ARBORIST RBORIST INDUSTRY NDUSTRY - WSPS · The Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP) contain arboricultural safety requirements for planting, pruning, repairing, maintaining and removing

AARBORISTRBORISTIINDUSTRYNDUSTRY

SSAAFFEE WWOORRKK

PPRRAACCTTIICCEESSThird Edition

The Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices guide is a product of the Arborist Safe Work Practices Committee* and has been developed through a partnership

arrangement amongst industry leaders including the following:

Through an agreement of the partners, the Workplace Safety & Prevention Services (formerly theFarm Safety Association) manages the copyright of the Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices.

The Arborist Safe Work Practices Committee would like to acknowledge the support and contribution of:

The following logos represent a number of active participants in the creation and/or support of theArborist Industry Safe Work Practices and we encourage other organizations to become involved.

* The Arborist Safe Workplace Practices Committee is comprised of representatives from the industry

The Arborist Safe Work Practices Third Edition, September 2011

Arborist Safe Work Practices

TABLE OF CONTENTSArborist Safe Work Practices Disclaimer ........................................................................................................... 4Forward .............................................................................................................................................................. 5Arborist Safe Work Practices Defined ............................................................................................................... 8How to Use the ASWP's .................................................................................................................................... 9

INTRODUCTIONUsing the Arborist Safe Work Practices within a 5 Step Health and Safety Management System ................... 13

GENERAL LEGISLATIONGeneral Legislation ............................................................................................................................................ 17

JOB PLANNINGWork In A Safe Environment ............................................................................................................................. 21Protect Self and Others .................................................................................................................................... 23Arborist Job Planning ........................................................................................................................................ 25

WORK PRACTICESClimbing Trees ................................................................................................................................................... 29Work At Heights ................................................................................................................................................. 49Tree Felling ........................................................................................................................................................ 55Arborist Hand and Power Tools ......................................................................................................................... 61Fertilizing and Aerating Soils for Woody Plants ................................................................................................. 65Installation of Hardware in Woody Plants .......................................................................................................... 70Transplanting Woody Plants ................................................................................................................................ 73Aerial Device Operation ..................................................................................................................................... 75Chain Saw Operation ......................................................................................................................................... 78Brush Chipper Operation ................................................................................................................................... 81Stumper Operation ............................................................................................................................................. 84Clearing Saw Operation .................................................................................................................................... 87Mobile Cranes to Remove Trees ....................................................................................................................... 90

GLOSSARY & APPENDIXGlossary of Terms .............................................................................................................................................. 101Appendix A – Sample Fall Protection Equipment Inspection ............................................................................ 107Appendix B – Arborist Fall Protection Equipment ............................................................................................ 109Appendix C -- Ontario Green Wood Weight Chart ............................................................................................. 111Appendix D -- Friction Hitches and Termination Knots ....................................................................................... 113Bibliography ...................................................…………………………………………………………...…………… 117

Third Edition, 2011 3

ARBORIST SAFE WORK PRACTICESDISCLA IMER

The contents of the Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP), including all advice, recommendations, andprocedures are provided as a service by Workplace Safety & Prevention Services (formerly known as the FarmSafety Association of Ontario). No representation of any kind is made to any person whatsoever with regard toaccuracy, completeness or sufficiency of the material. Any and all use of these practices, or anything found herein,is solely and entirely at the user’s risk.

Workplace Safety & Prevention Services wishes to express its appreciation to those who have assisted in thepreparation of the Arborist Safe Work Practices guide.

Copyright © Workplace Safety & Prevention Services, 2011

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FOREWORD

The arborist safe work practices committee has evolved since its inception in 1999 to a well defined workingcommittee that looks after various safety related issues in the arborist industry. A mile stone was reached on January 1, 2011 when the committee put in place a terms of reference to help with committee structure and toensure its future continuance.

Below you will find some excerpts from the terms of reference as well as the committee members as of the timeof this printing.

1.0 Purpose The Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices (ASWP) committee is a volunteer committee for the arborist trade inOntario whose purpose is to assist government agencies, WSIB, and Safe Workplace Associations to improve thehealth and safety of the arboricultural industry.

This purpose is satisfied by: • The management and control of the content of the Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices document • Providing a location for government agencies, WSIB, and Safe Workplace Associations to access knowledge, skills and experience on health and safety related arboricultural matters

• Providing a location for government agencies, WSIB, and Safe Workplace Associations to communicate with the arboricultural industry on health and safety related issues

2.0 ASWP Committee The guiding principle for Committee membership will be a commitment to improving health and safety of thearboricultural workplace.

Membership on the Committee is open to anyone employed or employs workers directly within the arboriculturesector.

Consideration for membership to the Committee will require an application to the Chair. The Chair will present thecredentials of the new member to the Committee for consideration. Committee members will vote on all applicantsto the Committee with a Majority Rule decision.

