14
$5&+$(2/2*,&$/ ),(/':25. ,1 (6721,$ ² ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND CHURCHYARD VILLU KADAKAS, KAIRE TOOMING and MAURI KIUDSOO Tallinna Ülikool, Ajaloo Instituut (Tallinn University, Institute of History), Rüütli 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia; [email protected] JUHAN KILUMETS OÜ Rändmeister, Mõõna tee 15, Tallinn 12112, Harjumaa, Estonia INTRODUCTION ,Q FRQVHUYDWLRQ ZRUNV VWDUWHG DW WKH PHGLHYDO FKXUFK RI 5LVWL &URVV LQ (QJOLVK DOVR NQRZQ DV +DUMX5LVWL UHIHUULQJ WR WKH KLVWRULF QDPH RI WKH UHJLRQ 7KRVH ZRUNV LQFOXGHG WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI WKH LQWHULRU RI WKH FKDQFHO DQG WKH ÁRRU RI WKH QDYH 7KH SUHVHQW DUWLFOH JLYHV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI WKH DUFKDHRORJLFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQV UHODWHG WR WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ ZRUNV ZKLFK WRRN SODFH LQ DXWXPQ DQG VXPPHU %HVLGHV WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG ZRUNV LQ DQ XQGHUJURXQG HOHFWULF SRZHU FDEOH DQG ODPSSRVWV ZHUH LQVWDOOHG LQ WKH FKXUFK\DUG DURXQG WKH EXLOGLQJ DQG WKH DHULDO SRZHU FDEOH ZDV UHSODFHG ZLWK DQ XQGHUJURXQG RQH LQ VXPPHU 7KH DUWLFOH EULHÁ\ FRYHUV WKH PRQLWRULQJ UHVXOWV DV ZHOO in the Middle Ages risti church (Fig. 1) ZDV NQRZQ DV D +RO\ &URVV FKDSHO DOVR PHQWLRQHG DV D FKXUFK ZKLFK EHORQJHG to the cistercian monastery of Padise /8% 7KH IXQFWLRQ RI the church is not clear as in the medi- eval sources it is never mentioned as a parish church. the parish church on the PRQDVWHU\·V ODQGV ZDV VLWXDWHG DW +DUMX Madise. After reformation the situation did not change – the centre of the parish UHPDLQHG LQ +DUMX0DGLVH DQG 5LVWL ZDV DQ DIÀOLDWHG FKXUFK 7KLV DUUDQJHPHQW lasted up to the end of the 19th century ZKHQ DQ LQGHSHQGHQW 5LVWL SDULVK ZDV established (ederma & Jaik 1939, 66). there has been a considerable ethnic 6ZHGLVK VHWWOHPHQW RQ WKH FRDVWDO DUHDV of the parish. Fig. 1. Church of Risti. Jn 1. Risti kirik. Photo / Foto: Kaire Tooming

ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

$5&+$(2/2*,&$/�),(/':25.�,1�(6721,$����������²���

ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND CHURCHYARD

VILLU KADAKAS, KAIRE TOOMING and MAURI KIUDSOOTallinna Ülikool, Ajaloo Instituut (Tallinn University, Institute of History), Rüütli 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia; [email protected] KILUMETSOÜ Rändmeister, Mõõna tee 15, Tallinn 12112, Harjumaa, Estonia

INTRODUCTION ,Q������FRQVHUYDWLRQ�ZRUNV�VWDUWHG�DW�WKH�PHGLHYDO�FKXUFK�RI�5LVWL��&URVV�LQ�(QJOLVK��DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�+DUMX�5LVWL�UHIHUULQJ�WR�WKH�KLVWRULF�QDPH�RI�WKH�UHJLRQ���7KRVH�ZRUNV�LQFOXGHG�WKH�FRQVHUYDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LQWHULRU�RI�WKH�FKDQFHO�DQG�WKH�ÁRRU�RI�WKH�QDYH��7KH�SUHVHQW�DUWLFOH�JLYHV�DQ�RYHUYLHZ�RI� WKH�DUFKDHRORJLFDO� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� UHODWHG� WR� WKH�FRQVHUYDWLRQ�ZRUNV�ZKLFK�WRRN�SODFH�LQ�DXWXPQ������DQG�VXPPHU�������%HVLGHV�WKH�DIRUHPHQWLRQHG�ZRUNV� LQ������DQ�XQGHUJURXQG�HOHFWULF�SRZHU�FDEOH�DQG� ODPS�SRVWV�ZHUH� LQVWDOOHG� LQ�WKH�FKXUFK\DUG�DURXQG�WKH�EXLOGLQJ�DQG�WKH�DHULDO�SRZHU�FDEOH�ZDV�UHSODFHG�ZLWK�DQ�XQGHUJURXQG�RQH�LQ�VXPPHU�������7KH�DUWLFOH�EULHÁ\�FRYHUV�WKH�PRQLWRULQJ�UHVXOWV�DV�ZHOO�

in the Middle Ages risti church (Fig. 1) ZDV�NQRZQ�DV�D�+RO\�&URVV�FKDSHO��DOVR�PHQWLRQHG�DV� D� FKXUFK���ZKLFK� EHORQJHG�to the cistercian monastery of Padise �/8%� ������ ����� ������ 7KH� IXQFWLRQ� RI�the church is not clear as in the medi-eval sources it is never mentioned as a parish church. the parish church on the PRQDVWHU\·V�ODQGV�ZDV�VLWXDWHG�DW�+DUMX�Madise. After reformation the situation did not change – the centre of the parish UHPDLQHG�LQ�+DUMX�0DGLVH�DQG�5LVWL�ZDV�DQ� DIÀOLDWHG� FKXUFK��7KLV� DUUDQJHPHQW�lasted up to the end of the 19th century ZKHQ� DQ� LQGHSHQGHQW�5LVWL� SDULVK�ZDV�established (ederma & Jaik 1939, 66). there has been a considerable ethnic 6ZHGLVK�VHWWOHPHQW�RQ�WKH�FRDVWDO�DUHDV�of the parish.

Fig. 1. Church of Risti. Jn 1. Risti kirik. Photo / Foto: Kaire Tooming

Page 2: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

the building history of risti church has been thus far most thoroughly studied E\�DUW�KLVWRULDQ�9LOOHP�5DDP�ZKR�KDV�GDWHG� WKH�SUHVHQW� FKXUFK� WR� WKH�ÀUVW�KDOI�RI�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\��+H�KDV�GLYLGHG�WKH�EXLOGLQJ�SURFHVV�RI�WKH�FKXUFK�LQWR�WKUHH�PDMRU�VWDJHV��$W�ÀUVW��DURXQG�WKH�����V��D�ORZHU�SDUW�RI�WKH�FKDQFHO�ZDV�HUHFWHG��7KRVH�ZRUNV�ZHUH�LQWHUUXSWHG�DQG�WKH�EXLOGLQJ�RI�5LVWL�FKXUFK�FRQWLQXHG�DURXQG�WKH�ÀUVW�TXDUWHU�RI�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\��5DDP�VHHV�WKLV�EXLOGLQJ�DFWLYLW\�LQ�WZR�GLIIHUHQW�VWDJHV��$W�ÀUVW�WKH�FKDQFHO�ZDV�FRPSOHWHG�DQG�WKH�QDYH�ZDV�HUHFWHG��+H�DVVXPHG�WKDW�QDYH�ZDV�YDXOWHG�DQG� WKH� WRZHU�ZDV�EXLOW�GXULQJ�QH[W�EXLOGLQJ� VWDJH�ZKLFK� WRRN�SODFH�DW� WKH� VHFRQG�TXDUWHU�RI�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\�DW�WKH�ODWHVW��5DDP���������²����

7KH�RQO\�SUHYLRXV�DUFKDHRORJLFDO�ZRUNV�SULRU�WR������WRRN�SODFH�LQ������DQG������LQ�WKH�FKXUFK\DUG�ZKHQ�D�OD\HU�RI�VRLO�XS�WR�����P�WKLFN�ZDV�UHPRYHG�IURP�WKH�YLFLQLW\�RI�DOO�VLGHV�RI�WKH�FKXUFK�EXLOGLQJ�ZLWK�D�SXUSRVH�WR�NHHS�RII�PRLVWXUH�IURP�WKH�ZDOOV��$OVR�VRPH�WHVW�SLWV�ZHUH�GXJ�ULJKW�RXWVLGH�WKH�FKXUFK�ZDOOV��1R�ÀQGV�ZHUH�UHFRUGHG��H[FHSW�VRPH�OLPHVWRQH�PDVRQU\�IUDJPHQWV�WKDW�DUH�VWRUHG�LQVLGH�WKH�FKXUFK��5DDP��������

ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING IN THE CHURCHYARD,Q�WKH�DXWXPQ�RI������DQ�XQGHUJURXQG�HOHFWULF�FDEOH�DQG�ODPS�SRVWV�ZHUH�LQVWDOOHG�LQ�WKH�QRUWKHUQ��ZHVWHUQ�DQG�VRXWKHUQ�VLGHV�RI�WKH�FKXUFK\DUG��FORVH�WR�WKH�VWRQH�ZDOO�VXUURXQGLQJ�LW� �)LJ������$V�WKH�WUHQFKHV�ZHUH�GXJ�LQ�PDUJLQDO�DUHDV�DQG�ZHUH�TXLWH�VKDOORZ����²���FP�GHHS��ca�����FP�ZLGH��ca. 100 m long), no historic structures or pre-VHUYHG�EXULDOV�ZHUH�GLVFRYHUHG�����FRLQV��LQFOXGLQJ�WZR���WK�FHQWXU\�VLOYHU�FRLQV�ZHUH�JDWKHUHG�IURP�WKH�H[FDYDWHG�VRLO�ZLWK�WKH�KHOS�RI�D�PHWDO�GHWHFWRU�²�WKH�ÀUVW�¶SURSHU·�DU-FKDHRORJLFDO�ÀQGV�IURP�WKH�VLWH�1�,Q������D����P�ORQJ�WUHQFK�ZDV�GXJ�IURP�WKH�VRXWKHUQ�

