare seems to have skirted MulhockawayCreek, and by crossing the mountain near West Portal mayhave afforded another route to Musconetcong Valley. Again,there is little doubt that a trail wound along Capoulin Creek, ifwe may attach any significance to the distribution of sites throughout this region. There is a tradition that an aboriginalhighway ran along the divide between the Mulhockaway drain-age and that flowing to the Delaware. Starting near Patten-burg, i t traversed the str ip of country south of Jutland knownas The Barrens, whence it continued across Capoulin Creek toCherryville and Flemington, a route closely followed by high-ways at the present t ime. That a trail skirted Prescott Brookall the way to its headwaters in Round Valley is likewise reason-ably sure. Another seems to have passed along the eastern baseof Round and Cushetunk Mountains connecting the camps nearFlemington with these near White House Station.

Minisi-Neshanic-Alexsauken Trail.—Southwest of Fleming-ton, the trail connecting the many workshops along Mine(Walnut) Brook from Klinesville southward may have extendedvia the headwaters of Neshanic Brook past Copper Hill towardRingoes, thence across the rolling country to the headwaters ofAlexsauken Creek and down that stream to the Delaware. Such seems to have been its course, if we may judge from the dis-t r ibut ion of camp si tes which have been recognized. There isa tradition, however, that the old Indian path followed the highground over the hills from Ringoes to the Delaware via Mount Airy.


44 Minor Trails.—Apart from the more important routes men-

tioned, there were unquestionably many paths traversing the twocounties in other directions. Probably along all the smallertributaries of the Delaware there were paths more or less defi-nitely marked since each of these little streams served as anavenue of approach from the upland country to the great river.In some cases these trails may have run to their very headwaters,in others only a little way up.

An ancient path seems to have followed Harker’s Hollow on Scott’s Mountain along the banks of Lopatcong Creek. InHunterdon County trails flanked the banks of Queequawkomisi-kunk Creek and its branches north of Milford. Other pathsseem to have followed Hakeohokake, Nississakawah, Lockatong,and Wickecheoke Creeks, judging by the distribution of sitesalong their banks.

A well-trodden ancient highway is suggested by the numeroussites scattered along the banks of the North Branch of Rock-away Creek south of Mountainville to its junction with theSouth Branch, thence to Lamington River. Another path ap-pears to have skirted its headwaters from the foot of Fox Hillsouthward to Lower Fairmount, thence in an easterly directionto Pottersville on Lamington River.

The South Branch was doubtless flanked by a prehistoric highway connecting the numerous camp sites dotting its banks,and finally a short but much frequented path appears to havefollowed the small tributary stream between. White House Sta-tion and the base of Cushetunk Mountain, the crowding of sitesnear there bespeaking intense occupation.

RAW MATERIAL FOR IMPLEMENTS.

In the manufacture of his implements the Indian made use

of a great variety of raw materials—animal, vegetable, and min-eral, but only those made of the more durable materials have been preserved. Consequently, our collections of Indian relicsconsist for the most part of articles of stone, such as arrow-heads, spear points, scrapers, knives, celts, awls, tomahawks,hatchets, and netsinkers. Articles of bone and wood were in-deed quite common, but owing to their perishable nature fewsuch specimens have escaped the ravages of time.

The animal kingdom supplied him with hides for blanketsand clothing, those of deer, bear, catamount, and wolf beingprobably the most highly prized. The sinews of deer and otheran imals he used fo r f i sh l ines and bow s t r ings , and a l so fo r


45 hafting the arrowhead to the shaft or the tomahawk to thehandle. Bones were wrought into fish hooks, arrowheads, anddrills, yet objects of this material are now very seldom found, although once no doubt of common use.

Wood, too, was utilized to a great extent. Mortars and cupswere often fashioned from wood; for his bows he preferred thewood of the hickory tree; for the arrow shafts he usually tookdogwood; the stems of bulrushes were used for plaiting intomats; and in some parts of the country birch bark furnishedthe material for his canoes, while dugouts made of differentkinds of wood were used by the redskins of New Jersey.

It does not appear that the aborigines inhabiting New Jerseyand the adjacent territory were acquainted with the art of work-ing metal. In this respect their culture was decidedly belowthat of the tribes living about the Great Lakes, who knew howto mine iron and copper and to hammer it into shape. The sporadic finds of this kind which have been made in this Statemay be considered as importations brought here by barter, suchas existed between most tribes. While exploring the woods atUpper Preakness, north of Paterson, some years ago, the author found a piece of crude ore oval in shape and about the size ofa chicken egg, which was pecked all around and grooved medi-ally so as to resemble a so-called slingshot. Whether or notthis object is of Indian origin cannot easily be ascertained.Some worked copper implements were also unearthed in a littlegully near Delaware River about half a mile north of Riegels-ville, Warren County.

None of the many private collections in Warren and Hunter-don counties inspected by the writer contained any bone imple-ments, nor did he find any while examining the bone depositsunder rock shel ters . The bones found had been cracked forthe marrow but not worked artificially. In Sussex County alsoartifacts of bone seem to have been extremely rare, only onelocality having been noted where they occur. This was in acavern on Wallkill River, 4 miles north of Sussex.

Stone utensils have been found in great profusion throughoutthe two counties. Unlike wood, they last forever as the im-perishable mementoes of former ages. The materials used arethe same as those used elsewhere in the State, and the work-manship exhibited in the artifacts was wholly along conventionallines—that is, like that of other regions. Implements of argil-lite, flint, chert, jasper, slate, quartz, sandstone, quartzite, horn-blende, crystalline limestone, steatite or soapstone, and porphyrywere identified.


46 The majority of arrowheads and spear points consisted of

flint or argillite, while the proportion of jasper was about 1 to 20, in some few localities 1 to 10. Flint was most commonlyused in Warren County, while in Hunterdon County argillitewas the principal material. This is not surprising since thepredominant material on any given site or in any territory isalways that nearest at hand.

Flint and chert, in a sense the most important of raw ma-terials, occur in great abundance in the limestone belts of War-ren County. Being brittle they were well adapted to the makingof points and other tools requiring a high degree of finish. In the regions about Blairstown, near Shuster’s Pond, and between Hope and Southtown, there are many outcrops of cherty lime-stone from which the redmen obtained much of their material.

A very good deposit of flint occurs at the southeastern baseof Mount Mohepinoke between Pequest Furnace and Towns-bury. At this spot there were formerly many indications of anancient mine. On the field along the foot of the ledge there layhundreds of pieces of flint, roughly fractured, together withchips, rejects, fragments of arrowheads, and battered pebbles,which evidently were used for breaking up the large chunks ofraw material. There is therefore little doubt that the redmenresorted to this locality for the purpose of procuring this muchneeded material.

Mr. Walter P. Lewis, of Phillipsburg, N. J., who has madeexhaustive archæologic studies in his own neighborhood, saysthat the prevailing chipped implement in the section about Phil-lipsburg is black flint. Next in order come jasper and quartzite,while the least common is argillite. This is because the numberof argillite implements diminishes with the distance from thesources of supply, which are Flemington and Byram, N. J., andPoint Pleasant, Pa. He believes that the most prized materialin his section of country was jasper, a fact demonstrated by thenumerous examples of broken and reworked implements of thatmaterial. He also thinks that the Indians inhabiting this regionobtained much of their flint at a quarry situated north of Phil-

lipsburg on Delaware River. Jasper was without question in great demand, for, like flint,

chert and argillite, it could easily be worked. Yet being com-paratively scarce, only a small percentage of points were fash-ioned from it. A deposit of jasper has been noted at the north-western slope of Scotts Mountain about 2 miles south of Belvi-dere. As it is quite likely that the savages knew of this place,mu c h o f t h e j a s p e r u s e d i n t h e c o u n t y ma y h e r e h a v e b e e n


47 secured. Another jasper quarry is reported as being situatedon top of the bluffs between Holland and Milford, HunterdonCounty. Jasper occurs also at Durham, Pa., and in the LehighMountains near Allentown, Pa.

Slate, which was also used to some extent, is very common inmany sections of Warren County. Steatite occurs at the north-eastern slope of Jenny Jump Mountain, but chiefly on DelawareRiver a short distance north of Phillipsburg. It was highlyvalued as material for vessels of various kinds. Nothing isknown as to the source of the clay used for pots. Quartzite couldbe secured from the glacial drift. In Hunterdon County there areextensive deposits of a hard dark-colored, brittle, fine-grained rock, locally known as “blue jingler,” but more properly as argillite. Its outcrop extends from the Delaware near Byramnortheast, along the margin of the Hunterdon plateau to Klines-ville and Cherryville northwest of Flemington. The streamswhich flow from this upland have cut deep gorges along which the outcrops and waterwork masses of argillite abound. Withthis abundance of material suitable for the manufacture of arrowpoints and spear heads, scrapers, blades, and various other tools,it is not surprising that large workshops have been discovered along Mine (Walnut) Brook north of Flemington.

While not permitting such a high polish as flint, jasper, andquartz, the argillite could easily be worked into the requisiteshapes, since it is both hard and brittle. With such splendidmaterial at their disposal, the Indians traveling this section usedthe argillite to the almost total exclusion of all other minerals.Flint and jasper implements are therefore rarely found on thenumerous camping grounds situated along the streams and nearthe springs so numerous within this region. The center of theargillite industry appears to have been, a stretch of country onboth banks of Mine (Walnut) Brook f rom Kl inesv i l le downto its confluence with the First Neshanic. A practically un-broken succession of ancient factory sites borders this stream,the fields being littered with untold thousands of chips, rejects,unfinished large blades, and also perfect specimens.

Since this district was once a great headquarters of the pre-historic toolmakers, it is not surprising that about 90 sites have been recognized within a few miles of Flemington. Implementsfrom these and other argillite quarries were disseminated widelyover the State, although, of course, in relatively few numberswith increasing distance from the source of supply. Thus, alongthe banks of Musconetcong River and in some sections northof i t argil l i te consti tutes about one-half of al l the arrowheads


48 and spear points noted thereabouts. And even as far distant asPort Jervis, N. Y., the author discovered traces of a small argil-lite workshop on the hillside bordering the Delaware 2 miles from town.

LOCAL DETAILS. In the following paragraphs no attempt will be made to de-

scribe or even to mention all the camp and village sites observed.Their location is accurately shown on the map accompanyingthis report and is also indicated in the table on p. 72. In many instances there is nothing to be added to the general statementthat Indian relics in varying numbers have been found by localcollectors at these places. Much more information is availableregarding the rock houses which were explored, as well as thelarger camp sites. This is given in the following paragraphs.

DELAWARE VALLEY SITES.

About 150 s i tes have been located on the banks of the Delaware or c loseto i t in Warren and Hunterdon count ies . Most of them represent smallcamping grounds, but several large vi l lages have been found.

Calno.—The broad r iver terraces near Calno at the junct ion of Van

Campens Brook with the Delaware , af forded excel len t camp si tes , and wereextensively ut i l ized. Many ar t i facts , including banner s tones , pipe s tems ofsteat i te , Bel ts , tomahawks, hoes, hatchets , net s inkers , and a small carved image, have been found on the r iver terrace opposi te Depew's Is land . Fl intpredominates over jasper in the proport ion of ten to one. The net s inkerswere al l of the f la t oval type which appears to be character is t ic of the Dela-ware Val ley . The number o f re l i cs and the agr icu l tu ra l implements , sucha s h o e s , p o in t t o a v i l l ag e w i t h c u l t i v a t ed f i e l d s i n t h e v i c i n i t y . T h e s o i li s a f ine sandy loam eas i ly worked even wi th c rude tool s . Po t sherds usedto be very common at some of the s i tes near Calno, but no whole pot hasever been found. The chevron design of decoration, i . e. , zigzag l ines incisedbelow the r im of the pot , seems to have been the prevai l ing type of orna-menta t ion .

In addi t ion to the s i tes near the Delaware, a number have been found a l o n g V an C amp e n B r o o k a s f a r a s t h e v i l l ag e o f M i l lb r o o k . T h e o ldMine Road f rom the copper mines near Poxino Is land to the Dutch set t le-ments a t Esopus on the Hudson is asserted to have fol lowed a more ancientIndian t ra i l , and here led over the upland f ie lds f rom Calno to Mil lbrook.

A pr imeval burial place was , discovered about 1865 or thereaf ter on theo ld Andrew Ribb le fa rm abou t a mi le sou th o f Ca lno and 1200 yards eas tof the r iver (21-32-6-6-7) ,1 on the level r idge. Beads were found in somegraves , and a f l int cross in one. Chips and var ious s tone art i facts wereformer ly qu i t e abundan t he reabouts . P resumably no t a l l o f the g raves have

1 See pp. 70 and 71 for explanation of this system of indicating exact location by numbers.


49 been discovered, as no systemat ic excavat ing has been done and the ex tentof the cemetery is unknown.

On John Stoddard 's farm, near the mouth of Van Campen Brook, manyfine ar t i facts have been gathered, including a soaps tone r ing and severalceremonial s tones. The lat ter were of s la ty mater ial , thin and oval in shapeand per fo ra ted a t one o r bo th ends , p robab ly to be worn suspended f ro mthe neck.

Dimmick’s Ferry.—Seven si tes were located at shor t intervals above andbelow Dimmick’s Ferry. Near the ferry arrowheads, tomahawks, and cel tshave been found. The la t ter , somet imes and probably erroneously cal ledskinning knives , were wedge-shaped, highly pol ished s tone implements , andwere probably used for cu t t ing wood. Severa l ancient f i re pi ts f i l led withcharcoa l , wi th many f ragments o f f resh-wate r musse l she l l s were foundhere 1 to 2 feet be low the surface.

Shoemaker’s Ferry—In 1912, a complete skeleton of a child was unearthedhere in f ine sandy loam at a depth of about 2 feet , and about 20 yards f rom the r iver bank.

Be tween Shoemaker ’s Fe r ry and the Delaware Water Gap , t e r races a refor the most par t absent on the New Jersey s ide of the r iver and the hi l lsr ise s teeply, so that sui table camping ground is lacking. Numerous chips ,arrowheads, and other objects have been found on a smal l terrace nearLabar’s Is land where the out le t of Sunfish Pond cascades down the moun-tain s ide. Another s i te was located at Buckwood Park and two nearKaramac, jus t above the Gap.

Delaware Water Gap.—Two rock shel ters , a vi l lage , several camp s i tes , and a bur ial p lace were located at Delaware Water Gap. Both of the rock houses are above Dunnfield Creek and underneath the ledges of sandstonewhich here form the c l i f fs of Blockade Mountain . The norther ly shel terfaces west , is 150 yards dis tant f rom the r iver , and is pro tec ted from northwinds by a project ing ledge 5 feet wide. I t i s about 12 feet long , 5 feet deep , and 8 to 10 feet high . When discovered the f loor bore no t races ofIndian habi ta t ion, a l though ancient smoke-s ta ined walls and roof ind icated fo rmer occupancy. Chips and a r rowheads were found , however , wi th in afew inches f rom the surface , and i ts complete excavat ion revealed 20 arrow and spear poin ts , hammer s tones, scrapers , and pot tery, as wel l as innumer-able chips . Beneath the surface the debris became darker through the ad-mix tu re wi th ashes and charcoa l , and l a rge numbers o f bones , and tur t l eand unio shel ls were found. The bones were chief ly f rom deer , but therewere also severa l large bird bones, possib ly of the wild turkey. Two f i re-places , one in the lef t -hand corner , the o ther to the r ight , were recognizableby the black soi l and s labs of s tone used in these hearths . A large cel tshowing marks o f f i r e was found in the r igh t -hand f i rep lace a t the bo t tomof the cu l tu re l ayer , which had a th ickness o f 2 f ee t . Tha t the she l te r wasa workshop where the aborig ine fashioned h is implements is shown by thenumerous chips. The fireplaces, bones, and potsherds tel l us of meals cookedand eaten here . No success ion of hor izons , point ing to separate per iods ofoccupat ion , were detected in excavat ing the cul ture layer .

4 BUL, 18


50 The sou ther ly rock she l te r i s smal le r than the one desc r ibed above , and

i s a b o u t 5 0 0 y a r d s d i s t a n t f ro m i t a n d 1 0 0 y a r d s a w a y f ro m t h e r i v e r . I thas a western exposure, is 3 feet deep by 12 feet long, with a roof about 7feet above the f loor. The debris was composed of r ich b lack ear th mixedwith s tones, the surface bare of any remains. Potsherds, some decorated,o thers p la in , to the number o f more than 150 were found here a t dep thsfrom a few inches to 2 feet . Unusual ly large f ragments represent ing the bot tom and s ides of a big pot were found near the center , whi le a few bones,two or three chips , and many potsherds were found to the r ight of the rearwall . In the center c lose to the back wall a f i replace was indicated by f i re-cracked s tones and charcoal .

The proximity of a large camping ground near the mouth of DunnfieldCreek , the absence of s tone implements , and the abundance of potsherdssuggest that i t was a so-cal led squaw shel ter , used only by the women.Other rock shel ters of s imi lar character are known.