Committee make-up will attempt to have an equal representation of employers and employees. Committee make-up will be limited to twelve (12) members, including the Chair and Co-Chair positions, and will include allfacets of the industry:

• Commercial (4 members) • Municipal (4 members) • Utility (4 members)


FOREWORD

6

Name Organization Representation

Ruurd van de Ven Arborvalley Urban Forestry Co Inc Management

Mark Graves Graves Oak Tree Care Management

Kevin Davis Lakeside Tree Service Management

Mike Weller Weller Tree Service Labour

Jason Doyle (Steve Matsumoto) City of Toronto Management

Peter Wynnyczuk Town of Richmond Hill Management

Jeff McMann Town of Markham Management

Vacant Labour

Mike Greer Hydro one Management

Terry Wharram Davey Tree Experts Management

Gord Hunter Toronto Hydro Management

Vacant LabourCommercial (4 Members) Municipal (4 Members) Utility (4 Members)

Supporting Organizations Supporting Health & Safety Association(s)Ontario Commercial Arborist Association

Ruurd van de Ven (committee chair member)

Workplace Safety and Prevention Service

Dean AndersonISA – Ontario Chapter

John Ransom

Infrastructure Health & Safety Association

Mike Hunter

MTCU - Arborist Industry Committee Chairs / Colleges

Dr Abate Wori AbatePublic Services Health & Safety Association

Landscape Ontario

Sally HarveyWorkplace Safety & Insurance Board

Ontario Parks Association

Paul Ronan

Ministry of Labour

Roy FordPrivate Training Agencies

John RansomSir Sanford Fleming College

Joe OutramHumber College

Mark GravesBruce Tree Care

Ian Bruce

Gardiner Tree

Bill Gardiner


FOREWORD

In an effort to further the safety of the worker in Ontario, this revised third edition of the ASWP has an addedwork practice for the use of Crane in arborist work. It cannot be stressed enough that this is a living document, awork in progress. Through further research and development, new techniques will appear in the industry, withthe use of this document we endeavor to set a guideline for safety in the workplace by which new techniquescan be judged for safe use in the workplace.

The following individuals were instrumental in editing this third edition of the ASWP:

Ruurd van de Ven Arborvalley Urban Forestry Co Inc

Mike Greer Hydro One

Joe Outram Sir Sanford Fleming College

Steve Matsumoto City of Toronto

Terry Wharram Davey Tree

Bill Gardiner Gardiner Tree

John Ransom Arboriculture Canada

Jeff McMann Town of Markham

Peter Wynnyczuk Town of Richmond Hill

Shane Lund Four Seasons Tree Care

Mark Graves Humber College

Kevin Davis Lakeside Tree Service

Suggestions for improvement or changes should be in writing, faxed or emailed to Workplace Safety & Prevention Services at 877-494-9777 or [email protected]


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ARBORIST SAFE WORK PRACTICES DEFINED

SCOPE

The Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP) contain arboricultural safety requirements for planting, pruning,repairing, maintaining and removing woody plants, cutting brush and for using equipment in such operations,outside of the Construction or Industrial Legislated Limits of Approach to energized electrical apparatus. For work within the Construction or Industrial legislated Limits of Approach the user should contact the Electrical and Utility Safety Association.

PURPOSE

The work practices provide safety criteria for arborists and other workers involved in arboricultural work. They are to act as a guide to Provincial, Municipal and other local authorities in drafting regulations and may beadopted in whole or in part.

APPLICATION

The ASWP is intended to apply to all employees engaged in the business or trade of arboriculture including:planting, pruning, repairing, maintaining, removing woody plants, or cutting brush. They are not intended for useby nursery personnel, who are growing and planting trees for wholesale. The ASWP serves as a reference forsafety requirements for those engaged in the practice of arboriculture. The safe work practices may requiresituational modifications in response to personnel emergencies and is not intended to limit the options available toemergency responders.

DETAIL OF ASWP'S

The Arborist Safe Work Practices contains several pieces of information to be used to create a safe workenvironment. The user should follow the document and all supporting information.

Each safe work practice document is broken into several sections:� Potential HazardsHazards that may be encountered while performing the work.

� LegislationLegislation that is applicable to the practice and the supporting Arborist Safe Work Practices document.

� Mandatory InformationRequired information to be followed when performing the specific work practice.

� Work PracticePractices that should be used as a guideline for performing the work.


HOW TO USE THE ASWP

The development of the ASWP included a review of legislative requirements found under the OHSA, Construction and Industrial Regulations. The Safe Work Practices do not supercede legislative requirements butenhance what is found there. The ASWP do not supersede what is found in the manufacturers’ instructions.Electrical hazards must be identified prior to performing any work and readers are directed to the Electrical SafetyRule Book for further information.

In developing the ASWP each task was broken down to its most basic components and from those, a safe workpractice was developed. There are no procedures in the ASWP but a series of suggested practices to follow. Any task may be performed utilizing one or more practices, but the basic safety steps will always be the same nomatter how the task is performed.

Within the ASWP, words that have been bolded and/or are in italics are defined in the Glossary of Terms.


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�� Using the Arborist Safe Work Practices within the 5 Step Health & Safety Management System


INTRODUCTION

12



USING THE ABORIST SAFE WORK PRACTICESWITHIN THE 5 STEP HEALTH & SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP) are safe work guidelines, written by the industry, for the industry. They are recognized and supported by the organizations identified on the acknowledgement pages of this guide.

ASWP do not, on their own, ensure that there will be safety on the job. To effectively implement the ASWP, therehas to be a systematic approach to managing these within a health and safety program. “The 5 Steps to ManagingHealth & Safety” provides a management system approach. The graphic below depicts the Health & Safetymanagement model. A systematic approach is critical to a successful health and safety program.

The ASWP fall under the program element of Control Activities in the 5 Step model. Each safe work practice ismanaged by using the 5 steps. Management’s role is to establish the safe work practice as a guideline in thecompany, communicate their expectations with respect to their use, ensure training on the practice is done andevaluate by checking that the practice is actually followed. Based on the evaluation, recognition of success isgiven and improvements made when needed. This is the continuous improvement loop.

The 5 Step model is incorporated in the WSIB Safe Workplace Awareness Program (SWAP) which has formed thebasis for the Safe Communities Incentive Program (SCIP) and Safety Groups. For purposes of the ASWP, thisGuide provides an introduction to the 5 Step model. For further information on the 5 Step model and the full Safe Workplace Awareness Program, contact the WSIB at 1-800-663-6639.

