ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION I ... - University of Sydneynswaol.library.usyd.edu.au/data/pdfs/22534_ID... · The Sydney Cove Authority owns and has jurisdiction over the Rocks, bounded

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Q994.41

LYD

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

'JOBBINS BUILDING'

103·111 GLOUCESTER STREET, THE ROCKS, SYDNEY

Q994.41

LYD

E.C.J.L YDON SYDNEY COVE AUTHORITY

1993

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This project formed part of the Sydney Cove Authority's on-going archaeological management program.

I would like to acknowledge the work carried out on site by James Wallace and Sean Ryan, and the assistance of the enthusiastic volunteers who participated: Celia Jones, Charlie Guinness, Win Thompson, Kevin Barnes, Murielle Serenus, Claire Everett, Michelle Madison, Kylie Seretis, Jenny Chambers, Eirann, Karen Lilling, Ken McGuffin, Catriona Lorane, Margaret Lorane, Anita Waghom, Katherine Seton, Bridget Oitzinger, Michelle Maddison, Gerry King.

Acknowledgement must be made of the help given by the NSW Department of Agriculture's Seeds Laboratory, in identifiying the seeds recovered, and Alan Home of CSIRO's Division of Exploration Geoscience in carrying out analysis of a soil sample.

Co-directors Brett Noble and Mafalda Rossi were great to work with; without their assistance the project would not have reached completion.

Cover photograph shows work in progress, looking across the site to the north. The rear of the unrestored te"ace, Jobbins' Building, is to the right. Longs Lane runs east-west across the foreground.

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CONTENTS

VOLUME ONE

I 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

I 2.0 INTRODUCTION 5 2.1 Study area 5 2.2 Previous studies 5 2.3 Reason for study 6

I 2.4 Proposed development 6

3.0HISTORY 7

I 4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 4.1 Research Design 9

I 4.2 Methodology 9 4.3 Excavation summary 11

5.0 DISCUSSION 44

I 5.1 Early building in the Rocks 46 5.2 Early urban settlement 47 5.3 Mrs Ann Lewis, Boarding-house proprietor 49

I 6.0 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 52

I 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 53

8.0 ILLUSTRATIONS 54

I 9.0 REFERENCES 56

10.0 APPENDICES 58

I 10.1 Faunal remains : graphs 10.2 Ceramics : graphs

I VOLUME TWO

Artefact catalogue

"Jobbins' Buildings" Archaeological Investigations 2

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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Tile Project This report presents the results of archaeological excavations carried out for the Sydney Cove Authority, which owns and administers the Rocks, Sydney. Excavation was carried out in the rear yard of the 1857 terrace known as "Jobbins' Building", 103-111 Gloucester Street, and then focussed on the "sub-floor deposits" within the building. The site is near the top of the ridge overlooking Sydney Cove and was known to have possibly been occupied from-the earliest years of the colony.

1.2 Results Evidence was found for occupation of the site from before 1800, in the form of traces of a substantial brick and ceramic rooftiled structure, nearby but not on the site. A collapsed brick drain led away from this structure across the site. This structure was dismantled and followed by a less solid structure comprising timber posts set directly into the ground, with packed earth floors. Remnants of decayed timber bearers resting on the ground were found. Artefacts suggesting domestic household occupation were associated with this phase. This evidence is unusually early in the context of archaeological investigation of European settlement in Australia, and is discussed below (5.1, 5.2).

The succeeding phase comprised an L-shaped structure shown first on an 1823 plan. Traces of this building were found, comprising rough field stones bonded with a crude mud mortar. This too employed packed dirt floors. It was followed by the use of the site possibly for stablings: most of the site consisted of yard area, and the rectangular structure first shown on a plan of 1854 (W oolcott and Clarke) is associated with this phase, possibly serving as a stable. It is possible that a portion of this structure still survives as part of the extant rectangular footings now incorporated into the new development.

In 1857 the terrace was constructed by ex-convict John Jobbins, fronting Gloucester Street, and backed by Carahers Lane. The yard area was used for outbuildings such as a cess-pit behind 111 Gloucester Street. This cess-pit was sealed in 1865, and yielded evidence of Mrs Ann Lewis, Boarding-House Proprietor's tenancy (1861-1873). The 163 objects recovered illustrated various aspects of Mrs Lewis' household (see discussion, 5.3 below). Several sequences of sewerage and water services were found to have been installed during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Use of available space intensified with urbanisation during the later nineteenth century.

1.3 Statement of significance The following statement was prepared with reference to The Conservation Plan (Kerr 1990). It addresses aspects of the site's significance encountered during this historical archaeological investigation; the site's architectural significance has been assessed elsewhere (Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners 1990).

1.3.1 The site has the ability to demonstrate nineteenth century construction and living spaces. 1.3.2 Together with contextual archaeological and historical evidence, the site demonstrates a rare long continuous use, since the 1790s, with little disturbance. 1.3.3 The place and the archaeOI()gical material - the artefacts, analysis and documentation of the site's ~~~tion - provide evidence which demonstrates the nineteenth century te~~ tastes, usage of the site and general lifestyle. In particular. it evidences thcf:~-OfMrs Ann Le~ boarding-house proprietor and her household, and Syd.nefSmith, cab driver in specific detail.


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1.3.4 The site has the ability to demonstrate w.l.e changing character of nineteenth century urban Sydney. 1.3.5 The building and site has strong associationallinks with John Jobbins, convict and grazier, having been known locally as "Jobbins' Building" throughout the life of the terrace. 1.3.6 It is a rare example of a site yielding archaeological evidence of the pre-1830 period of European settlement in Sydney. 1.3.7 The site is thoroughly documented, and so is a valuable resource, forming, together with other historical and archaeological projects carried out in the area, part of the significant Rocks' heritage area.

1.4 Recommendations In the light of the analysis of evidence and the statement of significance presented above, it is recommended that:

1.4.1 Remaining deposits be retained. 1.4.2 The remains are covered by semi-permeable mesh. This should be checked regularly to ensure that the early and significant material beneath the new development is not endangered by mould, fungus or damp, for example. 1.4.3 The cemented areas in the yard are left intact. 1.4.4 That further disturbance of the fabric is prevented.

Specifically, the flora and fauna of new tenants should be monitored to ensure that damage does not occur. Installation of new services and repair or maintenance of the exisitng services should be carried out with sensitivity and monitored by an archaeologist to prevent damage to surviving fabric.

1.4.5 The north door to stables is retained and incorporated into the new studio building. 1.4.6 Interpretive signage is installed in the yard area. The tenants should be informed as to the historic and archaeologically significant nature of the site and buildings, both as an educational and promotional exercise and to ensure their awareness of sensitive fabric. 1.4.7 In future archaeological investigation of this and adjoining sites, open plan excavation should be employed due to the nature of past occupation: it is impossible to interpret remains which are fragmentary and discontinuous unless a reasonably large area is examined. 1.4.8 No further archaeological excavation on Jobbins' allotment is required, unless relevant research questions are raised. It is considered that archaeological potential of the terrace site site has been realised. 1.4.9 Investigation of the rest of the area - the adjoining allotments to the north (now vacant), south, across Longs Lane, south-west and west (across Carahers Lane) is highly desirable, given the "platform" constituted by the results of this project. The area represents an opportunity to glean an unparalleled, dense picture of early life in the colony.


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> I I I I I I I I I I Location plan~ 103-111 Gloucester Street, the Rocks, Sydney.

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2.0 INTRODUCTION

Archaeological investigation of the site of "Jobbins' Buildings", 103-111 Gloucester Street, the Rocks was carried out between August 1992 and January 1993. Excavation in the yard area occurred August-September 1992. Monitoring of service installation was carried out between January and April1993. Excavation of sub-floor deposits was carried out dv.ring conservation works to the building between December 1992 and January 1993.

Direction of excavation, monitoring and subsequent preparation of this report were carried out by Jane Lydon for the Sydney Cove Authority. Brett Noble co-directed excavations in the yard area, and Mafalda Rossi co-directed work on the interiors of the 1850s terrace.

The Sydney Cove Authority owns and has jurisdiction over the Rocks, bounded by the Sydney Harbour foreshore to the east and north, Grosvenor Street to the south, and the eastern side of the Sydney Harbour Bridge to the west. It is committed to archaeological investigation of the Rocks wherever disturbance of the existing fabric occurs, recognizing the site's great archaeological potential. Works in this area are preceded by an assessment of archaeological potential; recommendations set out by the Archaeological Management Plan for the Rocks and Millers Point (Higginbotham, Kass and Walker 1991) are implemented by archaeological consultants.

2.1 Study area

The site is close to the top of the ridge separating the Rocks from Millers Point to the west, sloping eastwards towards George Street and Sydney Cove. The steep uneven natural topography of the area, with sandstone outcrops, has been greatly modified since european settlement in 1788. The study area is currently bounded by a vacant site to the north, Gloucester Street to the east, Carahers Lane to the west, and Longs Lane to the south. It forms part of a block between Cumberland and Gloucester Streets on which stands a complex of nineteenth century buildings.

2.2 Previous studies

This area of the Rocks has long been recognised as having high archaeological potential. The "Lilyvale" site to the south along Cumberland Street, now the site of the ANA Hotel, was the subject of archaeological investigation in 1989.

An outline history by Karskens (1986) was produced on the larger site containing the study area, bounded by Gloucester and Cumberland Streets to east and west, and the Cahill Expressway to the south. An Historical and Archaeological Analysis of the Block Bounded by Cumberland and Gloucester Streets, and the Cahill Expressway, the Rocks, Sydney, NSW (Higginbotham and Kass 1986) formed part of an Environmental Impact Statement for this larger site, tracing its history and providing an assessment of archaeological potential.

A conservation analysis was produced for the Sydney Cove Authority prior to conservation of the buildings on the portion of this area bounded by Gloucester and Cumberland Streets to east and west, the Australian Hotel complex to the north, and the Cahill Expressway to the south (Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners 1992).

Archaeological Monitoring. The Australian Hotel and Adjoining Shops, The Rocks, Sydney, (Lydon 1992) details the results of monitoring of works carried out to the 1913 Australian Hotel complex, on the far (north) side of the vacant area north of the "Jobbins' Buildings" site.

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2.3 Reason for study

The Archaeological Management Plan for the Rocks and Millers Point assessed the site's condition as "partly disturbed'', recommending an historical and archaeological assessment prior to archaeological invesd.gation (Inv.96). Assessment identified the rear yard areas of the site as having great a."Chaeological potential. Proposed landscaping and conservation works to the Jobbins Buildings therefore required investigation and recording prior to disturbance.

2.4 Proposed development

The complex at 103-111 Gloucester was to be returned to its 1858 form, and leased as residences. The complete block bounded by Gloucester and Cumberland Streets, the Cahill Expressway and the vacant site to the north is also to be restored and its use will be predominantly residential.

Amongst the specific tasks required by stage 3 of the Authority's conservation works to the Jobbins Building and rear yards were the following, which were to affect the archaeological resource:

Yards: 2.4.1 Removal of demolition spoil in all rear yards. 2.4.2 Rebuilding of rear wings. It is intended to re-use the existing foundations; removal of subfloor deposits to provide ventilation will also be necessary. 2.4.3 Services are to be provided to the rear wings. A kitchen and laundry are to be provided to each rear wing's ground floor. 2.4.4 Existing sewer lines are intended for reuse. Water and electricity are to be provided. 2.4.5 Landscaping work will be undertaken in the rear yards, involving placement of new back and side fences to the area.

Interiors: 2.4.6 provision of a ventilation space 200mm below joists, under the floors of ground floor rooms of 103 and 107-111 Gloucester Street. 2.4.7 Stonnwater drainage connection from the front room of each house to the Gloucester Street service.

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3.0HISTORY

The earliest views of Sydney Cove show rows of houses along the east side of the ridge (eg Thomas Watling ca.1800). These were probably occupied by convicts, free settlers, and officers, 'squatting' unofficially before the first land grants were made. They were detached, built in rows, of flimsy materials such as wood and wattle-anddaub, with whitewashed walls and thatched roofs; they were probably built by the occupants (Irving 1985:44).