Fig. 2. Plan of churchyard. Monitoring of cable lines.Jn 2. Kirikuaia plaan. Kaablitrasside järelevalve. Drawing / Joonis: Villu Kadakas

remains of dry stone fence / kiviaia jäänused

cable trenches of 2008 / 2008. a kaablikraavid

cable trench of 2011 / 2011. a kaablikraav

discovered wall / avastatud müür

1�+0.��������²���

VillU kAdAkAs, kAire tooMing, MAUri kiUdsoo and JUhAn kilUMets

Page 3: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd

ERUGHU�IHQFH�VWUDLJKW�WR�WKH�VRXWKHUQ�ZDOO�RI�WKH�QDYH�QHDU�WKH�VRXWK�ZHVWHUQ�FRUQHU�� $�/LYRQLDQ�2UGHU�FRLQ�IURP�WKH�����V�FDPH�WR�OLJKW��$�PRUH�LQWHUHVWLQJ�GLVFRYHU\�ZDV�D����FP�ZLGH�IRXQGDWLRQ��UXQQLQJ�SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�QDYH·V�VRXWKHUQ�ZDOO�LQ�D�����FP�GLV-tance from it. the small extent of the excavation does not leave much room for specula-tions about the date and function of it.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS INSIDE THE CHURCH IN 2010–20117KH�PRQLWRULQJ�DQG�H[FDYDWLRQV�GXULQJ�WKH�UHSODFHPHQW�RI�WKH�URWWHQ�WLPEHU�ÁRRUV�RI�WKH�QDYH�WRRN�SODFH�LQ�WZR�VWDJHV��LQ�6HSWHPEHU������LQ�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�DQG�LQ�0D\������LQ�WKH�southern aisle (Fig. 3).2

2 ,Q�)LJV��²��WKH�FKXUFK�SODQ�KDV�EHHQ�GUDZQ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�SODQV�DQG�PHDVXUHPHQWV�IURP�DUFKLWHFW�� �,OODU�.DQQHOPlH��ZKR�XQIRUWXQDWHO\�SDVVHG�DZD\�EHWZHHQ�WKH�WZR�VWDJHV�RI�WKH�SURMHFW�3 Many thanks to Mihkel tammet and gunnar haljak for help and consultations during metal detecting.

Fig. 3. Plan of church. Remains of medieval altars and floors.Jn 3. Kiriku plaan. Keskaegsete altarite ja põrandate jäänused. Drawing / Joonis: Villu Kadakas

,Q�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�DLVOH�WKH�QHFHVVLW\�IRU�DUFKDHRORJLFDO�ZRUNV�FDPH�DV�D�VXUSULVH�LQ� september 2010. during the removal of the fungi-infested upper part of soil – various GHPROLWLRQ�DQG�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�GHEULV�²�VHYHUDO�FRLQV�ZHUH�JDWKHUHG�XQGHU�WKH�UHPRYHG�WLPEHU�SHZV��'XULQJ�WKH�IROORZLQJ�PRQLWRULQJ�RI�VRLO�UHPRYDO�VHYHUDO�KXQGUHGV�RI�FRS-SHU�DQG�VLOYHU�FRLQV�ZHUH�JDWKHUHG�ZLWK�WKH�KHOS�RI�D�PHWDO�GHWHFWRU��LQ�DGGLWLRQ�WR�D�QXPEHU�RI�VPDOOHU�PHWDO�DUWHIDFWV�DQG�SLHFHV�RI�ZLQGRZ�JODVV��8QGHU�WKH�ca.���²���FP�WKLFN�VRLO�OD\HU�UHPDLQV�RI�D�SHFXOLDU�OLPHVWRQH�ÁRRU�RU�SDYHPHQW�ZLWK�VWRQHV�ODLG�XS-ULJKW�FDPH�WR�OLJKW��)LJ������,Q�WKH�HDVWHUQ�SDUW�D�UHFWDQJXODU�OLPHVWRQH�SODWIRUP�ZKLFK�ZDV�LGHQWLÀHG�DV�UHPDLQV�RI�D�VLGH�DOWDU�ZDV�GLVFRYHUHG��

,Q�0D\������LQ�WKH�VRXWKHUQ�DLVOH�WKH�ZRUN�ZDV�DOUHDG\�RUJDQL]HG�DV�DUFKDHR-ORJLFDO�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV��$IWHU�UHPRYLQJ�WKH�SHZV�DQG�WKH�ÁRRUERDUGV�IURP�WKH�SODWIRUP�WKH�DUHD�ZDV�GLYLGHG�LQWR����]RQHV�IRU�DWWULEXWLQJ�WKH�ÀQGV��7KH���²���FP�WKLFN�OD\HU�RI�GHPROLWLRQ�DQG�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�GHEULV�ZDV�UHPRYHG�V\VWHPDWLFDOO\��WU\LQJ�WR�GLVFRYHU�DOO�WKH�ÀQGV��PRVWO\�FRLQV��ZLWK�WKH�KHOS�RI�PHWDO�GHWHFWRUV�3 From under the debris a

main beams of pew platforms / pingistiku platvormi põhitalad

contours of medieval altars / keskaegsete altarite kontuurid

existing timber structures / olemasolevad puitstruktuurid

discovered floor of upright stones /avastatud püstistest plaatidest põrand

� 10 m

Page 4: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

Fig. 5. Interior of the nave. View towards the chancel arch.Jn 5. Pikihoone interjöör. Vaade võidukaare suunas. Photo / Foto: Kaire Tooming

VillU kAdAkAs, kAire tooMing, MAUri kiUdsoo and JUhAn kilUMets

Fig. 4. Southern aisle. Remains of a medieval floor (1) and the side altar (2).Jn 4. Lõunalööv. Keskaegse põranda (1) ja kõrvalaltari jäänused (2).Photo / Foto: Villu Kadakas

1

2

Page 5: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd

4 the underlay beams had been in their original position until the present restoration. these had � �WR�EH�UHPRYHG�WHPSRUDULO\�GXULQJ�WKH�ZRUNV�EHFDXVH�RI�GDPDJH�E\�IXQJL�DQG�SDUWO\�UHSODFHG�DQG� adjusted. only the beams of the middle platform remained in their original position, because the � �PLGGOH�SHZV�ZHUH�QRW�UHVWRUHG�

Fig. 6. The end of an old pew discovered from under the floor platform.

Jn 6. Põrandaplatvormi alt leitud vana pingi põsklaud.

Photo / Foto: Juhan Kilumets

YHU\�VLPLODU�VLWXDWLRQ�²�WKH�ÁRRU�RI�XSULJKW�OLPHVWRQHV�DQG�UHPDLQV�RI�D�VLGH�DOWDU�LQ�WKH�HDVWHUQ�SDUW�RI�WKH�QDYH�²�ZHUH�GLVFRYHUHG�DQG�FOHDQHG��7KH�OLPHVWRQH�ÁRRU�LQ�WKH�southern aisle appeared to be much better preserved than in the north. some small-VFDOH�WHVW�SLWV�ZHUH�GXJ�GHHSHU�ZLWK�WKH�DLP�WR�JHW�VRPH�LGHD�DERXW�WKH�XQGHUO\LQJ�GHSRVLWV��EXW�WKH�ÁRRU�ZDV�QRW�GDPDJHG��

,Q�DGGLWLRQ�WR�WKH�ZRUNV�LQ�WKH�QDYH�VRPH�ZRUNV�FRQFHUQLQJ�WKH�FKDQFHO�DUHD��FRY-HUHG�ZLWK�D�ÁRRU�RI�OLPHVWRQH�VODEV�ZHUH�DOVR�XQGHUWDNHQ��6RPH�VODEV�ZHUH�UHPRYHG�DQG�D�VPDOO�WHVW�SLW�ZDV�GXJ�QHDU�WKH�VRXWKHUQ�MDPE�RI�WKH�FKDQFHO�DUFK��7KH�H[LVWLQJ���WK�FHQWXU\�WLPEHU�DOWDU�ZDV�UHPRYHG�IURP�LWV�SODFH�RQ�WKH�ÁRRU�RI�OLPHVWRQH�VODEV�DQG�D�WHVW�pit dug to locate the remains of the original stone altar. A total of ca.������FRLQV�ZHUH�gathered from both the northern and southern aisles, some from the chancel.

Pews7KH�SHZV�RI�WKH�QDYH��)LJ�����KDYH�EHHQ�À[HG�RQ�WKUHH�VLPLODU�ZRRGHQ�SODWIRUPV��OHDY-LQJ�WZR�XQHYHQ�OLPHVWRQH�VODE�FRYHUHG�SDWKZD\V�UXQQLQJ�IURP�WKH�ZHVWHUQ�SRUWDO�WR�WKH�FKDQFHO�DUFK��7KH�ROGHVW�SDUWV�RI�WKH�SHZ�V\VWHPV�DUH�WKH�XQGHUOD\�EHDPV�RI�WKH�platforms.4�7KH�SUHVHQW�SHZV�RULJLQDWH�IURP�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\�WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�WKH�URWWHQ�ÁRRU�ERDUGV��ZKLFK�H[LVWHG�XQWLO�WKH�SUHVHQW�FRQVHUYDWLRQ�ZRUNV��7KHUH�DUH�PRUWLVHV�RQ�WRS�RI�WKH�XQGHUOD\�EHDPV��QRZ�PRVWO\�IXWLOH�DQG�ÀOOHG��WR�ZKLFK�WKH�HQGV�RI�SUHYL-RXV�SHZV�KDYH�RQFH�EHHQ�DWWDFKHG��7KXV�REYLRXVO\�WKH�XQGHUOD\�EHDPV�DUH�FDUU\LQJ�D�VHFRQGDU\�VHW�RI�SHZV�DOUHDG\��7KH�XQGHUOD\�EHDPV�KDYH�D�EDURTXH�HGJH�SURÀOH�RQ�WKH�SDWKZD\�VLGHV��7KH�DFFXUDWH�LQWHUIDFH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�SHZ�SODWIRUPV�DQG�WKH�ÁRRU�RI�OLPH-VWRQH�VODEV�XQGHU�WKH�SDWKZD\V�DOORZV�DV-VXPLQJ�WKDW�WKHVH�ZHUH�SODQQHG�DQG�EXLOW�at the same time. in the eastern end of WKH�QRUWKHUQ�DLVOH�WKHUH�ZDV�D�ODUJHU�DUHD�ZLWKRXW� SHZV� FRYHUHG� ZLWK� D� OLPHVWRQH�ÁRRU�DURXQG�WKH�SXOSLW��,Q�WKH�FRUUHVSRQG-ing area in the eastern end of the south-HUQ� QDYH� WKHUH� ZDV� D� VHSDUDWH� SHZ�ER[�LVRODWHG�IURP�WKH�UHVW�RI�WKH�SHZV��

$Q�HQG�RI�DQ�ROG�SHZ��QDPHO\��LWV�XS-SHU�SDUW��ZDV�GLVFRYHUHG�IURP�O\LQJ�XQGHU�the northern platform (Fig. 6). its top form, both technology and design, refer to the ��WK� FHQWXU\�� 3HZ� HQGV� ZLWK� VRPHZKDW�similar decoration have been preserved in WKH�5XKQX�ROGHU�FKXUFK�ZLWK�SHZV�IURP�WKH�PLG���WK� FHQWXU\�� 0RVW� SUREDEO\� WKH� XQ-GHUOD\�EHDPV�RI�WKH�SHZ�SODWIRUPV�DQG�WKH�GLVFRYHUHG�SHZ�HQG�RI�5LVWL�FRPH�IURP�WKH�church restoration activities of the period DIWHU� ������ZKHQ� WKH� DUHDV� RI� WKH� IRUPHU�3DGLVH�PRQDVWHU\�ZHUH�EHVWRZHG�WR�7KRPDV� 5DPP��-RKDQVHQ�������������

Page 6: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

Floor of upright limestones in the nave7KH�ÁRRU�UHPDLQV�GLVFRYHUHG�LQ�ERWK�DLVOHV�KDYH�EHHQ�PDGH�RI�URXJKO\�ZRUNHG�OLPH-VWRQH�VODEV�ZLWK�YDU\LQJ�GLDPHWHUV�PRVWO\���²���FP��,W�VHHPV�WKDW�LW�KDV�EHHQ�PDGH�RI�TXDUU\�ZDVWH�²� VWRQHV�ZKLFK�ZHUH�SUREDEO\� FRQVLGHUHG� WRR� VPDOO� IRU�XVLQJ� LQ� WKH�ZDOOV�²�HFRQRPLFDOO\�XWLOLVHG�DIWHU�WKH�FRPSOHWLRQ�RI�WKH�EXLOGLQJ��7KH�VWRQHV�KDYH�EHHQ�ODLG�XSULJKW�LQ�YDULHG�GLUHFWLRQV��1HYHUWKHOHVV�WKH�EXLOGHUV�VHHP�WR�KDYH�IROORZHG�VRPH�NLQG�RI�D�SODQ��,Q�WKH�PLGGOH�RI�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�DLVOH�WKH�VWRQHV�LQ�WKH�SUHVHUYHG�ÁRRU�IUDJ-ments have been laid generally in the north–south direction, but in the eastern part LQ�WKH�HDVW²ZHVW�GLUHFWLRQ��)LJ������,Q�WKH�PXFK�EHWWHU�SUHVHUYHG�ÁRRU�RI�WKH�VRXWKHUQ�DLVOH�WKH�JHQHUDO�GLUHFWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�QRUWK²VRXWK��ZLWK�VPDOO�DUHDV�DOVR�LQ�WKH�HDVW²ZHVW�GLUHFWLRQ��6WLOO��RQO\�VRPH�DUHDV�VKRZ�D�YHU\�UHJXODU�SDWWHUQ��EXW�LQ�VRPH�SDWFKHV�WKHUH�seems to have been no direction at all.

7KH�URXJK�DQG�LUUHJXODU�OLPHVWRQH�ÁRRU�LV�LQ�FRQWUDVW�ZLWK�WKH�RYHUDOO�KLJK�TXDO-LW\�RI�PDVRQU\�DQG�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�SODQQLQJ�RI� WKH�FKXUFK�EXLOGLQJ��3HUKDSV�WKH�ÁRRU�ZDV�EXLOW�E\�WKH�ORFDO�SHDVDQWV�RQO\�DIWHU�WKH�PDVRQV�KDG�OHIW��7KLV�LGHD�LV�VXSSRUWHG�E\�VRPH�DUHDV�RI�WKH�ÁRRU�DURXQG�ZKLFK�TXLWH�VWUDLJKW�DQG�FOHDU�LQWHUIDFHV�FDQ�EH�IRO-ORZHG�²�SHUKDSV�ERUGHUOLQHV�RI�SORWV�SDUFHOOHG�RXW�WR�GLIIHUHQW�IDUPV�WR�OD\�WKH�ÁRRU��,Q�VRPH�SODFHV�DQ�DUHD�ODLG�LQ�UDWKHU�VLJQLÀFDQW�TXDOLW\��ZKHUH�VWRQHV�KDYH�EHHQ�FDUHIXOO\�FKRVHQ�DQG�SRVLWLRQHG�� VKDUSO\�ERUGHUV�ZLWK�DQ�DUHD�ZKHUH� VWRQHV�RI�YHU\�GLIIHUHQW�VL]H�DQG�IRUP�KDYH�EHHQ�ODLG�ZLWKRXW�DQ\�GLUHFWLRQ�DW�DOO��7KH�FOHDU�GLIIHUHQFHV�LQ�WKH�ÁRRU�SDWWHUQ�PLJKW�DOVR�EH�WKH�UHVXOW�RI�EXULDOV�XSRQ�ZKLFK�WKH�ÁRRU�KDV�ODWHU�EHHQ�SDWFKHG��,W�LV�TXLWH�LPSRVVLEOH�WR�LGHQWLI\�VXFK�SDWFKHV�ZLWKRXW�UHPRYLQJ�WKH�ÁRRU�DQG�locating the real burials, although several places looked suspicious. Probably several

VillU kAdAkAs, kAire tooMing, MAUri kiUdsoo and JUhAn kilUMets

Fig. 7. Northern aisle. Remains of the medieval floor and the side altar. Jn 7. Põhjalööv. Keskaegse põranda ja kõrvalaltari jäänused. Photo / Foto: Kaire Tooming

Page 7: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

SHRSOH�KDYH�EHHQ�EXULHG�WKURXJK�WKLV�ÁRRU�LQ�D�ODWHU�SHULRG�ZKHQ�UHSDLULQJ�WKH�ÁRRU�ZDV�QRW�FRQVLGHUHG�QHFHVVDU\�DQ\�PRUH��)RU�H[DPSOH��DPRQJ�ELJJHU�ODFXQDV�RI�WKH�ÁRRU�LQ�WKH�VRXWKHUQ�DLVOH�D�GLVWLQFW�DUHD�URXJKO\�ZLWK�WKH�VL]H�DQG�VKDSH�RI�D�FRIÀQ��ODLG�LQ�WKH�HDVW²ZHVW�GLUHFWLRQ��FRXOG�EH�REVHUYHG�FORVH�WR�WKH�HDVWHUQ�ZLQGRZ��,Q�RQH�FDVH�D�WLPEHU�MRLVW�KDV�EHHQ�ODLG�EHWZHHQ�WZR�VXFK�SDWFKHV�RI�SDYHPHQW�LQ�WKH�QRUWK²VRXWK�GLUHFWLRQ��3HUKDSV�LW�ZDV�RULJLQDOO\�D�WHPSRUDU\�HOHPHQW�IRU�NHHSLQJ�WKH�VWRQHV�RQ�RQH�VLGH�LQ�SODFH�EHIRUH�FRQWLQXLQJ�WKH�FRQVWUXFWLRQ��ODWHU�IRUJRWWHQ�WR�WDNH�XS��2WKHUZLVH�WKHVH�PLJKW�EH�UHPDLQV�RI�DQ�XQNQRZQ�WLPEHU�LQWHULRU�VWUXFWXUH�

$OWKRXJK�LQ�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�ÀHOGZRUN�WKHUH�ZDV�VRPH�GRXEW�LI�WKH�ÁRRU�PLJKW�HYHQ�FRPH�IURP�D�SHULRG�EHIRUH�HUHFWLQJ�WKH�SUHVHQW�QDYH�RI�WKH�FKXUFK��LW�ZDV�LGHQWL-ÀHG�LQ�VHYHUDO�SODFHV�WKDW�WKH�ÁRRU�KDG�EHHQ�ODLG�VHFRQGDULO\�WRZDUGV�WKH�IRXQGDWLRQV�RI�WKH�ZDOOV��7KH�FRQIXVLRQ�DERXW�WKH�UHODWLRQ�RI�WKH�IRXQGDWLRQV�RI�WKH�QDYH�ZDOOV�DQG�WKH�VWRQH�ÁRRU�ZDV�DURXVHG�PDLQO\�EHFDXVH�LQ�PDQ\�SODFHV�WKH�SURWUXGLQJ�IRXQGDWLRQ�RI�WKH�ZDOOV�VWDQGV�JHQHUDOO\�PRUH�WKDQ����FP�KLJKHU�WKDQ�WKH�ÁRRU��LQ�WKH�HDVWHUQ�HQG�of the southern nave even 30 cm higher. Partly it could be explained by the sinking of WKH�ÁRRU�GXH�WR�VSDUVH�VRLO�GHSRVLWV�XQGHUQHDWK��EXW�WKHUH�ZDV�QR�HYLGHQFH�RI�WKH�ÁRRU�ever existing on top of the protruding foundation. Partly the top layer of stones of the IRXQGDWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�UHPRYHG�ODWHU��SUREDEO\�ZKLOH�EXLOGLQJ�WKH�WLPEHU�SHZV��

7KH�DEVROXWH�GDWLQJ�RI�WKH�OLPHVWRQH�ÁRRU�FDPH�TXLWH�FOHDU�ERWK�LQ�VRXWKHUQ�DQG�QRUWKHUQ�DLVOHV�DIWHU�VHYHUDO�FRLQV�ZHUH�GLVFRYHUHG�EHWZHHQ�WKH�ÁRRU�VWRQHV�ZLWK�PHWDO�GHWHFWRUV��$V�WKH�GHEULV�DERYH�WKH�ÁRRU�FRQWDLQHG�FRLQV�IURP�WKH���WK�WR�WKH���WK��VRPH�HYHQ�IURP�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\��DOPRVW�DOO�WKH�FRLQV�IURP�EHWZHHQ�WKH�ÁRRU�VWRQHV�FRPH�IURP�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\��VHYHUDO�DPRQJ�WKHP�HYHQ�IURP�WKH�YHU\�EHJLQQLQJ�RU�WKH�ÀUVW�KDOI�RI�WKH�FHQWXU\��0RVW�SUREDEO\�WKH�ÁRRU�KDV�EHHQ�EXLOW�ULJKW�DIWHU�HUHFWLQJ�WKH�QDYH�RI�WKH�FKXUFK��)LQGLQJ� HDUO\� ��WK� FHQWXU\� FRLQV� EHWZHHQ� WKH� ÁRRU� VWRQHV� FRUUHVSRQGV� UDWKHU� ZHOO� WR� 9LOOHP�5DDP·V�DVVXPSWLRQ�WKDW�WKH�QDYH�ZDV�EXLOW�GXULQJ�WKH�ÀUVW�KDOI�RI�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\��(YHQ�PRUH�GLVWLQFWLYH�LV�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�HDUOLHU�FRLQV�WKDQ�WKH�WXUQ�RI�WKH���WK²��WK�FHQ-turies, although it could be partly explained E\� FRLQ� GLVWULEXWLRQ� VSHFLÀFV� RI� WKH� SHULRG�DV�ZHOO��7KH�YHU\� IHZ�H[FHSWLRQV�²� WZR�13th–14th century pennies of Visby (see be-ORZ��)LJ�����DQG�RQH�SRVVLEO\�IURP�0HFNOHQ-burg – can be explained by bringing up soil IURP� HDUOLHU� GHSRVLWV� ZKLOH� EXU\LQJ� WKH�GHDG�WKURXJK�WKH�ÁRRU��%HIRUH�HUHFWLQJ�WKH�VWRQH�QDYH�WKH�DUHD�ZDV�SUREDEO\�XVHG�DV�D�cemetery, situated around the stone chan-FHO�RU�WKHUH�ZDV�D�WLPEHU�QDYH�LQ�WKH�VDPH�SODFH��H[SODLQLQJ�WKH�ÀQGLQJ�RI�WKH�HDUO\�coins. there is yet no data to verify the existence of a previous timber nave.

As medieval in situ�SUHVHUYHG�FKXUFK�ÁRRUV�DUH�YHU\�UDUH�LQ�(VWRQLD�HYHQ�DV�IUDJ-PHQWV��WKH�RULJLQDO�ÁRRU�RI�5LVWL�FKXUFK�VKRXOG�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�D�UDULW\��7KH�KLVWRULFDO�FRQWH[W�SUREDEO\�KDV�SOD\HG�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�SDUW�LQ�WKH�ÁRRUV�SUHVHUYDWLRQ��,Q�PRVW�RI�UHJXODU� UXUDO�SDULVK� FKXUFKHV� WKH�PHGLHYDO�ÁRRUV�KDYH�EHHQ�XQGRQH�ZKLOH�EXLOGLQJ�

ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd

Fig. 8. The earliest coins from the debris between stone and timber floors.

Jn 8. Varaseimad mündid kivi- ja puitpõranda vahelisest prahikihist.

Photo / Foto: Mauri Kiudsoo

Page 8: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

EXULDO�FKDPEHUV�RI�PDQRU�RZQHU·V� IDPLOLHV��DV�ZHOO�DV�EXU\LQJ�FRPPRQHUV�XQWLO�WKH�VHFRQG�KDOI�RI�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\��5LVWL�FKXUFK�KDV�KDG�D�VSHFLDO�IDWH�ZLWKRXW�RSHUDWLQJ�DV�D�SURSHU�SDULVK�FHQWUH�GXULQJ�WKH�GHFLVLYH�FHQWXULHV��7KHUH�ZHUH�QR�PDQRUV�GXULQJ�WKH�0LGGOH�$JHV�DV�WKH�DUHD�EHORQJHG�WR�3DGLVH�PRQDVWHU\��7KH�RZQHUV�RI�DOO�WKH�HDUO\�modern manors in the later risti parish area used to bury their dead in harju-Madise FKXUFK��3UREDEO\�WKHUHIRUH�QR�PDQRULDO�EXULDOV�DUH�NQRZQ�LQ�5LVWL�FKXUFK��7KH�SHZ�SODWIRUPV�LQVWDOOHG�DOUHDG\�LQ�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\�SUHYHQWHG�WKH�DUHD�IURP�VXEVHTXHQW�SHDVDQW�EXULDOV�DQG�WKXV�SURWHFWHG�WKH�PHGLHYDO�ÁRRU�DV�ZHOO��7KH�XSULJKW�OLPHVWRQH�ÁRRU�KDV�EHHQ�LQ�XVH�SUREDEO\�XQWLO�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\�ZKHQ�WKH�WLPEHU�SODWIRUPV�IRU�WKH�SHZV��GHVFULEHG�DERYH�KDYH�EHHQ�EXLOW��

Medieval altars8QGHU�WKH�SHZ�SODWIRUPV�DQG�WKH�WKLQ�OD\HU�RI�GHEULV�WKH�UHPDLQV�RI�WKH�PHGLHYDO�VLGH�DOWDUV�ZHUH�IRXQG�LQ�WKH�QDYH�DW�WKH�HDVWHUQPRVW�SDUWV�RI�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�DQG�VRXWKHUQ�DLVOHV��

7KH�QRUWKHUQ�VLGH�DOWDU� �)LJV�������KDV�EHHQ�D� IUHHVWDQGLQJ�VWUXFWXUH� �GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�HDVWHUQ�ZDOO�LV�ca.�����FP�DQG�IURP�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�ZDOO�ca.�����FP��ZLWK�WKH�PDLQ�ERG\�RI�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�����í�����FP��$URXQG�LW�UXQV�D�VWHS����²���FP�ZLGH��ZLWK�D�SODVWHUHG�RXWHU�VXUIDFH�DQG�LW�LV�SDYHG�ZLWK�UHFWDQJXODU�OLPHVWRQH�VODEV��7KHUH�DUH�

VillU kAdAkAs, kAire tooMing, MAUri kiUdsoo and JUhAn kilUMets

Fig. 9. Southern aisle. Remains of the medieval side altar. View from the south-west. Jn 9. Lõunalööv. Keskaegse kõrvalaltari jäänused. Vaade edelast. Photo / Foto: Villu Kadakas

Page 9: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

RQO\�IHZ�VODEV�SUHVHUYHG��EXW�E\�WKH�LPSULQWV�RI�WKH�VODEV�LQ�WKH�PRUWDU�LW�FDQ�EH�VDLG�WKDW�WKH�VL]H�RI�WKH�VODEV�KDV�YDULHG��7KLV�VWHS�KDV�EHHQ�DGGHG�ODWHU�WR�WKH�PDLQ�ERG\�RI�WKH�DOWDU�DV�LW�KDV�EHHQ�EXLOW�RQ�WKH�ÁRRU�RI�XSULJKW�OLPHVWRQH�DQG�WKHUH�LV�D�OD\HU�RI�SODVWHU�EHWZHHQ�WKRVH�WZR�SDUWV�RI�WKH�FRQVWUXFWLRQ��

the southern side altar (Figs 3, 9) differs considerably from its northern counter-SDUW��,W�KDV�EHHQ�EXLOW�QH[W�WR�WKH�HDVWHUQ�ZDOO��GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�VRXWKHUQ�ZDOO�LV�ca. ����FP���,W�LV�VLJQLÀFDQWO\�ELJJHU�WKDQ�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�VLGH�DOWDU�ZLWK�WKH�PDLQ�ERG\�RI�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�����í�����FP��7KH�VRXWKHUQ�VLGH�DOWDU�KDV�WZR�DGGLWLRQV�WR�LWV�RULJLQDO�VWUXFWXUH��$W�ÀUVW�D�FRQVWUXFWLRQ��ca.����FP�ZLGH��ZDV�DGGHG�WR�WKH�PDLQ�ERG\�RI�WKH�altar. the function of this addition is not clear. it could have been a rebuilding of an existing altar or adding a platform to the front of the altar. Probably at the same time DV�WR�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�DOWDU�WKH�SDYHG�VWHS�DURXQG�WKH�ZKROH�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�ZDV�DGGHG�WR�WKH�VRXWKHUQ�DOWDU�DV�ZHOO��6LPLODUO\� WKH�VWHS�KDV�EHHQ�EXLOW�RQ�WKH�ÁRRU�RI�XSULJKW�limestone and the limestone slabs used to pave the step have the same character as the RQHV�IRXQG�LQ�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�VLGH��7KH�VWHS�KDV�EHHQ�DERXW����FP�ZLGH��7KLV�DGGLWLRQ�HQ-larged the side altar to the extent that it protruded to the opening of the chancel arch.

Both side altars have been preserved at approximately the same extent and the UDQJH�RI�WKH�GHPROLWLRQ�RI�ERWK�DOWDUV�FRQVLGHUV�WKH�KHLJKW�RI�WKH�SHZV·�SODWIRUPV��,W�DO-ORZV�XV�WR�DVVXPH�WKDW�WKH�GHPROLWLRQ�KDV�RFFXUUHG�SULRU�WR�WKH�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�RI�WKH�SHZV�

,Q�WKH�FKDQFHO�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\�DOWDU�UDLO�ZDV�PRYHG�IURP�LWV�XVXDO�ORFDWLRQ�GXH�WR�WKH�FRQVHUYDWLRQ�ZRUNV�DQG�LW�HQDEOHG�WR�GLJ�D�WHVW�SLW�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�SRVVLEOH�location of the medieval high altar. it appeared that the remains of the original high altar lay under the present 19th century altar and rail (Fig. 3). the medieval high altar has been a structure of ca.���������FP��,W�KDV�EHHQ�EXLOW�RI�OLPHVWRQH�DQG�JUDQLWH�DQG�OLQHG�ZLWK�EULFNV��7KH�DOWDU�KDV�EHHQ�SODVWHUHG��

7KH� NQRZOHGJH� RI�PHGLHYDO� DOWDUV�� HVSHFLDOO\� VLGH� DOWDUV�� LV� VFDUFH� LQ� (VWRQLD��there are a number of medieval high altars to be found, but side altars have been re-PRYHG�IURP�WKH�FKXUFKHV�ZLWKRXW�OHDYLQJ�DQ\�WUDFHV�RI�WKHP�� even the foundations of WKH�VLGH�DOWDUV�KDYH�SHULVKHG�E\�UHEXLOGLQJ�RU�EXULDOV�DQG�EXULDO�FKDPEHUV��7KH�ÀQGLQJ�of the remnants of the side altars in risti can therefore be considered very rare.