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“THE FIVE STEPS TO MANAGINGHEALTH & SAFETY”

1. SET STANDARDSSetting standards means that management identifies their expectations and policies regarding health andsafety. A management decision to use ASWP, which have been created and supported by the industry, is anexample of setting standards for the company. Another example is setting company standards around doingaccident investigation or ensuring Health & Safety Representative training.

2. COMMUNICATECommunicating standards and expectations means that the employer ensures all people in the workplaceunderstand the company rules, what is expected of them and what they can expect from others. This can happen through formal training programs, notices, meetings etc. Communications also happens ifmanagement is lax when standards are not met. This communicates that standards are not important.

3. TRAINTraining means that the manager, supervisor, and workers all receive health and safety training relevant to company standards. This can include training on use of equipment, including company standards for that equipment or other information appropriate for their role and responsibility, such as the Joint Health and Safety Committee. Job and workplace orientation is an example of training that everyoneshould receive when they are first hired, change locations or after a long absence from the workplace.Training in ASWP should be ongoing.

4. EVALUATEEvaluation means that management reviews compliance to its own expectations. Actual health and safetyactivity and use of Arborist Safe Work Practices is compared against company expectations, to ensure theyare being met. Evaluation techniques include supervision, interview and observation. The standard itselfshould be assessed to ensure that it still meets legal minimums and is valid and appropriate for the workplace.

5. ACKNOWLEDGE SUCCESS AND MAKE IMPROVEMENTSAcknowledge and congratulate those who follow or contribute to maintaining company standards. Due diligence includes correcting and improving any weak areas in the health and safety program.

The 5 Steps for Managing Health & Safety are applied to each element of a Health and Safety program.



GENERALLEGISLATION

�� General Legislation

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GENERAL LEGISLATION

INTRODUCTION

The following sections of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) apply to the trade of arboriculture andform the foundation for all of the Arborist Safe Work Practices. It should be noted that the applicable legislationsets minimum standards for the trade. Specific legislation relating to a work practice will be indicated in eachindividual work practice section.

LEGISLATION

Note: Not all sections of the OHSA and Regulations have been indicated here or in other Arborist Safe Work Practices. It is the responsibility of individuals to know and understand applicable legislation and apply them as required. The most current edition of the OHSA is accessible through e-laws.

� OHSA 25 (1) (a) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices as prescribed are provided.

� OHSA 25 (1) (b) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices provided by the employer are maintained in good condition.

� OHSA 25 (1) (d) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices provided by the employer are used as prescribed.

� OHSA 25 (2) (a) Duties of Employer: provide information, instruction and supervision to a worker to protect the health or safety of the worker.

� OHSA 25 (2) (h) Reasonable Precautions: take every precaution reasonable in the circumstances for the protection of a worker.

� OHSA 26 (1) (k) Additional Duties of Employers: where so prescribed provide a worker with writteninstructions as to the measures and procedures to be taken for the protection of a worker.

� OHSA 27 (1) (a) Duties of Supervisor: shall ensure that a worker works in a manner and with the protective devices, measures and procedures required by this Act and the regulations

� OHSA 27 (1) (b) Duties of Supervisor: shall ensure that a worker uses or wears the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be used or worn.

� OHSA 27 (2) (b) Duties of a Supervisor: shall where so prescribed, provide a worker with written instructions as to the measures and procedures to be taken for the protection of the worker.

� OHSA 27 (2) (c) Duties of Supervisor protection of worker.

� OHSA 28 (1) (a) Duties of Worker: shall work in compliance with the provisions of this Act and the regulations.

� OHSA 28 (1) (b) Duties of Worker: shall use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker's employer requires to be used or worn.

http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90o01_e.htm#BK24












http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90o01_e.htm

http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90o01_e.htm

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JOB PLANNING

�� Work in a Safe Environment�� Protect Self and Others�� Arborist Job Planning

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WORK IN A SAFE ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this section is to outline the requirements for establishing and maintaining a safe work environment.

HAZARDSBiotic ConditionsChemicalClimatic ConditionsElectricalErgonomics

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral LegislationArborist Job Planning Protect Self and Others

MANDATORY INFORMATION� All hazards at the work site must be identified, mitigated and communicated to all workers prior

to starting work.

� The work site must be continually monitored for changes to hazards and appropriate barriers put in place.

� A first aid kit must be available and workers instructed on its use.

Legislation RRO/RSO Section ReferencedConstruction 213/91 21

Industrial 851/90 79

GravityMechanicalPedestrianVehicular

http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_900851_e.htm#BK14

http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_900851_e.htm



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WORK PRACTICESSTEP ACTION

Identify work to be completed Review Work Orders

Identify Climatic Condition hazardsPlace appropriate barriers in place to the climaticextremes such as cold, wind, lightning.

Identify hazards

Eliminate or mitigate hazards such as:·

� Public and vehicular traffic� Terrain conditions � Trip objects� Pinch points � Sharp edges� Slippery surfaces

Identify electrical hazards Identify conductors.Identify voltage levels.Identify controlling authority.Maintain limits of approach.

Identify hazardous material Identify material such as:

� Acids� Alkaline� Corrosive solvents� Flammable and explosive substances

Ensure appropriate labels and containers are used.Clean up spilled material as prescribed in theappropriate literature.

Communicate hazardous situations Identify to all employees and the public, hazardousequipment and work locations by placing appropriatebarriers to control/eliminate hazards.

Monitor work site for changes to hazards Continually monitor the site for new hazards.Ensure when new hazards are identified, barriers areput into place immediately and all staff are notified ofthe changes.