Art i facts of many k inds were formerly to be found in the f ie lds a t Dunn-f ie ld , and indicate a camp ground of cons iderable extent . In 1882 excava-t ions for the ra i l road disclosed many human bones in the sandy f ie lds , andeven now an occas iona l f ragment i s washed ou t o f the bank a long thetrack . That there are other graves on ei ther s ide seems reasonably cer tain.The evidence now at hand indicates that lodge s i tes and graves were in ter-mingled , but whether the in terments were made s imultaneously wi th the occupat ion of the camps cannot now be determined.

Another camping ground l ies south of Dunnfield Creek . Unti l the year1882, when in the construct ion of the ra i l road a passageway was blas tedaround the pro ject ing end of Mount Tammany, which here rose s teeply f rom the r iver , this spot was d iff icul t of access from the south. The t raveler hadthe al ternat ive of passing by water in a canoe, or of scrambling across thesteep project ion by the so-cal led “ Indian Ladder”—two large t rees placed aga ins t the c l i f f on oppos i te s ides , wi th b ranches t r imme d so as to se rveas a crude ladder .

Columbia.—Between Delaware Water Gap and Columbia i i s i tes occuralong the r iver bank or in the upland f ie lds . During the great f lood ofOctober, 1910, human remains—undoubtedly of Indian origin,—with a long f l int blade and arrow poin ts , were washed out of the nor th bank of StonyBrook.

The b road loam-covered t e r races border ing the Delaware a t the mouthof Paul ins Kil l have yielded thousands of re l ics , many of them of a highorder of primit ive workmanship. This was unquest ionably the s i te of aprehis toric vi l lage of considerable s ize and importance , s i tuated as i t is a tthe junct ion of the Delaware River t ra i l with that which t raversed thePaul ins Kil l Val ley. The occurrence here of innumerable f lakes , re jec ts , andunfinished tools demonstrates the presence of many a workshop for whichthe numerous f l int nodules in the adjacent ledges of l imestone, as wel l asthe water-worn gravel s tones of the terrace i tse l f , would furnish abundant raw materia l . The re la t ively large proport ion (15 per cent .) of jasper ar t i -fac t s found here i s so mewhat su rp r i s ing , pa r t i cu la r ly in v iew of the fac ttha t no nea rby sources o f th i s r aw ma te r i a l a r e known . The many hoes and


51 similar implements remind us of the prehistoric f ields near the vil lage wherethe squaws raised thei r crops of beans, maize, and perhaps tobacco .

Below Columbia , for a mi le or two the r iver bank is precipi tous , so anyancient Indian t rai l must have lef t the r iver here . The occurrence of twocamp s i tes on top of the h i l l , 250 feet above the r iver , suggest that i t mayhave kep t as c lose to the wate rway as poss ib le , o r i t may have fo l lowedthe route of the present wagon road from Warrington to Delaware .

Delaware .—In blas t ing for the ra i l road r ight of way three-quar ters of a mile nor th of Delaware , many human bones were discovered in a large f is-sure in the rock, in which they seem to have been deposi ted . Presumablythey were Indian remains , a l though no s tone implements or other re l ics weref o u n d w i t h t h e m. S k e l e t a l r e ma i n s w e r e f o u n d ma n y y e a r s a g o o n t o pof the hi l l due north of the depot .

The terrace f la ts a t Delaware are near ly half a mile in width , and arecovered with f ine sandy loam. These f ie lds have yielded numerous rel ics , and when f i rs t t i l led the plow frequent ly laid bare t races of ancient f i re-places bui l t of f la t s tones , and of bake ovens cons tructed of larger s tonesarranged in a square . The earl ies t white se t t lers are reported to have ob-served sweat boxes here . These were the Indian’s subst i tu te for a Turkishbath , and to them great curat ive value was ascr ibed . The pat ien t , naked,entered a smal l chamber constructed of s tones around which a f i re had beenk in d l e d an d the r e r e ma i n e d f o r h ou r s i n p r o f us e p e r s p i ra t i on . A l l t r a ce sof them, however, have passed, and nothing is now found on these f ields butan occasional ar t i fac t .

Smaller vil lage si tes were found on the flats at Ramseyburg and just aboveManunka Chunk . At the fo rmer , po t sherds a re p len t i fu l and re mains o fbake ovens and sweat boxes were noted years ago .

Belvidere.—There was an Indian vi l lage on the north bank of PequestRiver near i ts mouth , a t the present s i te of Belvidere. The f ie lds formerlyabounded in objects of Indian handiwork , among them beaut i ful ly wroughtjasper points , cel ts , and net s inkers . F lakes of various mater ials p icked upeven now indicate the former presence of workshops. Several graves havebeen revealed in excavat ions for ce l lars .

Three miles south of Belvidere a rock house was found at the foot o fl imes tone l edges abou t 50 yards f rom the r ive r . I t a f fo rded scan t p ro tec-t i on f ro m w i nd an d r a in , and jud g i ng b y t h e f ew r e ma i n s f ou nd i t wa sbut seldom vis i ted . Chips of f l int , chert , and jasper , a few crude arrow-heads , some rejects , potsherds, deer bones , mussel and tur t le shel ls are a l lfound. Traces of a f i rep lace were noted c lose to the rear wal l in the cen ter .

Roxburg .—Fourteen s i tes have been located between Roxburg Stat ion andMarble Mounta in near Phi l l ipsburg , the ir posi t ion being shown in detai l onthe map . Chips o f whi te cha lcedony and a human fe mur were washed ou tof the r iver bank at Hutchinson Stat ion by the f lood of 1903, and otherskeleta l remains were unear thed there in 1912 when digging foundat ions forbungalows. Two workshops have been found south of the soapstone quarryat Marble Mountain , and from the southern one, near Hei tzmann 's spring, Dr. Swif t , a p ioneer co l lec tor , in 1845 gathered much materia l , a l l of whichw a s s en t t o C op e nh ag en , D enma r k . M a n y o f t h e r e ma i n s w e r e j a sp e r .


52 Phi l l ipsburg.—The r iver terraces a t Phi l l ipsburg were in prehis tor ic days

frequently occupied by the aborigines , but with the growth of the c i ty mostt races o f th i s occupancy have been ob l i t e ra ted . The f ie lds nor th and sou thof the ci ty pumping s ta t ion have yielded many f l int implements and chips ,and f l in ty l imestone beds near by afforded abundant raw mater ia l . Fromtime to t ime human bones and s tone implements have been revealed intemporary excavat ions , as in 1856 at St . Luke’s Episcopal Church, and in 1915 abou t ha l f a mi le sou th o f the pumping s t a t ion . Former ly , many j a s -per f inds were made near the old Andover Furnace between the canal andthe Pennsylvania Rai l road , but now the s i te is covered by pi les of furnaces l a g . A f e w a r t i f a c t s h a v e b e e n f o u n d o n t h e i s o l a t e d h i l l i n t h e mi d s to f the ra i l road t racks , loca l ly known as Mount Parnassus . Severa l ra ref inds were reported 1 from this vic ini ty, among them two p ictographs. One,n o w th e p rop e r t y o f D r . G e o . C u mmi n s , o f B e l v id e r e , eng r a ve d o n p i ec eof shale , represents a vi l lage; the other , in the col lect ion of Paul S . Tucker ,o f Wes t f ie ld , N . J . , i s a f ragment o f a s tea t i t e banners tone wi th a d rawingof wigwams, a snowshoe, and a t ra i l . I t was found at the Warren l imekilnsnear Carpentersvi l le .

Carpentersvi l le .—For 2 miles or more below Phi l l ipsburg l imestone cl i f fsfront the r iver , but opposite Cl i f fords Is land and thence to Carpentersv i l lethere are broad ter races which have afforded at several points numerousre l ics . So , too , the terraces a t the mouth of Pohatcong Creek, a mi le belowCarpentersvi l le , were the s i tes of former camps or v i l lages .

Riegelsvil le.—Approaching Riegelsville and the country to the south, thereis a not iceable increase in the number of ar t i fac ts made of arg i l l i te and adiminut ion in the proport ion of f l in t and jasper re l ics . As already pointedout (p . 47) , there are ex tensive outcrops of arg i l l i te a long the DelawareRiver near Byram f rom which the aborig ines obtained la rge quant i t ies ofthis mater ial . The locat ion of several smal l s i tes near Riegelsvi l le is shownupon the map.

Holland Sta t ion.—There were several camp si tes a long the r iver nearHolland Stat ion, and at the gravel pi t of Alton Rapp the remains of 31bodies are reported to have been recovered—from a depth of about 3 feet . Most of the bones were crumbl ing, but the tee th were genera l ly well pre-served . The graves contained also arrow points , potsherds , pes t les , and twobaked c lay p ipes o f the shor t “ben t t rumpe t” type . An o ld f i rep lace nea rby yie lded b i t s of charcoal , severa l net s inkers , and arg i l l i te arrowheads.According to local t rad i t ion , which may have very l i t t le value , the bodieswere of those s la in in bat t le during the so-cal led “grasshopper war,” causedby the ch i ldren of two neighboring t r ibes quarrel ing over the possess ion of grasshoppers .

Milford.—There is a success ion of smal l s i tes a long the f la ts betweenMi l fo rd and French town, and a s ing le g rave was found in d igg ing a we l lfor the Warren Paper Mil ls .

Frenchtown.—Three skeletons wrapped in a pecul iar fabric are reported t o h a v e b e e n e x h u me d i n g r a d i n g t h e r a i l r o a d o n t h e f a r m o f E l i j a h C a s e

1 Author i ty o f Wal te r P . Lewis , Ph i l l ipsburg , N. J .


53 north of Frenchtown, and the f ie lds nearer the borough give evidence ofhaving been a smal l v i l lage s i te . There was a larger s i te south of theborough and north of Copper Creek, and occasional camp s i tes betweenthere and Byram, but for much of this dis tance topographic condi t ions wereunfavorable for se t t lements on the New Jersey s ide of the r iver .

Byram .—Below Byram the f ie lds a long the r iver for half a mi le or morehave yielded many chips , rejects , e tc . , which indicate a ser ies of workshopswhere the argi l l i te mater ial was fashioned into implements . Bull ’s Is landwas a l so used as a camping ground , and o ther workshops were loca ted inthe f ie lds below the mouth of Lockatong Creek.

Stockton.—The argi l l i te mater ial was also worked out a t camps in thef ie lds between Stockton and Brookvi l le .

Lambertvi l le .—Several Indian graves were discovered in 1912 at the Ire-land quarry on the brow of Gilboa Hil l , north of Lambertvi l le . They weremarked by p i l es o f rock and the rema ins l ay bur ied a t a dep th of 3 fee t .T h e f a c t t h a t a r r o w po in t s a n d s e ve r a l s to n e h a t ch e t s w e r e d ug up w i t hthe bones would seem to es tab l i sh Ind ian o r ig in . On the I re land farm,s ou th o f t h e q u a r r y , ma n y a r t i f a c t s h av e b e en p lo w ed u p , bo t h on t h ehigh bank near the r iver and on the r idges eas t of i t . Riverv iew Cemeteryand the f ie lds of the J . V. C. Barber farm north of Alexsauken Creek haveyielded a profusion of re l ics—arrowheads , tomahawks, s tone axes , and pot-sherds—many of which are now in the possess ion of Henry C. Boss , ofMilford . In the cemetery s tone art i facts are f requently dug up in excavat ingfor graves .

Lambertvi l le i t self i s bui l t on the s i te of a very important aboriginal set -t lement , but wi th the growth of the modern ci ty evidence of the ear l ier habi -ta t ions has been obl i terated .

South of Lambertville the river flows through a narrow rocky gorge whichi t has cu t in the t rap r idge crossing the r iver a t th is poin t . The r iver banksfor 2 mi les o r more were unsu i tab le fo r camp s i t es and none a re p resen t ,but immediately south of the gorge, a t the county l ine, where the sandyterrace again borders the r iver , a small camp si te marked by chips andbroken arrow points was found.

Dr. C. C. Abbott f igures in his “S tone Age of New Jersey” an axe f romDean’s Is land , near Lambertv i l le .

PAULINS KILL VALLEY SITES. l

In th is group are included not only the s i tes a long the Paul ins Kil l inWarren County, but a lso those in the ro l l ing country between i t and theKi t ta t inny Mounta ins . Al l excep t s ix bur ia l p laces a re s i tua ted c lose tosome water supply—a s t ream, lake , swamp, or spr ing.

Shus ter Pond .—There i s a rock she l te r con ta in ing t races o f the Ind iansin the woods be tween Mud Pond and Shus te r Pond on Mrs . Lou isa War-ner’s farm. I t l ies a t the foot of a low l imestone ledge wi th a patch of s w a m p y g r o u n d o n t h e e a s t . I t f a c e s e a s t , o v e r h a n g s a b o u t 8 f e e t , i s 6

1Those along the Kill in Sussex County were described in Bulletin 13, Geological Sur-

vey of New Jersey. See p . 18 o f the p resen t bu l l e t in fo r summary of the g roup inWarren County.


54 fee t h igh a long the she l t e r l ine bu t s lopes toward the rea r , where i t i s on ly2 feet high , and i t is about 16 feet long . Evident ly only i ts r ight-hand por-t ion had been used. Below a layer of vegetable mould 1 foot thick, pot-sherds , mos t ly cord-marked , came to v iew, reach ing to a dep th o f morethan 2 feet . The soi l was qui te black and revealed an ancient hearth . Thesubsoi l contained some deer bones, unio shel ls , a few f l int and chert ch ips ,and several heat-cracked pebbles . This rockhouse was , i t seems, rarelyresor ted to .

A profusion of arrow points , spearheads, and other art i facts have been f o und o n Ch a r l e s Hu l l ’ s f a rm o n th e no r th s ho r e o f S hu s t e r Po nd . He a p sof f resh-water mussel shel ls were once common. The neighboring l imestoneledges afford an abundance of workable f l in t . Another camp si te was notedon the southwest shore of the pond. Years ago a complete skeleton ofundoubted Indian origin was found under a large f la t rock in a level f ie ldhalf a mile southeast of the pond and about 200 yards north of the Paul ins Kil l .

Paulina.—A small rock shel ter contain ing a few chips and mussel shel lswas discovered at the foot of a high l imestone ledge one- third of a mile nor th o f Pau l ina . I t f aces wes t wi th a smal l swamp in f ron t . Across theroad and a few hundred yards dis tant is another smal l shel ter a t the easternbase of a l imestone cliff . It contained some potsherds, unio shells , chips, anda ne t s inker f l a t , ova l in shape , and no tched media l ly . There were t racesof a f i replace near the shel ter l ine . Both of these rock houses were seldomused, i f we may judge by the few rel ics found.

Blairs town.—For many years the f ie lds west of the Blai rs town cemeteryyielded to col lectors hundreds of Indian re l ics of var ious kinds . Arrow-heads , a large number of pi t ted hand hammers , net s inkers , and tomahawkshave been found , and the p rofus ion of ch ips sca t t e red a l l a round ind ica tethe manufac ture o f imple ments on an ex tens ive sca le . Much jasper wasused on this s i te , and some of the specimens were fashioned with remark-able ski l l . Potsherds were once qui te p lent i ful . The numerous net s inkersprove that f ishing was a common occupat ion. A large spring is c lose a thand. The loamy character of the surface soi l was favorable to the crudemethods of agricul ture . The evidence a l l points to a vi l lage of some im-portance.

Some years ago, in d igging a cel lar , two banner s tones of excel lent work-manship were found in the northern part of the vi l lage, and an Indiancemetery has been ident if ied in Blai rs town on the north bank of the Kil l .Scat tered re l ics have been found at o ther points in and near the vi l lage.

Four rock shel ters have been found among the l imestone ledges northwesto f Bla i r s town. The f i r s t i s nor th o f the v i l l age s i t e desc r ibed above , neart h e r oa d f r o m B l a i r s to wn to J a c ks onb u rg . I t i s 5 f ee t l o ng , 4 f e e t d ee p ,and about 6 feet high . I t has a southern exposure but is remote f rom anypresent water supply. About 200 potsherds were found on the surface andimbedded to a depth of 2 feet . Some of them were decorated with zigzagl ines . The cu l tu re l aye r was b lack so i l con ta in ing f i re -marked s tones .What appeared to have been a f i rep lace bui l t of s labs laid in the lef t -hand c o r n e r o f t h e sh e l t e r . T h e t o t a l a b s en c e o f b o t h s to n e i mp l e me n t s a n d th e


55 re fuse o f the i r making sugges t s tha t the she l t e r was used exc lus ive ly bythe women.

A few chips were found beneath a small overhanging ledge, with eas ternexposure , a f ew hundred years nor theas t o f the squaw she l t e r no ted above .

Hal f a mi le nor th o f Bla i r Hal l i s a h igh l imes tone c l i f f known loca l lya s Sh e ep Ro ck . A t t h e l e f t - h a n d co rn e r t h e r e i s a n a r ro w c l e f t o r c av ejust large enough to admit a man. As the cl i f f crowns a s teep s lope, thisshel ter l ies some 50 feet above the val ley below. I t faces the wes t , and the neares t wa te r seems to have been a swampy t rac t , now a pond , a t the foo tof the s lope. About 200 potsherds, cord-marked and plain , together withdeer and b ird bones, and a few mussel shel ls , were found in the f loor a t adepth of 1 foot or more. From the ent i re absence of implements and chips ,this place also is bel ieved to have been used exclus ively by the women.