Better quality houses had shingle roofs, skillion extensions and more than one fireplace and floor. For example, Thomas Randall, a tinsmith, had a house 13m x. 7m but this was unusually large (Sydney Gazette 1803 quoted in Irving 1985). In the vicinity of the site, building around Fort Phillip, on Citadel Hill was prohibited (Sydney Gazette 31/3/1805). Reports of buildings damaged by rain or blown down (but were too flimsy to hurt the inhabitants) are given in the same year (27 Oct; 24 Nov). The street on which the site lay is shown on early plans as Windmill Row.

On the site in 1823 is shown a row of five timber single storey houses with two rooms each; one fell down in 1848 (Harper's Stewart's plans; Ratings Assessment Books). The land was granted to John Jobbins (transported to Australia in 1816) in 1839, who leased it to Edward Flood for 20 years. It stayed in the Jobbins family until resumption in 1902 although Jobbins moved to the Gundaroo district as a grazier ca.1833 (RAB; Pike 1972).

Plans of 1823, 1825, 1831, 1842 and 1850 show an L-shaped building on the comer of Longs and Carahers Lanes. A plan of 1854 shows a building on the comer of the lanes and an extensive tract of vacant land.

In 1858 a row of brick terraces was built, which have survived to the present. They originally had slated roofs, 2 floors and 7 rooms, and were commonly known as "Jobbins' Buildings". An 1865 plan shows the sewerage system, with two lines running through Jobbins' yards (MWS&DB; detail).

Tenants of 111 Gloucester Street were John Richardson (1858), Ann Lewis, boarding house proprietor (/housekeeper) (1861-73), Hugh Donohue, engineer (1875-81), (vacant 1882-3), Sydney Smith, cab proprietor (1885-97), William Pitt (1898-1908), Nicol Araney (1909-10), (vacant 1911), John Monaghan, grocer (1912-17), and Mrs Susan Monaghan, grocer (1918-32).

In Sydney generally, the period between 1850-70 was characterised by the rapid growth of housing. The 1880s and 90s particularly were years of economic expansion but population growth and housing development caused a decline in the quality of the urban environment (Fitzgerald 1980:70). Concerns with unsanitary conditions were expressed in the 1860 Report from the Select Committee on the condition of the working classes of the Metropolis. This report cited the Longs Lane precinct where " ... seven houses shared one water tap - the backyards,filthy and consisting of a water closet placed at the back door, were hardly worth the name." (NSW Legislative Assembly, Votes and Proceedings:78)

The situation at the newly built, substantial terraces at 103-111 Gloucester Street, is different, however, its tenants being of a higher social class. Jevons, social observer, walked along Gloucester Street in 1858 and described it as a quiet, domestic neighbourhood, with glimpses of families gathered around the dining table (cited in Proudfoot 1986: 19-20). These apparently conflicting accounts reflect the greater mix of the Rocks' population: socio-economic position and material circumstances varied greatly within small area. Large houses stood along Cumberland Street (Walker 1901)

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whEst servants and other tradespeople who serviced their establishments lived in back l:.:nes and less salubrious positions.

Jn 1861 Longs Lane was known as Maori Lane due to the presence of a colony of whalen:., and the Whalers' Arms stood on the comer of Cribbs Lane to the north along Glot:cester Street (RAB; 'Old Sydney' 1908).

Locz l government did not deal with the problems of urbanisation, however, as Fitzgerald's analysis of the 'slum deepening' (Kelly 1989: 19) of the time suggest (Fit!:gerald 1987). In 1875 evidence was submitted to the Sewage and Health Board reprrding slums in Carahers Lane: · "'The drainage from the seven houses in this court flows into one sink, to which there is no trap, only a grating; the houses are built of brick ... " These families' children 'Nere refused schooling because they had no shoes (Select committee paper no.11).

One unrecognised but large cause of street filth was horse-drawn traffic, which continued to .increase into the twentieth century despite the introduction of trams. In 1870 there were 180 omnibuses, 40 hackney carriages, 184 cabs and 120 drays and numerous private vehicles licensed (Fitzgerald 1987:84), one to Sydney Smith, cab proprietor of 111 Gloucester Street between 1885-97. Rubbish removal was also a council responsibility, and the nineteenth century miasmic view of disease transmission led to 1,000s of loads per week (of street sweepings, house rubbish, refuse from the city markets, earth closets, gully shafts, dead animals) being dumped.

In 1902 the site was resumed by the government and continued to be tenanted until 1985. Squatters moved in and in 1989 the rear wings were demolished as a means of eviction.

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4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

4.1 Research Design The project's research design aimed to place the data recovered in a wider context By following standard archaeological recording methods (see below 4.2 Methodology) information was recovered regarding the site's development. This prompted further questions regarding the area generally.

Preliminary historical research provided the framework for the investigation. The original research design was formulated against this general background. The following research and management questions were asked:

1. To what use has the excavation area been put during its european occupation?

2. Are there any traces of pre 1850s occupation? 3. What evidence is therefor sewerage? Does the material recovered reflect the

method and construction of other known services in the area? 4. Is there any evidence for the "substandard" living conditions noted by

observers during the buildings' life? What was the quality of life enjoyed by the inhabitants?

5. Can the material record of this precinct be related to the other archaeological investigations, such as Lilyvale, which have been conducted in the vicinity?

6. What is the survival rate of material in this area of the Rocks?

These were extended and modified during the course of the project, within the constraints imposed by consultancy reportage. Five chief areas were chosen for further investigation: early building in the Rocks, early urban settlement in Sydney, urban expansion in the 1860s, Mrs Ann Lewis' tenancy of 111 Gloucester Street, and multi-variate analysis of the interior areas' data-set.

4.2 Methodology

Excavation An open plan excavation of the yard area at the corner of Longs and Carahers Lanes, behind 111 and part of 109 Gloucester Street, was carried out. Mter removal of a substantial deposit of brick rubble, manual archaeological excavation proceeded using trowels and small tools, stratigraphically. This area was designated Jobbins Yard (JBY).

The terrace interior (JB INT) finds were labelled according to street number, room and context. Inside the 1850s building, including the demolished rear kitchen wing areas~ excavation was stratigraphic. To allow floors to be installed only 20cm depth of deposit needed to be remov~ but all "sub-floor" or "occupation" deposit- that reflecting the use of the 1850s building- was excavated in order to acquire a meaningful archaeological picture of the site's use. In the case of the rear kitchen wings, front room service pits, and the front room of 103 Gloucester Street, excavation continued to the natural horizon.

Artefacts Artefitcts were catalogued according to the Authority's standard system (Snelgrove 1991) (refer catalogue sheet) and entered on to the database for analysis. Specialist analysis of ceramics (Mafalda Rossi), glass (Martin Carney) and faunal remains

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(Dominic Steele) was c21Tiec out. Seeds were identified by the Seeds Laboratory, NSW Agriculture at Rosebery.

Questions formulated for specialisrs and general cataloguing included the characterisation of each phase or significant unit, including the activities evidenced, date range and/or concentration, the range of types or species found, any unusual features, the possible depcsitioaal process if evident, and recommendations for drawing, photography or conservation.

Differences between phases were noted. Cess-pit deposit 063 was given special attention to attempt to ascertain whether the material reflects Mrs Ann Lewis' boarding house, whether the ceramics related to other contexts, the taphonomic process it represents, and why there are so many intact pieces, especially matching cups and saucers.

Similarly, the phase 6 and 10 (stables) contexts were examined for evidence of identifiable stableyard activities. Changes in lifestyle evident over the site's development, in diet, food storage, serving and tableware vessels (form, decoration/style etc) were noted.

In addition, specific questions were asked of each main category (glass, ceramics and faunal remains).

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. 'SYDNEY COVE AUTHORITY ARTEFACT CATALOGUE

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Site ------1· Area ____ __ _ _ J Context

CaL Ma~ri~ Fabric Gen~~ S~cmc Sha~ ~~Hon No . ~ ~~ht Briefd-es-c-rip-ti-on~~~~~~-~~~~~~~C-/-co_n_s~T-y-~~~S-~-~-g-e~M-IN~~-o~. no. function function I ucw items P/photo series

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4.3 Excavation summary

JOBBINS YARD AREA (JBY)

Pha~e 1: Brick features and artefacts, pre 1800 (Refer Plan, Phase 1) No evidence of aboriginal occupation was recovered. Clearing of the land was evidenced by a number of burnt tree roots (units 092, 096) in natural material overlying bedrock. No artefacts came from these units.

A collapsed brick drain was exposed, preceding all other features (unit 100: samples kept; 061). It curved from the allotment's boundary with Carahers Lane, where presumably a contemporary structure once stood, towards the south-east, and Longs Lane. This may suggest that Longs Lane was even at that stage marked out for public use and/or the disposal of rubbish. The drain had been cut through during later phases at each end, but the surviving portion is intact and has been retained beneath the new development.

A feature consisting of similar early bricks, also preceding the 1823 structure was exposed (unit 087). Its function is uncertain, but possibly supported a large post, or was a sump for a since-removed drain. A ceramic roof tile was recovered which may be associated with this structure, and coarse earthenware ceramics were also associated with this phase.

General view of all features on conclusion of excavation. Note collapsed brick drain running across centre of area towards the right, footings of rectangular structure, and several excavated post-holes. To east. (RoU 3:5)

11

I I I II

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

collapsed brick drain 100

brick ?sump 087

Plan of Yard area: Phase 1, pre-1800 Brick features

I


----

Brick feature (087): possibly post-plate or sump. To north. (Roll4:35)

Collapsed brick drain (100, 061), cut by later structures at each end. To west (Roll 4:23)

13

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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Phase 2: Timber post structure, ca.l800 (Refer Plan, Phase 2) Following this, a timber structure was evidenced by postholes (units 106,113, 114 ('pipe'=unit 90), 093,091, excavated to bedrock, and decayed timber posts (units 101, 107, 108).

Vertical posts and horizontal piers would have provided a framework for flimsier, now-vanished partitions. A packed dirt floor was evidenced (unit 099), comprising medium-coarse gravel mixed with clay, and with a compact, level surface. Coarse earthenware was recovered from this phase. -

View of excavation area to west, showing partial removal of packed earth floors and rear yard surface (073, 098, 102). (RoU 3:10)

14

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I I I I I I I I I I

II I I I I I I I I I

113 p --------------

098

099

091 101

106 (D

107108 .. G

101 -=;:......:.-- ~~ ,__ j ~-:-~==~= . --: tl

090 114

Plan of Yard Area : Phase 2, ca.1800 Timber Post Structure


Phase 3: L~shaped Building, Pre-1823 (Refer Plan, Phase 3) Evidence was recovered of an L-shaped building dated before 1823, due ro its first appearance on Harper's 1823 Plan of Sydney Town (Figure 5).

This comprised roughly shaped sandstone blocks resting on bedrock or the yellow clay directly overlying bedrock, bonded with a crude mud mortar containing yellow clay and large flecks of shell lime (units 11 g, 084, 102, 111, 082). Its south (front) wall had been removed and filled; it ran just inside the current allotment boundary with Longs Lane (cut 121). The outline plan of the structure was discontinuous, due to substantial later disturbance.

Packed earth flooring (073) and yard surface (102) units overlay earlier features such as pre-1800 brick sump (087).

16

I


~~

)

\ L ~n

D f{r

102

Plan of Yard Area: Phase 3, pre-1823 L-shaped Structure

------------------

• I I I I I

I• I I I I I I I I I I I I I

II

Phase 3: Pre-1823 structure, north wall, comprising field stones and crude mud mortar (084). To north. (Roll4:30)

Phase 3: Pre-1823 south wall (121, 119),partially dismantled during a later phase. To north. (RoU 3 :2)

18

I


Phase 4: Jobbins' Stablings, 1854-53 (Refer Plan, Phase 4) A black yard surface was exposed, covering most of the excavation area (units 066, 060, 059). Many burnt objects covered it~ surface, suggesting that rubbish was deposited here. It may be associated. v1ith use of the pre-1854 structure shown on Woolcott and Clarke's plan, presur:1ab!y built by Jobbins, and used as stablings.

This is represented by the rectangular structure excavated on the comer of Longs and Carahers Lanes, of which portions sarvive cf~spite several later modifications (units 007 [north and west walls], 077, 075 [trench fill], 117 [east wall south half], 072, 078 [fill], 118 [south wall], 079 [trench fill]) . The north half of the east wall had been altered during later phases.

Several deposits within the building represent activity during this phase, such as an ashy black material washing under the north doorway (057) over rubble fill (069, 054) and flll (109, and possibly unit 065).