PROTECT SELF AND OTHERS

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this section is to outline how a worker can protect themself and others at the work site.

HAZARDSBiotic ConditionsClimatic ConditionsElectrical ErgonomicsGravityMechanicalPedestrian TrafficVehicular Traffic

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral LegislationArborist Job Planning Work in a Safe Environment

MANDATORY INFORMATION� All applicable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be appropriately worn at all times.

� PPE must be fitted properly.

� PPE must not be modified or repaired except by the manufacturer or authorized by the manufacturer.

� All tools and equipment must be inspected prior to use.

� All guards and barriers must be used.

� Head protection must meet the applicable CSA standard and be appropriate to the circumstance i.e. Class E for electrical environments.

� Hearing protection must meet the applicable CSA standard and be appropriate to the circumstance.

� Eye protection must meet the applicable CSA standard (Z94.3-92) and be appropriate to the circumstance.

� Foot protection must meet the applicable CSA standard (Z195-M92) and be appropriate to the circumstance.

� Leg protection must meet the BNQ/CAN standard (1961.45).

� Hand protection must be appropriate to the circumstance.

� High visibility clothing must be worn in appropriate circumstances i.e. night work, vehicular traffic situations.

Legislation RRO/RSO Section ReferencedConstruction 213/91 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 67, 69, 93, 112, 183

Industrial 851/90 42, 43, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84























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WORK PRACTICES

STEP ACTION

Select, inspect, adjust, maintain and wear PersonalProtective Equipment (PPE) appropriate to thecircumstance daily / before use

Inspect the following PPE components:� Head protection� Eye protection� Hearing protection� Hand protection� High visibility clothing � Chain saw leg protection � Foot protection� UV Protection

Inspect tools and equipment required for the work Inspect tools for:� Proper operation� Sharpness� Cracks, damage� Loose connections and leaks� Appropriate certification required i.e. dialectical testing

Handle and carry equipment safely Utilize guards and barriers as required.

Complete Job PlanningComplete and document Job Planning as per theArborist Job Planning Safe Work Practice.



ARBORIST JOB PLANNING

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this section is to outline the requirements for appropriate job planning while performingarboricultural work.

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral LegislationWork in a Safe Environment

Protect Self and Others

MANDATORY INFORMATION� Job planning is a process of identifying hazards and placing appropriate barriers to the hazards.

� Job planning is an on going process throughout the job and must be constantly monitored and changed as needed.

� Prior to the job starting a discussion must be conducted, referred to as a Tailboard Discussion, that outlines all the hazards and required barriers at the work site.

� All members of the crew must be included in the discussion.

� All hazards must be eliminated or mitigated where possible.

� Emergency Plans must be included with the job planning process.

Legislation RRO/RSO Section Referenced

Construction 213/91 17, 26, 67





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WORK PRACTICESSTEP ACTION

Identify hazards at job site Identify hazards such as:� Utilities overhead and underground� Mechanical� Structural defects of tree� Public pedestrians flow� Vehicular traffic� Terrain specifics� Weather conditions� Hazardous Biotic Conditions� Bio-hazards

Identify barriers to hazards:� Protective equipment / devices� Work practice(s) � Specialized training for the situation

Identify emergency procedures 9 – 1 – 1 or appropriate number

Identify procedures to follow in case of emergencysuch as:

� Emergency phone numbers� Closest hospital� Location of work site� First Aid kit location� Fire Extinguisher location� Rescue equipment location

Complete Tailboard Discussion Ensure all crew members are present and participate.

Ensure all assigned tasks are communicated to crewmembers and understanding is reached.

Crew members introduced after the original Tailboardis completed must be included on the Tailboard andbe introduced to the hazards and barriers in place.

Monitor the work site for changes to original job planning

Assess work site for changes to hazards throughoutduration of the work.Changes to hazards require thecrew to stop and re-evaluate conditions and barriers.



WORK PRACTICES

�� Climbing Trees�� Work at Heights�� Tree Felling�� Arborist Hand & Power Tools�� Fertilizing & Aerating Soils for Woody Plants�� Installation of Hardware in Woody Plants�� Arborist Transplanting Woody Plants�� Aerial Device Operation�� Chainsaw Operation�� Brush Chipper Operation�� Stumper Operation�� Clearing Saw Use�� Mobile Cranes to Remove Trees

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CLIMBING TREES

INTRODUCTIONThis section outlines the safe work practice for climbing trees.


LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral LegislationWork in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job Planning

MANDATORY INFORMATIONThe following are the general mandatory requirements for all arborists ascending trees. In addition to theserequirements, the work practice contains specific requirements that must also be followed.

� The use of an aerial device, where practical, should be considered first before attempting to physicallyascend the tree.

� Those engaged in tree climbing must be adequately trained, or in the process of being trained to; plan jobs,perform pre-climb inspections, inspect fall protection equipment, perform ascending methods, use workpositioning techniques, descend from tree and emergency response.

� Arborists engaged in climbing trees must be accompanied by at least one ground assistant.

� At least one ground assistant at any given work site, where tree climbing is being performed, should betrained in climbing and emergency response.

� Prior to climbing, all trees must be inspected to ensure that they have the structural integrity to sustain the weight of the Arborist and all potential loads i.e. rigging or removing limbs.

� The arborist requires knowledge of tree structure, potential defects and species specific characteristics in order to safely assess the structural integrity of the tree and its components.

� All climbing equipment must be inspected prior to use or if damage is suspected. See Appendix “A” for inspection techniques and requirements of equipment.