Half a mile west of Blairs town and south of the Blairs town–Jacksonburg r o a d , t h e r e i s a s ma l l s h e l t e r a t t h e b a s e o f t h e l i me s t o n e l ed g e s . Th erock faces eas t . A few jasper chips and one t r iangular f l in t point were a l lthat was found here .

For several mi les west of Blai rs town there is a succession of camp si tesalong Paul ins Kil l , ch ief ly on the northern bank. These are shown in detai l on the map.

Jacksonburg .—John C. McConachy has gathered from his farm a milenorth of Jacksonburg and west of the creek a co l lect ion of 11 tomahawksand hatchets , 60 egg-shaped net s inkers , about 200 arrowheads (2 made of quar tz , 15 of jasper , the balance of f l int and chert ) , 1 gorget , 4 bannerstones , 6 hammer s tones , 1 pest le and 1 mortar . The large number of nets inkers in a local i ty where there was no apparent use for them is ratherre markab le . They were no t found in a cache , bu t s ca t t e red ove r the f i e ld s .

A smal l cave was found a t the base o f the l imes tone c l i f f su rmount ingthe s teep s lope jus t above Jacksonburg . I t i s 6 fee t deep , 3 fee t wide , and4 fee t h igh near the open ing , bu t on ly 2 fee t near the end . Severa l t r i angu-lar arrow poin ts , a few chips , and bones were found, and t races of a hearthnear the en t rance .

Kalarama.—A cave-l ike rock house occurs at the southern base of a l ime-s t o n e l e d g e abo u t 2 0 f e e t abo v e t h e ro ad o n Jo s ep h B ro w n ’ s p l a c e n o r t ho f K a l a r a ma . I t i s 8 f e e t d ee p a nd t o f e e t l o ng . I t s r oo f s lop in g d o wn -ward toward the inside is 6 feet above the f loor a long the shel ter l ine butonly 1 foot far thest in . The debris under the rock was composed of r ichblack soi l mixed wi th rocks . Potsherds , both plain and ornamented , lay ont h e su r f a c e . Ma n y mo r e w e r e f o u n d u n d e r h e av y f l a t r o c k s to a d ep th o f2 f ee t , pa r t i cu la r ly a t the rea r , where the roof s l an t s downward . Heretraces of a f i replace were shown by charcoal and smoke-s ta ined pebbles . In addi t ion to the pot tery, some rejects , chips , and bones came to l igh t . Al-though scant , the remains under this rock te l l us something about the doingsof i t s anc ien t occupan t . They show tha t he fash ioned a few too l s , bu i l t af i re and prepared his food , which consis ted chief ly of deer meat , as indi-cated by the bones. Although i t was a fa i r ly good cover t , i t may not haveat t racted many redskins , probably because water does not appear to havebeen near enough to comply with the abor igine’s requirements .


56 An Indian skul l is reported to have been found in a c lef t of l imestone

near the top of the hi l l southwest of Kalarama by Wil l iam J Smith, ofBelv idere , about 1880.

An Indian cemetery is c la imed to be on the hi l ls ide 600 feet above means e a l e v e l a b o u t 2/3 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t o f K a l a r a ma . T h e g r a v e s w e r e s a i dto have been marked or ig ina l ly by heads tones s tood on end . On v i s i t ingthis spot the author was shown one of these composed of red sandstones,which, however, was not in place. As al l other headstones had been re-moved long ago nothing is now known regard ing the exact posi t ion of thesupposed graves .

Ancient charcoal pi ts may s t i l l be d is t inguished on a s i te a mile south-west of Kalarama between the road and a smal l b rook.

Walnut Val ley .—Human bones, wi th s tone hatchets and o ther ar t i facts , have been repeatedly plowed up on the southern s lope of a hi l l about a milenortheas t of Walnut Val ley. The level f ie lds of Walnut Val ley—so-cal led f rom the profusion of large walnut t rees which grew here previous to 1812, when they were cu t down fo r gun s tocks , have a f fo rded many ind ica t ionso f I n d i an h ab i t a t io n , t h e l a rg e s t s i t e b e i n g o n t h e n o r t h b a n k o f t h e K i l lon the farm of Edward Jones .

Yards Creek .—Only at seven poin ts a long the en t i re course of YardsCreek have t races of the Indian been found. A f ish ing camp was locatednear the southern end of Catf ish Pond on Kit ta t inny Mountain .

Tradi t ion holds that there was a prehis toric burying ground on the south-e r ly s lope o f the mounta in eas t o f a c reek , bu t the exac t s i t e i s ha rd tof ind except by those famil iar with the reg ion. Each grave is said to bemarked by a large f la t rock lying in a shal low depression . The author couldobtain no evidence to substantiate this tradit ion, but the fact is here recordedthat the res idents of that vic ini ty a lways refer to the p lace as the Indianburia l ground.

South of the mountain and between i ts foot and the road there seems tohave been a large workshop along the old t ra i l leading to Catf ish Pond.Chips , most ly of f l in t , were found by the au thor scat tered over a cons ider-ab le a rea in the woods . Two o ther s i t e s were no ted near the c reek a tMount Vernon.

Hainesburg .—Two miles northeas t of Hainesburg a rock shel ter waslocated at the base of a high l imestone cl i f f in the woods . I t has no wel l -def ined roof , bu t the f ace o f the c l i f f overhangs s l igh t ly , and fo rms ashel ter barely 3 feet in width . I ts length is 15 feet , and i t faces southeast .There is no water near a t hand. Many potsherds and some bones wereexhumed at depths of 1 to 2 feet . (24-42-2-9-7.)

There is a rock shel ter about 70 feet above the Paul ins Kil l on the h i l la b ov e th e d e po t a t t h e b as e o f a c l i f f f ac i ng n o r th . No th in g w a s fou ndhere bu t two s la te spearheads about 2 inches deep c lose to the rea r wa l l .The roof projects 5 feet , but the length i s only 6 fee t . (21-42-5-4-5 . )

A smal l rock house resembl ing a cave was found a few fee t up the faceof a l imestone cl i f f west of the mi l ldam at Hainesburg. I t has an eas ter lyexposure and i ts dimensions are: 8 feet wide, 7 feet high at the f ront buto n l y 3 f e e t h i g h a t t h e r e a r , t h e f l o o r s l o p i n g u p w a r d , a n d 1 2 f e e t d e e p .


57 There were no outward indicat ions of ancient occupancy except smoke-

stained walls . The f loor was composed of sand and rocks. The excavat ionyielded some small potsherds—plain and cord-marked—a few f l in t f lakes , dee r bones , and un io and tu r t l e she l l s . Traces o f a f i rep lace were d i sce rn-ib le bo th a t the r igh t and l e f t o f the en t rance . The re mains occur red f rom3 to 20 inches down. There were none in the port ion farthest with in. Withthe Ki l l on ly a few s teps d is tan t , i t was a convenien t she l te r fo r the red-men angl ing in this par t of the s t ream. From the pauci ty of remains ,however , we conclude that i t was not of ten v is i ted . (21-42-5-4-4 . )

Mt. Pleasant .—There are two s i tes a few hundred yards apart on thesouth bank of Stony Brook cal led by the Indians Sapakooshen, amid the foothi l ls of Ki t ta t inny Mountain at an al t i tude of about 720 feet above sea level . Mr. Meshach , the owner of the land, has col lected here many imple-ments , among them scores of f l in t arrow poin ts and a few of jasper .

VICINITY OF GREAT MEADOWS.

The d is t r ibut ion of s i tes in th is region is shown in detai l on the mapaccompanying th is repor t . Only the most s igni f icant wi l l be descr ibed here .

Jenny Jump Mounta in .—There i s an Ind ian cave , ca l l ed a “Fa i ry Hole ,”a t the nor the rnmos t end o f Jenny Jump Mounta in , a f ew hundred yardswest of a ravine known as “Shades of Death” (24-4-1-1-18). I t l ies a t the foot of a ledge of gneiss which surmounts a s teep rocky s lope. Having asouthern exposure and a wide unobstructed entrance, the cavern receives agenerous amount of f resh a i r and sunshine . Yet the fac t that the nearestwater supply appears to be at least 300 yards away seems to have constituteda ser ious defect , s ince the archaeological harvest resul t ing f rom i ts explora-t ion was ra the r poor . The cavern i s abou t 8 fee t wide by 12 fee t deep , andis 6 feet h igh in f ront , but only 2 feet far thest with in. Traces of humanoccupancy were absent on the surface, but digging revealed them at depthso f f ro m 2 t o 1 5 in ch es . P o t s h e rd s ca me t o v i e w n ea r t h e ou t s id e to t h elef t . Far ther down there were a few f l int f lakes, some re jec ts , and one t r i -angular arrow point . Back of a large boulder imbedded deeply in the sub-soi l near the shel ter l ine, on the lef t -hand s ide , charcoal and f i re-cracked pebbles indicated a f i replace , with in which lay large f ragments of pot teryand a number of deer bones . The s ide wal l nearby was smoke-s ta ined . Traces o f occupa t ion were absen t in the inner por t ion of the cave wheret h e ro o f i s l o w a n d o n t h e r i g h t - h a n d s id e . I n v i e w o f t h e f ew r e ma i n slef t behind we may assume that this shel ter was not of ten v is i ted .

According to local t rad i t ion, there was an aboriginal burial p lace nearDavid’s Old Si lver Mines about three-quarters of a mile southwest of th isshel ter s i te , a t an e levat ion of more than 1 ,000 feet above mean sea level .

Danville.—Human bones, probably of Indians, have been plowed up alongthe north bank of Pequest River south of Danvi l le (24-3-9-2-9) and severa l camp s i tes were found along the r iver toward Vienna. Other camp s i tes occur a long the south and west s ides of the meadows at Danvi l le and north-westward, as shown on the map.


58 Vienna.—North of Vienna, with in the great curve of the Pequest , is the

si te of an Indian vi l lage of considerable ex tent . The ground is level , re la-t ively high above the s tream, well -dra ined , and the so i l i s gravel ly loam.Hundreds of arrow poin ts , spear heads and potsherds have been found herealong with other objects less common. Large numbers of f lakes indicateextensive implement-making . (24-4-4-7-2, 3 . )

Direct ly north on the opposi te s ide of the r iver is another large camp orvi l lage s i te , par t ly on the terrace bordering the r iver and part ly on thehigher land adjoining. Here , too, many art i facts have been found, includinghammer stones, pestles, and axes, besides innumerable f lakes. (24-4-4-4-8, 9.)

At a s i te east of these vi l lages and south of Cat swamp an unusual ly long and nicely pecked pounder has been found, and also a number of agriculturalimplements . (24-4-4-8-1 .)

Warrenvi l le .—A mile northwest of Warrenvi l le (24-4-2-9-5) a workshop was found eas t o f the swamp near the foot o f Pan ther l edge . There i s alarge cave-l ike c lef t a t the foot of the ledge about 100 yards north of this s i te which may have been used as a shel ter , but i t was not explored .

Roe’s Is land.—Roe’s Is land is the largest of several which r ise above theswampy leve l o f Grea t Meadows . Sca t t e red re l i c s were fo rmer ly foundover the is land and two wel l -def ined camp s i tes have been located (24-3-6-5 - 5 ; 2 -9 ) . T h e r u i n s o f a roc k sh e l t e r w e re f o u n d o n t h e e a s t s i d e n ea rt h e me a d o w , bu t o wi ng to t he f a l l o f i t s r oo f a nd c lo su r e o f i t s en t r an ce ,i t could not be explored . A large spearhead was found some years agobeneath the debris . (24-3-6-6-1. )

A small camp s i te occurs on Young's Is land , and another on Pos t ' s Is land.

BEAVER BROOK AND TRIBUTARIES.

Frank l in Schoolhouse .—A spac ious rock house shaped l ike an inver tedV was d iscovered amid the cher ty l imestone ledges south of the Frankl inSchoolhouse , be tween Hope and Johnsonburg . The l edge i s loca l ly knownas “Black Rock.” The shel ter is about to feet wide and 12 feet deep, facessouth, and is formed by a huge s lab of rock leaning against the c l i f f . I t isopen both f ront and rear , hence was not a snug camping p lace, in spi te ofthe f ac t tha t wa te r was nea r a t hand . A few f lakes and ch ips , and f resh-wate r musse l she l l s were found in the humus near the cen te r , 5 f ee t f romthe ent rance and an inch below the surface . The shel ter was evident ly but l i t t le used. (21-43-6-8-8 .)

Shi loh.—Southeas t of Shi loh , high on the western s lope of Jenny Jump Mounta in , a rock house was loca ted a t the en t rance o f a deep gap ac rosst h e mo u n t a i n . I t l i e s a t t h e f o o t o f a g n e i s s l e d g e f a c i n g t h e w e s t . Ahuge rock obs tructs the center so only the f ront w6 avai lable . Here a few potsherds , bones, and one t r iangular f l in t arrow poin t were exhumed, somenear the shel ter l ine , o thers par t ly underneath the rock in the center . Here,too, were indicat ions of a f i replace. The shel ter was probably not of tenused, a l though the entrance to a gap across the mountain to the camps alongGreat Meadows. (24-3-3-5-7 .)


59 Hope .—About a mi le nor theas t o f Hope a smal l rock she l t e r was found

at the foot of a ledge of cherty l imestone overlooking a narrow val ley, on G e o r ge D i l l ’ s f a r m. I t s l e ng th i s 12 f e e t , i t s d ep th 5 f e e t , an d i t s h e igh ti s 7 f e e t i n f ro n t and 5 f e e t i n t h e r e a r . I t f a c es sou th ea s t , and i s abo u t200 yards f rom the brook. Excavat ion brought to l igh t some chips , twobroken arrowheads , a few bones, po tsherds , and unio shel ls . Most of theselay close together , near the shel ter l ine , where the enclosing soi l was very black—one of the s igns of an ancient hear th . The shel ter was probably notmuch used . (24-3-2-5-7 .)

Camp si tes were noted south of Hope on both s ides of Trout Brook neari t s mouth , and a long Beaver Brook a t the mi l lpond and a t in te rva l s nor thto Febletown. On the knol l near the schoolhouse a t Hope are two bowl-shaped hol lows in the rock , each about 2 feet in diameter , which are sup-posed to have been used as mortars .

Kerr’s Corners.—A small Indian cave called “The Devil’s Kitchen” is sit-uated south of Kerr’s Corners and about half a mi le northeas t of Ebenezer on Mrs. Coursen’s farm. I t i s south of the ra i l road , a smal l and th icklywooded swamp intervening , a t the foot of a l imestone ledge. Great massesof fal len rock make access to this cave dif f icul t . Moreover , i ts presence isnot revealed to one below owing to the shape of the ledge which hides i tf rom s igh t un t i l one s tands wi th in a few fee t o f i t s en t rance . The ledgefaces north , but the cave faces eas t s ince i t is a t the s ide of a large pro-jec t ing rock .

When f i rs t seen i ts en trance was almost completely closed by a largeboulder which had evident ly been put there with in recent years . On re-moving this rock a r ich black soi l was d iscovered , i tse lf a most promis ings ign o f the fo rmer occupa t ion o f th i s spo t . However , the re were no ch ipso r b o n e s o n the s u r f a c e to sh o w th a t t h e In d i a n s h a d o n c e c a mp e d t h e r e .I t was only af ter more rocks had been dug out that their former presencewas revealed. Every thrus t of the t rowel then turned up considerable quan-t i t ies of broken pot tery lying for the most par t in the cleared space in f ronto f t h e c av e . T h e ex c av a t i on ex t end ed to a d ep th o f ab ou t a f oo t an d ahalf , where rock bot tom was reached, and throughout a l l th is subsoi l f rag-ments of pot tery came to view.

Most of the pieces were plain but others were e i ther cord-marked or dec-orated with z igzag l ines—the so-cal led chevron design . Among them weresevera l f ragments of pot r ims incised along their upper edge. Altogether ,more than 200 pieces were recovered , some almost as large as a man’s palm, but most of them about the s ize of a s i lver dol lar . Judging from the varying thickness , design, and color of the c lay used, remains of a t least a dozenpots were found. Mingled with these were a few bones , most ly of deer , afew birds ' bones, and f resh-water mussels . The blackness of the subsoi l andthe bi t s of ancient charcoal p lainly indicated a large f i replace .

Thus far the explorat ion had been confined to the space immediate ly inf ro n t o f t h e ca v e . W i t h a l l t h e d i r t r e mo v e d i t s op en ing w a s a bou t 3½fee t h igh by 4 f ee t wide . The cave p roper was 12 fee t deep , 6 fee t widea n d b e t w e e n 3 a n d 4 f ee t h ig h . T w o n a r r o w c l e f t s l a rg e e n o u g h f o r a f o xt o c r a w l t h r o u g h r a d i a t e d f r o m i t s r e a r . E n o u g h l i g h t e n t e r e d f r o m t h e


60 outs ide to make everything v is ible . The f loor was of d ir t wi th a few rockobstruct ions, but i ts excavat ion did not furn ish any further t races of formerIndian occupat ion except a foot or two from the opening. Nor was thesubsoi l discolored by ancient f i res such as was the case in the space nearthe outs ide. This fact seems to prove that the cave i tself , owing to i ts low height , was not much used unless for s leeping, the savages doing their cook-ing in f ront of i t .