Coins and other artefacts7KH�ÀHOGZRUN�EURXJKW�WR�OLJKW�GR]HQV�RI�VPDOO�PHWDO�DUWHIDFWV�DQG�WKHLU�IUDJPHQWV��VRPH�ERQH�DUWHIDFWV��DV�ZHOO�DV�SLHFHV�RI�ZLQGRZ�JODVV��)LJ����������JODVV�EHDGV�� IUDJPHQWV�RI�OLPHVWRQH�PDVRQU\�HWF��7KH�ÀQG�PDWHULDO�QHHGV�IXUWKHU�UHVHDUFK��EXW�DW�ÀUVW�JODQFH�LW�ZDV�SRVVLEOH�WR�VD\�WKDW�LW�FRQWDLQV�ÀQGV�RI�DOO�ODVW�VL[�FHQWXULHV��$PRQJ�PHWDO�DUWHIDFWV��SURE-DEO\�WKLQJV�DWWDFKHG�WR�FORWKLQJ�DQG�MHZHOOHU\�GRPLQDWH��OHDG�DQG�EURQ]H�EHOW�EXFNOHV��EHOW�PRXQWV�DQG�HQGV��)LJ����������YDULRXV�GHFRUDWLYH�SLQV��VPDOO�SLQV��D�VPDOO�EHOO��FKDLQ�SLHFHV��D�EURQ]H�VSLUDO��YDULRXV�EXWWRQV��KRRNV��KHHO� LURQV��VLPSOH�ULQJV�DQG�YDULRXV�SHQGDQWV�� $� OHDG� MXJ�� D� SRVVLEOH� SLOJULPDJH� EDGJH� RI� OHDG� ZLWK� 6W� $QWKRQ\·V� FURVV� �)LJ�� ���� ���� GHFRUDWHG�EURQ]H�ERRN�FODVSV��)LJ�������������GHFRUDWLYH�FRSSHU�QDLOV�DQG�LQQXPHUDEOH�FRIÀQ�nails should be mentioned among other things.

)LHOGZRUN�LQ�5LVWL�FKXUFK�EURXJKW�WR�OLJKW�DOVR�WKH�WRWDO�RI������VLQJOH�FRLQV�²�WKH�ODUJ-HVW�ÀQG�RI�WKLV�W\SH�HYHU�GLVFRYHUHG�LQ�(VWRQLD��7KH�HUD�DIWHU�EXLOGLQJ�WKH�ÁRRU�XQWLO�WKH�HQG�RI�2OG�/LYRQLD��WKH�VWDUW�RI�WKH�/LYRQLDQ�:DU�LQ�������²�WKH���WK�DQG�WKH�ÀUVW�KDOI�RI�WKH�

ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd

� A set of medieval side altars is preserved at the church of kaarma. it is unique considering that � RWKHU�PHGLHYDO�VLGH�DOWDUV�LQ�(VWRQLD�DUH�PDLQO\�NQRZQ�IURP�ZULWWHQ�VRXUFHV�RQO\�

Page 10: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

3DLGH�FKXUFK��QH[W�WR�WKH�IRXQGDWLRQ�RI�WKH���WK²��WK�FHQWXU\�DOWDU��.DGDNDV�������������,Q�3DLGH�LW�ZDV�VXSSRVHG�WKDW�WKH�FRLQV��KHDYLO\�EXUQW�GXULQJ�WKH������À�UH��ZKLFK�destroyed the interior, had been stored in some kind of a box connected to the altar.

3HRSOH�NHSW�DGGLQJ�WR�WKH�FROOHFWLRQ�HYHQ�WKURXJK�WKH�JDSV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�Á�RRUERDUGV�DV�LQGLFDWHG�E\�KXQGUHGV�RI�FRLQV�IURP�WKH�VHFRQG�KDOI�RI�WKH���WK�DQG�WKH���WK�FHQWXULHV��Ca������5XVVLDQ�FRLQV��VWDUWLQJ�IURP�3HWHU�,��PDNH�XS�PRUH�WKDQ�D�KDOI�RI�WKH�WRWDO�QXP�EHU��7KH�KDELW�RI�GURSSLQJ�FRLQV�XQGHU�WKH�SHZ�SODWIRUPV�VHHPV�WR�KDYH�HQGHG�VRPHWLPH�DURXQG�������EHFDXVH�WKH�HQWLUH���WK�FHQWXU\�LV�UHSUHVHQWHG�RQO\�E\�ca. 20 pieces.

&RQWUDU\�WR�WKH�6FDQGLQDYLDQ�FRXQWULHV��FRLQ�À�QGV�GLVFRYHUHG�LQ�(VWRQLDQ�FKXUFK�es and handed over to public collections have been scanty and fragmentary. while in )LQODQG�DORQH�PRUH�WKDQ�������FRLQV�ZHUH�NQRZQ�LQ�������.ODFNHQEHUJ����������²������LQ�(VWRQLD�KDUGO\�D�WKRXVDQG�VLQJOH�FRLQV�FRQQHFWHG�ZLWK�FKXUFKHV�KDG�EHHQ�UHFRUGHG�by 2010. since estonian medieval hoards do not contain small nominals characteris-WLF�WR�VDFULÀ�FLDO�VLWHV��)LQQLVK�À�QGV�KDYH�KHOSHG�WR�VROYH�VHYHUDO�SUREOHPV�UHODWHG�WR�old livonian coinage. For example, the earliest type of seestling��ZKLFK�ZDV�PLQWHG�in tallinn by the livonian order, has been hitherto found only in Finnish churches �1HPLURZLWVFK�'DQWVFKHQNR��3lUQ�����������/HLPXV�����������

7KH�HDUOLHVW�FRLQ�IRXQG�LQ�5LVWL�FKXUFK�ZDV�PLQWHG�LQ�9LVE\��*RWODQG��EHIRUH��������������"���WKH�ODWHVW�EHORQJ�WR�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\��)URP�WKH�DVSHFW�RI�WKH�VWXGLHV�RI�FRLQ�FLUFXOD�

16th centuries – is represented by ca�� ���coins, mostly minted by the local lord, the livonian order (49), almost all in tallinn. coins of the bishops of tartu (16) and the archbishops of riga (6) are represented as ZHOO��7KH�WXUPRLO�RI�WKH�SHULRG�RI�WKH�/LYR�QLDQ�:DU�DQG�WKH�IROORZLQJ�ZDUV�EHWZHHQ�6ZHGHQ�DQG�3RODQG�DUH� UHSUHVHQWHG�E\�D�variety of coins from lithuania and Poland (36), the free city of riga (11) and bishop 0DJQXV�RI�6DDUH�/llQH�ELVKRSULF������7KH�IROORZLQJ�SHULRG�RI�6ZHGLVK�UXOH� IURP�WKH�livonian war until the great nordic war �����²������LV�UHSUHVHQWHG�E\�ca. 460 vari-RXV�6ZHGLVK�FRLQV��PDNLQJ�XS�PRUH�WKDQ�D�third of the total number.

$Q�LQWHQVH�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�RI�ODWH���WK�DQG���WK�FHQWXU\�FRSSHU�FRLQV��ca�����SLHFHV�ZDV�GLVFRYHUHG�LQ�D�VPDOO�DUHD�RI�ca. 1 m2, exactly under the north-eastern corner of WKH� SHZ� SODWIRUP� LQ� WKH� VRXWKHUQ� DLVOH��Possibly there had been a leaking alms ER[�DWWDFKHG�WR�WKH�SHZ�SODWIRUP�FRUQHU�6 $�VRPHZKDW�VLPLODU�FROOHFWLRQ�RI������WK�DQG� ��WK� FHQWXU\� FRSSHU� FRLQV� RQ� D� IHZ�VTXDUH�PHWHUV�ZDV�GLVFRYHUHG�LQ������LQ�

VillU kAdAkAs, kAire tooMing, MAUri kiUdsoo and JUhAn kilUMets

Fig. 10. Samples of artefacts from the debris between stone and timber fl oors.

Jn 10. Valik leide kivi- ja puitpõranda vahelisest prahikihist.

Photo / Foto: Villu Kadakas

1

6

2 3

5

4

7

6 special thanks to Mihkel tammet for the hypothesis.

Page 11: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

WLRQ�LQ�/LYRQLD�WKH�PRVW�LQWHUHVWLQJ�VSHFLPHQ�LV�XQGRXEWHGO\�D�:�EUDFWHDWH��)LJ�����IURP�*RWODQG���������²�������ZKLFK�ZDV�PRVW�OLNHO\�PLQWHG�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�LQ�WKH�PLGGOH�RI�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\��/DJHUTYLVW�������*UXSS�;;;,9��$���F���$OWKRXJK�*RWODQG�FRLQV��WKH�LQÁX[�RI�ZKLFK�WR�/LYRQLD�FHDVHG�DIWHU�WKH�UHQHZDO�RI�ORFDO�PLQWLQJ�LQ�������/HLPXV�����D������ .LXGVRR��7DPOD����������²������UHDSSHDU�en masse in the composition of estonian hoards of the third quarter of the 14th century (kiudsoo 1999, table; kiudsoo 2001, 69), these are DOUHDG\�LQYDULDEO\�JRWHV��WKH�ÀUVW�QRPLQDOV�ODUJHU�WKDQ�D�SHQQ\�LQ�WKH�1RUGLF�FRXQWULHV�� no gotland pennies of the 14th century had been previously found in estonia.