Construction 213/91 26




30

MANDATORY INFORMATION (CON’T)� All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn while climbing trees and working at heights.

� All climbing equipment must meet the standard as set out in Appendix B.

� Friction hitches used to secure the climber aloft must be from Appendix D.

� In its final anchor point the rope or friction saver must be positioned around the main stem of the tree.

� All captive eye snaps and carabiners used as part of a fall protection system must have a minimum of a double action, pull down and twist, auto locking mechanism.

� A second attachment (i.e. work positioning lanyard or double tie in technique) is to be used in addition to the climbing line, upon reaching each work position, and for the duration of work at that location.

� A figure’8’ knot should be at the end of the climbing line.

� Equipment used to secure an arborist in the tree or from the bucket shall not be used for anything other than its intended purpose. EXCEPTION: The arborist climbing line may be used to raise and lower tools.

� Rope ends shall be finished in a manner to prevent unraveling.

� Ropes and climbing equipment shall be stored and transported in such a manner as to prevent damage through contact with sharp tools, cutting edges, gas, oil, chemicals or ultraviolet light.

� Arborists shall inspect ropes, lanyards, and other climbing equipment for damage, cuts, abrasion, and/or deterioration before each use and shall remove them from service, if signs of excessive wear or damage are found.

� Arborist climbing lines shall never be left in trees unattended.

� When working aloft by climbing the tree, you must be tied in twice whenever you are using sharp tools e.g.handsaw, chainsaw, or pole pruner.

� Conduct and document an annual review and practice of emergency procedures.



WORK PRACTICE1.0 JOB PLAN

A thorough job plan must be completed prior to ascending a tree .The following is a guideline of topics that shouldbe discussed in the planning process. All crew members must be party to the job planning process, and job plansmust be documented in writing Refer to Job Planning Section

STEP ACTION

Determine ascent route and work required within the crown of the tree.

Ascent route must consider hazards such as,electrical, structural integrity of the tree, insect or animals.

Determine locations for interim anchor points Visually assess potential anchor points to ensure that they are strong enough to withstand the forcesthat will act on them. Look carefully for anystructurally limiting defects that could lead to failure of the anchor point.

Determine location of final anchor point The final anchor point location that will provide thebest support and freedom of movement for theclimber is generally the highest, most centrallylocated point within the tree. Visually assess thestructural integrity of this potential anchor point.

Ensure safety systems are in place Ensure a second person is available to initiate anemergency response.Ensure that emergency contactinformation is recorded on the job plan (emergency phone #s, directions to the work site)

Inspect immediate work site on ground Identify hazards related to :� Traffic conditions (pedestrian and vehicular)

� Ground around tree i.e. sloping or uneven terrain;general topography, buildings, sidewalks, fences,individual obstacles and other structures

� Environmental conditions such as: weather,temperature, light, visibility, animals (wild anddomestic) and biotic conditions (poison ivy)

Determine appropriate barriers for the hazards identified

Set up appropriate barriers for each hazard

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WORK PRACTICE2.0 INSPECT TREE

As part of the job planning process a thorough assessment of the structural integrity of the tree must be performed.The process allows a climber to determine whether the tree is safe to climb. This includes determining structuralstrength of the anchor locations.

In arboriculture, diagnosing the structural strength of a tree is an inexact science. The arborist relies onknowledge and experience gained through formal training programs and related field experience to makea determination of the structural integrity of the tree. Tree Inspection

During the Tree Inspection, discovery of structural defects or potential hazards will require careful reconsideration ofthe methods originally selected for use. It may be necessary to select an alternative method for accessing the tree.

STEP ACTION

Determine work to be performed During the inspection process, consideration must begiven to the type of work to be performed i.e. heavyloading of branches or the stem of the tree.

Inspect root structure Visually inspect root system for visible decay orindication of decay such as fungal fruiting bodies,grade changes, extensive excavation, circumferentialsoil cracking, protruding root plate, etc. Furtherassessment of the root system may be necessary.Consider the history of the site to determine if therehave been activities that could weaken the holdingcapacity of the root system i.e. compacted soilcreating rotting of roots

Inspect stem structure Visually inspect stem for: signs or symptoms of wooddecay such as: fungal fruiting structures, conks,cankers, open wounds, abnormally loose bark,irregularities in trunk taper or normal round profile,localized ridges or seams, abrupt changes in normallinear configuration of trunk; whether the tree is aliveor dead. Further assessment of the stem may benecessary. This may involve techniques such astrunk sounding or the use of special tools anddevices. However, all of these methods requirespecial training and may be beyond the scope of anentry level arborist

Inspect branches and crown of tree Visually inspect the crown of the tree for deadwood,dieback, stunted growth, hanging or broken limbs,weak unions, splits, cracks or missing sections

Visually assess proposed interim anchor points Assess anchor points for appropriate diameter,strength, and angle of attachment.Consider speciesof tree, current weather conditions, health ofbranch/stem and branching habit of tree. Anchorpoints must be able to withstand the anticipated loadapplied to them.



Anchor Strength Assessment

Many factors determine tree branch breaking strength. Listed below are descriptions of the most common conditions that could produce a limb failure.

� Magnitude of load (dynmaic vs. static) applied

� Type of loading (distance away from limb attachment to main stem)

� Other loads on the limb (foliage, snow, torque caused by limb length, weight distribution, etc.)

� Tree species

� Cross sectional area of solid wood (diameter of limb)

� Condition of wood (sound, decayed, hollow)

� Branch attachment relative to parent stem (angle, “V” or “U” shape)

� Season and temperature (winter versus summer)

� Stage of tree maturity

� Movement or rubbing between limbs

Assess the above conditions prior to using a limb as an anchor point. Some of the listed conditions can bescientifically proven without severing the limb from the tree. However, in most cases, combined knowledge andexperience will prepare the arborist to determine whether the limb is safe to use as an anchor point. In theabsence of adequate knowledge and/or experience, the arborist should request assistance from a more qualifiedperson with respect to this decision.