The to ta l absence of chips and of implements used by men appears toshow tha t th i s p lace was used on ly by the squaws , fo r i f men had occupiedi t they certain ly would have lef t t races in the form of chips and arrowpoints . On the other hand, the large quant i ty of pot tery, a product a lwaysmade by the women, seems to indicate a squaw shel te r . (21-43-6-2-4 .)

Silver Lake.—Arrowheads, net sinkers, hammer stones, hatchets, and vari-ous other objects were formerly abundant on the low f la t land at the northend of Si lver Lake and east of the brook. The abundance and var ie ty ofimplements and the area covered indicate the s i te of a v i l lage, or a much f requented camp. (21-43-5-8-6 .)

Ebenezer.—There is a small rock shel ter about a quar ter of a mi le south-west of Ebenezer Church near the brow of a l imestone r idge on Mil tonWildr ick’s fa rm. I t s l eng th i s 15 fee t , and i t s he igh t 4 to 5 fee t , bu t theroof overhangs only 3 feet , so i t affords but l i t t le protect ion, and was prob-ably l i t t le used al though i t has a south exposure. A s ingle arrowhead wasfound about 1½ feet below the surface. (21-43-5-6-2 .)

Mt. Herman.—Half a mile south of Mt . Herman, a gravel ly knol l on the Larue farm, surrounded on three s ides by the swamp and accessib le onlyfrom the north , known local ly as "The Is land," seems to have been the s i teof an importan t camp or a v i l lage, s ince numerous art i facts of many typeshave been found here and fresh ones are s t i l l be ing turned up by the plow.No o ther s i tes are known in this local i ty. (24-3-1-4-5 .)

Swayze’s Mi l l s .—A camp s i t e was loca ted on the b row of the h i l l eas tof Swayze’s Mil ls and several large hatchets have been found along theridge s t i l l fur ther eas t . (24-3-4-1-1 . )

There i s a t rad i t ion that the Indians fought a bat t le on the meadow landsof Edward Huff , about 1½ mi les south of Swayze’s Mil ls , where scores of arrowheads are said to have been found. There is a camp si te on the hi l l -s ide nor thwest of the meadow. (24-2-6-6-5 . )

Beaver Brook.—Thirteen camp or vi l lage s i tes were located along orclosely adjo ining Beaver Brook between Hope and Sarepta , thei r exact loca-t ion being shown on the map, but nothing of importance was learned con-cerning any one of them.

Jenny Jump Mountain.—An Indian burial p lace is sa id to be located ontop of the mountain near i ts southwestern end, a t an elevat ion of about1 ,000 fee t . The g round i s rough and s tony bu t qu i te l eve l . Sca t t e red overi t are about 50 heaps of s tones supposed to mark the graves, and large t reeshave sprung from some of the heaps . Although nothing au thent ic could be learned regard ing the buria ls , t radi t ion is emphat ic in declaring i t to be anIndian cemetery. (24-2-9-6-1 . )


61

HIGH BRIDGE AND VICINITY.

Readingsburg (S tone Mi l l ) .—There i s a s ma l l rock she l te r a t the foo t o fa gneiss ledge at Readingsburg on the west bank of the r iver above thebridge. I t i s about 6 feet in length , and the overhang is 5 feet . A s inglejasper ch ip and 31 pieces of pot tery were exhumed from 6 inches to 2 feet below the surface, but no f i replace was found. This rock house, and anothernear Mi l fo rd , a re the on ly ones found in Hunte rdon County . (24-24-4-5-6 . )

High Bridge.—A large arg i l l i te workshop was located north of HighBridge on the west s ide of the mi l lpond (24-24-4-8-1), and a much larger one on the wes t bank o f the r ive r no t f a r be low the ra i l road b r idge . (24-24-7-1-1 . )

The h igh and rugged coun try nor th o f High Br idge p resen ted to theIndian few at t ract ions for permanent homes , and the few places which show signs of his occupancy are small and were probably only camps of hunt ingpart ies which fol lowed up the s t reams f rom the lower country on the south .The few ar t i facts found are chief ly argi l l i te , indicat ing that the huntersob ta ined the raw mate r ia l fo r the i r weapons f rom the F leming ton reg ion ,and were probably f rom the region themselves .

Clinton.—The top of quarry hil l in Clinton, l00 feet above the river, seemsto have been a favori te camp si te s ince in former years col lectors havega thered here a r i ch harves t o f va r ious types o f the Indians ’ hand iwork .(24-23-9-8-8. )

An Indian grave is said to have been unear thed about 30 years ago in bui lding the s tore of Hal l & Son in Clin ton , but inasmuch as a f l int lock gunwas found in the grave with the bones, the remains were of no greatant iqui ty .

Pattenburg .—West of Cl inton there are a few s i tes a long MulhockawayCreek, which seems to have been formerly known as Munselonghaway Creek according to the inscrip t ion “Munselonghaway, 1836,” cut on a s tone whicho n ce f o r me d t h e k e ys ton e o f a c u l v e r t sou th o f P a t t e nb u rg . Th i s s ton ehas been placed at the big spring in the Bel lwood picnic grounds , west ofPa t tenburg . There i s a g roup of th ree s i tes about a mi le eas t o r Pa t t en-burg, one north and two south of the ra i l road. At one of these, on FloydDalrymple’s farm, between the forks of a brook, a s tone r ing an inch in d iamete r , a pounder , tomahawk, scores o f a rg i l l i t e po in t s , and a few off l int and jasper , have been picked up .

NEW GERMANTOWN AND VICINITY.

As previous ly noted (p . 23) , this region was much frequented by theaborigines, 59 si tes having been located here, most of them being along ColdBrook or a t the sources of i ts t r ibutary waterways. A s i te of considerablesize l ies eas t of Si lver Hil l on the W. C. Melick farm, where severa l hun-dred arrowheads and other ar t ic les of Indian or igin have been found withinr e c e n t y e a r s . N e a r t h e s o u rc e o f Co ld B ro o k , o n J o h n R i n e h a r t ’ s f a rm,the surface was l i t tered with thousands of chips—test imony of the Indian i n d u s t r y . N u m e r o u s r e l i c s h a v e b e e n f o u n d b y J o h n W . V r o o m o n h i s


62 f a r m o n t h e we s t b a nk o f Co l d B roo k no t f a r f ro m i t s mo u th . A mi l e a nda half north of New Germantown an important camp s i te was found onSamuel Clark’s farm on the wes t bank of Cold Brook. Thorough inspect ionshowed tha t p rac t ica l ly a l l t he too l s made a t th i s ca mp were o f a rg i l l i t e .Mr. Clark has a f inely worked s tone hatchet found here , and many otherobjects of ancient or igin .

FLEMINGTON AND VICINITY.

Flemington .―Except towards Reavi l le , the reg ion around Flemington isthickly dot ted with s igns of Indian habi ta t ion, so this area seems to have been one of the mos t impor tan t cen ters o f popula t ion . Th is was p robab lydue in part to an abundant supply of raw mater ia l for s tone implements in proximity to the waterway and f ishing ground afforded by the South Brancho f th e R a r i t a n . L e d g e s an d b o u ld e r s o f a rg i l l i t e o cc u r ab u n d an t l y a l o n gthe s t reams, which have cut deep val leys in the edge of the tableland west of Flemington . Ancient workshop s i tes s t rewn with chips and rejects arepar t i cu la r ly numerous a long Mine (Walnu t ) Brook as fa r as Kl inesv i l l e . I tis highly probable that par t ly-shaped implements f rom these “quarries” were carr ied in large numbers to dis tan t camps and vi l lages for f in ishing . Thedis t r ibut ion of the s i tes which have been recognized is shown on the map, but a few deserve par t icular ment ion .

Fif teen s i tes occur near the springs and along the brooks immediate lynor th o f F leming ton , whi le on Bonne l l S t ree t in the Borough an Ind ianchief named Tuccarmirgen is reported to have been buried about 1800.

South Branch o f Rar i tan River .—An a lmos t con t inuous l ine of campsand vi l lages mark the south bank of the r iver between. Three Bridges andFlemington Junct ion , the longest lying between the Flemington Branch ofthe Lehigh Val ley Rai l road and the South Branch Rai l road. The abundanceof chips and f lakes at most of these s i tes shows that the f inishing of thei rimplements here was an important industry.

Mt. Carmel .—Twelve s i tes were located along and near the creek f lowingf ro m C h e r r y v i l l e t o t h e S o u th B r a n c h , mo s t o f t h e m e a s t o f M t . C a r me l .At one (24-34-8-7-8) a remarkably f ine co l lect ion of t r iangular points wasfound.

Minneacong Brook.—Every acre a long th is l i t t le s t ream is pregnant withthe t e l l t a le marks o f p r imeva l ac t iv i ty . Seven s i t es a re known a long i t sone-mile course on which pi t ted hammers are s t i l l abundant . From thesef ields Mr. H. E. Deats has secured a large part of h is col lec t ion.

Stanton Stat ion.—About ten s i tes have been noted close to Stanton Sta-t ion, 5 west of the r iver , the others on i ts eas t bank near the mouth ofPrescot t Brook. There was a larger workshop south of the s ta t ion on low ground on the west bank near a big spring .

Mine Brook.—For 3 mi les a long the upper course of Mine Brook (cal ledWalnut Brook on the State map) enormous quant i t ies of chips and manyunf in i shed or re jec ted b lades o f a rg i l l i t e ind ica te the fo rmer ex i s tence o fan industry both intense and long cont inued . Here were the so-cal led Indian quarries to which the redman came probably f rom, a relat ively wide area too b t a i n t h e r a w ma t e r i a l f o r h i s s t o n e i mp l e me n t s . H e r e i n t h e b e d o f t h e


63 b r o o k h e f o u n d a b r i t t l e , s mo o t h l y - b r e ak ing a r g i l l i t e , b o t h in l ed g es an din boulders broken by Nature for his use . The f ie lds , too, afforded count lessfragments of the same eas i ly-worked mater ia l . Here he shaped out roughlyhis arrow poin t , h is spearhead, his axe, or his hoe. Here in many cases hedoubtless made the f inished tool , but much of the f inal work was done at h isother camps. Unques t ionably, many blocks were par t ly shaped out whenflaws developed and the half- f inished tool was thrown aside. This is prob-ably the meaning of the large number of unfinished b lades found at theses i t es , fo r i t can hard ly be supposed tha t the Ind ian was so ca re less as tolose or throw aside del iberate ly so much good mater ia l on which he hadexpended cons iderable labor . On these quarry s i tes there i s an almost to talabsence of chips of f l int and jasper—raw materia ls not found nearby.

The northernmost workshop was the larges t and probably the most im-por tan t . I t bordered the b rook on the eas t fo r a mi le o r more f rom i t ssource . There was ano ther on the wes t bank jus t nor th o f the in te rsec t ionof the Kl inesvi l le and Croton roads. A thi rd, much smal ler , occupied theShantung meadow just wes t of Flemington.

Neshanic River.—There is a group of si tes near the source of the NeshanicRiver, 2 miles south of Croton, and an important settlement, called Neshanic,i n t h e s h a r p b e n d o f t h e r i v e r n o r t h o f C o p p e r H i l l . T h e r e g i o n a mi l ewest of Copper Hil l was ancient ly known as Paatquacktung, a name whichhas been preserved in an ancient deed conveying land to the whites .

JOHNSONBURG AND VICINITY.

Twenty-nine s i tes were located in the vicin i ty of Johnsonburg, the mosts ignif icant of which are here described . The 'o thers are shown on the map and l is ted on pp.

Johnsonburg .—A rock shel ter l ies a t the base of a l imestone ledge northof the road high up the southern s lope of a wooded hi l l about midwaybetween Johnsonburg and Quaker Church. I t faces southeas t and affordssuff ic ien t shel ter f rom wind and rain , but the nearest water seems to have been a spring 300 yards dis tant a t the foot of the hi l l . Al though minutesearch es tabl ished the fact that the aborig ines had camped under i t , i t doesnot seem to have been long or f requently inhabi ted, perhaps because of i tsdis tance f rom water . Smal l pieces of pot tery were on the surface , especia l lyi n th e l e f t - h and po r t ion ne a r i t s f r on t . On d ig g i ng mo r e p o t sh e rd s c a meto l igh t , mos t ly a t a dep th o f f rom 3 to 5 inches , bu t some a t a maxi mumof 12 inches . Ming led wi th them there were a few bones and a score o ff l in t ch ips . The r igh t -hand por t ion appeared to be devoid o f t r aces , norwere there any ind ica t ions near the rea r wal l where the roof was on ly afoot above the f loor . The remains occurred only in the fore part of theshel ter , where the roof was high enough to permit one to s tand up. Anancient hearth a t and even beyond the shel ter l ine was indicated by a patchof black soi l about 2 feet square which contained charcoal and f i re-fractured pebb les . Here , a l so , l ay mos t o f the bones and po t sherds . Th is f i rep lacehad the shape of a pi t about a foot deep and i t was clearly dis t inguishablefrom the yel low soi l a l l about . (21-44-5-5-1 .)


64 Another large rock house c lose by at the foot of the same ledge contained

no t races of former occupat ion. Indian Hollow.—Half a mi le west of Johnsonburg, there is a rock house

amid l imestone ledges in a local i ty cal led Indian Hollow. I t is a smallshel ter a t the foot of a ledge facing north , with a swale near by. I t is about 1 0 f ee t l ong , 7 f ee t deep , an d i t s r oo f i s 8 f e e t ab ov e t h e f lo o r a t t h ef ro n t b u t v e r y l o w in t h e r e a r . A l a r g e ma s s o f ro ck l y i n g i n t h e c en t e rof the shel ter could not but detrac t f rom i ts usefulness .

Underneath a layer of humus covering most of the forward port ion therewas r ich black soi l sugges t ive of f i res , but without any s ign of aboriginal occupat ion on i ts surface. Chips and broken pieces of pot tery were f i rs tturned up at a depth of 2 inches and more, and some chips and bones oc-curred as deep as 20 inches . Most of the pot tery lay in the upper s t ra tum,mo s t o f t h e b o n es i n t h e low e r . T h e r e w er e a l so a f e w r e j e c t s o r u n f in -ished arrow points . What seemed to have been an ancient f i replace lay between the shel ter l ine and the boulder above referred to . I ts debr is con-tained t races of charcoal and some f i re-f ractured s tones . Most of the pot-sherds and bones were dug up here a long with a few mussel shel ls .

Be tween the boulder and the rea r wal l where the she l te r was on ly f rom2 to 4 feet high, there was a deposit of yellow soil which gave no indicationsof f i re . Here , however , several potsherds were lying on or near the surface,bleached and weatherworn from exposure to the a i r . (21-44-4-2-1 , 4 . )

There was a large s i te or v i l lage on the level f ie ld south of the brook on Ramsey’s fa r m. Hundreds o f a r t i f ac t s have been co l lec ted here ever s incei t was brought under cu l t ivat ion. Numerous chips l i t ter ing the f ie ld tes t i fyto the indus t ry o f the Ind ian in h i s manufac tu re o f tools . The g rave l lyloam of the f ie ld was easy of cul t ivat ion . (21-44-1-9-7 .)

Two human skeletons, probably Indian, were found in digging the founda-t i on s f o r a b a r n t h r ee - qu a r t e r s o f a mi l e s ou th e as t o f Jo hn son bu rg , ea s tof Bear Creek , and north of the road to Quaker Church. There is a l ike l i -hood that other skeleta l remains are near here . (21-44-4-3-9 .)

Southtown.—A few chips and , potsherds were found in a smal l s tone cavecal led Wolf Den or Waterf ie ld Cave, in the woods a quarter of a mi le northof Southtown. I t i s 12 feet deep , 6 feet wide, and barely 4 feet h igh. A narrow passage about 12 feet long connects i t wi th another cavern the ent rance to which is now almost completely closed by a large mass of fal lenrock . The f loor was heavy b lack so i l mixed wi th s tones and more than afoot thick . No human remains appeared on the surface, but potsherds andch ips were found an inch o r two down; o thers l ay under a l a rge bou lder .All were near the f ront of the cave. No f i replace could be c learly discerned .(21-44-4-7-5)

Yel low Frame Church .—Four camp si tes were found on the broad hi l l top south of Yel low Frame Church, and scat tered rel ics occur in the adjoin ing f ie lds . These s i tes differ f rom most of those located in that they are on theupland and not in the val ley, and are not near a brook.