The terraces were constructed in 1857, and reflect the contemporary use of all available space, building to the boundary lines, with outbuildings filling the rear yards fronting laneways.

21

I


·-·· J..:..

~

Plan of Yard Area: Phase 4, ca1854 Stables

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I I II

I I I

f:'has~ 5: Jobbins' Buildings: cess-pit fill, pre-1865

·~·he cor"struction of Jobbins' terraces was carried out ca.1857. From the period of occupation came a discrete unit relating to Mrs Ann Lewis' tenancy of 111 Gloucester 3 rrec~, sealed in 1865. The earliest levels (the lowest 35cm) of fill inside the cess-pit (unit 042) consisted of black, wet, very smelly deposit, containing a high proportion of artefa~.;ts (unit 063). In 1865 drainpipes were installed, sealing the deposit (Water Board plan, 1865), which can therefore be associated with the tenancy of 111 Gloucester Street by Ann Lewis, boarding-house proprietor (1861-73).

The artefact assemblage consisted of a range of personal and household objects. The faunal remains represented domestic refuse. The bone assemblage comprised approximately 200 items, dominated by chicken and sheep, although elements of cattle, fish (large snapper) and rodent are also present 84.6% of the sheep bone represent phalanges; twelve fragments derive from two lambs, under three months -possibly a special occasion. Two individual chickens and a rooster are represented by 35 bones.

The assemblage represents a small number of meals, the fish and chicken in particular possibly accumulating over a matter of days. Absent are butchered and fragmented bones: lack of burning, weathering and scavenger attrition also indicate that it was deposited over a short period of time.

The large collection of sheep phalanges (trotter) conforms to the pattern established at the Observer Hotel, the sub-floor deposits excavated at 105 Gloucester Street and Samson's Cottage (see bone reports, all by D.Steele, in Lowe 1993; Higginbotham 1992; Lydon 1991). By today's standards these are regarded as waste bones and are discarded following primary butchery. Also present are shin and shank bones which are likely to reflect more economical cuts suitable for stewing or cheaper roasts (Steele 1992:29). There was an absence of mollusc remains, unlike 105 Gloucester Street's sub-floor deposits.

Seeds included peach, grape, apricot, plum, loquat, citrus. All food remains and therefore evidence of the inhabitant's diet. The question of the degree of domestication of the seeds remains unresolved. Unlike the nearby site of Lilyvale, no nut, plant or vegetable seeds were recovered, possibly due to the comparatively small sample (Rossi 1989).

Phase 6: Jobbins' Tenancies, sewerage, 1865

The cess-pit was converted in 1865 into a fully serviced water closet, adding another course of sandstone blocks (unit 048). A line is shown running from Carahers Lane, and also north across the site. These 1865 services have been exposed and excavated (units 074, 064). They were later disconnected and replaced by a new system, at the same time as an outbuilding extension to the north was built

2 3

-. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Phase 7: Sydney Smith'~Stable5t ca.l885-97

This phase was evidenced by the use of the rectangular structure as stables by Sydney Smith, cab proprietor (1885-97). A cab (short for cabriolet), or light 2-wheeled hooded chaise, was drawn by a medium or drudge horse.

Two doorways, one wide enough for a horse (fill 033, 056, 043), were worn by long use, and a deposit of sandstone rubble over the yard was worn into cobbles, from which several horseshoes were recovered (this material dated after 1865 : units 017, 037). Access from the lane would have made this use possible; Smith paid more rent than the tenants of the neighbouring houses, probably for this facility.

The internal deposits associated with this use are units 029, 030, 031 and 032. A downpipe led into a catchment pipe (unit 012) via a gutter (unit 011) connecting with ceramic pipes running east towards the terraces (unit 026) This trench had been cut into bedrock.

The peak of hansom cab use was in 1892, when there were 1299licensed cabs in Sydney, providing employment for approximately 1500 drivers. Economic depression, the opening of the cable tram service to Edgecliff in 1894 along the cabbies' most lucrative route, and adoption of the bicycle all contributed to the decline of the cabby during the 1890s. The upkeep of a cab cost 12-14shillings/ week, and most cabs needed renovation once a quarter, including repairs to the fittings and furnishings (Geeves:2). Many photographs taken in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Rocks illustrate this feature of Sydney life, and the conditions of stables such as Sydney Smith's.

24

----.

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II I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Phase 7, View of excavations to north. (Roll2:18)

Phase 7: sandstone rubble cobbled yard surface (017, 037). To south. (Rol/2:16)

25

I

I lc·-----::-·------__ -]---:- -· .. .-----___.-.,,___ __ _

.... - -~--- -------~.. ~- . , •" ·. ·. ~ I ·~_:-~

I I I I ~ , L----r---~ I rcr·~, ~~~~-t?~ ' I I I I I I I I I I I I I

·. •'

Plan of Yard Area : Phase 7, ca.1885-1897 Sydney Smith's Stables

• I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Phase 8: Renovation of terraces, ca.1900-1986

Outbuildings (units 008, 009,010, foundations units, trench fill units) with rendered floors (units 02, 03) and an asphalt yard surface (unit 04) date to this century, when occupied by Pitt, Araney, and the Monaghans' grocery. In 1920 a number of renovations were carried out to the terraces.

A 1917 coin found in the fill around a disconnected sewerage pipe in the cess-pit suggests that the last additions were made after this date. This later pipe may have discharged into silt (units 041, 049, 050, 051, 053, 058, 062), which would have filtered liquid before it dispersed into the ground. From Carahers Lane a service pipe led into the cess-pit (units 040, 036, 044).

Inside the outbuilding extension to the north sewerage and stormwater services were installed connecting Carahers Lane with the terraces (units 014, 015, 018, fill 025, ). Gas pipes and fill were installed over the former cess-pit (units 027,021, 022).

26

I

JOBBINS' BUU.DINGS INTERIORS

Phase 1: Pre-Jobbins' Building, pre-1857

The earliest phase evidenced inside the terraces came from either service pits or the front room in 103 Gloucester Street, where excavation was deeper than elsewhr.::r~, and removed pre-1857 construction material. Investigation of this phase was avoided where possible (see 4.2 Methodology, above), and was physically constrained by the form of the later 1857 building.

Evidence was consistent with the earliest (pre-1830s) phases evidenced in the rear yard area. The ceramic assemblage was dominated by pearl ware, creamware and lead glazed coarse earthenware. Two pieces can be dated :

#11080 possibly cartwheel/asterisk cypher of Minton, blue transfer-printed "Willow" base sherd 1842

#11260 Davenport plain pearlware base sherd 1793-1820

PRE-1857 UNITS

103 Gloucester St(GS)

107GS

107 GS

107GS 109GS 109GS 109GS 111 GS 111 GS 111 GS 111 GS

Front Room(FR): 014 remnant topsoil, 013 fill, 015 wall, 006 pre-1857 demolition rubble, 009 posthole FR: 007 cinder floor, 009 post-hole, 010 post-hole, 011 stratum, 012 stratum RKW: 007,011,017 redeposited topsoil, 013, 014, 015, 016 strata, 018 rubble BR: 005 fill BR: 005 fill BH: 004 fill RKW: 009 fill FR: 007, 008 fill BR: 004 rubble Hall: 004 stratum RKW: 010, 014 strata, 011 rubble, 012 fill of cut 013, 015 fill of cut 016

27

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Phase 2: Constn1ction of Jobbins' Building, ca.1857

This was evid~nce.d by foundation trenches cut for the sandstone footings of walls. The site's surface had first been levelled. A thick (ranging between 10-15cm), dry, orange-pink, coarse layer of brick rubble containing some mortar was then deposited, inter_preted as reflecting the construction of the brick walls on to the sandstone footings. Over the brick rubble was noted a layer of slate fragments, interpreted as representing tiling of the roof in slate.

CONSTRUCTION UNITS:

103 Gloucester St(GS)

103 GS 103GS 103 GS

107 GS

107GS 107 GS 107 GS 107 GS

109GS 109GS 109GS 109 GS 109GS

111 GS 111 GS 111 GS Ill GS

Front Room(FR): 003 rubble,004 fill, 005 rubble south-east comer of room, 008 foundation trench fill Back Room(BR): 003 rubble Front Hall (FH): 004 rubble Back Hall (BH): 003 rubble, 004 foundation trench fill FR: 004 rubble, 005 rubble fill, 006 stratum, 008 foundation trench BR: 003 rubble FH: 003 rubble BH: 003 rubble Rear Kitchen (RKW): 004 rubble, 006 fireplace, 009 foundation trench fill, 010 fireplace rubble FR: 004 rubble BR: 004 rubble FH: 003 rubble BH: 003 rubble RKW: 006 rubble, 008 foundation trench fill FR: 003 rubble BR: 003 rubble Hall: 003 rubble RKW: 004 rubble, 005 fill of cut 006, 007 stratum, 008 foundation trench fill west wall, 009 fill

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Phase 3: Occupation of Jobbins1 EuUd!ng, f:a.l857-1986

(Refer Plans, 103-111 Gloucester Strce~ Ph2.se 3, Occupation)

This phase was represented by a thick (ranging. between 5-15cm) layer of fme, evenly coloured and textured dark brown mate."ial with a high organic component. Typical of "sub-floor deposit" elsewhere in the Rocks on domestic sites, this material is interpreted as having filtered through the timber floors of the building during its occupation.

SUB-FLOOR/OCCUPATION UNITS

103 Gloucester St(GS) Front Room (FR): 002 103GS Back Room(BR): 002 103GS Front Hall (FH): 002,003 103GS Back Hall (BH) 002

107 GS FR: 002,003 107 GS BR: 002,004 107 GS FH: 002,003 107 GS BH: 002 107GS Rear Kitchen Wing (RKW): 002,005,006

109GS FR: 002,003,007' 006,005

109GS BR: 002 109GS FH: 002 109GS BH: 002 109GS RKW: 002,004,005

111 GS FR: 002,005,006 111 GS Hall: 002 111 GS BR: 002 111 GS RKW: 002,003

These units contain a high proportion of artefacts which are usually small personal and household objects; they have been lost or discarded and fall through gaps in the floor. Alternatively, they are food and domestic refuse, such as shell, bone, and broken crockery for which the floorboards have been lifted to allow their disposal. It was noted that usually burnt refuse mixed with ash was deposited in a fan-shape before the fireplace. Where possible, this material was excavated as a discrete stratigraphic unit (units: 107 GS, FR 003; 107 RKW 005, 006; 107 GS BR 004; 109 FR 003; 109 RKW 005; Ill RKW 003; 111 FR 005, 006).

Analysis focussed on this phase of the terraces' interiors.

Bone

Analysis of the faunal remains was carried out by Dominic Steele (1993b) and considered the following issues: 1. the nature of the distribution of remains both within and between the terraces 2. the range of animal species represented and the nature and composition of the samples recovered from different contexts,

'3. evidence for butchery and skeletal element representation, and the implications for nineteenth century butchery and food procurement practices, and diet, 4. evidence for nineteenth century garbage disposal and sanitation practices.

29

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I

Analysis made use of x-y graphs illustrating weight and numbers and species from occupation contexts (refer appendix 10.1). The issues discussed in the following summary of Steele's conclusions should be further explored by reference to Report on the Jobbins Animal Bone Sample 103-111 Gloucester Street, the Rocks (1993b).

1. Distribution Differential distribution of the assemblage was evident both within and between houses.

At 103, most bone derived from the front room sub-floor deposit (79%). By contrast, at 107 most are from the back room, and a smaller but still substantial collection is from the rear kitchen wing. At 109 and 111, the Rear Kitchen Wing produced a large and varied sample. 103's lack of rear kitchen wing and yard area may account for this difference, forcing the occupants to make use of the available ground floor rooms for preparation and consumption of food, and disposal of remains. The smallness of the total assemblage from 103 may reflect the occupants' consequent need to dispose of rubbish in a different manner from that evidenced in the other houses.

109 Gloucester Street yielded a large faunal collection: approximately twice that of 107 and 111, and four times that of 103. Analysis of species (see section 2., below) demonstrated that 109's occupants appear to have had a different diet from the other houses, as well as leaving behind a larger assemblage. Fish, fowl and rabbit are proportionately more popular (refer Table 1 below). The assemblage exhibits a greater range of cuts. Dominant within the sample are femur and tibia suggestive of leg roasts and numerous bones reflecting the consumption of loin and chuck steaks and roasts. Soup and stock bones are evidenced by cervical (neck) vertebrae and phalanges. The former elements exhibit unusual butchery marks and reflect a butchery practice which is not currently pursued.