In order to minimize the effect of leverage on the limb being used as an anchor, the arborist’s rope must be keptagainst the main stem of the tree while climbing. To facilitate this, limbs used as temporary anchor points must behorizontal or growing upwards.

3.0 INSPECT FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

All fall protection equipment must be inspected prior to ascending a tree. (refer to Appendix A).

STEP ACTION

Inspect fall protection equipment � See Appendix A Sample Fall Protection Equipment Inspection

� Inspect climbing equipment for defects and function before each use.

� Refer to manufacturers data sheets for proper inspection.

� Fall protection equipment that arrests a fall must be immediately removed from service.

� Fall Protection Carabiners with more than 1mm wear should be removed from service.

� Arborist climbing line shall be used exclusively forclimbing, except when raising or lowering hand tools.

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4.0 PLACE ARBORIST CLIMBING ROPE IN TREE

There are several methods used to place the climbing rope into the appropriate anchor point.

From the ground, the worker may utilize a throw ball or bag, throwing knot or noose knot. Sling shot devices are being used increasingly to assist in getting a throw bag high into a tree.

Once within the tree, the worker may use a rope poking tool, pole pruner or throwing knot to advance the rope up the tree.

5.0 ASCENDING TECHNIQUES

The ASWP committee suggests five methods of ascending trees, the committee recognizes that there are othersand could not list all methods. However the essentials of a fall protection system must be met regardless of whatsystem is used. The five techniques for ascending a tree are; Belay Technique, Secured Foot Locking, SecuredBody Thrust, Spurs and Ladders. Each technique requires a thorough inspection of the tree, the site and theequipment and adequate training in climbing techniques and rescue methods.

5.1 BELAY TECHNIQUE

The Belay Technique used by arborists is adopted from recreational rock climbing. The technique utilizes a workeron the ground to assist the arborist ascending the tree by securing the arborist to an anchor point on the ground,using either a mechanical fall arrestor such as a Grigri or a friction hitch, through their climbing rope. As thearborist ascends, the ground worker removes the slack in the rope. If the arborist slips, the mechanical device orfriction hitch attached to the anchor point prevents a fall. The anchor must be sufficient to support the forcesgenerated by a worker in a fall

Ascent

STEP ACTION

Place climbing rope in tree atinterim anchor location or ifpossible final anchor location

Attach climbing rope to arborist Use a termination knot from Appendix D ora captive eye safety snap or carabiner

Secure the arborist to thebelaying anchor point

Use a mechanical arrestor, or a frictionhitch from Appendix D

Test belay to ensure it is secure Place weight into the system. If theclimbing rope slips through mechanicalarrestor or friction hitch, the system is notsafe to use. Either retie the knot orremove/inspect/re-install the mechanicalarrestor. Re-check the system

Begin ascent



Interim Anchor Point Repositioning Climbing Rope

Once the arborist has climbed to an interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.

STEP ACTION

Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Place work positioning lanyard around the main stemof the tree or a suitably strong limb and connect toside “D” rings of arborist belt

Ensure that the work positioning lanyard is secure Check snaps, place weight into lanyard

Communicate to Belayer Receive and confirm e.g. “on/off belay”

Reposition climbing rope to next interim anchor point

Secure climbing rope to fall protection saddle Secure rope using a termination knot or connector to saddle of fall protection harness

Test belay is secure Slowly places weight into system belayer must ensure that the arborist is secured, there must be no movement of the rope through the mechanical fall arrestor or a friction hitch belayer communicatesthat arborist is secured

Release work positioning lanyard

Continue ascent

Repeat interim anchor point process until reachingthe final anchor point

36

Final Anchor Point

The final anchor point is where the arborist will secure their climbing rope allowing the arborist mobility to work.The final anchor point is best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow mobility of the worker, similar to apendulum. The final anchor point must meet the requirements of all anchor locations.

STEP ACTION

Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Place a work positioning lanyard around the main stemand over a sufficiently strong limb to secure to tree

Test lanyard is secured Place weight into lanyard to ensure it does not move

Communicate to Belayer Receive and confirm e.g.“remove belay”

Adjust climbing rope to meet work requirements Place rope or friction saver around the main stem

Tie approved friction hitch from list in Appendix D

Test friction hitch Gradually place weight into friction hitch to ensure itdoes not move




5.2 SECURED FOOTLOCKING TECHNIQUE

The secured footlocking technique replaces the need for a Belay person by securing him/herself to the climbingrope using an appropriate approved friction hitch from Appendix D. This system is for ascent only; in an emergencydescent use an appropriate fall protection device or system.

While using this technique the following precautions mustbe adhered to: � tie dress and set knot,

� hands below the knot at all times,

� for ascent only,

� avoid debris in knot,

� spread in rope 5:1; the knot must remain 5 times thediameter of the limb below the limb, i.e. for a limbthat is 20 cm in diameter the knot must stay 100 cmbelow the limb to ensure the friction hitch does notslip.

Ascent

STEP ACTION

Place climbing rope in tree at first interim anchorpoint or final anchor point if possible

Secure approved friction hitch from list in Appendix D around both legs of the climbing rope

Secure friction hitch to arborist using a connecting device such as a carabiner

Push friction hitch up the rope to highest reach

Test friction hitch Place weight into hitch

Slippage of friction hitch requires retying of hitch and retesting

Draw legs up and wrap rope around one foot

Straighten legs and stand up

Slide friction hitch up rope

Grasp rope below friction hitch to support weight

Draw legs up and wrap rope around one foot

Straighten legs and stand up

Continue process until reaching interim anchor point or final anchor point

38


Once the arborist has climbed to an interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.