Big Woods.—Midway between Huntsvi l le and Johnsonburg is a rocky,densely-wooded t ract local ly known as Big Woods . Numerous l imestoneledges, jagged and irregular in outline, with projecting roofs, afforded abund-a n t h id in g p l ac e s f o r w i ld an i ma l s , a n d she l t e r f o r t h e hu n t e r . A s co r e o f


65 overhanging rocks were noted, where the redman might have camped, but on ly one was exp lored wi th ca re . Th is i s a l i t t l e more than ha l f a mi lesou th o f the Yel low Fra me Church , on the sou theas te rn s lope o f a h i l l a tthe foot of a long cl i f f . Similar ledges occur on the hi l ls ide above and below. Me shel ter is about 16 feet long, 12 feet deep , and 8 feet high in f ron t bu t ve ry low wi th in . Sp r ingy g round nearby a f fo rds su f f i c ien t wa te rat probably any season of the year . No t races of human occupancy appeared on the sur face , bu t a few th rus t s o f a t rowel b rought to l igh t ch ips andsmal l potsherds in the top layer of dir t near the shel ter l ine . Other f rag-ments were found at greater depths and s t i l l o thers under one of the largerocks which obstructed the f loor . At one point there were s igns of a hear th severa l inches below the surface where the soi l was darker and was mixedwith f i re-s tained pebbles . The wri ter ' s excavat ion extended only to a depthof 6 inches , and was l imi ted to the r igh t -hand por t ion near the f ron t .Enough was found to prove that the shel ter had been used by the aborig ines (22-44-2-5-1. )

MUSCONETCONG VALLEY.

For ty-n ine s i t e s have been loca ted a long th i s va l l ey , mos t o f them onthe banks of the r ive r bu t a few a t a d i s tance f rom i t . The i r exac t loca t ionis shown on the map and g iven in the tab le on p. 76. There i t l i t t le to be sa id regard ing any one o f these beyond ca l l ing a t t en t ion to i t s ex i s tenceand loca t ion . One fac t may be wor thy o f no te . Al though the under ly ingrock is l imestone, and no arg i l l i te occurs in this region , argi l l i te chips arevery abundan t on severa l s i t e s , no tab ly in the bend of the r ive r nor thwes tof Junct ion (24-23-1-6-8) , and at several others nearer Asbury. I t i s a lsoworth not ing that f rom Junct ion southeast there is an easy route through Musconetcong Mountain , now fol lowed by the highway and rai l road, whichgave access to the lower country and camp si tes near Cl inton and HighBridge, thence to the open val ley of South Branch and so to the arg i l l i tequarries near Flemington about 15 miles dis tant f rom the Musconetcong.

New Hampton .—There was fo rmer ly a l i mes tone cave on the wes t bankof the r iver near Supplee’s Mil ls , but wi thin recent years i t has been f i l led with , rock and almost obl i terated . I t is said to have been of considerable s ize , where many chipped s tone implements were found. (23-23-1-6-6 .)

Warren Paper Mil ls .—There i s a camp si te a t the Warren Paper Mil ls onthe f lood plain on the west bank of the r iver (24-31-2-3-3), and on Mus-conetcong. Mountain one was found a mile eas t by south of this place, onthe McCollough farm (24-31-3-2-7) . A prehis toric buria l g round is c la imedto be s i tuated on a s loping sandy f ie ld high on the mountain a mi le south-eas t of the Mil ls , south of the road to Spring Mil ls (24-31-3-4-6) . Petro-glyphs (f igures carved on rock) are reported as occurring in th is v ic in i ty , but were not seen by the wri ter .

POHATCONG VALLEY SITES.

Relat ively few si tes have been located in th is val ley or on the s lopes ofthe ad jo in ing mounta ins . There a re four a long the c reek nor th o f Mt .Bethel near i t s headwaters and three near Karrv i l le , and one opposi te Stew-

5 BUL 18


66 ar t ’ s Gap . Here was found a f ine s tone mor ta r , now in the possess ion o fMr . Geo . M. Bor ton , o f Br idgevi l l e . Other camps were s i tua ted near Por tColden , Washing ton , P leasan t Val ley , Broadway, New Vi l lage , and Wi l lowGrove . A depos i t o f human bones was found near Vulcan i te in b las t inga long the Leh igh Val ley Ra i l road th ree -quar te rs o f a mi le nor th o f Pohat -cong Creek (24-21-8-2-8) .

P E Q U E S T V A L L E Y S I T E S .

Many of the s i t es in the Peques t Va l ley have a l ready been no ted underthe head ing of “Grea t Meadows .” Those be tween Townsbury and Br idge-v i l l e a re cons idered here . There a re e leven p laces in a d i s tance o f 6 mi l esalong the r iver where the redman l ived more or less cont inuously, and n ineo th e r p l ac e s a t s o me d i s t anc e f r o m t h e s t r e a m. T w o o f t h e l a t t e r a r e ami le sou th o f the r ive r on the h i l l s ide a t the nor thern en t rance to S tewar t ’ sGap . Many jasper f l akes were no ted on a s i t e nor th of the r ive r and nearthe wagon-br idge a t Peques t Furnace (24-13-1-3-6) .

Peques t R iver .—There was a v i l l age midway be tween Townsbury and Pequest Furnace on a low ridge just west of the rai lroad bridge (24-3-8-8-1).Spec imens o f Ind ian hand iwork were once abundan t he re and numerouschips of f l int and chert even now st rew the f ie lds , showing that many toolswere made here , the raw mater ia l s be ing p robab ly ob ta ined f rom an Ind ian“quar ry” loca t ed a few hundred yards wes t o f the v i l l age on the lowers lope of Mount Mohepinoke . Here the re i s a g rea t ou tc rop o f workab leflint and chert , and formerly rough blocks together with “rejects” and brokenpoin t s were sca t t e red a l l a long the l edge. I t see ms ev iden t tha t he re theInd ians were wont to quar ry the raw mater ia l f rom the bed rock and wereno t con ten t mere ly wi th f ragments b roken o f f by na tu re (24-3-8-7-6) .

About ha l f a mi le sou thwes t o f the v i l l age and 700 yards f rom the r ive ra rock house was found . Here there i s a h igh gne i ss l edge a t the foo t o fwhich there i s a smal l sp r ing and a shor t d i s tance away a she l te r 12 fee tlong , 5 fee t deep , wi th roof abou t 7 fee t above the f loor . The l e f t -hand port ion where the f loor was level and covered with a th in layer of vegetablemold was excava ted ; the r igh t -hand por t ion , l e ss even , was no t .

Benea th the mold was b lack top so i l bu t no t races o f human occupancy .P o t s h e rd s w e re e xh u me d a t d e p t h s f r o m 1 t o 1 2 i nc h es— mo r e n e a r t h etop than the bo t tom. Bones , musse l she l l s , ch ips and b roken po in t s weremingled wi th them and were a l so more common near the top . Bi t s o f char -coal and f i re-f ractured s tones by thei r wide d is t r ibut ion indicated a success-s ion of f i rep laces al l the way from the back wal l to beyond the shel ter l ine,p robab ly bu i l t a t d i f f e ren t t imes . Th is sugges t s repea ted occupa t ion o f th i sshe l t e r (24-3-8 -7-8) .

High Rock Mounta in .―Three-quar te rs o f a mi le sou theas t o f Green’sPond (Mounta in Lake) a rock house was loca ted on the eas te rn s lope o fthe mounta in a t the base o f a wes tward fac ing ledge in a rav ine . S t ruc-tu ra l ly , the she l t e r i s an admirab le one , bu t a near wa te r supp ly i s l ack ing ,and a l though on ly a pa r t o f i t was exp lored the pauc i ty o f remains found i n d i c a t e d t h a t i t h a d n o t b e e n mu c h o c c u p i e d . T h e s h e l t e r i s 1 2 f e e t i n


67 d e p t h , w i th 7 f e e t f ro n t ; i t s h e ig h t i s 8 f e e t n e a r t h e sh e l t e r l i n e b u t o n l y5 feet in the rear owing to the r ise of the f loor . Only the lef t -hand port ion near the shel ter l ine where the f loor was level and free f rom rocks was examined.

Black soi l was found beneath an accumulat ion of vegetable mold, bu tthere were no Indian rel ics on the surface. A few broken bi ts of pot tery were found at a depth of 4 inches , and at 8 inches more potsherds , wi th afew unio shel ls and f l int and jasper ch ips . Several f i re-s tained rocks within th i s a rea po in ted to an anc ien t hear th , bu t the usua l accompani ment o fbones was absent . I t i s probable that the shel ter was occuiped only by anoccasional hunt ing party , and that only rare ly . (24-3-7-6-5 . )

About 1880 a cache or hoard of 12 axes , some arrowheads , and a humans ku l l we r e f oun d a t a d ep th o f 2 f e e t i n an e x c av a t i on f o r f o und a t ion s o fa ba rn on George Wi ldr ick’s fa rm about th ree -quar te rs o f a mi le sou th ofthe rock shel ter just descr ibed. These are now in the col lec t ion of Dr . Hoagland , of Oxford Furnace. (24-3-7-9-4.)

Bridgevi l le .—The f ie lds on George M. Broton’s farm south of the Peques t a t Bridgevi l le have yielded a large number of prehis toric objects , includingarrowheads, hammerstones , hoes , axes , and a ceremonial s tone made of s teat i te . (24-2-9-7-7 . )

A rock shel ter is sa id to l ie in Hixson’s woods, back of the creamery at Br idgev i l l e , bu t i t was no t exp lored . Near by there i s a se r ies o f s teps ca l l ed the “ Ind ian s ta i rcase ,” tha t fo rms par t o f a pa th a long the edge o fthe c l i f f .

One and a half mi les west of Bridgevi l le there is a vi l lage s i te covering severa l acres on the north bank of the Peques t a t the mouth of BeaverBrook. Innumerable arrowheads, pi t ted hand hammers , tomahawks, cel ts ,and banner s tones have been gathered f rom these f ie lds . The large numberof chips and f lakes show that the manufacture , or a t least the f inish ing ofs tone implements , was ac tua l ly p rosecu ted on th i s s i t e . F rom th i s s i t ethere were unquest ionably d ivergent and much-traveled t ra i l s—one to the numerous camps along Beaver Brook towards Hope and Johnsonburg , theother to those along Pequest River and around Great Meadows. Moreover ,the great thoroughfare a long the Delaware lay only one mile to the west .The mult ip l ic i ty and varie ty of the remains noted here indicates prolongedoccupation, and the well-drained fields and soil of stony loam lent themselvesto the crude methods of agr icul ture of the redman. (24-2-8-8-1.)

Green’s Pond.—The level f ie lds a t the southern end of Green’s Pond (Mountain Lake) has for years yie lded many types of s tone tools to col-lec tors . Most of the arrowheads seen from this s i te are of f l int , a few of jasper . The great profusion of f lakes which s t i l l l i t te r the f ie lds points tomore or less f requent occupancy and much making of weapons and tools .Jenny Jump Mountain on the northwest would tend to shel ter i t f rom thenorther ly winds so that perhaps i t was a win ter quarters . (24-3-7-4-3 . )

Several o ther camp s i tes were found east of the pond and near i ts north-ern end .


68

NORTH BRANCH OF ROCKAWAY CREEK.

In the mountainous region north of Mountainvi l le , seventeen places havebeen found along the t r ibutar ies of Rockaway Creek which the Indians hadoccupied . Two of them at the forks of the brook a mile southwest ofFarmersvi l le were of considerable s ize and, as evidenced by the chips andflakes which still litter the fields, were workshops (24-24-3-4-9, 24-24-3-5-7).I t seems probable that these s i tes were headquarters for the part ies whichpenetrated to these mountainous dis t r ic ts f rom the neighboring val leys , theo ther s i t e s be ing a l l smal l and p robab ly on ly ca mps of hun te rs . S ince a l lare located along the brooks , the conclusion is warranted that the Indiansfol lowed up the s t ream courses and camped along their banks in penetrat ing this region ,

The propor t ion of a rg i l l i t e to f l in t and jasper on these s i t e s was about10 to 1 , a l though the argi l l i te is not the country rock . The hunters f re-quent ing this terr i tory ev ident ly secured the raw mater ial for thei r weaponsfrom the region further south , probably the arg i l l i te quarries near Fleming-ton. No pot tery was noted on any of these s i tes , i ts absence being fur therevidence in favor of the v iew that this reg ion was v is i ted by hunt ing part iesand had no permanent inhabi tants .

East of the Highland border s i tes are numerous a long and near NorthBranch of Rockaway Creek. Al though the wri ter found here none of thebet ter c lass of specimens , such as tomahawks, hatchets and cel t s , he wastold that they had been picked up in former years . Even mortars , usual lyconsis t ing of boulders hol lowed out on top, have been discovered here andthere , and indicate p laces where , the savages pounded their corn .

A f l in t quarry and workshop was located near the creek on GarretStryker’s farm north of White House Stat ion. Here the ground is coveredwith innumerable chunks of f l int , some of them, rudely broken by the handof man. Nodules of red and yel low jasper mingle with the f l int . Somebroken arrow points were p icked up af ter careful search (24-35-1-3-6). Direct ly southwest of this “quarry” on a high and level f ie ld west of therailroad, abundant traces indicating a camp site and workshop were observed,a s i f t h i s w as t h e spo t w h e r e t h e I nd i an wor k e d u p t h e ma t e r i a l o b t a in edat the quarry. (24-35-1-5-1 .)

SOUTH BRANCH OF ROCKAWAY CREEK.

The most important set t lement in th is vicini ty appears to have been s i tu-a t e d o n th e f a r m o f L i n d en S w a c k h ame r n e a r E a s t W h i t e h o u s e . I t l a y o na h ig h b an k so u t h o f t h e c re e k . A mo n g th e hun d re ds o f sp e c i me n s ga t h -ered there, was a beaut iful ly f inished banner s tone made of hornblende.Most of the ar t i facts were made of argi l l i te . While the ear ly occupants ofthis camp may, not have l ingered there permanent ly, i t is qui te cer tain thatthey often resorted to i t .

Many t races of former Indian occupancy were noted along the banks ofthe South Branch , be tween Whi te House and Lebanon . There i s a work-s h o p s i t e s o u t h o f t h e t r a c k s o f t h e C e n t r a l R a i l r o a d o f N e w J e r s e y , a n d


69 a b ou t a mi l e w e s t o f Wh i t e H ou s e . A l i t t l e t o t h e w es t o f i t t h e r e i s acamp si te of some s ize on a r idge near the source of a small brook f lowinginto the creek (24-35-1-4-2) . About 2 mi les wes t by north of White Houseon a high bank south of the creek there were abundant f lakes , large chunksof jasper and f l int , and some broken arrow points (24-34-3-3-2) . This spot was also a workshop and probably a f ishing place as i t i s s i tuated near thebanks of the creek. Another workshop lay on the north bank of the creek about 1¼ miles northwest of White House Stat ion (24-35-1-2-3) . The sur-face soi l in al l places mentioned is red shale loam. Other s i tes are shown onthe map.

CHAMBERS BROOK.

At the seven s i tes located along this brook and i ts t r ibutar ies argi l l i te implements predominate , those of jasper and f l int being less than 100 percen t . o f those no ted . At a la rge camp on the fa rm of Alvah L . P icke l l ,south of White House Stat ion (24-35-1-9-6), a paint bowl, hammer and ascore of arrowheads—most ly argi l l i te—have been found. The other s i tespresented nothing noteworthy, but their locat ion is shown on the map.

MINOR TRIBUTARIES OF DELAWARE RIVER.

Hakihokake Creek.—An Indian name of this creek is said to have beenQueequawkomis ikunk . Severa l camp s i t es were found near the headwate rsof i t s t r ibu ta r ies wes t o f L i t t l e York and near Spr ing Mi l l s ( see map) .There i s a rock she l t e r on i t s eas t bank about ha l f a mi le nor th o f thec e n t e r o f M i l f o r d , a t t h e f oo t o f an ov e rh an g i ng l ed g e o f r e d s h a l e . I t i s15 f ee t long and 6 f ee t deep . There were t races o f an o ld hear th in thelef t -hand corner , and excavat ion of the f loor brought to l ight potsherds ,arg i l l i te and f l int chips , and a few shel ls , a t depths from 6 to 15 inches.(24-32-4-7-2. )

Nishisakawick Creek .—There are three s i tes a long this creek south ofEveri t ts town, the largest of which l ies on N. R. Shuster’s farm, on highleve l g round in a sharp bend of the s t ream. Severa l mor ta rs and pes t l eshave been found there, together with ar t i facts of the common type. A cavenearby , now much broken down, may have been used by the Ind ians , a s i ti s remembered to have been in bet ter condi t ion not many years ago. (24-32-9-1-7 . )

Lockatong Creek.—There is the site of a large sett lement on Dr. Woolver-tor’s farm near the source of Lockatong Creek southwest of Quakertown.Many chips and roughly-worked blades and rejects , most ly of argi l l i te ,p la in ly ind ica te a p reh i s to r i c workshop . On th i s s i t e the re were a l so founda number o f l a rge mor t a r s . Two la rge spr ings near a t hand fu rn i sh abund-ant water (24-33-8-5-1) . There was also a smaller camp on the opposi te s ideof the brook.

Just north of Kingwood and below the junct ion of Lockatong Creek andMud Run there is a large argil l i te workshop covering several acres . (24-42-6-8-1 . )

Alexsauken Creek.—There is abundant evidence of aboriginal activity botha long th i s c r eek and on so me o f i t s t r ibu ta r i e s . A bu r i a l p l ace occu r s on a


70 knol l midway be tween Ringoes and Mount Ai ry sou th o f the junc t ion ofthe road from Rocktown and the Ringoes–Lambertvi l le road (27-4-4-8-2) . There was a workshop about half a mile northeas t of Alexsauken s ta t ionbetween the ra i l road and h ighway. Here the ground was s t rewn with hun-dreds of pieces of argi l l i te , most of them crudely broken as though in the f i rs t s tage of implement-making. (27-3-8-3-8 .)

