Archaeology

Archaeology is the study of

the remains of

past human life

and cultures

Artifacts – things made

by peopleArtWeaponsToolsPotteryTablets

Excavation•To study archeological remains, archeologists must excavate

•Excavate – dig into the earth to uncover remains of the past

Archaeological

Finds

1700•Italian farmers discovered they were living on ancient Roman city of Herculaneum

•Led to discovery of Pompeii (50 years later)

Ancient City of Herculaneum

This photo gives an idea of the extent of the excavations, which cover only about 1/4 of the original town. In the distance can be seen the present-day town of Ercolano which has been built on the volcanic

material which covered the Roman town.

This metal bath tub shows how little the design of bathtubs has changed in over

2000 years.

This picture shows the Roman equivalent of a fast food restaurant. The counter has several earthenware pots

fixed into it which would have contained hot food. Being earthenware, the pots would have helped conserve the

heat. The front step of the shop has a groove in which slid the concertina shutters that were shut when the shop

closed.

These columns show a common method

used by the Romans. Notice how the

columns have been painted.

Many of the buildings in Herculaneum have beautifully frescoes and mosaics

Painted on a wall is this price list (or perhaps it's a poster advertising the range of wines for sale).

The grey right hand wall of the excavation in this view of part of the back of the villa clearly shows the depth to which it was buried.

The strange object in the bottom of this pool in the men's baths is an early immersion heater. The circular piece in the

center was heated from below.

Pompeii

Pompeii: Near the forum, stands the Temple of Jupiter, chief of the Roman gods. Behind it is Mount Vesuvius.

The temple of Ceres

The Greek ekklesiasterion was the council meeting arena; seating around a circular arena -

nobody was at the front

The Temple of Poseidon in the background; the temple of Hera in the foreground

From the front of the

larger Temple of

Poseidon you can see the remains of the internal walls and columns.

Pompeii had several public performance spaces. This is the small theatre, or Odeon, which was a venue for musical events. Without efficient artificial lighting performances took place during the hours of daylight. The whole arena could be covered with a fabric roof to protect the audience from the hot sun (or the rain.

The Basilica, or courthouse, in

Pompeii had been damaged in an

earthquake some years before the

eruption of 79 CE. It was being rebuilt by gangs of workmen. Each gang had their own column. They

had all reached about the same height when work was interrupted...

Pompeii was built on the side of a hill. Every house had a supply of piped water but there was no sewage system. Sewage and other household water was simply emptied into the street which were constantly running with water. The pedestrian walkways are high and each street had stepping stones to let people get across!

Deep ruts in the surface of the road show the result of many years of traffic. From the look of it the carts that used this street must have been built to a standard wheel span.

Flour mill - seen in one of the

bakery shops in Pompeii. Grain

was ground into flour when two slaves turned the top half,

capstan-style.

The large theatre in Pompeii is still occasionally used for performances today.

Why is this important?

We learned how

ancient Romans lived!

1799• French soldiers discovered the Rosetta Stone

• Discovered Rosetta Stone in Rosetta now called Rashid

• Created – 196 B.C.

Rashid

• Scholars had not been able to decipher Egyptian writings

• Stone was written in Greek and Egyptian

• Scholars were able to use the Greek writing to translate the Egyptian

• Gained information about ancient Egyptians

Why is this important?

•Primary•Secondary

Types of Sources

• An account of an event created by someone who took part in or witnesses the event

• Treaties, letters, diaries, laws, court documents, royal commands, audio/video recordings

Primary Sources

• Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witnesses an event

•History textbooks, journal articles, encyclopedias

Secondary Sources

Primary or

Secondary?

This is an original advertisement for

Lux Soap.

C

Primary or

Secondary?C

A text book is a secondary source written about the primary sources.

Primary or

Secondary?

C

This is an original letter written by Thomas Jefferson to John Adams in 1788.

Primary or

Secondary?

CEmanuel Bowen, London,1744Bowen's map is the first English map of Australia.

Primary or

Secondary?C

World Book Encyclopedias are secondary sources of information.