STEP ACTION

Secure to tree using work positioning lanyard Place work positioning lanyard around the main stemof the tree or a suitably strong limb

Ensure that lanyard is secure Check snaps, place weight into lanyard

Remove friction hitch


Secure climbing rope to arborist

Tie and test friction hitch Slowly place weight into systemSlippage of frictionhitch requires redressing of hitch and retesting


Continue ascent

Repeat interim anchor point process as required



Final Anchor Point

The final anchor point is where the arborist will secure their climbing rope allowing the arborist mobility to work. The final anchor point is best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow mobility of the worker, similar to apendulum. The final anchor point must meet the requirements of all anchor locations.

STEP ACTION

Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Place work positioning lanyard around the main stem of the tree or a suitably strong limb

Ensure that lanyard is secured Check snaps, place weight into lanyard

Remove friction hitch from climbing rope

Secure climbing rope around main stem of tree and over a suitably strong limb

Secure rope to arborist using carabiner, terminationknot or captive eye snap

Tie friction hitch from approved list of friction hitchesin Appendix D

Adjust climbing rope to meet work requirements.

Test friction hitch Slowly place weight into system

Slippage of friction hitch requires redressing of hitchand retesting


40

5.3 SECURED BODY THRUST TECHNIQUE

The secured body thrust technique is sometimes called a self-belay technique. The following Action applies forcontinuing ascent.

Ascent

STEP ACTION

Place climbing rope in tree at the first interim anchor location or final anchor location if available

Secure rope to arborist Use a termination knot,carabiner, captive eye snap

Secure arborist using afriction hitch from the listof approved frictionhitches in Appendix D

Tie and test friction hitch Slowly place weight into system

Slippage of friction hitch requiresredressing of hitch and retesting

Pull down on the runningend of climbing rope,which pulls arborist uptree

Slide friction hitch up rope

Repeat action untilreaching the interimanchor point




Once the arborist has climbed to the interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.

Final Anchor Point

The final anchor point is where the arborist will secure their climbing rope allowing the arborist mobility to work. The final anchor point is best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow better mobility of the worker. Thefinal anchor point must meet the requirements of all anchor locations.

STEP ACTION

Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Secure work positioning lanyard around the main stemof the tree or a suitably strong limb

Ensure work positioning lanyard is secure Check snaps and place weight into it



Secure climbing rope to arborist

Test and or tie friction hitch from list of approvedhitches in Appendix D

Slowly place weight into system� Re test split tail friction hitch� Tie and test friction hitch in conventional system


Continue ascent

Repeat interim anchor point process as required

STEP ACTION

Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard

Ensure that lanyard is secured Check snaps and place weight into it


Adjust climbing rope to meet work requirements

Secure climbing rope around main stem of tree andover a suitably strong limb

Secure rope to arborist using carabiner, terminationknot or captive eye snap

Tie friction hitch from list of approved hitches inAppendix D

Test friction hitch. Slowly place weight into system. Slippage of friction hitch requires redressing of hitchand retesting


42

5.4 ASCEND WITH SPUR

Ascend Trees With Spurs

STEP ACTION

Inspect spurs Inspect spurs for sharpness, cracks and wear.

Ensure gaff lengths are of sufficient length topenetrate the bark of the tree.

Fit spurs appropiately.

Secure fall restricting system A fall restricting system must be used during treeascent

Ascend tree Take small steps while ascending.

Keep knees outward and back straight to preventspurs from kicking out.

Ensure spur is set into the wood of the tree beforemoving the next foot.

Maintain a grip on the tree while ascending.



5.5 ASCENT WITH LADDER

Ascend Trees Using a Ladder

STEP ACTION

Inspect ladder Inspect for:• Cracks• Loose or missing rungs• Broken supports• Rotten sections• Missing parts• Broken welds

Note: Do not paint wooden ladders. Paint can hidedeformations and hazards.

Ensure the appropriate class of ladder is used for thecircumstance.

Position ladder to work Ensure ladder is positioned to a 4:1 ratio of verticalheight to base distance

Ensure that the feet of the ladder are securely set onthe ground

Ensure that the ladder top is placed squarely on thetree or limb

Ascend ladder Utilize work-positioning lanyards as required

Ensure a ground person is available to hold theladder during ascent and to warn people away fromthe base of the ladder.

Secure using work positioning lanyard While working from a ladder a Fall Restricting Systemmust be used

If climbing further, the climbing line can be placedintoa suitable branch union from the top of the ladder

44

6.0 WORK POSITIONING TECHNIQUE

During the process of completing all work required in a tree, it is necessary for the arborist to move in the crownin order to access different work positions. However, the final anchor location may also be the first work position;in this case, the arborist must utilize a second point of attachment such as a work positioning lanyard.

Work Positioning Techniques

Use of work positioning lanyard

Double tie in technique

STEP ACTION

Move to work position Maintain a 3 point contact withtree to stabilize

Ensure that the climbing rope is tight at all times

Monitor the friction hitchthroughout the climbing Action to ensure the friction hitch does not loosen off

Inspect limb to be cut for defects

Secure to tree using asecond point ofattachment such as awork positioning lanyardor using the climbingrope secured to a second anchor pointi.e. double tie in

A second point of attachmentmust be used at all times exceptin circumstances where thehazards of using it are greaterthan not.