The collection from 107 represents a smaller mage of cuts. Elements deriving from the poorer meat yielding portions of the carcass are strongly in evidence, including skull, shank and carpaVtarsal bones.

Comparison of the sheep sized rib and vertebrae elements from 107 ( 10.9%) and 109 (31.9%) highlights these differences. The 109 sample displays complex and variable butchery and elements which appear to represent a wider variety of rib steaks and roasting joints. Further detailed work is required to elucidate the nature of these differences.

Examination of the 111 assemblage confirms the results of the yard area study (Steele 1993a). which argued that Mrs Ann Lewis' operation of a boarding-house resulted in a "discernible faunal signature" in the remains recovered from a cess-pit (Steele 1993b) (cf section 5.3 Mrs Ann Lewis. below). The sub-floor contexts contained rib and vertebral fragments. suggesting both rib and steak cuts as well as large roasting joints. Leg and loin steaks and roasts are also a strong feature. The collection is dominated, however. by trotter. shin and shank elements which are likely to reflect more economical cuts suitable for stewing, soups and/or cheaper roasts. Similar patterning was evident at the Observer Hotel, where the emphasis appeared to be on the procurement and provision of food on a communal basis.

2. Animal species Most remain&~t food refuse. Exceptions include the large numbers of rodent bones retJ.'.'iCVed'!:rDDtai!JJontexts, two shark teeth from 103 and 107 front halls .. ,. __ ,.,..,_., ___ . .....,.,.. __ , .

respectiYely~l't•maxr:molarfrom tOYs front hall. "Rather more perplexing is the presence of three~dcmiestic cat bones in the back room of 111."

>-

------

30

• I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I .~,,·.7,:-;-

Bones of sheep, cattle and pig are well represnted, as well as rabbit, fish (including bream, snapper and flathead) and various fowl, particularly chicken and turkey. ~~ltJ10ugh these species were recovered from all contexts, there are evident differences in the proportional representation of particular taxa categories, which are likely to reflect differences in taste and/or socio-economic differences. The following table expresses the breakdown of the total bone collection by fragment numbers as a percentage. A similar manipulation of the data by weight shows no appreciable differences.

Table 1

Animal type 103 107 109 111

Sheep 8.4 12.8 13.9 7.3 Pig 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.5 Cattle 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.3 Fowl 5.0 2.6 8.1 2.6 Fish 4.0 5.1 6.4 20.0 Rodent 20.9 7.5 6.9 3.0 Rabbit 1.1 1.0 5.1 1.2 Sheep size 21.5 10.9 31.9 28.3 unidentified 36.1 56.5 24.1 33.8

Sheep dominates the identified portions of the collection, but the consumption of mutton appears to vary between houses.

The consumption of cuts from other major food species is consistent across the four houses. Fish is evident in virtually all occupation units, conspicuously so in 111 Gloucester Street. Most derive from the back room and rear kitchen wing deposits. The disproportionate occurrence of post cranial elements (vertebrae and fm and pectoral bones) suggests that fish was bought as pre-dressed fillets. It is also possible that fish heads were discarded elsewhere.

3. Disposal Steele sees the assemblage as reflecting gradual accumulation of kitchen and table food refuse during occupancy. Some material was deposited during periodic household clean-ups or discard events such as sweeping out hearths. The custom of discarding refuse beneath floorboards was characteristic of mid to later nineteenth century urban life. The earlier phases evidenced at the site, ca.1820-1850 are characterised by the discard of refuse in yard areas and other spaces which were "out of the way". The construction of Jobbins Building represents the general movement towards the use of all available space, and refuse patterns also directly reflect this change.

Ceramics Ceramic analysis made use of x-y graphs which illustrate the frequencies of different forms by weight and minimum vessel count (Refer graphs 1-22). Ambiguous items such as "multi", "base" and "rim" sherds were disregarded. The occurrence of different forms reflects factors such as ease of identification during cataloguing or comparative weight, as well as nineteenth century popularity. Despite the distortions necessarily involved in using quantification of the surviving assemblage, the following observations can be made.

1. A pattern in frequency of form was clearly evident : plates were the most common form, especially in the front room and front hall of houses, with the exception of Ill

31


Gloucester Street, where there were more in the Back Room and Rear Kitchen Wing. 111 's use for a shop during much of its occupation ma.y be suggested as the cause of its divergence.

2. There was a consistent relationship between cups and plates, cups being the second most frequent form, and generally representing proportionally consistent ratio.

3. The third most frequent form across the houses, generally proportionally consistent, were smoking pipes. 4. Less common, but consistently occurring across houses were marbles, bowls, jars, saucers, jugs, dishes, egg cups, figurines, tureens, teapots and toys (saucers, teapots, cups and dolls). The frequency of these forms varied from house to house.

5. There appeared to be a greater frequency of toys in the hallways (Rossi 1993:8).

6. The range of forms across houses is consistent (with a more limited range in 103 Back Room 002 Graph 5

Back Hall 002 Graph 6 107 Back Hall 002 Graph 14 [Rossi 1993:8])

7. Generally a greater range and frequency of forms in the front room and front hall is evident, again with the exception of 111 Gloucester Street.

This pattern is consistent with the findings at 105 Gloucester Street, where Higginbotham suggests that the front room was the most popular for the consumption of food and drink. Sewing was noted as being concentrated in the front hall, at the expense of other rooms (Higginbotham 1992:33-4).

Differentiation is not always clear, however, suggesting that original function or activity specific uses of the house have been distorted by taphonomic processes such as sweeping (refer 9. below) or disturbance during renovations. Further, the limited space available in these houses would have compelled the use of each room for all activities.

8. A large number of marbles and other toys was recovered from beneath the window of 107 Gloucester Street's Back Room (refer Plan of 107 Gloucester Street, Phase 3, Occupation). A large number of Codd patent bottle stoppers by comparison with a virtual absence of bottle fragments, suggests their re-use for playing marbles, as does the disparity between sauce bottle stoppers and bottle remains (Carney 1993).

9. A large number of small items was recovered inside the front door sill of 103 and 107. This possibly represents sweeping out the house towards the front door, and consequent build-up of material in the one place. It implies a constructional feature such as butted floorboards or possibly a fissure created by constant passage through this door.

10. The relatively large quantity and range of forms in 109 Gloucester Street's Back Hall may be due to an error made during cleaning or cataloguing, in light of the absence of data from the front hall. It may be best therefore to consider the Back Hall assemblage as an amalgam of the Front and Back Hall artefacts.

Conclusion

The· analysis of occupatiOn phases revealed a consistent distribution of artefacts reflecting ~pcrfonnedyiitfitt~es during the nineteenth century. Variations eibibited by comparisons·Witliin and across houses reflect specific circumstances prevailing in different houses. For example, 111 Gloucester Street

32

. - -

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

II I I

r •. -.',..,.-.i.._: t~:

evidenced communal provision and consumption of food and drink, and the greater use of the back room and rear kitchen wing. 109 Gloucester Street yielded a greater number and range of items. possibly reflecting a higher socio-economic standard thart the other houses. The comparison of distribution patterns between 103 and the other houses reflects the advantages of the latter in terms of space.

33

I


~-- .. ·--··:-r----[7_]--d"Y/

VI ~

. 008

005

··. -

I lLJ T.:ZJ

002

cut007

002

I

I

, service pit

E

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~ ~ l 013 ~~

~012

J 1

~ 002 -

-

~ \)

'=--

J.

002

003

l

I -JobbimtBt~ Interiors : Plan of 103 Gloucester Street, Phase 3, Occupation (sub-floor deposit)

I


·-----~----·-··-·-·-- ·-----~- -1

----...L-.---.--------1·--·-··.....---( concent::atkm of ) e·, toy vessel:/'

-.._ _..../ ..... ______ -

/ ) /

004

003 003

-1- l ~~-----

Jobbins' Buildin~ Interiors : Plan of 107 Gloucester Street, Phase 3, Occupation (sub-floor deposit)

I


002

004

Q • N

' . . 002

~

002

____ ..........__

Jobbins' Buildin~ Interiors : Plan of 109 Gloucester Street, Phase 3, Occupation (sub-floor depos1t)

I


__ j

002

gEZJ~

003 003

004 t7ZJ fZ2J

003

-

·,

·.

, fireplace :

r--------.------~-;~----~-------- -,;.. _ - ~

-- Jobl:ei•'ltnifdinJs.:Interiors: Plan of 111 Gloucester Street, Phase 3, Occupation

(sub-floor depos1t)

I


.'

,,

grate ,,

,,

-brick tum!>le ~

~,--_ _;--.!'-L."\L.:.:._ C:J ~

007 • '

:-

G 0 ~

§ _. '

'· =

fireplace -0 010 · o \0

sand

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remnant topsoil

:

Jobbins' Building, Interiors : Plan of Rear Kitchen Wing, 107 Gloucester Street, Phases 1-3

:

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(I)

I u <U -0.. (I) ....

\;:::

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unexcavated 009

--------------------------~

006

004

006

sandstone footings

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Jobbins' Building, Interiors : Plan of Rear Kitchen Wing, 109 Gloucester Street, Phases 1-3

I


,,

017

TT~tr,? ,.

017 '

010 009

.'

.,

Jobbins' Building, Interiors: Phases 1-3 _

! T T Plan of Rear Kitchen Wing, 111 Gloucester Street,

,-


Phase 4: Demolition ca.l986

This phase was represented by a thick scatter of timber fragments, modern artefacts (such as plastic bread wrappers and condoms) :md rubble. It was interpreted as represnting the use of the buildings, unofficially. after the Sydney Cove Authority's closure of the terrace.

View of 111 Gloucester Street front room, prior to cleaning. To north-east (Roll 1:1)

41

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111 Gloucester Street, back room, before cleaning. To north. (Rolli :6)

111 Gloucester Street, back room, after cleaning. Exposed top of subfloor deposit (002). To north. (RoU1:7)

42


111 Gloucester Street, back room, after removal of subfloor deposit, showing surface of construction (003). (Rolll :9)

111 Gloucester Street, Rear Kitchen Wing. After removal of floor boards, before cleaning (top ofOOl). Note the decayed timber bearers running east-west (updown); the lines of dust running north-south (left to right) indivate the gaps betweenformerjloorboards. To east. (Rolll :17)

43


5.0 DISCUSSION

It was found that although answers were forthcoming for the research questions originally formulated, several other areas appeared of particular interest due to evidence produced during the course of the project. General research questions were answered as follows:

1. To what use has the excavation area been put during its european occupation? ·

This question was answered by the sequence of excavated material (refer excavation summary,4.3, above).

2. Are there any traces ofpre 1850s occupation?

Yes: refer Jobbins Yard excavation summary (4.2, above), phases 1-4, and Jobbins Interiors phase 1.

3. What evidence is there for sewerage? Does the material recovered reflect the method and construction of other known services in the area?

The site's sewerage was surprisingly extensive and substantial. During monitoring of service installation in the back yard, well-built sandstone drains were exposed immediately behind the houses' rear wall, although running under the kitchen wings. It is possible that these related to buildings earlier than the 1857 terraces, but 1. they ran precisely aligned with the extant buildings, and 2. no parallels for such early (1850s or earlier) and substantial sewer lines are known. It is possible that they point to a later construction date for the kitchen wings than the rest of the houses.

A series of sewerage lines were evidenced both archaeologically and by plans beginning in 1865, when the first lines were connected with the Gloucester Street main, replacing the cess-pit last used by Mrs Ann Lewis' tenancy. This line ran west along Longs Lane from Gloucester Street, and then north across the site, serving all terraces. Another contemporary line ran across the site, to service the adjoining site to the north, currently vacant. It was modified and the pipes replaced several times, as evidenced by disturbance and re-sealing of the trench fill. These lines were excavated into bedrock. They have been re-used for the current development.

4. Is there any evidence for the "substandard" living conditions noted by observers during the buildings' life? What was the quality of life enjoyed by the inhabitants?