LIST OF SITES.

In the following pages there are listed all places where tracesof Indian occupancy have been observed. The system of loca-tion is that adopted by field workers in the Division of Geology,by which combinations of numbers are used to indicate the exactlocation of any spot upon the atlas sheets of New Jersey, pub-lished under the direction of the State Geologist. This systemwas described in Bulletin 6 of the Geological Survey, and in briefis as follows:

The one-inch per mile topographic atlas sheets of the State

are used as a basis. On each sheet the parallels of latitude andlongitude are engraved at intervals of two minutes, thus dividingthe sheet into rectangles. Beginning in the upper left-hand cor-


71

ner of each sheet, an area measuring six minutes of longitudeby six minutes of latitude, and including nine of the two-minuterectangles, is numbered 1. The next group of nine to the eastis numbered 2, the next 3, the next 4, and on the right of themap the remaining portion, measuring two minutes of longi-tude by six of latitude and comprising three of the two-minute rectangles, is numbered 5.

Beginning at the left, the first group of nine in the secondtier, under 1, is numbered 11, the next to the east 12, the next 13, etc. The third tier is numbered 21 to 25 from left to right, the next 31 to 35, and at the bottom of the map an incompletetier, of six rectangles each, is numbered 41 to 45. Fig. 1.

Each of the two-minute rectangles in the group of nine isnumbered from 1 to 9, as shown in Fig. 2. Each is also divided into nine subdivisions, and each of these subdivisions is stil lfurther divided into nine parts, all similarly numbered. Fig. 2.

An example of the application of this system may be given. Acamp site is located at 21-33-1-8-1. The first figure, 21, refers to atlas sheet No. 21, which embraces the extreme northwesternpar t of the State . The f igure 33 refers to the four th t ier ofsix-minute rectangles, and the third from the left (Fig. 1). The


72

figure 1 indicates the two-minute rectangle in the upper left-hand corner of the group (Fig. 2). The figure 8 is the middlesubdivision in the bottom row, and the last figure, 1, refers to the smallest division in the upper left-hand corner of that sub-division.

This system is most conveniently applied by ruling on trans-parent tracing linen or celluloid the outline of a six-minute rec-tangle and its subdivisions. The boundaries of the six-minute areruled in red on an atlas sheet and the areas numbered. By plac-ing the transparent, ruled guide on the map the location numberof any point can be read off with ease, or the location correspond-ing to any number can be determined.

In the following list numbers included in brackets refer tolarge sites extending beyond the boundary of a single area. The repetition of a number indicates the existence of two or moresites in a single area.

DELAWARE VALLEY. 21-32-8-2-5,6 24-2-4-3-6 21-32-8-7-8 24-2-5-1-9

Calno: 21-32-7-5-7, 8 24-2-4-3-5,8,9 21-33-1-8-1 Buckwood Park: 24-2-4-6-3 21-33-1-7-3 21-31-9-9-5,6 Ramseysburg: 21-33-1-7-2, 5 Karamac: 24-2-5-4-5,8,9 21-33-1-7-4,7 21-41-3-1-5, 8 Manunka Chunk: 21-32-3-9-9 21-41-3-1-8, 9 24-2-5-8-4,5,8 21-32-6-3-2 Delaware Water Gap: 24-2-5-9-2 21-32-6-3-4 21-41-3-4-1 24-2-5-9-2 21-32-6-2-6 21-41-3-4-4 24-2-5-9-5 21-32-6-2-8 21-41-2-9-3 24-2-8-2-4 21-32-6-5-2,5 21-41-3-7-4 24-2-8-4-5 21-33-4-2-1 Dunnfield: 24-2-8-4-6 21-33-4-1-3,6 21-41-3-7-4,5 Belvidere: 21-33-4-1-2 21-41-3-7-4,5 24-12-1-2-1 21-33-4-2-4 21-41-3-7-5,6 24-12-1-2-2,3,5,6 21-33-4-1-5 21-41-3-8-4 24-12-1-5-4 21-32-6-3-8,9 Browning: 24-11-6-3-6 21-32-6-3-9 21-41-6-2-4 Buckhorn Creek: 21-33-1-7-7 21-41-6-2-8 24-12-4-2-3,6 21-32-6-6-2,3 21-41-6-5-2,5 24-12-4-2-3 21-32-6-6-7 21-41-6-5-6 24-12-4-2-5 21-32-6-5-8 Decker's Perry: 24-11-6-6-7,8 21-32-6-5-9 21-41-6-6-7,8 24-11-6-8-4 21-32-6-8-2,3 21-41-6-9-2 24-11-6-7-7

Poxino Island: Stony Brook: Roxburg Station: 21-32-6-7-5,6 21-41-6-9-2 24-11-6-4-6 21-32-6-7-7 Columbia: 24-11-6-5-1, 4

Millbrook: 24-2-1-1-1,4,5,8,9,6 24-11-5-9-6 21-33-1-9-3 24-2-1-2-4 24-11-7-8-4 21-33-1-9-4 24-2-1-5-1 24-11-6-7-1

Dimmick’s Ferry: 24-2-1-6-7,8 24-11-5-8-6,9 21-32-5-9-9 24-2-1-9-2 24-11-4-9-2

Shoemaker’s Ferry: Delaware: 24-11-7-3-1 21-32-8-3-2 24-2-1-9-7 24-11-7-3-8 21-32-8-3-1,4 24-2-4-3-3 24-11-7-4-2,5


73 24-11-7-4-4,5 Byram: 21-43-2-4-8 24-11-7-7-2,3 7-2-5-4-2,3,6 21-43-2-7-2 2

2

24-11-7-8-4 7-2-5-5-4 Blairstown: 24-11-7-8-8 27-2-5-5-5 21-43-2-5-7

North of Phillipsburg: 27-2-5-6-4 21-43-2-5-4 24-21-1-5-2 Raven Rock: 21-43-2-4-6 24-21-1-5-1,4 27-2-5-9-3 21-43-2-4-8 24-21-1-7-2,5 Lockatong Creek: 21-43-2-4-7 24-21-1-7-4,7 27-2-6-8-3 21-43-2-4-8

Phillipsburg: 7-2-6-9-1,2 21-43-2-4-4

} {

2{ } 24-21-1-7-7 Stockton: 21-43-1-6-6 24-21-4-1-1,4 27-3-4-9-7,8 21-43-2-4-1 24-21-4-5-4,5 27-3-4-9-9 21-43-1-3-9

} 24-21-4-5-8 27-3-7-3-3 21-43-1-6-6,9 Shimer’s Corner: Lambertville: 21-43-1-6-5

24-21-5-7-3 27-3-8-9-8,9 Sand Pond: 24-21-4-9-1,2,3 27-3-8-4-3,6 21-33-5-2-5

Carpentersville: 27-3-8-5-4,5,8 21-33-7-7-5 24-21-7-4-2,5,8,4,7 27-3-8-5-4,7 21-43-1-2-1

Clifford’s Island to Mt. 7-3-8-8-3,6,9 Jacksonburg Creek:

{

2{ } Joy: 27-3-8-9-7 21-43-1-2-1 24-21-7-4-6,9 27-13-2-9-5 21-43-1-2-3 24-21-7-8-4 Jacksonburg: 24-31-1-2-7 PAULINS KILL VALLEY. 21-43-1-2-8 24-31-1-2-5,8 21-43-1-6-7 24-31-1-2-8 Shuster Pond: 21-43-1-8-2, 3 24-31-1-5-1 21-33-9-3-8 21-43-1-5-7 24-31-1-4-4,7 21-33-9-3-9 21-43-1-4-9 24-31-1-7-6 21-33-9-3-9 21-43-1-4-8,9 24-31-1-8-7 Paulins Kill: 21-43-1-4-8 24-31-4-2-1 21-34-7-4-2 Cedar Lake: 24-31-4-4-6,9 21-34-7-4-7 21-43-1-8-5

Holland Station: 21-34-7-7-5 21-43-1-9-7 24-31-7-3-3 1-43-3-4-9 Kalarama: 2{

} 24-31-8-1-2 21-43-3-4-5 21-43-1-7-1 24-31-5-7-9 Marksboro: 21-43-1-7-2 24-31-5-8-4,5 21-43-3-3-6 21-42-3-9-2,3,5 24-31-5-8-5 21-44-1-1-4,7 21-43-1-7-6

Spring Garden: 21-43-3-3-4,7 21-43-1-7-7,8 24-31-6-4-8 21-43-3-3-4 21-42-3-9-9

Milford: 21-43-3-5-9 21-42-6-3-6 24-32-4-7-4 White Pond: 21-42-6-3-9 24-32-4-7-7 21-33-9-9-7 Vails: 24-32-7-1-2 21-33-9-8-8 21-42-6-3-1 24-32-7-1-3,6 21-43-3-2-1 21-42-6-2-6 24-32-7-1-6 Paulina: 21-42-6-3-1,4 24-32-7-2-4,5 21-43-2-6-4 West of Jacksonburg: 24-32-7-2-7,8 21-43-2-6-7 21-42-3-5-5,6 24-32-7-5-3,6 21-43-2-6-7 21-43-1-1-9 24-32-7-6-4,7 21-43-2-5-9 21-43-1-1-8

Frenchtown: Blair’s Creek: 21-43-1-4-2 24-32-7-9-3 21-33-5-9-1,2 21-42-3-6-9 24-32-8-7-1,4 21-33-5-8-5,8 21-42-3-5-2 24-42-2-4-1 21-33-5-8-2,3 21-42-3-5-6 24-42-2-4-1,2 21-33-5-4-3 21-42-3-6-6 22{ 4-42-2-4-7,8 21-43-2-2-3 21-42-3-6-8,9

} 4-42-2-7-1,2 21-43-2-2-2,3 Walnut Valley: 24-42-2-7-8 21-43-2-2-2,5 21-42-3-9-1,2

Kingwood Station: 21-43-2-2-4,7 21-42-3-9-4 24-42-5-4-5 21-43-2-1-9 21-42-3-8-8

6 BUL, 18


74 21-42-3-7-3 Near Kishpaugh Mine: Shi loh: 21-42-3-7-8 ,9 24-3-5-3-8 24-3-3-5-7 21-42-6-2-2 24-3-6-4-4 24-3-3-5-4 21-42-3-8-3 Danvi l le : 24-3-3-4-4 21-42-3-8-5 24-3-6-7-2 Ebenezer: 21-42-3-8-4 24-3-6-8-8 21-43-5-6-2

Vai ls to Hainesburg: Pequest River: 21-43-6-4-7 21-42-6-1-5 24-3-9-2-8 21-43-5-6-2 21-42-6-1-4 24-3-6-9-8 ,9 21-43-5-6-1 ,4 21-42-5-3-9 24-3-9-2-9 21-43-5-6-1

Catf ish Pond: 24-3-9-3-5 Si lver Lake: 21-32-6-9-6 ,9 24-3-9-3-3 21-43-5-8-6

Kit ta t inny Mountain : 24-4-4-7-7 21-43-5-8-7 21-32-9-3-3 ,6 Blanket Brook: Cook’s Pond 21-33-7-1-4 ,7 24-4-7-4-8 21-43-5-2-8

Yard 's Creek: 24-4-7-5-7 21-43-5-4-5 ,8 21-42-3-1-2 24-4-7-5-1 ,4 Febletown: 21-42-2-3-6 24-4-7-5-1 21-43-4-9-7 ,8

Northeast of Haines- 24-4-7-2-8 24-3-1-3-3 burg: 24-3-9-3-9 24-3-2-1-6 ,9 21-42-2-9-7 Vienna:

Hainesburg: 24-4-4-7-2 ,3 Hope: 21-42-5-4-3 24-4-4-4-8 ,9 24-3-2-5-5 21-42-5-4-5 24-4-4-8-1 24-3-2-5-7 21-42-5-4-4 Petersburg: 24-3-2-7-1 ,2

Mount Pleasant : 24-4-4-6-7 24-3-2-7-5 21-42-4-3-1 24-4-4-6-9 24-3-2-4-2 21-42-4-2-6 24-4-4-6-6 ,9 24-3-2-4-1

Northwest of Haines- 24-4-5-4-5 24-3-2-4-4 burg: 24-4-5-2-9 24-3-2-4-7 21-42-4-3-8 24-4-5-3-7 24-3-2-7-1

Warr ington: East Side of the Mead- 24-3-1-9-4 21-42-4-9-1 ,2 ows: 24-3-1-8-6 21-42-4-8-9 24-3-6-9-2 ,3 24-3-1-9-9 24-2-1-3-1 24-3-6-6-8 24-3-2-7-7 24-2-1-2-2 24-4-4-4-2 24-3-4-3-5 24-4-4-3-6 Mount Herman: GREAT MEADOWS AND 24-4-5-1-4 21-42-6-9-7 ,8 VICINITY. 24-4-2-7-5 24-3-1-4-5 24-4-2-7-3

West of Long Bridge: Warrenvil le : Swayze’s Mil l : 24-4-2-3-5 ,8 24-4-2-9-5 24-2-3-9-8 ,9 24-4-2-3-8 Roe’s Is land: 24-3-4-1-1 ,2 24-4-2-3-7 24-3-6-5-5 24-3-4-1-3 24-4-2-5-1 24-3-6-2-9 24-2-6-6-1 24-4-2-4-5 24-3-6-6-1 24-2-6-6-5 ,8 24-4-2-4-2 Post ' s Is land: 24-3-4-2-8 24-4-2-1-8 ,9 24-3-6-3-6 24-3-4-2-9 24-4-2-1-7 24-4-4-1-4 24-3-4-2-6 24-4-1-3-3 Young's Is land: 24-3-4-5-4 24-4-1-3-4 ,5 ,7 ,8 24-4-1-9-1 24-3-4-7-3 24-4-1-3-1 24-3-4-7-1 ,2 24-4-1-5-2 BEAVER BROOK AND 24-2-6-9-2 24-4-1-5-4 ,5 VICINITY. Sarepta :

Jenny Jump Mountain : 24-2-9-2-2 24-4-1-1-8 Frankl in Schoolhouse: 24-2-9-2-1 24-4-1-1-7 ,8 21-43-6-8-5 24-2-9-1-6 24-3-3-8-6 21-43-6-8-7 24-2-9-4-2 24-3-3-9-7 21-43-6-8-8 24-2-6-7-8 ,9 24-3-6-2-1 ,2 24-3-2-3-3 ,6 24-2-9-1-2 ,5


75 Jenny Jump Mountain : NEW GERMANTOWN AND 25-21-7-3-3

24-2-9-6-1 VICINITY. 25-21-7-3-3 ,6 Lamington River : West of Pot tersvi l le : 25-21-8-1-7

HIGH BRIDGE AND 25-21-1-1-7 25-21-8-7-2 ,3 VICINITY. 25-21-1-1-2 ,3 25-21-8-7-8 25-21-1-5-2 25-31-2-1-3 ,6

Stone Mil l : 25-21-1-2-9 Rockaway Creek (North 24-24-4-5-6 25-21-1-6-3 ,6 Branch): 24-24-4-5-9 25-21-1-6-6 25-21-7-1-8

North of High Bridge: 25-21-1-6-6 ,9 25-21-7-7-6 24-24-4-8-1 ,4 West of Lamington 25-21-7-7-8 24-24-4-7-1 ,4 River: Rockaway Creek: 24-24-4-7-4 25-21-5-1-2 25-31-1-1-5 24-24-4-7-7 25-21-5-1-2 ,3 25-31-1-3-6 24-24-4-7-7 25-21-5-1-6 ,9 25-31-2-1-5 24-23-6-9-5 25-21-5-1-9 25-31-2-1-9 24-23-6-9-8 Cold Brook:

West of High Bridge: 25-21-1-9-1 FLEMINGTON AND 24-23-6-8-3 25-21-1-8-3 VICINITY. 24-23-6-8-3 25-21-1-8-8 24-23-6-8-6 25-21-4-3-4 South Branch of Rari - 24-23-6-9-7 25-21-4-2-9 tan River: 24-23-6-9-8 25-21-4-6-1 24-34-8-5-4 24-23-9-3-1 ,2 25-21-4-5-6 24-34-8-5-8 ,9 24-23-9-3-5 25-21-4-5-9 24-34-8-9-5

} South of High Bridge: 5-21-4-6-7 24-34-8-9-9 2{ 24-24-7-1-1 ,4 25-21-4-6-4 24-44-2-3-5 24-24-7-4-3 25-21-4-6-5 4-44-2-3-5 ,8 ,92{ } 24-24-7-1-8 25-21-4-9-2 24-44-3-4-1 24-24-7-1-4 ,7 25-21-5-7-4 ,7 24-44-3-6-2 ,3 24-23-9-3-8 25-21-4-9-5 24-44-3-6-5 24-23-9-3-7 25-21-4-9-9 24-44-3-4-4 24-23-9-3-7 Si lver Hil l : 24-44-3-4-2 ,3,6 24-23-9-6-1 ,2 24-25-4-9-2 24-44-3-1-8 24-23-9-6-3 ,6 24-25-4-9-3 ,6 24-44-3-2-5 24-23-9-6-4 ,5 24-25-4-9-6 24-44-3-5-4 24-23-9-5-6 ,9 25-21-4-7-4 24-44-3-5-5 ,6 24-23-9-6-7 New Germantown: 24-44-3-6-4