6LPSOH�H[SODQDWLRQV�WR�ÀQGLQJ�FRLQV�IURP�EHWZHHQ�GLIIHUHQW�FKXUFK�ÁRRUV�DUH�IRUPHU�grave goods brought up during secondary burials or random losing one by one by the con-gregation members. large numbers of coins have been also interpreted as accumulation RI�VLQJOH�VDFULÀFHV�E\�LQGLYLGXDOV��HVSHFLDOO\�LQ�WKH�1RUGLF�FRXQWULHV��.ODFNHQEHUJ����������²������$�YHU\�ODUJH�QXPEHU�RI�FRLQV�LQ�5LVWL�FKXUFK�PDNH�WKH�LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ�RI�VDFUL-ÀFH�SODXVLEOH��DOWKRXJK�WKHUH�LV�QR�VXSSRUW�IURP�ZULWWHQ�RU�IRONORUH�VRXUFHV�DW�WKH�SUHVHQW�stage of study. incidental losses and grave goods brought up have obviously played their UROH�DV�ZHOO��$QDO\]LQJ�WKH�NQRZQ�FRLQ�ÀQGV�IURP�RWKHU�(VWRQLDQ�FKXUFKHV�LW�FDQ�EH�DV-VXPHG�WKDW�FRQVLVWHQW�DQG�IUHTXHQW�VDFULÀFH�RI�FRLQV�LQ�WKHVH�FKXUFKHV�KDV�VWDUWHG�RQO\�DW�VRPH�WLPH�DURXQG�WKH�WXUQ�RI�WKH���WK�DQG���WK�FHQWXULHV��.LXGVRR��������7KH�FROOHFWLRQ�RI�FRLQV�IURP�5LVWL�FDQQRW�EH�XVHG�WR�FRQÀUP�WKLV�DUJXPHQW�EHFDXVH�PRVW�SUREDEO\��UHO\LQJ�RQ�WKH�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�NQRZOHGJH��WKH�QDYH�ZDV�HUHFWHG�RQO\�GXULQJ�WKH�ÀUVW�KDOI�RI�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\��$OWKRXJK�WKH�FRLQDJH�ZLWK�LWV�WKUHH�QRPLQDO�YDOXHV�GHYHORSHG�LQ�/LYRQLD�E\�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\�ZDV�RQH�RI�WKH�PRVW�DGYDQFHG�LQ�WKH�%DOWLF�UHJLRQ��/HLPXV����������²�����/HLPXV�����E���������FRLQ�ÀQGV�ZLWK�ULWXDO�EDFNJURXQG�LQGLFDWH�UDWKHU�WKH�ORZ�OHYHO�RI�PRQHWDUL]DWLRQ�RI�WKH�VRFLHW\�WKDQ�WKH�LQWHQVLW\�RI�FLUFXODWLRQ��.LXGVRR�������������+HQFH�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�PDVV�RIIHULQJV�LQ�FKXUFKHV�RI�QRUWKHUQ�DQG�ZHVWHUQ�(VWRQLD�FRXOG�EH�UHODWHG�VRRQHU�ZLWK�WKH�VR�FDOOHG�GHSUHVVLRQ�SHULRG�WKDW�VRUHO\�GLVWUHVVHG�WKH�ORFDO�SRSX-ODWLRQ�DW�WKDW�WLPH��VHH�/HLPXV�����D������/HLPXV�����E����²����

7KH�FRLQ�ÀQG�RI�5LVWL�LV�D�FRPSOH[�RI�FRQVLGHUDEOH�LPSRUWDQFH�IRU�(VWRQLDQ�KLVWRU\��,W�LV�XQLTXH�IRU�LWV�HQWLUHW\��FRPSRVLWLRQ��WRWDO�QXPEHU��DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�DFFXUDWH�GRFX-PHQWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�VLWXDWLRQ�DQG�FRQWH[W�RI�WKH�GLVFRYHU\��(VWRQLDQ�FRLQ�ÀQGV�ZLWK�ULWXDO�background have already previously indicated the necessity to include also coins from outside the hoards in the establishing of distribution areas of coins, but until spring �����LW�ZDV�QRW�SRVVLEOH�

CONCLUSION7KH�DUFKDHRORJLFDO�PRQLWRULQJ� LQ� WKH�5LVWL� FKXUFK\DUG�GXULQJ� OD\LQJ�FDEOHV� LQ������DQG������UHYHDOHG�WKH�ÀUVW�NQRZQ�ÀQGV��VHYHUDO�ODWH�PHGLHYDO�DQG�HDUO\�PRGHUQ�FRLQV��7KH�H[FDYDWLRQ�LQVLGH�WKH�FKXUFK��GXULQJ�WKH�WLPEHU�ÁRRU�UHSODFHPHQW�LQ�WKH�QDYH�LQ������DQG������ZDV�WKH�ÀUVW�FDVH�LQ�(VWRQLD�ZKHQ�VXFK�ZRUNV�LQ�D�PHGLHYDO�FKXUFK�KDYH�EHHQ�GRQH�LQ�D�PRUH�RU�OHVV�SURSHU�DUFKDHRORJLFDO�ZD\��6HYHUDO�PHGLHYDO�VWUXF-WXUHV�ZHUH�UHYHDOHG�LQ�D�UDWKHU�ZHOO�SUHVHUYHG�VWDWH��

7ZR�PHGLHYDO�VLGH�DOWDU�IRXQGDWLRQV�ZLWK�D�VWHS�FRYHUHG�ZLWK�UHFWDQJXODU�OLPHVWRQH�VODEV��ZHUH�UHFRUGHG�LQ�WKH�HDVWHUQ�SDUW�RI�WKH�QDYH��7KH�OD\RXW�RI�WKH�PDLQ�DOWDU�ZDV�XQ-FRYHUHG�LQ�D�VSHFLDO�WHVW�SLW�LQ�WKH�FKDQFHO��'LVFRYHU\�RI�D�UDWKHU�ZHOO�SUHVHUYHG�RULJLQDO�ÁRRU��EXLOW�RI�VPDOO�OLPHVWRQHV�ODLG�YHUWLFDOO\��ODLG�SUREDEO\�ULJKW�DIWHU�WKH�HUHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�

ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd

Page 12: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

VWRQH�QDYH�LV�XQLTXH�LQ�(VWRQLDQ�PHGLHYDO�FKXUFKHV��1HZ�GDWD�ZDV�REWDLQHG�DERXW�WKH�RULJLQDO�WLPEHU�SHZV��SUREDEO\�PDGH�LQ�WKH���WK��EXW�UHSODFHG�ZLWK�QHZ�RQHV�LQ�WKH���WK�century. Ca�������VLOYHU�DQG�FRSSHU�FRLQV�PRVWO\�IURP�ca.�����²������ZLWK�VRPH�HDUOLHU�DQG�ODWHU�H[FHSWLRQV�ZHUH�JDWKHUHG�IURP�WKH�GHEULV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�RULJLQDO�VWRQH�ÁRRU�DQG�WKH�ODWHU�WLPEHU�ÁRRUV��7KH�ODUJHVW�FROOHFWLRQ�RI�FRLQV�HYHU�JDWKHUHG�IURP�D�PHGLHYDO�FKXUFK�LQ� (VWRQLD�ZDV�JRW��HQDEOLQJ�WR�GDWH�WKH�ÁRRU�DQG�WR�VXSSRUW�WKH�SUHYLRXVO\�DSSOLHG�GDWH�RI�WKH�nave (ca.�ÀUVW�KDOI�RI�WKH���WK�FHQWXU\��DQG�WR�GUDZ�FRQFOXVLRQV�RQ�FRLQ�FLUFXODWLRQ�KLVWRU\�DV�ZHOO�DV�FKDQJHV�LQ�KDELWV�RI�WKH�FRQJUHJDWLRQ�PHPEHUV�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�FHQWXULHV��

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV��7KH�VWXG\�ZDV�VXSSRUWHG�E\�WKH�WDUJHW�ÀQDQFHG�UHVHDUFK�SURMHFW�RI�WKH�Estonian Ministry of Education and Science (SF0130054s12).

REFERENCESEderma, B. & Jaik, A. (eds) 1939. eesti evan-geeliumi luteriusu kirikud. tartu.Johansen, P. 1933. die estlandliste des liber census daniae. kopenhagen-reval.Kadakas, V. 2011. Medieval holy cross (Püha Risti) church rediscovered in Paide. – Archaeology and history of churches in Baltic region. ed. by J. hansson, h. ranta. Visby, 2011, 211–220.Kiudsoo, M. 1999. the coin hoard from Puriki, 6HWXPDD��²�$9(�����������²�����Kiudsoo, M. 2001. Parivere teine aardeleid. – studia QXPLVPDWLFD�,,��)HVWVFKULIW�0LKKDLO�1HPLURYLWã�'DQWãHQNR�����(G��E\�,��/HLPXV��Töid ajaloo alalt, 3. 7DOOLQQ����²���Kiudsoo, M. 2008. kesk- ja uusaegsetest ripats-P�QWLGHVW�(HVWL�DUKHRORRJLOLVHV�PDWHUMDOLV��²�/RRGXV��inimene ja tehnoloogia 2. interdistsiplinaarseid uurimusi arheoloogias. ed. by J. Peets. Muinasaja WHDGXV������tallinn-tartu, 109–132.Kiudsoo, M. 2011.�+DUMX�5LVWL�NLULNX�P�QGLOHLG��– Muinsuskaitseraamat 2010. ed. by k. Matteus. 7DOOLQQ����²���Kiudsoo, M. & Tamla, Ü. 2006. Utike aardeleid. – etnos ja kultuur. Uurimusi silvia laulu auks. ed. by h. Valk. Muinasaja teadus, 18. tartu-tallinn, ���²����Klackenberg, H. 1992. Monetarisering i medel-tidens sverige. Moneta nostra. Lund Studies in Medieval Archaeology, 10. lund.Nemirowitsch-Dantschenko, M. & Pärn, F. 1980. 6HHVWOLQJH�XQG�6FKHUIH��(LQ�%HLWUDJ�]XU�0�Q]�JHVFKLFKWH�/LYODQGV��²�1RUGGHXWVFKHV�-DKUEXFK�I�U�0�Q]NXQGH�XQG�YHUZDQGWH�*HELHWH��%G�����+DPEXUJ����²���

Lagerqvist, L. O. 1970. svenska mynt under YLNLQJDWLG�RFK�PHGHOWLG�VDPW�JRWOlQGVND�P\QW��stockholm.Leimus, I. 2001. Seestlingid�²�W}HQG�7DOOLQQD�VLGH�metest Pommeriga 14. sajandil. – studia numis matica ,,��)HVWVFKULIW�0LKKDLO�1HPLURYLWã�'DQWãHQNR�����(G��E\�i. leimus. Töid ajaloo alalt, 3.�7DOOLQQ����²���Leimus, I. 2002.�9RP�0�Q]JHEUDXFK�/LYODQGV��LQVEHVRQGHUH�LQ�'RUSDW�LQ�GHU����+lOIWH�GHV�����-K��²�7KH�0HGLHYDO�7RZQ�LQ�WKH�%DOWLF��+DQVHDWLF�+LVWRU\�DQG�$UFKDHRORJ\�,,��(G�E\�$��0lHVDOX��5��9LVVDN��7DUWX�����²����Leimus, I. 2004a. w-mønter fra gotland – endnu en gang. – nordisk numismatisk Unions Medlemsblad, 1U����0DM���������²����Leimus, I. 2004b.�,QÁDWVLRRQ�(HVWLV�DDVWDLO�����²��������HKN�NXLGDV�YHHULQJXVW�VDL�SHHQUDKD��²�$NDGHHPLD���������²�����Leimus, I. 2005a.�(LQLJH�%HLWUlJH�]XU�0�Q]�geschichte livlands am ende des 14. Jahrhunderts. – 'LH�EDOWLVFKHQ�/lQGHU�XQG�GHU�1RUGHQ��)HVWVFKULIW�I�U�+HOPXW�3LLULPlH�]XP�����*HEXUWVWDJ��(G��E\�0��/DXU�� (��.�QJ��7DUWX����²���Leimus, I. 2005b. euroopa hiliskeskaja suur depres-VLRRQ�²�NDV�ND�/LLYLPDDO"�²�0RGXV�YLYHQGL����9DQD�7DOOLQQ������������²���LUB 1905.�/LY���(VW��XQG�.XUOlQGLVFKHV�8UNXQGHQ�buch nebst regesten. Abt. 2. Bd. ii. hrsg. von +��+LOGHEUDQG��3��6FKZDUW]��/��$UEXVRZ��5LJD�Raam, V. 1987. Aruanne harju-risti kiriku juures WHRVWDWXG�YlOLXXULQJXWHVW��7DOOLQQ���Manuscript in MA.)Raam, V. 1997. harju-risti kirik. – eesti arhitektuur ���(G��E\�9��5DDP��7DOOLQQ����²���

VillU kAdAkAs, kAire tooMing, MAUri kiUdsoo and JUhAn kilUMets

Page 13: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

������D�V�JLVHO�QLQJ�������D�VXYHO�WRLPXVLG�NHVNDHJVH�5LVWL��WXQWXG�ND�NXL�+DUMX�5LVWL��NLULNX�NRRUL�LQWHU-M||UL�MD�SLNLKRRQH�S}UDQGD�UHVWDXUHHULPLVW||GH�QLQJ�NLULNXDLD�NDDEOLWUDVVL�NDHYHW||GH�DMDO�DUKHRORRJLOLVHG�MlUHOHYDOYHW||G��$UWLNNHO�NlVLWOHE�OLVDNV�HHOWRRGXG�XXULQJXWHOH�S}JXVDOW�ND�YDUDVHPDLG�XXULPLVW|LG��5LVWL�kiriku (jn 1) vanemast ajaloost on teada, et tegemist oli keskajal Padise tsistertslaste kloostri omandusse NXXOXYD�3�KD�5LVWL�NDEHOLJD��PLGD�RQ�NLUMDOLNHV�DOOLNDWHV�QLPHWDWXG�ND�NLULNXQD��5LVWL�NLULNX�HKLWXVORRJD�RQ�N}LJH�S}KMDOLNXPDOW�WHJHOHQXG�9LOOHP�5DDP��NHV�GDWHHULV�NROPHV�HWDSLV�HKLWDWXG�KRRQH�YDOPLPLVH�����VDM� esimesse poolde.

������ MD� ������ D� NLULNXDHGD�SDLJDOGDWXG� HOHNWULNDDEOL� NUDDYLGHVW� ���²��� FP� V�JDYDG�� X� ��� FP� ODLDG��NRJXSLNNXV�X�����P��PDWXVHLG�HL�DYDVWDWXG��NXLG�NRNNX�OHLWL����P�QWL��PLOOHVW�NROP�ROLG����²����VDM�K}EH-P�QGLG������FP�NDXJXVHO�NLULNX�O}XQDVHLQDVW�OHLWL�VHOOHJD�SDUDOOHHOVHOW�NXOJHY�X����FP�ODLXQH�WXQGPDWX�ehitise vundament (jn 2).

3LNLKRRQH�PlGDQHQXG�S}UDQGD� YDKHWXVHO� WRLPXQXG�DUKHRORRJLOLVHO� XXULPLVHO� DYDVWDWL�PHWDOOLRWVLMDJD�SLQQD�VHVW�OLJL������YDVN��MD�K}EHP�QWL��OLVDNV�PXLG�YlLNVHPDLG�PHWDOOHVHPHLG��0}OHPDVW�O||YLVW�OHLWL��²���FP� SDNVXVH�SLQQDVHNLKL�DOW� RPDSlUDVH��S�VWL�DVHWDWXG�SDHNLYLGHVW�S}UDQGD� MllQXVHG� �MQ�����.XPPDJL� O||YL�LGDRVDV�OHLWL�QHOMDNDQGLOLVHG�NLYLSODWYRUPLG�PLV�RVXWXVLG�N}UYDODOWDUL�MllQXVWHNV���/LVDNV�SLNLKRRQHOH�NDH-YDWL�NHVNDHJVH�SHDDOWDUL�MllQXVWH�ORNDOLVHHULPLVHNV�ãXUI�Y}LGXNDDUH�O}XQDRWVD�MXXUGH�QLQJ�WHLQH�NRRULUXXPL�praeguse puidust peaaltari kohale (jn 3).

3LNLKRRQH�SLQJLVWLNX��MQ����YDQLPDNV�RVDNV�RVXWXVLG�QHQGH�DOXVWH�SXLWSODWYRUPLGH�DOXVWDODG��3UDHJXVWH�S}UDQGDODXGDGH� DOXVWH� WDODGH� SHDO� DYDVWDWL� YDUDVHPD� SLQJLVWLNX� S}VNODXGDGH� YDOGDYDOW� WlLV� SORPPLWXG�WDSLSHVDG��hKH��LOPVHOW�����VDM�SLQJLVWLNX�S}VNODXD��OHPLQH�RWV��MQ����OHLWL�S}KMDSRROVH�SODWYRUPL�DOW�

0}OHPDV�O||YLV�DYDVWDWXG�S}UDQGDMllQXVHG��MQ�������RQ�ODRWXG�VLGHDLQHWD�PLWPHVXJXVH��HQDPDVWL���²���FP� OlELP}}GXJD�URKPDNDOW�W||GHOGXG�SDHNLYLGHVW��.LYLG�RQ�ODRWXG�S�VWL�HULQHYDWHV�VXXQGDGHV��.RUUDWX�S}UDQG�RQ�VHOJHV�NRQWUDVWLV�NLULNXKRRQH�UHJXODDUVH�SODQHHULQJX�MD��OGLVHOW�YlJD�NYDOLWHHWVH�UDLGNLYLW||JD��9}LE�ROOD�RQ�S}UDQGD�HKLWDQXG�NRKDOLNXG�WDOXSRMDG��PLOOHOH�RVXWDYDG�P}QHG�VHOJHWH�SLLUMRRQWHJD�S}UDQGDDODG��2VD�VHOJHWH� SLLULGHJD� DODVLG� Y}LYDG� ROOD�PDWXVWH� MlUHO� ODRWXG� ODSLG��0LWPHG� S}UDQGDV� ROHYDG� NLUVWXNXMXOLVHG� W�KHPLNXG�RVXWDYDG��HW�KLOLVHPDO�DMDO�HL�SHHWXG�PDWXVWHMlUJVHW�S}UDQGD�WDDVWDPLVW�HQDP�LOPVHOW�YDMDOLNXNV�

(W�SDHS}UDQG�NXXOXE�����VDM��RVXWDYDG�PLWPHG�S}UDQGDSODDWLGH�YDKHOW�OHLWXG�P�QGLG��$UYDWDYDVWL�ODRWL�S}UDQG�YDKHWXOW�SlUDVW�SLNLKRRQH�HKLWDPLVW��.XQD�NHVNDHJVHG� in situ�VlLOLQXG�NLULNXS}UDQGDG�RQ�(HVWLV�YlJD�KDUXOGDVHG�LVHJL�IUDJPHQWLGHQD��VLLV�WXOHE�5LVWL�NLULNX�S}UDQGDW�OXJHGD�HUDNRUGVHNV��3}UDQGD�VlLOLPL-VHO�PlQJLV�UROOL�5LVWL�NLULNX�DMDORROLQH�NRQWHNVW��,OPVHOW�VllVWVLG�NHVNDHJVHW�S}UDQGDW�P}LVQLNH�KDXDNDPE-ULWH�SXXGXPLQH�QLQJ�MXED�����VDM�UDMDWXG�SLQJLVWLNX�SODWYRUPLG��

.RRULUXXPLV�OLLJXWDWL�UHVWDXUHHULPLVW||GH�NlLJXV�����VDM�DOWDULW�MD�DOWDULDHGD��PLOOH�DOW�OHLWL�NHVNDHJVH� SHDDOWDUL�MllQXVHG��6HH�ROL�VHJDNLYLVW��WHOOLVWHJD�YRRGHUGDWXG�QLQJ�NURKYLWXG�HKLWLV��VXXUXVHJD���������FP�

3LNLKRRQH�S}UDQGD� UHVWDXUHHULPLVW||GHO� OHLWL� SLNLKRRQH� LGDRVDVW� N}UYDODOWDULWH� MllQXVHG��3}KMDSRROQH�N}UYDODOWDU��NHKDQG�����í�����FP��RQ�UDMDWXG�VHLQWHVW�HHPDOH��MQ�����.HKDQGL��PEHU�NXOJHE���²���FP�ODLXQH�QHOLQXUNVHWH�SDHSODDWLGHJD�NDHWXG�DVWH��PLOOH�YlOLVSLQG�RQ�NURKYLWXG��$VWH�RQ�DOWDUL�S}KLRVDOH�OLVDWXG�KLOMHP�� /}XQDSRROQH� N}UYDODOWDU� �MQ� ��� RQ� UDMDWXG� YDVWX� SLNLKRRQH� LGDVHLQD�� 6HOOH� DOWDUL� S}KLNHKDQGL� P}}WPHG�XODWXYDG� OLJLNDXGX�����í�����FP�QLQJ�DOJVHW�NHKDQGLW�RQ�KLOMHP� ODLHQGDWXG��(VPDOW�HKLWDWL�DOWDUL�S}KL�NHKDQGL�OllQHSRROVHOH�N�OMHOH����FP�ODLXQH�OLVDQGXV��7}HQlROLVHOW�VDPDO�DMDO�NXL�S}KMD�O||YL�DOWDULOH��OLVDWL� ���FP�ODLXQH�VLOOXWDWXG�DVWH�ND�O}XQDSRROVHOH�N}UYDODOWDULOH�

(HVWL�NHVNDHJVHWHVW�DOWDULWHVW�WHDWDNVH�Y}UGOHPLVL�YlKH��6lLOLQXG�RQ�KXON�NHVNDHJVHLG�SHDDOWDUHLG��NXLG�N}UYDODOWDULG�RQ�NLULNXWHVW�HHPDOGDWXG��.}UYDODOWDULWHVW�SROH�WLKWL�VlLOLQXG�LVHJL�YXQGDPHQWH��NXQD�KLOLVH-PDG�PDWXVHG�MD�KDXDNDPEULWH�HKLWXVHG�RQ�QHHG�WlLHOLNXOW�O}KNXQXG��6HHJD�RQ�5LVWL�NLULNX�DOWDU�KDUXOGDQH�ja oluline leid.