The quality of building, space available, and services evidenced by the 1857 Jobbins Building were high. This partially accounts for its survival to the present day, as has occurred with other buildings in the Rocks; only the well-built and comfortable survived the purges following the plague outbreak of 1900, the Sydney Cove Authority's tenure and the passage of time.

5. Can the material record of this precinct be related to the other archaeological investigations, such as Lilyvale, which have been conducted in the vicinity?

The earliest phases at this site, together with the evidence produced by Lilyvale, constitute some of the only information we have for this period in Sydney. This evidence is discussed below, 5.2 Early Urban Settlement.

44


The record of later phases, that is, the second half of the nineteenth century, and early twentieth century, consists mainly of sub-floor deposits. These are a recurring feature of domestic architecture in the Rocks and have been compared with other sites as far as possible in the excavation summary. Further analysis was beyond the scope of this report.

6. What is the survival rate of material in this area of the Rocks?

The basis for the assessment of the site's high archaeological significance included its long occupation, as well as lack of interference with the site's fabric. As expected, therfore, it was found that traces of the site's- history from soon after 1788 were evident. The shallowness of deposit overlying bedrock, however, as well as the degree to which successive phases had cut into or truncated earlier features, created a complex and often vestigial/fragmentary record. Open plan excavation was essential in attempting to interpret related but discontinuous features and strata.

45


5.1 Early building in the Rocks

The earliest evidence for occupation of the site was for a substantial early (ca. pre-1800) building to the west of the excavation area, consisting of a ceramic rooftile, and crudely made bricks comprising a drain and a feature interpreted as possibly either a sump or a post plate. No structural remains were found. The succeeding phase was represented by a timber post structure, cutting through and overlying the earliest features. This record suggests that the documentary account, which states that crude flimsy architecture was followed by increasingly more substantial and skilled building, is insufficient. Rather, flexibility in response to specific needs is evidenced archaeologically. The detailed archaeological evidence must be considered in conjunction with the generalised written historical perspective.

The written sources suggest that the first and most common form of dwelling in the Rocks was insubstantial, made from the handiest materials. Collins records in March 1788 that cabbage tree was brought from the lower part of the Harbour fit for temporary huts: "the posts and plates of which being made of the pine of this country, and the sides and ends filled with lengths of the cabbage-tree, plastered over with clay,formed a very good hovel. The roofs were generally thatched with the grass of the gum-rush; some were covered in clay, but several of these failed, the weight of clay and heavy rain soon destroying them."(Collins 1975:16)

These were followed by more substantial, more carefully built houses. For the month of May in 1791 Collins records that "Brick huts were in hand for the convicts in room of the miserable hovels occupied by many, which had been put up at their first landing, and in room of others which,from having been erected on such ground as was then cleared, were now found to inteifere with the direction of the streets which the governor was laying out ... (the huts consisted) of two apartments, each hut being 26feet infront, and 14 feet in width, and intended to contain 10 people, with a suitable allotment of garden ground ... " (Collins 197 5: 173).

The production and use of ceramic rooftiles can be tied to the 1790s by documentary evidence. Archaeologically, they have been found on a number of sites in Sydney, such as the Gateway Plaza site and the Lilyvale site, in contexts dated to before 1830 (see for example, Higginbotham 1988; Thorp in prep.). There are documentary references to rooftiles being made from before 1789. Tench records in November 1790 that Wheeler and 21 hands had been engaged in producing bricks and tiles. Wheeler, a master brick-maker, stated that the bricks were "such as would be called in England, moderately good ... their greatest fault is being too brittle. The tiles he thinks not so good as those made about London : the stuff has a rotten quality, and besides wants the advantage of being ground, in lieu of which they tread it." (Tench 1979: 192-3). In England these were known as 'crown' tiles and are still common in some areas (Lewis:8.9; Lucas 1979:18).

Rather than the linear development suggested by most accounts of architectural development, the archaeological record suggests complexity and variability.

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5.2 Early urban settlement

There is little archaeological evidence of the early (prc-1830) occupation and growth of Sydney. Remains of early structures from before 1830 are comparable with that from the Jobbins site, however. Crude construction techniques including timber posts set into the ground, packed earth floors and the presence of lead glazed coarse earthenware are all charactreistic. A more general lack of personal possessions is apparent.

At George Street, Parramatta, investigation of convict huts revealed them to be single storey, constructed of wattle-and-daub, with thatched roofs and two rooms, measuring 7 .3m square. They were evidenced by postholes and other features cut into natural sand, with a grey clay indicating the remains of wattle-and-daub. The earliest crudest construction, ca.1790 consisted of posts set into the ground without ground-plates; the floor was probably earth or timber laid directly on the ground. A scatter of sandstock bricks and a depression indicated a fireplace. Post-holes within the building indicated not internal divisions but a hammock bar. The occupants had virtually no possessions, the few artefacts recovered comprising unglazed and lead glazed earthenware (Higginbotham).

At the Hill Cottage (later Pitt Street, Sydney), evidence of the earliest structural remains were associated with the Hill cottage, ca.1810-15. The footings consisted of three postholes and an alignment of laterite fragments bonded with red clay. The structure was lOrn x 5m wide. Any internal divisions had been disturbed. Vertical timber posts had been set into clay. There was no evidence of floor supports, suggesting a packed earth floor or that timber rested directly on earth. Postholes marked the extent of fence lines across the block, which were probably yards for crops or animals. Rubbish was deposited away from the house, behind the cottage, into the mid 1820s (Bairstow and Wilson 1990).

At Gateway Plaza, Circular Quay, a monitoring project found evidence of several small structures built on the south side of Sydney Cove, interpreted as wattle-anddaub walls on a timber superstructure. Artefacts included ceramic roofing tiles and earthenware pottery, found distributed above the 1823 water mark, reflecting their early production date. The excavator compares these ceramics with those recovered from Parramatta, thought to have been locally manufactured by Australia's first potters (Higginbotham 1986).

Jonathon Leak manufactured ceramics such as glazed stoneware in the 1820s; Samuel Skinner's Earthenware Manufactory operated from Piits Row, Sydney. In the earliest phases at the Lilyvale site, these ceramic wares formed a large proportion of the assemblage. One piece, a yellow lead glazed coarse earthenware chamberpot handle, was stamped "J.LEAK", confirming the identification of this class of ceramic with the documentary record.

The characteristic features of domestic dwellings of this period 1788-ca.l830 can therefore be defined as:

-fewer personal possessions than in later periods

-flimsy construction techniques, including the use of vertical timber posts, wattle-anddaub (possibly represented by clay), packed earth/timber floors resting on earth. The flimsiness of these constmction techniques has resulted in few traces surviving.

-ceramic roofing tiles

47


-size ranges 7.3m square (George Street, Parramatta), to 5x10m (Hill Cottage) to 3x8m (Jobbins Yard).

-unglazed and lead glazed earthenware, possibly locally made.

Further investigation of this period, including comparison and analysis of artefacts from different sites, lies beyond the scope of this report.

48

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5.3 Mrs Ann Lewis, Boardinghouse Proprietor

Excavations in the rear yard of 111 Gloucester Street recovered the contents of a cesspit, which was cut into bedrock to a depth of over three metres. It had been emptied regularly by the city council (Fitzgerald 1987). It was dated to before 1865 on the basis of a Water Board plan of that date showing the installation of a drainage line, which stratigraphically cut into it, and effectively ended its use. Apparently reflecting the occupancy of Mrs Lewis and her boarders (Sands), a range of household activities and individual proclivities is evident. ·

Site-formation The cesspit deposit (063) consists of 173 objects. It represents a short period of deposition, and narrow gaps between consumption, disposal and recovery. In other words, the objects seem to have been thrown away over a short time span, possibly only a week or two. The bones represent only a small number of meals : "The fish and chicken bones, in addition to the butchered ribs and vertebrae could have accumulated over a matter of days." (Steele 1993:27). The lack of burning, weathering or scavenger attrition of the bone confirms that it was deposited over a short period of time and suggests a method of disposal such as a household cleanup. In addition, the bottles and ceramic vessels are all complete or "mend up" into complete vessels, as they were emptied or broken, and there are only a few types - for example, three of the same type of perfume, suggesting that they were broken, the pieces swept up, and then thrown into the cess-pit. (It may be suggested that several examples of the same type indicates individual preference) Last, the seeds are all stonefruit, in season around December- January.

This type of deposit or feature has been termed "transitional . .formed at varying intervals through time ... (it) corresponds to an essential activity or service in the supply and maintenance of urban sites, both residential and commercial ... Particularly at the household level, conscious decisions are made regarding the relative value of particular objects, as evidenced by the large number of undamaged objects that are thrown away." (Praetzellis et all988:201-2) The deposit tells us what kind of household Mrs Lewis was running. Although the specific reasons for discard of an item are not always evident, generally the deposit appears to represent breakage (for example, of the cups and saucers), consumption (for example, the empty but complete medicinal and perfume bottles), refuse disposal (for example, the bone) and accidental loss (for example, the rosary and rose quartz pendant). The timber and cement fragments may represent the dismantling of the outhouse superstructure at the end of its use.

The objects were used by the tenants of Mrs Lewis' boarding house, and we can partially trace the transformations between their original use and their context of discovery. This allows us to understand something of that original context.

Boarding-houses In the first half of the nineteenth century, women's involvement in retail and business was mainly restricted to inn and hotelkeeping, shopkeeping, boarding and lodginghouse keeping, and owning or operating schools. This declined as they became more involved in marital and familial roles. In urban areas, a network of boarding-houses were managed by women. "It is impossible to assess the economic importance of or the income earned by these women. It was undoubtedly economically necessary for women bereft of financial support from families and husbands." It was home-based, and so compatible with Jaising children, and was probablY regarded as " .. .a more genteel occupation for women unused or unprepared to work outside the home as domestic servants, or indeed inside their own by taking in washing or sewing.

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Innkeeping and boarding-house management constituted an important source of income for such women."(Alford 1984:196)

In a study of 1916 William Street, Darlinghurst, Kelly (1982) pointed out that the boarding-house was a dominant feature of the city's residential pattern. A factor in urbanisation was the movement of people from the country to the city, and many of these transients stayed in boarding-houses. By 1911 there were 3,564 boarding-houses in Sydney, representing 3% of the total occupied dwellings. A ratio of 6 women for every man were employed in running boarding-houses, and 58% of those were running their own business, the rest being labour hired to clean or cook. At this time, possibly 15-20% of metropolitan Sydney's adult population were boarding, fonning " ... a social class of their own" (1911 Census in Kelly 1982:55-8). Photographs of the Rocks show signs (refer: Rear view of no.s 26-28 Cumberland Street; 2/9/01; SCA HP?).

Literary references to the tradition of widow boarding-house keepers are numerous (see for example Owens 1947):

"/sit down, sad - not daunted, And, in my weeds, begin

A new card- "Tenant Wanted, Particulars within."

(Dobson quoted in Owens 1947)

The Select Committee on Common Lodging-houses, 1876, investigated the range of conditions offered by different boarding and lodging establishments in Sydney at the time. Witnesses called before the committee included the Inspector of public nuisances, policemen, the Health Officer of the City of Sydney, a member of the Sewage and Health Commission, and an inspector of Water Services. They distinguished between boarding-houses and common Lodging-houses on the basis of cost, length of stay, class of lodger, conditions, whether board was offered, type of proprietor, and whether runners or touts were kept.

Common Lodging-houses were also known as sixpenny lodging-houses, charging 4d or 6d per night. The better quality Boarding-houses, often frequented by diggers and sailors, cost 16s- 18s/week I 15s- 1 pound/week (Select Committee:857-8). Common lodging-houses were taken by the night, or for only a few hours, if wanted by a man and woman. The cleanliness, ventilation, and space provided varied dramatically between the two classes. Better quality Lodging-houses and Boarding-houses attracted diggers and sailors.

For example, Mr Richard Seymour, Inspector of Nuisances stated that "Boardinghouses are where sailors and people along the wharves come in and reside for a week or a fortnight. They are a different class of house- clean and respectable, the food clean, and so on; but these common lodging-houses, some of them, are in a most frightful state."(858) and 'There are some boarding-houses on the Rocks, but they are generally inhabited by sailors- in Cumberland-street, Gloucester-street, and Harrington-street- where they pay so much a week for board and lodging."(859) In other words, of a higher class than the sixpenny lodging-houses to be found along the east side of Darling Harbour, in Clarence, Goulburn, Kent and Sussex Street, where "The Forties" lived, who thieved at night and slept during the day, (855-6), and where beds were "sponges ofinfection"(861).