Spruce Run: 25-21-4-4-2 24-44-3-6-6 ,9 24-23-6-8-2 25-21-4-4-9 24-45-1-1-8 24-23-6-8-4 ,7 25-21-4-7-3 24-45-1-5-7 24-23-6-8-7 25-21-4-7-6 Mount Carmel : 24-23-9-1-2 ,3 25-21-4-8-1 24-34-7-2-7 24-23-9-1-4 25-21-4-8-1 24-34-7-4-6 24-23-9-1-9 25-21-4-8-2 ,5 24-34-7-4-8 ,9 24-23-9-4-2 25-21-4-8-3 24-34-7-8-1 24-23-9-5-5 25-21-4-8-3 ,6 24-34-8-4-1

Cl inton: 25-21-4-8-9 24-34-7-9-2 24-23-9-8-2 South of New German- 24-34-7-9-3 24-23-9-8-1 ,2 town: 24-34-8-7-1 24-23-9-8-4 25-21-7-5-3 24-34-8-7-4 24-23-9-8-8 25-21-7-6-1 24-34-8-7-7 24-23-9-8-9 25-21-7-6-4 24-34-8-7-8 24-23-9-9-7 25-21-7-6-2 24-34-8-7-7 ,8 24-33-3-2-3 ,6 25-21-4-9-8 Minneacong Brook:

Mulhockaway Creek: 25-21-7-3-2 24-44-2-1-2 ,3 ,5 24-23-9-5-7 25-21-7-3-3 24-44-2-1-6


76 24-44-2-2-1 ,4 27-3-3-8-1 ,2 MUSCONETCONG VALLEY.24-44-2-2-4 ,5 27-3-3-8-2 24-44-2-2-2 27-3-3-6-7 Saxton Fal ls : 24-44-2-2-2 ,3 ,5 ,6 27-3-3-9-2 24-5-4-5-5 24-44-2-2-3 27-4-1-7-6 24-4-6-6-7

Flemington: 7-4-1-5-9 Hacket ts town : 2 24-44-1-6-5 27-4-1-8-3 24-4-9-7-9

24-44-1-6-6 27-4-1-6-7 24-4-9-8-4 24-44-1-6-3 ,6 27-4-1-6-8 Beat tys town: 24-44-2-4-1 ,4 27-4-1-6-5 ,6 24-14-2-3-6 24-44-2-4-4 27-4-1-6-3 24-14-2-3-9 24-44-2-4-4 ,5 27-4-1-6-1 24-14-2-6-2 24-44-2-4-2 27-4-1-3-7 24-14-2-4-9 24-44-2-4-5 24-44-4-9-4 24-14-2-7-3 24-44-2-4-7 24-44-4-9-7 24-14-2-8-4 ,5 24-44-2-4-8 24-44-4-9-6 ,9 24-14-2-7-6 ,9 24-44-2-1-7 24-44-5-7-3 Rockport : 24-44-2-1-7 ,8 24-14-1-6-1 24-44-2-5-2 Por t Murray: 24-44-2-5-5 24-13-6-2-6 24-44-2-6-1 JOHNSONBURG AND Penvi l le : 24-44-2-7-4 VICINITY. 24-13-6-6-6

Mine Brook (Walnut 24-13-6-6-6 ,9

} {

Brook24-3424-3424-4424-44

): Trout Brook: 24-13-6-9-2 ,3 -7-7-3 21-44-5-5-1 24-13-6-9-2 -7-8-4 ,7 , 21-44-4-9-6 24-13-6-9-3 8 -1-2-1 ,2 ,3 Bear Creek: 24-14-4-7-1 -1-2-4 21-44-5-1-4 The Point :

22

4-44-1-1-9 21-44-4-3-9 24-13-9-2-5 ,6 4-44-1-2-7 21-44-4-6-4 24-13-9-2-7

22

4-44-1-4-3 ,6 21-44-4-9-1 24-13-9-2-7 4-44-1-5-1 ,4 Southtown: 24-13-9-2-8

24-44-1-5-6 ,9 21-44-4-8-4 Por t Colden: 24-44-1-9-1 21-44-4-7-5 24-13-8-3-1 ,4 24-44-1-9-1 ,4 21-44-4-7-8 24-13-8-3-1 24-44-1-9-8 21-43-6-9-9 Changewater:

South of Flemington: Yel low Frame Church: 24-13-8-6-6 ,9 24-44-4-2-2 ,5 21-44-2-1-4 24-13-8-6-8 24-44-4-2-3 21-44-2-1-8 New Hampton and Junc- 24-44-5-1-7 21-44-2-1-8 ,9 t ion: 24-44-5-1-8 21-44-2-1-9 24-23-1-6-6

Plum Brook: 21-44-2-1-7 ,8 24-23-1-6-8 ,9 24-43-3-6-5 21-44-2-4-2 24-23-1-8-2 ,5

Second Neshanic River : 21-44-2-5-1 24-23-1-7-9

{ }

{ }

} {

22

4-43-6-1-6 21-44-2-4-6 24-23-4-1-2 ,3 4-43-6-2-4 Asbury:

24-43-6-2-7 Kerr’s Corners : 24-22-6-3-5 ,6 } {

22

4-43-6-2-7 21-43-6-2-4 24-22-6-3-5 4-43-6-5-1 21-43-6-3-1 24-22-6-2-4

24-43-6-2-5 ,8 21-43-6-3-2 Bloomsbury: 24-43-6-3-2 ,3 21-43-3-9-8 24-22-5-5-7 24-44-4-1-8 21-43-3-9-7 24-22-5-8-1 ,2 24-44-4-1-6 21-43-3-9-5 24-22-5-7-4 24-44-4-4-1 Johnsonburg: 24-22-5-2-2 ,5 24-44-4-5-7 21-44-1-7-7 24-22-5-4-4 ,5 24-44-4-5-5 21-44-1-7-5 24-22-5-4-5 24-44-4-5-6 21-44-4-2-1 ,4 24-22-5-6-7 24-44-5-4-4 ,7,8 21-44-4-2-4 Warren Paper Mil ls :

Thi rd Neshanic River: 21-44-1-9-5 24-31-2-3-3 27-3-3-8-4 ,5 21-44-1-9-7 Musconetcong Mountain:

} {


77 24-31-3-2-7 Northwest of Mount 24-24-3-5-7 24-31-3-4-6 Mohepinoke: 24-24-3-4-9

Hughesvi l le : 24-3-7-6-6 24-24-3-7-3 22

4-31-2-2-8 24-3-7-6-8 ,9 Mountainvi l le : 4-31-2-5-2 24-3-7-6-4 ,5 24-24-3-8-8

Pinesvi l le : 24-3-7-9-4 Cokesburg: 24-31-2-4-7 ,8 24-3-7-9-4 24-24-5-6-4 ,5 24-31-1-6-9 But tzvi l le : Northwest of Apgar’s

Riegelsv i l le : 24-12-3-2-3 Corner: 24-31-4-3-1 Bridgevi l le : 24-24-6-9-9 24-2-9-7-9 24-25-4-7-2

POHATCONG VALLEY. 24-2-9-7-7 24-25-4-7-2 24-2-8-8-1 ,2 Base of Hel l Mountain :

Upper Pohatcong Moun- Green’s Pond (Mountain 24-25-4-5-5 ta in : Lake): 24-25-4-5-6 24-4-7-7-4 24-3-7-1-6 24-25-4-8-1 24-4-7-7-4 ,5 24-3-7-2-1 ,2 Rockaway Creek south of24-4-7-7-4 ,5 24-3-7-2-6 McCrea’s Mil ls : 24-3-9-9-8 24-3-7-2-8 24-35-1-3-6

Karrvi l le : 24-3-7-5-2 24-25-4-8-7 24-13-3-4-3 24-3-7-5-2 ,3 24-25-7-2-2 24-13-3-4-7 24-3-7-4-3 24-25-4-9-7 24-13-2-9-2 24-3-7-7-3 24-25-7-3-3

Port Colden: 24-25-7-6-6 ,9 24-13-5-8-7 SCOTT’S MOUNTAIN. 24-35-1-3-3 ,6

Washington: Cold Brook: 24-13-7-3-7 ,8 Harker’s Hol low: 24-24-9-3-6

Pleasant Val ley: 24-12-4-8-8 24-24-9-3-9 24-12-9-5-5 24-21-9-5-6 24-25-7-5-6

Broadway: 24-11-9-6-4 25-21-7-7-4

} {

24-12-8-7-8 4-11-9-5-5 South Branch of Rock-2

New Vil lage: 24-11-9-7-3 away Creek: 24-22-2-1-7 24-11-9-7-6 24-35-1-4-2

Pohatcong Mountain : Brass Cast le : 24-34-3-3-2 24-22-3-2-7 24-12-6-8-7 24-35-1-2-3 24-22-2-7-6 ,9 24-12-9-1-1 ,4 Lebanon:

Wil low Grove: 24-12-7-8-2 ,3 24-34-2-3-6 24-22-1-9-7 Low’s Hollow: Potters town: 24-22-4-2-1 24-21-3-3-2 24-24-9-5-8 ,9 24-22-4-3-8 West of White House

Vulcani te : NORTH BRANCH OF ROCK- Stat ion: 24-21-8-2-8 ,9 AWAY CREEK. 24-35-1-1-4 ,7 24-35-1-1-7 ,8 Fairmount : 24-35-1-1-9

PEQUEST VALLEY. 24-25-1-1-3 24-25-7-8-8 24-25-1-2-7 24-35-1-5-3

Stewart’s Gap: 24-25-1-2-7 , 8 24-35-1-6-1 ,2 24-13-2-2-8 ,9 24-25-1-2-8 ,9 24-35-1-7-3 24-13-2-2-7 ,8 Lower Fairmount: 24-35-1-7-3

Pequest River: 24-25-1-5-9 24-35-1-8-1 24-3-8-8-1 24-25-1-6-7 24-35-1-4-9 24-3-8-7-6 24-25-1-8-3 24-35-1-4-3 24-3-8-7-5 ,6 24-25-1-7-9 24-35-1-5-2 24-3-8-7-8 Burri l l Mine: 24-35-1-5-3 24-13-2-1-3 24-25-1-7-8 24-35-1-5-3

Pequest Furnace: 24-24-3-9-6 ,9 24-35-1-6-7 24-13-2-1-7 24-24-3-9-2 Rockaway Creek east of 24-13-1-3-6 ,9 24-24-3-9-4 White House: 24-13-1-2-8 Farmersvi l le : 25-31-1-2-9 24-13-1-3-6 24-24-3-5-3 25-31-1-3-7

} {


78 25-31-2-4-6 Newport : 24-34-4-9-5 25-31-2-5-1 ,2 24-23-3-3-7 24-34-4-9-8 ,9 24-23-3-2-9 24-34-7-3-3

CHAMBERS BROOK. 24-23-3-5-1 24-34-4-9-2 ,3 24-23-3-4-4 24-34-5-7-1

Near White House Sta- East of Mount Kipp— 24-34-5-7-2 t ion: Glen Gardner: 24-34-5-7-2 24-35-1-9-2 ,5 24-23-6-3-2 24-34-5-7-4 ,7 24-35-1-9-6 24-23-6-3-9 Round Val ley: 25-31-4-1-1 24-23-6-5-3 24-34-3-6-7 25-31-1-7-6 24-23-6-5-2 24-34-3-8-6

West of North Branch Pat tenburg: 24-34-3-8-1 Depot : 24-22-9-5-9 24-34-3-4-6

} 25-31-2-7-9 24-22-9-6-7 24-34-3-4-5 25-31-5-1-3 24-22-9-9-6 ,9 Barley Sheaf : 25-31-5-1-2 ,3 24-23-7-7-7 24-34-9-4-5 24-33-1-1-1 24-34-9-5-1

ADDITIONAL SITES ON THE Jut land: Pleasant Run: SOUTH BRANCH OF RARI- 24-33-1-2-3 ,6 24-35-7-1-4 TAN RIVER AND ITS TRIB- Norton: Hol lands Brook: UTARIES. 24-23-7-1-5 ,6 24-35-4-1-3 24-23-7-5-1 24-35-4-2-6

Vernoy: 24-23-7-3-1 24-35-4-4-3 24-14-8-9-1 Van Syckles: Back Brook: 24-14-8-6-7 ,8 24-23-7-6-7 27-4-5-2-4 24-14-8-9-2 24-23-7-6-6 27-4-5-2-8 24-14-8-6-9 Charles town: 27-4-6-1-7 24-14-9-7-1 24-23-5-4-4 27-4-3-4-9 24-14-9-7-2 24-23-5-4-8 ,9 27-4-3-4-6 ,9

Cal i fon: Mouth of Block Brook: 27-4-3-5-1 24-24-2-3-6 24-23-8-5-3 27-4-3-5-3 24-24-2-3-8 ,9 24-23-8-2-9 27-5-1-1-1

{

} 24-24-2-6-1 4-23-8-3-7 2{

24-24-2-5-6 Pi t ts town: SCATTERED SITES ON TRIB-24-24-2-5-4 ,7 24-33-4-5-4 UTARIES TO DELAWARE

Frog Hollow: 24-33-4-6-1 RIVER. 24-14-9-8-9 24-33-5-4-3 Lopatcong Creek: 24-24-3-2-2 Kingtown: 24-21-5-4-2 24-24-3-2-3 24-33-5-6-1 Amsterdam:

Li t t le Brook: 24-33-5-2-3 ,6 24-31-5-2-6 24-14-7-9-6 Lansdowne: 24-31-5-2-5 24-14-8-7-4 ,5 24-33-3-8-1 ,2 24-31-5-2-7 24-24-2-2-6 4-33-3-8-3 Spring Mil ls : 2{

} Hoffmans: 24-33-3-9-1 24-31-5-3-6 24-24-2-7-2 ,3 24-33-3-5-6 24-31-6-1-8 ,9

Buddvale: Quakertown: 24-31-6-2-1 ,2 24-24-1-9-5 24-33-9-1-4 Li t t le York:

Beaver Brook: 24-33-9-1-7 ,8 24-32-1-8-1 ,4 24-24-5-4-3 South of Sidney: 24-32-1-7-5 ,8 24-24-5-4-6 24-33-6-5-8 ,9 Hakihokake Creek: 24-24-5-4-1 24-33-6-8-1 24-32-2-2-9 24-24-4-6-6 24-33-6-4-6 24-32-2-3-7 24-24-8-1-4 Hamden: 24-32-4-7-2 24-24-7-3-8 24-34-4-1-5 24-32-5-8-1 ,4 24-24-7-3-8 24-34-4-4-3 24-32-8-1-1 ,4 24-24-7-7-6 Stanton Stat ion: 24-32-8-4-6

Woodglen: 24-34-4-8-4 ,5 24-32-8-4-6 ,9 24-24-1-2-4 24-34-4-8-6 24-32-8-4-7 ,8


79 Nishisakawick Creek: Kingwood: 27-3-6-2-9

24-32-9-1-2 ,5 24-42-6-8-1 27-3-6-5-2 24-32-9-1-7 ,8 27-2-6-3-8 27-3-6-5-2 ,5 24-32-8-3-9 27-2-6-6-1 Dil t ’s Corner:

North of Kingwood 27-2-6-5-4 27-3-5-9-2 Stat ion: 27-2-6-5-7 27-3-6-4-7 24-42-5-2-2 27-2-6-5-8 ,9 Mount Airy:

Warford Creek: Wickecheoke Creek: 27-3-6-7-6 24-42-6-4-1 24-43-5-1-2 ,3 27-3-6-8-4 24-42-5-9-4 24-43-4-6-2 27-3-6-9-4

Byram: Stockton: 27-4-4-7-4 27-2-5-2-6 27-3-2-7-7 Alexsauken Stat ion: 27-2-5-2-4 ,5 27-3-4-3-2 27-3-8-2-9

Lockatong Creek: 27-3-4-5-2 Tributary of Moore’s 22{ 4-33-8-4-1 ,4 Alexsauken Creek: Creek:

} 4-33-8-5-1 ,2 27-4-4-8-2 27-13-3-3-8 24-33-8-5-2 , 5 27-3-8-3-8 Stony Brook: 24-33-7-8-1 ,4 ,5 Bowne: 27-4-6-7-7 24-43-1-2-5 27-3-6-1-4 ,5



INDEX.