9lOLW||GHO�OHLWL�N�PQHLG�YlLNVHLG�PHWDOOHVHPHLG�MD�QHQGH�W�NNH���NVLNXLG�OXXHVHPHLG��PDDOLWXG�MD�WD-YDOLVL� DNQDNODDVL� NLOGH�� NODDVKHOPHLG�� UDLGNLYLW�NNH� MQH� �MQ� �����0HWDOO�OHLGXGH�KXOJDV� RQ��OHNDDOXV� U}L-YDVWXVHJD�VHRWXG�HVHPHG�MD�HKWHG��WLQDVW�MD�SURQNVLVW�Y||SDQGODG��Y||QDDVWXG��PLWPHVXJXVHG�HKWHQ}HODG��Q||SQ}HO��NXOMXV��NHWLO�OLG��SURQNVVSLUDDO��PLWPHVXJXVHG�Q||ELG��KDDJLG��NRQWVDUDXDG��OLKWVDG�V}UPXVHG�MD�mitmesugused ripatsid.

5LVWL�NLULNXVW�DYDVWDWL�NRNNX�X������P�QWL�²� OlEL�DHJDGH�VXXULP�P�QGLOHLG�(HVWL�NLULNXLVW��3}UDQGD� UDMDPLVH�MD�/LLYL�V}MD�YDKHOLVW�DMDMlUNX�HVLQGDYDG����P�QWL��HQDPDVWL�O||GXG�7DOOLQQDV�NRKDOLNX�PDDLVDQGD�²�

ARHEOLOOGILISED UURINGUD RISTI KIRIKUS JA KIRIKUAIASVillu Kadakas, Kaire Tooming, Mauri Kiudsoo ja Juhan Kilumets

$5&+$(2/2*,&$/�),(/':25.�,1�(6721,$����������²���

Page 14: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RISTI CHURCH AND ...ArchAeologicAl stUdies in risti chUrch And chUrchYArd ERUGHU IHQFH VWUDLJKW WR WKH VRXWKHUQ ZDOO RI WKH QDYH QHDU WKH VRXWK ZHVWHUQ FRUQHU

���

/LLYL�2UGX�²�SRROW� ������/HLGXV�ND�7DUWX�SLLVNRSL� ����� MD�5LLD�SHDSLLVNRSL� ����P�QWH��/LLYL� V}MD� MD� MlUJQH-QXG�3RROD�5RRWVL�V}GDGH�DMDMlUNX�LVHORRPXVWDYDG�PLWPHVXJXVHG�3RROD�MD�/HHGX�������5LLD�YDEDOLQQD������MD� 6DDUH�/llQH�SLLVNRS�0DJQXVH�����P�QWL��3LNND�5RRWVL�Y}LPX�DHJD�HVLQGDYDG�X�����HULQHYDW�5RRWVL�P�QWL��

/}XQDO||YL� SLQJLVWLNX� SODWYRUPL� NLUGHQXUJDVW� OHLWL� X� �� P2� VXXUXVHOW� DODOW� WLKH� ���� VDM� WHLVH� SRROH� ²� ����VDM�YDVNP�QWLGH�NRQWVHQWUDWVLRRQ��X����WN���9}LPDOLN��HW�VHDO�RQ�ROQXG�SLQJLVWLNX�QXUJD�N�OJH�NLQQLWDWXG�rahakassa.

0�QWLGH�OLVDQGXPLQH�RQ�MlWNXQXG�LVHJL�OlEL�SXLGXVW�S}UDQGD�SUDJXGH��QDJX�QlLWDYDG�VDMDG�����VDM�WHLVH�SRROH� MD� ���� VDM�P�QGLG��hOH� SRROH�P�QWLGH� NRJXDUYXVW�PRRGXVWDYDG�PLWPHVXJXVHG� YHQH� YHUPLQJXG� �X������DODWHV�3HHWHU�,�YDOLWVHPLVDMDVW��0�QWLGH�NRJXQHPLQH�SLQJLVWLNX�SODWYRUPLGH�DOOD�QlLE�ROHYDW�O}SSHQXG����²����VDM�YDKHWXVH�SDLNX��VHVW�NRJX�����VDM�HVLQGDYDG�YDLG����P�QWL��

5LVWL�NLULNX�N}LJH�YDUDVHPDWHNV�P�QWLGHNV�RQ�NDNV�*RWODQGLO�����VDM�WHLVHO�SRROHO�MD�����VDM�NHVNSDLJDV�O||GXG�UDKD��MQ�����.XLJL�2MDPDD�P�QWH�NRKWDE�PDVVLOLVHOW�(HVWL�����VDM�NROPDQGD�YHHUDQGL�DDUHWHV��RQ�QHQ-GH�QlRO�WHJHPLVW�JRRWLGHJD��HKN�3}KMDPDDGH�HVLPHVWH�SHQQLVW�VXXUHPDWH�QRPLQDDOLGHJD������VDM�*RWODQGL�penne eestist siiani veel avastatud polnud.

/LKWQH�RQ�VHOHWDGD�P�QWLGH�OHLGPLVW�NLULNXS}UDQGDWH�DOW�YDUDVHPDWHVW�PDWXVHVW�YlOMD�W}PPDWXG�KDXD-SDQXVWH� MD��KH�NDXSD�MXKXVOLNXOW�NDRWDPLVHJD��6XXUL�P�QGLNRJXVHLG�RQ�VHOHWDWXG�ND�RKYULP�QWLGH��NV-KDDYDO�NRJXQHPLVHJD��HHVNlWW�3}KMDPDDGHV��0�QWLGH�VXXUH�KXOJD�W}WWX�RQ�P�QWLGH�RKYHUGDPLVH�YHUVLRRQ�usutav ka risti kirikus, kuigi praeguses uurimisseisus kirjalikud allikad ja folkloor seda ei toeta. ilmselt on ND�5LVWL�NLULNX�NROOHNWVLRRQL�NXMXQHPLVHO�ROQXG�RPD�UROO�P�QWLGH�NDRWDPLVHO�MD�KDXDSDQXVWHO��.XLJL�����VDM�O}SXNV�ROL�/LLYLPDDO�YlOMD�NXMXQHQXG�P�QGLV�VWHHP�RPD�NROPH�QLPLYllUWXVHJD��NV�/llQHPHUH�SLLUNRQQD�DUHQHQXPDLG��RVXWDYDG�ULWXDDOVH�WDJDS}KMDJD�P�QGLOHLXG�WDYDOLVHOW�SLJHP��KLVNRQQD�YlKHVHOH�PRQHWDUL-VHHULWXVH�DVWPHOH�NXL�UDKDULQJOXVH�LQWHQVLLYVXVHOH��6HHJD�Y}LNV�PDVVLOLVH�RKYHUGDPLVH�DOJXVW�(HVWL�S}KMD��MD�OllQHRVD�NLULNXWHV�VHRVWDGD�SLJHP�QQ�GHSUHVVLRRQLSHULRRGLJD��PLV�VHDOVHW�HODQLNNRQGD�WROODO�YDOXVDOW�WDEDV��5LVWL�P�QGLOHLG�RQ�(HVWL�DMDORR�ROXOLQH�QLL� RPD�XQLNDDOVXVH� WHUYLNOLNNXVH��NRRVWLVH���OGDUYX�NXL�ND� OHLX�VLWXDWVLRRQL�MD��NRQWHNVWL�NRUUHNWVH�ÀNVHHULPLVH�SRROHVW��(HVWLVW�OHLWXG�NXOWXVOLNX�WDJDS}KMDJD�P�QGLOHLXG�RQ� MXED�YDUHP�RVXWDQXG�YDMDGXVHOH�NDDVDWD�YHUPLQJXWH�NlLEHDUHDDOLGH�YlOMDVHOJLWDPLVVH�ND�YlOMDVWSRROW�DDUGHOHLGH�SlULQHY�P�QGLPDWHUMDO��.XQL�������D�NHYDGHQL�SXXGXV�VHOOHNV�Y}LPDOXV��

5LVWL�NLULNXDLD�NDDEOLNUDDYLGH�NDHYDPLVH�NlLJXV�VDDGL�HVLPHVHG�VHOOHOW�PlOHVWLVHOW� WHDGDROHYDG� OHLXG��.DHYDPLVHG� NLULNX� SLNLKRRQH� S}UDQGD� YDKHWDPLVH� NlLJXV� ROLG� HVLPHVWHNV� VHOOHODDGVHWHNV� HQDP�YlKHP� NRUUDOLNXOW� DUKHRORRJLOLVHOW� OlEL� YLLGXG� W||GHNV� (HVWLV�� /HLWL� PLWPH� NHVNDHJVH� UDMDWLVH� XQLNDDOVHOW� KlVWL�VlLOLQXG�MllQXVHG�²�SHDDOWDU��N}UYDODOWDULG�MD�SLNLKRRQH�S�VWL�SDHNLYLGHVW�S}UDQG��6DDGL�XXVL�WHDGPLVL�ND�SXLGXVW�SLQJLVWLNX�NXMXQHPLVH�NRKWD��/LJLNDXGX������K}EHGDVW�MD�YDVHVW�P�QWL�HQDPDVWL����²����VDM�NLYL��MD� SXLWS}UDQGD� YDKHOW�PRRGXVWDYDG� VXXULPD�(HVWL� NHVNDHJVHVW� NLULNXVW� VHQL� NRJXWXG� NROOHNWVLRRQL��PLV�Y}LPDOGDE�GDWHHULGD�QLL�OHLWXG�S}UDQGDW�NXL�NLQQLWDGD�NLYLVW�SLNLKRRQH�YDUDVHPDW�GDWHHULQJXW��VDPXWL�WHKD�MlUHOGXVL�P�QGLULQJOXVH�DMDORR�MD�NRJXGXVHOLLNPHWH�KDUMXPXVWH�PXXWXVWH�NRKWD�OlEL�VDMDQGLWH�

VillU kAdAkAs, kAire tooMing, MAUri kiUdsoo ja JUhAn kilUMets