The archaeological evidence details the nature of this more respectable type of boarding-house, filling out its material dimensions. Although Kelly states that early this centmy children and teenagers were " ... not commonly inhabitants of boardinghouses" (1982: 58), it appears that children were present in this earlier household, to judge by the children's toys and clothing recovered, such as shoe soles and uppers. A wooden top, porcelain dolls and children's ceramics- a "nursery plate", bearing a

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purple transfer-printed scene of a woman and two children on horseback, and a woman carrying a ?bundle on her head, is titled "RETURNING FROM MARKET", and a small mug bears an image of a spaniel on one side- all reflect children.

The picture represented is of a family environment. Sets of "breakfast cups" and saucers may have been used by Mrs Lewis' boarders: although they make up cup-andsaucer sets, they are are not part of a larger service, instead representing different decorative schemes, such as white moulded, blue transfer print, and purple transfer print of different kinds. They are large and robust, of thick china, and simple form. Mrs Lewis' taste seems to have run to purple-printed wares to judge by their predominance, but that may just be chance, which saw more of this type broken at once. It is tempting to imagine that they were all discarded after some household accident, such as someone tripping down the narrow, steep stairs in the terraces, but they may have accumulated more slowly, over some weeks. The fact that they are almost all sets of cup and saucer might suggest breakage during use rather than during washing-up, for example.

A range of food and drink was consumed. The faunal remains formed a large (over 200 bones) and varied assemblage. Chicken and sheep dominate, but it also includes cattle, pig, fish and rodent. Of the 104 sheep bones, 88 are phalanges - a disproportionate number; today discarded as waste bones following primary butchery, these differ from the rest of the assemblage, which consists of pre-dressed retail cuts. Like several other sites in the Rocks where this pattern has been noted (see Steele,D Faunal Analysis in Lowe 1993 [the Observer Hotel] and Lydon 1991 [Samsons Cottage]), this possibly reflects their procurement as soup or stock bones or for recipes such as calfs foot jelly. Heads and feet were more widely used during the 19th century (Black 1898; Gollam 1978:62). The lamb possibly suggests a special occasion such as a Sunday meal (Steele 1992:27-8).

There is a conspicuous absence of molluscs, especially by comparison with longerterm underfloor deposits and other wells. The diet also included a range of seeds -apricot, plum, watermelon, loquat and peach. It is noteworthy that these are all stone fruit : in season and consumed in summer - late December to February.

Also present were shoes of good quality and jewellery such as a rose quartz, heartshaped pendant. A rosary was found, pointing a former Catholic owner. Eight bottles were medicinal, of a type containing a preparation for stomach complaints, similar to milk of magnesia, which as deposited over a short period of time, indicates a severe complaint rather than long-term practice.

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6.0 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The following statement was prepared with reference to The Conservation Plan (Kerr 1990). It addresses aspects of the site's significance encountered during this historical archaeological investigation; the site's architectural significance has been assessed elsewhere (Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners 1990).

6.1 The site has the ability to demonstrate nineteenth century construction and living spaces.

6.2 Together with contextual archaeological and historical evidence, the site demonstrates a rare long continuous use, since the 1790s, with little disturbance.

6.3 The place and the archaeological material- the artefacts, analysis and documentation of the site's excavation - provide evidence which demonstrates the nineteenth century tenants' customs, tastes, usage of the site and general lifestyle. In particular, it evidences the lifestyles of Mrs Ann Lewis, boarding-house proprietor and her household, and Sydney Smith, cab driver in specific detail.

6.4 The site has the ability to demonstrate the changing character of nineteenth century urban Sydney.

6.5 The building and site has strong associationallinks with John Jobbins, convict and grazier, having been known locally as "Jobbins' Building" throughout the life of the terrace.

6.6 It is a rare example of a site yielding archaeological evidence of the pre-1830 period of European settlement in Sydney.

6. 7 The site is thoroughly documented, and so is a valuable resource, forming, together with other historical and archaeological projects carried out in the area, part of the significant Rocks' heritage area.

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7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

In the light of the analysis of evidence and the statement of significance presented above, it is recommended that:

7.1 Remaining deposits be retained.

7.2 The remains are covered by semi-permeable mesh. This should be checked regularly to ensure that the early and significant material beneath the new development is not endangered by mould, fungus or damp, for example.

7.3 The cemented areas in the yard are left intact.

7.4 That further disturbance of the fabric is prevented.

Specifically, the flora and fauna of new tenants should be monitored to ensure that damage does not occur. Installation of new services and repair or maintenance of the exisitng services should be carried out with sensitivity and monitored by an archaeologist to prevent damage to surviving fabric.

7.5 The north door to stables is retained and incorporated into the new studio building.

7.6 Interpretive signage is installed in the yard area. The tenants should be informed as to the historic and archaeologically significant nature of the site and buildings, both as an educational and promotional exercise and to ensure their awareness of sensitive fabric.

7. 7 In future archaeological investigation of this and adjoining sites, open plan excavation should be employed due to the nature of past occupation: it is impossible to interpret remains which are fragmentary and discontinuous unless a reasonably large area is examined.

7.8 No further archaeological excavation on Jobbins' allotment is required, unless relevant research questions are raised. It is considered that archaeological potential of the terrace site site has been realised.

7.9 Investigation of the rest of the area - the adjoining allotments to the north (now vacant), south, across Longs Lane, south-west and west (across Carahers Lane) is highly desirable, given the "platform" constituted by the results of this project. The area represents an opportunity to glean an unparalleled, dense picture of early life in the colony.

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8.0 ILLUSTRATIONS

Fi~mres (note: all site plans were drawn by Brett Noble)

Location plan, 103-111 Gloucester Street, the Rocks, Sydney.

Plan of the Town of Sydney in NSW, Meehan, 1807

Plan of Sydney Town, Harper, 1823

Plan of Sydney Town, Stewart, 1925

Plan of Sydney Town, Hoddle, Larmer and Mitchell1831

Map of the City of Sydney, Wells, 1842

Plan of the City of Sydney, Wells, 1850

Trigonometrical Map of Sydney, M.W.S & D.B., 1865

Map of Sydney, Percy Dove 1880

Rocks Resumption Area, 1902

Sydney Cove Authority artefact catalogue sheet

Plan of Yard area : Phase 1, pre-1800 Brick features

Plan of Yard Area: Phase 2, ca.1800 Timber Post Structure

Plan of Yard Area: Phase 3, pre-1823 L-shaped Structure

Plan of Yard Area : Phase 4, ca.1854 Jobbins' Stables

Plan of Yard Area: Phase 7, ca.1885-1897, Sydney Smith's Stables

Jobbins' Building, Interiors : Plan of 103 Gloucester Street, Phase 3, Occupation (subfloor deposit)


Jobbins' Building, Interiors: Plan of 109 Gloucester Street, Phase 3, Occupation (subfloor deposit)


Jobbins' Building, Interiors : Plan of Rear Kitchen Wing, Phases 1-3



54

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Photo~:raphs

Cover photograph shows work in progress, looking across the site to the north. The rear of the unrestored terrace, Jobbins' Building, is to the right. Longs Lane runs eastwest across the foreground.

J obbins Yard excavation summary: General view of all features on conclusion of excavation. Note collapsed brick drain running across centre of area towards the right, footings of rectangular structure, and several excavated post-holes. To east. (Roll3:5)

Brick feature (087): possibly post-plate or sump. To north. (Roll 4:35)

Collapsed brick drain (100, 061), cut by later structures at each end. To west. (Roll 4:23)

View of excavation area to west, showing partial removal of packed earth floors and rear yard surface (073, 098, 102). (Roll 3: 10)

Phase 3: Pre-1823 structure, north wall, comprising field stones and crude mud mortar (084). To north. (Roll 4:30)

Phase 3: Pre-1823 south wall (121, 119), partially dismantled during a later phase. To north. (Roll 3:2)

Phase 3: Pre-1823 fieldstone retaining wall, open to east. To west. (Roll3:15)

Phase 3: View of excavations to north-west. (Roll3: 17)

Phase 7, View of excavations to north. (Roll2:18)

Phase 7: sandstone rubble cobbled yard surface (017, 037). To south. (Roll2:16)

Jobbins Interior excavation summary: View of 111 Gloucester Street front room, prior to cleaning. To north-east (Rolli: 1)

111 Gloucester Street, back room, before cleaning. To north. (Roll 1 :6)

111 Gloucester Street, back room, after cleaning. Exposed top of subfloor deposit (002). To north. (Roll1:7)

111 Gloucester Street, back room, after removal of subfloor deposit, showing surface of construction (003). (Roll 1 :9)

111 Gloucester Street, Rear Kitchen Wing. Mter removal of floor boards, before cleaning (top of 001). Note the decayed timber bearers running east-west (up-down); the lines of dust running north-south (left to right) indicate the gaps between former floorboards. To east. (Roll 1: 17)

Historical photographs: Cumberland Street, showing rear yard stables and cab. (SCA HP, uncat.)

Playfair Street, showing cab in backgound. (SCA HP, uncal)

George Street North, stables. (SCA HP, uncat.)

The Rocks (street unidentified), showing rear yard stables and cab. (SCA HP, uncat.)

55


9.0 REFERENCES

Primary Black, Mrs. 1889 Household Cookery and Laundry Work London and Glasgow, William Collins, Sons and Co.

Collins,D 197 5 An Account of the Eng /ish Colony in NSW with remarks on the dispositions, customs, manners etc of the Native Inhabitants of that country A.H. and A. W.Reed, Sydney in association with the Royal Australian Historical Society

Minutes of evidence taken before the Select Committee on Common Lodging-houses. Legislative Assembly of New South Wales 1875-6

Tench, Captain Watkin 1979 Sydney's First Four Years. A narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay, and a complete account of the settlement at Port Jackson 1788-1791 Library of Australian History, Sydney in association with the Royal Australian Historical Society

Secondary

Alford,K 1984 Production or Reproduction? An economic history of women in Australia 1788-1850 Oxford University Press, Melbourne

Bairstow,D and Wilson,G 1990 271-273 Pitt Street, Sydney. Historical archaeology excavation. Crone and Associates P!L and Kumagai (NSW) P!L

Beaudry,M (ed) Documentary Archaeology in the New World Cambridge University Press

Carney, M. 1993 Specialist Report on the Glass Assemblage, Jobbins Building, 103-111 Gloucester Street, the Rocks unpublished report for the Sydney Cove Authority

Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners 1992 Long's Lane Precinct. Conservation Analysis and Interim Conservation Guidelines Sydney Cove Authority

Connah,G 1988 'Of the hut I builded' The Archaeology of Australia's History Cambridge University Press

Fitzgerald 1987 Rising Damp Oxford University Press

Geeves, P. Philip Geeves presents Cazneaux's Sydney 1904-1934 The David Ell Press, Sydney

Higginbotham, E. 1986 Report on Archaeological Watching Brief Gateway Plaza Circular Quay Sydney, NSW Gateway Plaza P/L

Higginbotham, E. 1986 George Street, Parramatta, 1985. Report on archaeological excavations of buildings associated with the early township, 1790 to c.1820s Dept. of Housing and Construction, and Leighton Contractors Pty Ltd

Higginbotham, E. 1992 Report on the Archaeological Excavation of the J obbins Building, 105 Gloucester Street The Rocks, Sydney, N.S.W. 1991-2 Sydney Cove Authority

56

I I I I I I ·I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

..;.;';)o'l'o¢ "' --- . -

Higginbotham,E and Kass,T 1989 Historical and Archaeological Analysis of the block bounded by Cumberland and Gloucester Streets, and the Cahill Expressway, The Rocks, Sydney Develco P/L

Higginbotham,E, Kass,T, and Walker,M 1991 Archaeological Management Plan for the Rocks and Millers Point Sydney Cove Authority and the Department of Planning

Irving 1985 The History and Design of the Australian House Oxford University Press, Melbourne

Karskens 1986 An outline history of the Cumberland/Gloucester Street Site, The Rocks Dept of Public Works

Kelly,M 1982 Faces of the Street. William Street, Sydney, 1916 Doak Press, Sydney

Kerr, J.S. 1990 The Conservation Plan. A guide to the preparation of conservation plans for places of European cultural significance. National Trust of Australia (NSW)

Lewis,M National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Conservation Guidelines. Building Materials.