A. PAGE.

Acknowledgments for aid, ..................................................................................................10, 11 Albertson, William, ...................................................................................................................10 Alexsauken Creek, sites on, ................................................................................................69, 79 Alexsauken Station, sites near, .................................................................................................79 Amey, Lafayette R., ............................................................................................................10, 11 Amsterdam, sites near, ..............................................................................................................78 Anderson, Albert, ................................................................................................................10, 11 Apgar's Corner, sites northwest of, ...........................................................................................77 Asbury, sites near, ...............................................................................................................65, 76

B Back Brook, sites near, .............................................................................................................78 Barley Sheaf, sites near, ............................................................................................................78 Bartow, George M., ...................................................................................................................11 Bear Creek, sites near, ..............................................................................................................76 Beatty, Samuel, .........................................................................................................................10 Beattystown, sites near, .............................................................................................................76 Beaver Brook and Vicinity, description of sites near, ........................................................ 58-60

distribution of sites near, ...................................................................................................21 location of sites at, .......................................................................................................74, 78

Bellis, Dory, ..............................................................................................................................11 Belvidere, sites near, ...........................................................................................................51, 72 Blair’s Creek, sites near, ...........................................................................................................73 Blairstown, sites near, .........................................................................................................54, 73 Blanket Brook, sites near, .........................................................................................................74 Block Brook, sites at mouth of, ................................................................................................78 Bloomsbury, sites near, .............................................................................................................76 Boss, Henry C., .........................................................................................................................10 Bowne, sites near, .....................................................................................................................79 Brass Castle, sites near, .............................................................................................................77 Bridgeville, sites near, .........................................................................................................66, 77 Broadway, sites near, ..........................................................................................................66, 77 Brown, Joseph, ...........................................................................................................................l0 Browning, sites near, .................................................................................................................72 Buckhorn Creek, sites near, ................................................................................................17, 72 Buckwood Park, sites near, .................................................................................................49, 72 Buddvale, sites near, .................................................................................................................78 Burial grounds, description of, ........................................................................................... 34-36

distribution of, ........................................... 35, 36, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 65, 69 Burrill Mine, sites near, ............................................................................................................77

(81)


82

PAGE.

Button, Clarence, .......................................................................................................................10 Buttzville, sites near, .................................................................................................................77 Byram, sites near, ..........................................................................................................53, 73, 79

C.

Califon, sites near, .....................................................................................................................78 Calno, sites near, .................................................................................................................48, 72 Camp sites, determining factors in choice of, ..........................................................................13

distribution and number of, ...........................................................................................9, 15 Carpenter, Leon, ........................................................................................................................11 Carpentersville, sites near, ..................................................................................................52, 73 Case, John B., .............................................................................................................................l0 Catfish Pond, sites near, ............................................................................................................74 Cedar Lake, sites near, ..............................................................................................................73 Ceremonial stones, ....................................................................................................................49 Chambers Brook, sites along, .......................................................................................28, 69, 78 Changewater, sites near, ...........................................................................................................76 Charlestown, sites near, ............................................................................................................78 Clifford’s Island, sites near, ................................................................................................52, 73 Clinton, sites near, ...............................................................................................................61, 75 Cokesburg, sites near, ...............................................................................................................77 Cold Brook, sites near, ........................................................................................................75, 77 Collections examined, list of, ...................................................................................................10 Columbia, sites near, ...........................................................................................................50, 72 Cook’s Pond, sites near, ............................................................................................................74 Copper implements, ..................................................................................................................45 Cummins, Dr., ............................................................................................................................l0

D.

Dalrymple, Floyd, .....................................................................................................................10 Danville, sites near, .............................................................................................................57, 74 Dean, Stephen, .....................................................................................................................l0, 11 Deats, Hiram E., ...................................................................................................................l0, 11 Decker’s Ferry, sites near, ........................................................................................................72 Delaware, sites near, ...........................................................................................................51, 72 Delaware River, distribution of sites on minor tributaries of, ..................................................28 Delaware River Valley, description of sites in, ................................................................. 48-53

distribution and number of sites in, .......................................................................15, 16, 48 location of sites in, .......................................................................................................72, 73

Delaware Water Gap, sites near, .........................................................................................49, 72 Dill, George, ..............................................................................................................................10 Dilt’s Corner, sites near, ...........................................................................................................79 Dimmick’s Ferry, sites near, ...............................................................................................49, 72 Dunnfield, sites near, near ...................................................................................................49, 72

E.

Ebenezer, sites near, ............................................................................................................60, 74 Exton, J. C., ...............................................................................................................................10


83

F. PAGE.

Fairmount, sites near, ................................................................................................................77 Farmersville, sites near, ............................................................................................................77 Febletown, sites near, ..........................................................................................................59, 74 Finesville, sites near, .................................................................................................................77 Flemington and Vicinity, description of sites at, ................................................................62, 63

distribution and number of sites at, .............................................................................16, 24 location of sites near, .........................................................................................................76

Fowler, E. Frank, .......................................................................................................................10 Franklin Schoolhouse, sites near, .......................................................................................58, 74 Frenchtown, sites near, .......................................................................................................52, 73 Frog Hollow, sites near, ............................................................................................................78

G.

Glen Gardner, sites near, ...........................................................................................................78 Gordon, Dr. Frank, .....................................................................................................................l0 “Grasshopper War,” ..................................................................................................................52Great Meadows and Vicinity, description and location of sites at, ..............................57, 58, 74

distribution and number of sites at, .............................................................................15, 20 Green's Pond (Mountain Lake), sites near, ...................................................................27, 67, 77

H.

Hakihokake Creek, sites near, .......................................................................................33, 69, 78 Habitations, Indian, principal districts of, .......................................................................... 15-48 Hackettstown, sites near, ...........................................................................................................76 Hainesburg, sites near, ........................................................................................................56, 74 Hamden, sites near, ...................................................................................................................78 Harker’s Hollow, sites near, .....................................................................................................77 Hell Mountain, sites near base of, .............................................................................................77 High Bridge and Vicinity, description and lists of sites at, ................................................61, 75

distribution and number of sites at, .............................................................................15, 23 High Rock Mountain, sites on, .................................................................................................67 Hoagland, Dr ..............................................................................................................................10 Hoffmans, sites near, .................................................................................................................78 Hollands Brook, sites near, .......................................................................................................78 Holland Station, sites near, .................................................................................................52, 73 Hope, sites near, ..................................................................................................................59, 74 Hughesville, sites near, .............................................................................................................77 Hunterdon County, area of, .......................................................................................................12

elevation of, .......................................................................................................................13 number of sites in, ................................................................................................................9 physical features of, .....................................................................................................12, 13

I.

Implements, materials used for, .......................................................................................... 44-48 Indian Hollow, rock house at, ...................................................................................................64


84

J. PAGE.

Jacksonburg Creek, sites on, .....................................................................................................73 Jacksonburg, sites near, .......................................................................................................55, 73 Jenny Jump Mountain, sites on, ..............................................................................57, 60, 74, 75 Johnsonburg and Vicinity, sites near, .....................................................................23, 63, 65, 76 Junction and New Hampton, sites near, ..............................................................................65, 76 Jutland, sites near, .....................................................................................................................78

K.

Kalarama, sites near, ...........................................................................................................55, 73 Karamac, sites near, ............................................................................................................49, 72 Karrville, sites near, .............................................................................................................65,77 Kerr’s Corners, sites near.....................................................................................................59, 76 Kingtown, sites near, .................................................................................................................78 Kingwood, sites near, ....................................................................................................69, 73, 79 Kishpaugh Mine, sites near, ......................................................................................................74 “Kithanne Whittuck.” See Delaware River, .............................................................................18 Kittatinny Mountain, sites near, ................................................................................................75 Kline, James A., ..................................................................................................................10, 11

L.

Lambertville, Indian settlement at, ...........................................................................................53 sites near, ......................................................................................................................53, 73

Lamington River, sites near, .....................................................................................................75 Landsdowne, sites near, ............................................................................................................78 Lanternman, Grant, .................................................................................................................. 10 Larison, Dr. Frank, ..............................................................................................................10, 11 Lebanon, sites near, .............................................................................................................68, 77 Lewis, Walter P., .................................................................................................................10, 11 List of sites, ......................................................................................................................... 70-79 Little Brook, sites near, .............................................................................................................78 Little York, sites near, .........................................................................................................69, 78 Location of sites on State maps, method of, ....................................................................... 70-72 Lockatong Creek, sites on, ............................................................................................69, 73, 79 Long Bridge, sites west of, .......................................................................................................74 Lopatcong Creek, sites on, ........................................................................................................78 Losey, Raymond, ......................................................................................................................10 Lower Fairmount, sites near, ....................................................................................................77 Low’s Hollow, sites near, .........................................................................................................77

M.

McConachy, John C...................................................................................................................10 MacCracken, John, ....................................................................................................................10 Manunka Chunk, sites near, ................................................................................................51, 72 Marble Mountain, sites near, ....................................................................................................51

soapstone quarry at, ...........................................................................................................51 Marksboro, sites near, ...............................................................................................................73


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Materials used for implements, ........................................................................................... 44-48 Mellick, Mrs. A. D., ..................................................................................................................10 Milford, sites near, ..............................................................................................................52, 73 Millbrook, sites near, ..........................................................................................................48, 72 Miller, A. R., .............................................................................................................................10 Mine Brook (Walnut Brook), sites near, ......................................................................62, 63, 76 Minisink Path, ......................................................................................................................37,40 Minneacong Brook, sites near, .....................................................................................62, 75, 76 Mountain Lake (Green's Pond), sites near, ...............................................................................77 Mountainville, sites near, ..........................................................................................................77 Mount Airy, sites near, ..............................................................................................................79 Mount Carmel, sites near, ...................................................................................................62, 75 Mount Herman, sites near, ........................................................................................................74 Mount Joy, sites near, ...............................................................................................................73 Mount Kipp, sites near, .............................................................................................................78 Mount Mohepinoke, sites northwest of ...............................................................................66, 77 Mount Pleasant, sites near, .................................................................................................57, 74 Moore's Creek, sites on tributary of, .........................................................................................79 Mulhockaway Creek, sites on, ..................................................................................................75Munselonghaway Creek. See Mulhockaway Creek. Murphy, Charles, .......................................................................................................................10 Musconetcong Mountain, sites on, .....................................................................................76, 77 Musconetcong Valley, sites in, ...............................................................................26, 65, 76, 77

N.

Neshanic River, sites near, ........................................................................................................62New Germantown and Vicinity, description and location of sites near, ......................61, 62, 75

distribution and number of sites near, .........................................................................16, 24 New Hampton and Junction, sites near, ..............................................................................65, 76 Newport, sites near, ...................................................................................................................78 New Village, sites near, ......................................................................................................66, 77 Nississokawah Creek, sites on, ...........................................................................................69, 79 North Branch Depot, sites west of, ...........................................................................................78 North Branch of Rockaway River, sites on, .................................................................27, 68, 77 Norton, sites near, .....................................................................................................................78

O.

Osmun, Norman B .....................................................................................................................10 Ovens, Indian, ...........................................................................................................................51

P.

Pattenburg, sites near, .........................................................................................................61, 78 Paulina, sites near, ...............................................................................................................54, 73 Paulins Kill, sites on, ................................................................................................................73 Paulins Kill Valley, description and location of sites in, ....................................... 53-57, 73, 74

distribution and number of sites, ...........................................................................15, 18, 19 Penville, sites near, ...................................................................................................................76


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Pequest Furnace, sites near, ................................................................................................66, 77 Pequest River, sites on, .................................................................................................66, 74, 77 Pequest Valley, distribution and location of sites in, .........................................................26, 77

sites between Townsbury and Bridgeville in, .............................................................66, 67 Petersburg, sites near, ...............................................................................................................74 Phillipsburg, sites near, .............................................................................................................73 Pittstown, sites near, .................................................................................................................78 Pleasant Run, sites on, ..............................................................................................................77 Pleasant Valley, sites in, .....................................................................................................66, 77 Plum Brook, sites on, ................................................................................................................75 Pohatcong Mountain, sites on, ..................................................................................................77 Pohatcong Valley, sites in, ......................................................................................26, 65, 66, 77 Port Colden, sites near, .......................................................................................................76, 77 Port Murray, sites near, .............................................................................................................76 Post’s Island, sites near, .......................................................................................................58,74 Potterstown, sites near, .............................................................................................................77 Pottersville, sites west of, ..........................................................................................................75 Poxino Island, copper mine near, ..............................................................................................48

sites near, ............................................................................................................................72 Primrose, Frank, ........................................................................................................................10

Q.

Quakertown, sites near, .......................................................................................................69, 78 Queequawkomisikunk. See Hakihokake Creek, .................................................................33, 69

R.

Ramseyburg, sites near, ......................................................................................................51, 72 Raritan River, South Branch, sites on, ....................................................................28, 62, 75, 78 Raven Rock, sites near, .............................................................................................................73 Readingsburg (Stone Mill), rock shelter at, ........................................................................61, 75 Riegelsville, sites near, .......................................................................................................52, 77 Rinehart, John, ..........................................................................................................................10 Rockaway Creek, sites on, ................................................................... 27, 28, 68, 69, 95, 77, 78 Rockport, sites near, ..................................................................................................................76 Rock shelters, description and distribution of, .................................... 29-34, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69 Roe’s Island, sites near, ......................................................................................................58, 74 Round Valley, sites near, ..........................................................................................................78 Roxburg Station, sites near, ................................................................................................51, 72

S.

Sand Pond, sites near, ...............................................................................................................73 Sarepta, sites near, .....................................................................................................................74 Savacool, L. E., ..........................................................................................................................76 Saxton Falls, sites near, .............................................................................................................76 Scott, David W., ........................................................................................................................11


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Scotts Mountain, sites on, ...................................................................................................27, 77 Second Neshanic River, sites near, ...........................................................................................76 Shiloh, sites near, ................................................................................................................58, 74 Shimer's Corners, sites near, .....................................................................................................73 Shoemaker’s Ferry, sites near, ............................................................................................49, 72 Shuster, N. R., .....................................................................................................................10, 11 Shuster Pond, sites near, .....................................................................................................53, 73 Sidner, John, ..............................................................................................................................10 Sidney, sites south of, ...............................................................................................................78 Sigler, William, .........................................................................................................................10 Silver Hill, sites near, ................................................................................................................75 Silver Lake, sites near, ........................................................................................................60, 74 Smith, J. Floyd, .........................................................................................................................10 Snyder, Harold, .........................................................................................................................10 Soil, influence on location of village sites, ...............................................................................14 South Branch of Raritan River, sites on, ................................................................28, 62, 75, 78 Southtown, sites near, near ..................................................................................................64, 76 Spring Garden, sites near, .........................................................................................................73 Spring Mills, sites near, ..................................................................................................... 69, 78 Spruce Run, sites on, .................................................................................................................75 Stanton Station, sites near, ..................................................................................................62, 78 Stewart's Gap, sites near, ..............................................................................................65, 66, 77 Stockton, sites near, ......................................................................................................53, 73, 79 Stoddard, Mrs. John, .................................................................................................................10 Stone Mill (Readingsburg), sites near, ................................................................................61,75 Stony Brook, sites on, ..........................................................................................................72,79 Stryker, Nelson, .........................................................................................................................11 Swackhamer, Linden, ..........................................................................................................10, 11 Swartz, Watson, ........................................................................................................................10 Swayze’s Mill, sites near, ...................................................................................................60, 74 Sweat boxes, Indian, .................................................................................................................51 Sutton, John Craig, ....................................................................................................................10

T.

Thatcher, John C., ................................................................................................................10, 11 The Point, sites near, .................................................................................................................76 Third Neshanic River, sites near, ..............................................................................................76 Townsbury, sites near, ..............................................................................................................66 Trails, Indian, ...................................................................................................................... 36-44 Trout Brook, sites near, .............................................................................................................76

U.

Upper Pohatcong Mountain, sites on, .......................................................................................77

V.

Vails, sites near, ........................................................................................................................73 Van Campen, Walter, ................................................................................................................10


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Van Campen, Mrs. Walter, .......................................................................................................10 Van Campen’s Brook, sites on, ....................................................................................16, 48, 49 Van Syckles, sites near, ............................................................................................................78 Vernoy, sites near, .....................................................................................................................78 Vienna, sites near, ...............................................................................................................58, 74 Villages, Indian, ........................................................... 48, 49, 51, 53, 54, 60, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69 Vroom, John W., .................................................................................................................10, 11 Vulcanite, sites near, .................................................................................................................77

W.

Walnut Brook, sites near, ....................................................................................................62, 76 Walnut Valley, sites near, ...................................................................................................56, 73 Warford Creek, sites on, ...........................................................................................................79 Warren County, area of, ............................................................................................................11

elevation of, .......................................................................................................................11 number of sites in, ............................................................................................................... 9 physical features of, ...........................................................................................................12

Warren Paper Mills, sites near, ...........................................................................................65, 76 Warrenville, sites near, ........................................................................................................58,74 Warrington, sites near, ..............................................................................................................74 Washington, sites near, ........................................................................................................66,77 Water, influence on location of village sites, ...........................................................................13 Weidmann, Marshall, ................................................................................................................10 White, Mr., ................................................................................................................................10 White House Station, sites near, ...................................................................................68, 77, 78 White Pond, sites near, ..............................................................................................................73 Wickecheoke Creek, sites on, .............................................................................................44, 79 Willow Grove, sites near, ....................................................................................................66, 77 Woodglen, sites near, ................................................................................................................78

Y.

Yard’s Creek, sites on, ........................................................................................................56, 74 Yellow Frame Church, sites near, .......................................................................................64, 76 Young's Island, sites near, ...................................................................................................58, 74



Documents

Archaeology of Warren and Hunterdon Counties - New Jersey · Archaeology of Warren and Hunterdon Counties (WITH MAP) BY ... Hiram E. Deats, ... John Craig Sutton,