Lowe,A 1993 Observer Hotel Excavation Sydney Cove Authority

Lydon,E 1991 Archaeological Investigation, Samsons Cottage, Kendall Lane, the Rocks, Sydney Sydney Cove Authority

Owens, P. 1947 Bed and Sometimes Breakfast The Sylvan Press, London

Praetzellis,M, Praetzellis,A and Brown,M 1988 What happened to the silent majority? Research strategies for studying dominant group material culture in late nineteenthcentury California. In M.Beaudry (ed) Documentary Archaeology in the New World Cambridge University Press

Proudfoot,H 1986 Susannah Place unpublished report for the Historic Houses Trust ofNSW

Rossi, M. 1989 Lilyvale Specialist Report: Seeds Report to W.Thorp in prep. Lilyvale Archaeological Site Report Sydney Cove Authority

Rossi, M. 1993 Longs Lane Site, 103-111 Gloucester Street, the Rocks, Sydney. Ceramics Specialist Report. unpublished report for the Sydney Cove Authority

Steele, D. 1993alobbins Yards: Report on the Bone and Shell Assemblage unpublished report, Sydney Cove Authority

Steele, D. 1993b Jobbins Interiors: Report on the Bone and Shell Assemblage unpublished report for the Sydney Cove Authority

Walker, E. 1901 Old Sydney in the 'Forties Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society: 292-320

Wright, R. V.S. 1992 Doing Multivariate Archaeology and Prehistory: Handling Large Data Sets With MV-ARCH 2nd edition. Author, Sydney

57

10.0 APPENDICES

10.1 Bone : XY Graphs (weight, number and context)

10.2 Ceramics : XY Graphs (weight, minimum vessel count and context)

58

I bir~ ' chicken

0 fi.!W'I:liat I I I I I I 0 10 20 XI <10 50 eo

~ OB.J£CT COUNT

I I I 1+,·1 s- >ti.~

12!:9·~ Q_ei•• 88 13 bird/fowl 3

I 141.9 cattle 4 9.5 chicken 7 0.1 fish 1

2.1 rabbit 2

I ~· ~J -·-I I I I I I

2

103 Gloue st.. BACK ROOM 002 : ~90NE

S lze

sheep

chicken

rat

3 4 o e 7 9 10 ,, MINIMUM OBJECT COUNT

7·1 p_,..j,...., 1

25.1 S-size 11 2.4 pig 1

79.2 cattle 2 2.1 fish 9 4.5

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9.0 REFERENCES

Primary Black, Mrs. 1889 Household Cookery and Laundry Work London and Glasgow, William Collins, Sons and Co.

Collins,D 1975 An Account of the English Colony in NSW with remarks on the dispositions, customs, manners etc of the Native Inhabitants of that country A.H. and A.W.Reed, Sydney in association with the Royal Australian Historical Society

Minutes of evidence taken before the Select Committee on Common Lodging-houses. Legislative Assembly of New South Wales 1875-6

Tench, Captain Watkin 1979 Sydney's First Four Years. A narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay, and a complete account of the settlement at Port Jackson 1788-1791 Library of Australian History, Sydney in association with the Royal Australian Historical Society

Secondary

Alford,K 1984 Production or Reproduction? An economic history of women in Australia 1788-1850 Oxford University Press, Melbourne

Bairstow,D and Wilson,G 1990 271-273 Pitt Street, Sydney. Historical archaeology excavation. Crone and Associates P/L and Kumagai (NSW) P/L

Beaudry,M (ed) Documentary Archaeology in the New World Cambridge University Press

Carney, M. 1993 Specialist Repon on the Glass Assemblage, Jobbins Building, 103-111 Gloucester Street, the Rocks unpublished report for the Sydney Cove Authority

Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partners 1992 Long's Lane Precinct. Conservation Analysis a!1fl Interim Conservation Guidelines Sydney Cove Authority

I

Sheep

unid

I I I I

A·a l=ll!!h

1.2 Human

... ··-··--1 !YIUU:st1

t.A1N1MUM OBJECT COUNT

Q

1 .(

I


1 07 Glouc St KITCHEN-002 : BONE 160

I I sheep 140i I I I

S-size I

120J i i

I I

I - I

en 100J :'! ! 4:: I

a: 0 i - 80, )-::z::: (!)

w 60~ 3=

40-l

uoid

-- ~ ....{llr. \l(i&&l(d,? rat 0~----------~,----------------------~

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 MINIMUM OBJECT COUNT

125.8 S-size 59 5 cattle 1

9.3 chicken 12 6.7 pig 3

19.5 rabbit 11 4.2 rat 23

143.4 sheep 26 32 unid 4

I - .,

I 109 G!ouc St Front Room 002. : SDN~ 1600.----------------------

unid

::he eo

I I ~-<>za ~~ fjci'Pdent

!) 100 ?00 300 MINIMUM OfuEGT COUNT

400 500 510

I I I I Wb:iGI-lT GPb:Ci :;:e;, NUl\.:;;~;~

68.6 S-size 27

I 495.3 cattle 9 8.6 ch icken 5

I 8.8 fish 38

12.7 fowl 12 99.3 pig 14

I 33.1 rabbit 16 8.7 rodent 54

900.9 sheep 95

I 0.1 turkey 1 1488.2 unid 543

I I I I I

---- -

-.-I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

carue

sheep

~trile 0

111 G!ouc St FRONT ROOM 002, 005 : BONE

S-.eiztt

"" nsn ' ----~

50 100 150 200 250 MINIMt.;M OB.JECT COUNT

644 .6 S-GiZ9 228

9.4 breem 1

312.7 cattle 19

78 .5 chicken 5

11 .8 fish 80

0.2 mouse 7

0.3 mouse-siz 7

0 .1 oi- "' ' ~ <!:.

3.01 rabbit 6 4.6 rat 33

185.9 sheep 25

9.4 snapper 1 10.2 turkey 1

70.4 unid 17

----~----- ----------------------------------

I

I I ] l l I

Q. I-

I 200--j

catlle

pig

1 C-o•ze

I 1 1~

I ~~icken

0

I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5hCOfl

I 20

~6G . 5

513.9 8 .8

296.8

18.4

8.9

2.9

244.9 2.9 2.9

148.4

8.8 3.8

I '10

C-a1ze

S-size breem

cattl e chicken fish mouse

pig rat rodent sheep

I eo

snapper unid

fish eo 100 120 1eo 100

MINIMUM OBJECT COUNT

6

: 72 1

9

10

102 .. I

..., " 6

2 24

1

1

I

I 111 G~ouc St BACK ROOM 002 :-BON::

I 1800

1SOO

.nid

I uoo ~ _..,nn....l J4UV I

I

1 1000~ ~ I

I~ ~ooJ1 T.9ap

"JO ~

I 1!:or¥R

~00 ~

200 .•

I I

'pig

~~ks~"---------'~:~~-------------------------------------,---------,' 0 :?C0 -1 QC 500 ~ 0 1000 120 0

I I I I I I I I I I I

II

G . .S

3C. .8

2 .6

479.6

37.t1

30 .8

92.3

38.7

774 .3

1701 '1

G-Ot2.0

:Jrea_.. cat

1-+1 :::.. cac .. C

crickel) fi sil

pig rodent

sheep unid

Mli'<•MLJM OSJECT COuNT

0

3 3

26

40

255 ~7

1

11 2

1121 -', I

-. : '<.. J -· ~

r , ..... ~.

-· _) i--

' ' .

, .

I

I ~ao~,-------------------------------------

1 :;hawp

I --- i tUUl

I ("'"'" ' ouu ...,

1-:;co;

...::: 400 ~ 1i I

1 300 ~ I :JC~

IJO-

-~Far.m

canta

I I

c~w···~---------------------------------------------------------------'1 ~. 1 ~n · sc , ,~c 2so ~ao

'-''"'"'UM OI:LE:GT COUNT

I I q.p Q_lil'l'1'111! q

I 30.8 brea:r1 8

2.6 cat 3 479.6 ::a:::e 26

I 37.4 ch icken LI.Q

30 .8 fish 255

92.3 pig 17

I 38.7 rodent 1

774.3 sheep 112

I I I I I I I

I

[.« APH 1 .. I I I I I

103 G!oucester St FRONT ROOM ceram 002 350 •. --------------------------------------------------

~0U !') bowl

300 _:

250 -

10) 5 ~ 200-2: !

I ~ ---0 1-tlU --' w I ~

.I I I I I I I I I I I I

100-

- "".: -UVHI~

3J-5 ~/S 4 ~ ~ ::-e..se , '...,J, •••

284 bottle 26 counter

95.8 cup 4.2 egg cup

14.6 fig 35.3 jar 56.8 jug W .8 marble 1 ') .d. :"1"'1 I llti

1 c.... - r 111'-Ail.f

20-:-9 pipe 123.4 plate

• c:: ~ Tt r:! : .. ::' : !

'd.o. t saucer 340.2 soup bowl

plate

5 ~

1

~

' :2

1

1

2 1

-2

1 ..... 0

16

9 'd.

1

•• I I I I I ~

tt 0

I ~ \:i

. ~


GIZAPH 2

103 G!oucester S! FRONT HAlL cera~". 002· 100 •. ---------------------------------------------------

- - - I

toy saucer I

90-l pia e I

80 ~

70 ""1

60 __;

I

so ~

4o ~ ~/S

30 _:

~0 -':Jowl

iC ~ ..,. -,-

-~·....,-:;"!)

(} I ><?;ffi"l 0 2 4 6 8 i4

'~ v . O '? o-.:ua

39.7 b i·s

8 .8 base 2 21.8 bowl 4

1.9 counter 1

12.3 cup 6 18.8 doll 2

3.4 egg cup 1 1.7 fig 1

15.1 jar 4 ~~ .:1 aJ:;;)&:biQ .:;;;; ......... ""T '''"""''...,'"' ....,

48.7 1 .;ulti 8 6 .9 paiette 1

¢3.5 pipe 8

~l:l.b prate ~ ~

8.5 riffl 12 3.3 saucer 1

~1.1 tile 2

96.8 toy saucer 5

I &RA PH C;

I 1 03 Gloucester St BACK HALL ceram 002 40.---------------------------------------------~

I I I

i I I

35"1

30--j

$ 25 ~ I ~ saucer

I I I I I I I I I I I I I·

cup 10-'

5 -

2

G.a

0.9

11 .3 1Q

18.3

38.5 23.3

plate

p ~ pe

2 3 3 4 4 Nn.JJMVM OBJECT COUNT

S.}a . ----base cup 1 A=l~iti " ~

pipe 2 plate 3 saucer 1

---.- --· I I I I 1$ ~ <X:

I ~ 1.-

:::c 0

I ~


1 07 Glouc St Front Room cer 002 90~-------------------------------------------------,

so~ I

70~

60--j

; so.

£1.0-:

30~

~co! e~g CU;J

tureen

dish

10~ marble toy teaoo~2~

plate

mulii

b/s

cup

0~--~----~---,----~----~---,----~--~---------.

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 MINIMUM OEJECT COUNi"

,&0 liil kl.IQ a ~ase 2 7.4 bowl 2

14.9 cup 6 31 .3 dish 3

3 .3 doll 1

16.4 egg cup 1 na

___ ...... ,_ ,.., ~.0 lllctl Dlt::: 0

l!;l .• R11dl~i 4 16.2 pipe 4

87.1 plate 11

3 Fiffi 1

12.e ~ucer 2

19.1 teapot 1 6.8 toy teapot 1

85.9 tureen 2

I

I I I I I ~

<t a:

I ; :J: G

I ~

I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I

&RAVH 8

107 Gfouc St Front Room ceram 003 20 1

i I

18J I

multi 16-1

' ' I

i

141

' 12 ~ I I

1 !' -' • ~ I

a...:

s-: cup

4 -

2 . 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3

MINiMUM OSJECT COUNT

e . .: b/o 0

5 cup 1 1e.e Ffl!:::liij ~

a.s pipe 2

19.3 plate 3

I

plate I

b /s

3

I

I I I I II -~ I

< a: 0 -r-J:

I 0 [j

3:


&RI\PH 9 1 07 Giouc St FRONT RIV1 ceramic 002, 003 120~----------------------------------------------~ --- !

I ' I

I

80~

multi

saucer

marble p~pe

I

toy~.e~~ n I ~tureen V ' I

~is'J

cup

0 2 4 6 8 10

M;N!MUM OSJECT COUNT

40 . 4 ~/Q 11

7.~ ease ~

5.5 bowl 2 41.8 cup 7 25.5 dtsh 3 ~~ rll'"'\ll 1

""'"''. '

16.4 egg cup 1

31.2 marble 3 6eu ft:ll:!l~i 5 a2.q pipe " 104.4 plate 14

3 riffi 1

40 saucer 2 19.1 teapot 1

6.8 toy teapot 1

2 tureen 2

plate I

b/ s

12 14

I I I I


G(<. AvH: lO

1 07 G!ouc St Front Hail ceram!cs 002 _,_ ... _ ~fer

7J I I

b/s I

sJ

3-

I

2 .., tiie

olbe . ' 1 ..

' I

~G

.a.s 1.3 7 .7 7.6 1,8

~ i ~ .. I I I

MiN!MUM OBJECT COUNT

ioc/v 1

l+l ar:l;il i!l ~

pipe 1

plate 1 saucer 1

tile ~

1

• I

II I

II II I ~

<d:: a:

I ~ :I: Q

I ~

I I I I I I I I I I I I ,I

G~A~H !I

1 07 Gfouc St Front HaU cer-amic 003 350~----------------------------------------------~

! ' i mum

300~ '

200 ...J I

150-'

100-1

50-,

tile

doH

6 6 10 12 14 16 !WN:\IIUM OSJECT COUNT

~-----·-- - ~r1

31.3 bowl 4 80.8 cup 20 25.3 doll 6 ~.2 egg cup 1

35.5 fig 1

16.1 jug 1 0"7 A ---"-1- -4C

0 l.Zf JJJa:J o1e 10

317.9 multi 15 45.1 ptpe 19 00.1 plate 10

39.7 l=i~ g 1"'1-4 A saucei 1"'1 tt:.l."t tt:.

~95.6 tile 6

2 toy cup ; 17.1 toy saucer 3

33.7 tureen 1

_,_._ . !JI.,tl!:!

cup

18 20

• I I I

II I ~

<t

I ~ 1-:I: G

I ~

I I I .I

I I I I

II I I I I

G~AfH !2.

1 07 Glouc St Front Hall ceramics 002, 003 350~--------------------------------------------~

250 _; I

200 -' '

150..1

100~

~ ~ ~·..:. _;_n ScH.IC~FlWI

· }ug toy saucer

0~~

rim doll

'

tiie

0 2 4 6 a 10 12 14 M!NlMUM OBJECT COUNT

Cf) Q "''" 10

31 .3 bowl 4 80.8 cup 20

25.3 doll 6 5 .2 egg cup 1

35.5 fig 1

16.1 jug 1

92-:-2 R'!etl'ele ~e

817.0 multi 15

46.4 ptpe i i 07 P. nl::~t~:~ ?n VfoV tJ"'·"'L"' ..... '"' 39.7 riffi 0

29 saucer 3 107.3 tile 7

2 toy cup ; 17.1 toy saucar 3

33.7 tureen 1

mu!t!

marb!e

16 16

plate

cup

20

-.----··

I I

II II I

l ur :::; <(

I ~ !-

~ ~ $


GHAfH l3

107 GJouc St Back Room ceram 002, 004 70~. ------------------------------------------------~

60-j

50~

40-'

30·· I

20~

~ .... IV -

toy saucer

cup

marble

b/s

plate pipe

sauce;-

0--------~------~--------~--------------~------~

0 2 4 a MiNlMUiY, OBJECT COUNT

WT M IN NO

~0 . 6 9,£s !0 5.9 ba~e 2 23 bowl 2

ei!5.9 cup 7

8 doll 1 60 .7 ff!e:l'ele ~2

41 ffiUiti 5 2.7 oalette 2 .-------- -

25.8 p1pe 6 Q6.6 pig, to 4

15.5 saucer 4 .. r) ,..., +----· .. lt!..t!. lt::clf.JUL I

12.6 ~ile :2 4.1 toy cup 1

46.6 toy saucer 2

1 07 Gloucester St Back Hall ceram 002 18.-----------------------------------------------~bYs

I

16-l I

14~

I

12-:

marb!e

cup rim

I '6a'se

I toy saucer

I I I I I I I I I

II II

Deao 0.-----~-----------------------.----~------------

1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 M~N:MUM 09J:CT COUNT

WT M i:\o NO

17.7 efs 5 8 baoe ;

O.Q Qeae ~

3.9 bowl 2 9.6 cup 3

H.1 marble 3

10 m~::~l~i ~

2 ~i~e 2 8.9 rim 2 4.a ~ile :1.,.

3 toy saucer 1

• I I I I l en

:;: <(

I ~ }-

J:

I ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I

60

I

I

SO.J

40-i

20 _c '

6RAPH \5

107 Giouc St RK\tV ceramic 00?, 005

tlg cish

bowl

base

!i~

-~

marble

p latesaucer lim

cup

multi

• y o,s

' 1.oy cup o~~--~~-------------------------------------------

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 MiNiMUM OBJtCT COUNT

;;eo b l g. ' 1 4

15.5 base ,.., ~

22.1 bowl 2

59.2 cup 8 38.6 dish 2

~.d d~"'~" 1 ..... .,. "" 41.1 fiQ 1

2.8 ~P'Iee 1

4.5 l:d ~ I

3~ . 9 FRa!=~le 5

S.d. .:1 t!:!l dti .R ..,~.-,. IIIUtLt 0

2.9 palette 1

a~.e pipe 7

16.6 plate 4

1S.~ I i ill 5 1 F: F: <Y-IIII"QP' c:; '"""'""' "'""""" ..... """""'. "' ~~A ~ile ~

1.2 toy cup

• I I I I I ~

<t a: 0

I ~ 0 m

I ~


G~APH IG

1 09 Glouc St Fr Rn1 2, 3; 5, 6, 7

100-1 I

0" ' ov-

40_:

20-'

:,owl

ma ble toy sauc@f!Se

multi

pla!e

disn

cup

rim

pipe

~~£---------------~----------~--------~------~ v --

0 5 10 15 20 25 MlN!MUM OBJ;CT COUNT

i06 .8 b fe ~b

e base " ---e

0 . ~ bead 1

57.3 bowi 4

29.3 cup 10 53.9 dish 7

1.4 jar 1 s.e n u~trble 2

71.6 ffiUiti 12 ZQ p;~ips 24

63.6 plate 14 20 .5 riffi te ~ "7 .A saucei '"' I I . '!- I!!

4,~ tov saucer 1 -- ~ --·-- - .

I

I I I I l en ~

I ~


109 Gfouc St Back Room 00?, 003 350.-----------------------------------------------~ - - - I

plate

300 ~

250~

200 ...1

150--'

100-

sauc~r

50 . b!s

!)ase cup

v

4 5 8 10 12 14 Ml?J iMUM OBJeCT COIJ\\jj

:zt I • Cll t-.tw I~

2~.6 base 3 32.4 bowl 2 21 .3 cup 7 5.5 dish 1 7.2 egg cup 1

11.9 fiQ 1

4.4 lid 1

100.2 ffiU!ti Q . ....

8i4.8 ptate 8 ').d. 5 tiCJ Q e=r . ...., IIIII ~

66.9 saucer 2

I

I I

Gf<APH IB

1 09 Gfouc St Back HaH ceramic 002 600~------------------------------------------------.

dish

I SOO .J

I 400-

I ~~ a:

I ~.!;: ..... 300 .

<5

I ~


200~ I

100-

U'W'T ..,._.,.... .

0 5

47 .7

127.1

197.9 543.1

4 .2

4.9 8.2

1e 37,6 1~.7

:288 6

137.9

154.3

16,3 1a.7 47.6

5 .. 9

1

6,3 9 .3

20.Q

multi cup

pipe piate ,

sauees

10 15 20 25 30 M:NiMUM OBJECT COUNT

bi~ "r. IV

bowl 4

cup 21 dish 3 dOll 2

egg cup 1 fig 2 lrarrdle

jug 3 marble 4 Cll &lti a ~i~e 20 plate 28

ootlid 1 .- - .. . -· rim 3 Gaucer 0

tile ~

toy cup 1

tov iua 1 --., J-· o

toy saucer 2 tureen

I

I I I


: 09 Glouc St RK'N ceramics 2, 4, 5 700T--------------------------------------------------~ ,. _"_t

600 -

500-,

400 -'

300-

bis f!Qy i;iip

dc!l . ~!:ow! - RIT-

rim

l~~ 0 5 10

~"Q leta

40.4 base 43.4 bowl

12.7 counter

585.5 cup 101 ~ rlich . ..., .. ....., ""' .... '' 64.2 doll

116.9 egg cup 110.7 fig

:30.3 Jar 1 :1 :1 al::::aa:blg

I I' I .. ,~,..,,,., ;,iQQ.~ R=!l:ll~

I')C __ ._ ...... _

.:>.0 J..'Cll t::Ut::

1a2.s 19i19e 58 -1 ~ plant

89.3 pot rid 53 5 l=il+l

330.9 saucer

96.5 ~il':'

1.7 toy cup

15 ;:;1Q!t~

20 25 30 MIN!MUM OBJECT COUNT

1~-

2 5

3

42 ~ .... 7

10

4 2 .'""l ......

14 i"\-4 I!! I

41 2

11 27

2

3.6 toy saucer ~ I

cup

35 40 45

plate. 30

G~Afti 20

111 GJoucester St FRONT ROOM Ceram 002 I I I I 1 (7;"

~ <{

l u: 0 -


}-:c

70~----------------------------------------------~

60~

pi ate

50 -'

40 --'

p!pe

t rs

; \) '

0------------------------~----~------------------

1 5 6 I a

• ~. 6---bro- .

a.e G~:.:a

2 4.3 bowi 3 13.5 cup 3 13.8 coli 1 2.6 egg cup .. 6 .<1 ha:~d i e I

... 29.4 jai I

4 e7.8 P.lUJti

9 ;ia .q pipe

7 56.8 plate Q ~9.~ ri il'1

3 42.6 saucei a -!$,e ~~?

I

I I I I l u;

:E

l i ~

G~AfH 21

111 Gloucester Street Hali ceramic 002 250~, ------------------------------------------------

CL!P

200 -~ I

I ~ iOO _J


sh:oe handle ~·~to-,a~

i , U

pi;;.n:e

e~~f-U~P~~-------------------------------------------1 2 4 5 6 I 8 9 10 ' 1

M::-..;':Y,RIM 03J;:c.,.. COUNT

MIN NO WT Q ;3j 1. b/~

2 ~.:I ba&li 8 H~.1 b9ae

11 214.7 cup

4 61.4 dish

8 40 doll 1 2.3 egg cup

2 22 . ~ handle

1 0.5 jar

1 9.8 lie 5 ~0.8 me:rble

7 ~ ~s :a ~lll~i

1 15 palette

10 74 pip9 8 49.5 plate

9 60 .2 FiFR

5 190.9 saucer

i 27.4 shoe ( fl(\ ~) .. 1 aa.e ti ' w t..J

2 13.8 toy lid ~ 14 +ure.e.n --- - ----------

• I I I I I

111 Gloucester St BACK ROOM Ceramic 002 140~~ ------------------ii~iw~l.~l

!i)

I I ~ a: \5 -}-

I a w

I I I I I

~

120 _! I

100-' '

80 --'

60 ...J

40-

1

l Mll'l.ll\.io

I ;' I ll knob

1-

th II

t cer t pot

tl jug r saucer

11 1 5

5

5 2 1

i ? .....

1

5

19 10

5 3 1 ... ! ,

~owl

saucer

"" ! ~ "i r-r;.,; doll

4 5 6 'l 8 !l;~ : \i ';"y,!J llu1 OEJECT COUNT

WQight

a? 1.7

34.9

17.6

9.9 12.3 1 0),1

Q.8 ?? 1 ~~. t

10 138 9

40.5 53.7

1 =4.9 26.5

4.4

8.6 9.4

plate

pipe

11

Documents

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION I ... - University of Sydneynswaol.library.usyd.edu.au/data/pdfs/22534_ID... · The Sydney Cove Authority owns and has jurisdiction over the Rocks, bounded