Every effort must be used toeliminate these hazards, so theworker can use a second point of attachment.

Perform work

Release secondaryattachment device to move to next work position



7.0 TREE DESCENT TECHNIQUE

Once all work is completed aloft, the arborist will ensure that all tools and hangers are removed from the tree. The arborist then descends from the tree; the following Action applies for continuing descent

STEP ACTION

Position rope for descent Position rope vertical to the descent route

Ensure friction hitch is dressed and set

Control descent speed by pulling the friction hitchdown the rope

Descend in a slow and controlled fashion

46

8.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE

STEP ACTION

Assess the Emergency Observation of the scene� Electrical Conductors/Contact(If there’s contact DO NOT proceed before calling the proper authorities)

� struck by limbs, tree sections, lightning� is victim pinned� medical conditions (bug/animal bites, heat exhaustion, diabetes, etc)

Try to communicate with the victim� Verbally� Shaking of injured persons climbing line

Assessing the Victims condition� is victim able to descend by him/her self� is victim unconscious � is victim unresponsive� is victim bleeding profusely

Determine need for EMS

Determine feasibility/appropriateness of aerial rescue� Electrical Conductors/Contact(If there’s contact DO NOT proceed before calling the proper authorities)

� Rigging Systems Hazards� Tangled ropes� Half cut limbs

Ground Hazards � Chainsaws� Brush Piles

Tree Hazard/Inspection Check� Root Zone� Canopy� Trunk

Weather conditions

Rescuer’s competency in performing aerial rescue� First Aid training� Climbing ability

Availability of appropriate equipment and personnel

The following should be used as a guideline for developing your own in-house rescue procedures. It is not intendedto be used as a step by step procedure as each emergency situation will differ depending on the circumstances



Emergency Response con’t

STEP ACTION

Initiate EMS response Call EMS� 911� Rural fire and Rescue� High Angle Rescue Team (If Possible)� Use of a 3rd party to call and direct EMS to accident Site

Convey Site Location� Municipal address� Rural fire number� Job Site (i.e. Backyard, Bush, etc.)

Aerial Rescue Try to communicate with the victim� Verbally� Shaking of injured persons climbing line

Select ascension technique� Ladder� Spurs� Aerial device� Climbing systems

Ascend tree

Move to victim’s location

Assess victim’s condition� ABCs� Potential neck or back injury� Initiate first aid within scope of training � Continue to communicate with victim

Determine course of action� Perform rescue� Monitor victim� Wait for EMS

48

Emergency Responds con’t

STEP ACTION

Commence with Aerial Rescue of the victim (if victim is unconscious, or not breathing, or inCardiac Arrest, and has no suspected neck or back injuries)

Inspect victim’s fall protection system� Cuts� Damage� Entanglement� Length of climbing rope

Position yourself beside or straddle the victim

Secure the victim by connecting the victim’s rated saddle components to the rescuer’s rated saddle components using a carabiner.

Preferably secure the victim’s torso upright to your body by using your work positioning lanyard,placing your work positioning lanyard under the arm of the victim and over their opposite shoulder and connect to a rated saddle component.

� If the victim can not be secured in a fully upright position monitor their head as you descend to ensure no further injury.

Descend with the victim in a controlled and safe manner, monitoring the condition of the victim.

Disconnect yourself and the victim

Perform First Aid



WORKING AT HEIGHTS

INTRODUCTIONThis section outlines the requirements for an arborist working at heights.


LEGISLATION / SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral Legislation Work in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job PlanningClimb TreesChainsaw Operation

MANDATORY INFORMATION� All trees must be inspected for hazards prior to climbing or working at heights.

� All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn while working at heights.

� When one or more climbers are working at heights at least one Ground Assistant must be present.

� At least one Ground Assistant at any given work site must know the emergency response procedures.

� Those engaged in working at heights must be trained in proper knot tying, use of appropriate fall protection techniques, conducting pre-climb inspection, aerial rescue techniques, appropriate descent and ascent methods and appropriate rigging techniques.

� All rigging and cutting equipment must be inspected, as per manufacturers’ recommendations, prior to daily use.


Industrial 851/90 45, 51

Construction 213/91 172, 173, 174, 179


http://www.search.e-laws.gov.on.ca/en/isysquery/094ca066-e1fd-4043-88a4-b95513b23476/7/doc/?search=browseStatutes&context=#BK33








50

MANDATORY INFORMATION CON’T� Ensure that chain saws and other gasoline-powered tools are fueled, sharp and running properly

prior to sending aloft.

� Synthetic slings must have a load limitation label attached.

� All ropes, slings, blocks, connecting links and any other equipment used in rigging tree limbs must not be subjected to forces greater than the manufacturers’ recommended safe working loads.

� A minimum safety factor of 5:1 must be incorporated into a rigging system.

� All Ground Assistants involved in a rigging procedure must receive prior training and instruction appropriate for the given situation.

� While working at heights climbers should be tied in twice to ensure a secure work position.

� Precautions must be taken to eliminate the hazard of a potential ‘reverse barber chair’

� All pruning tools and equipment not in use must be securely attached to a limb of sufficient strength to hold it and to keep it from coming in contact with any conductor.

� Corner cuts, two cuts on either side of notch, should be used to ensure that the bark does not strip down a limb.

� When working aloft by climbing the tree, you must be tied in twice whenever you are using sharp tools e.g.handsaw, chainsaw, or pole pruner



WORK PRACTICESInspect work site

Ascend tree

STEP ACTION

Evaluate work site hazards Identify hazards such as:� Overhead wires� Traffic conditions (pedestrian and vehicular)� Soils and topography� Buildings, sidewalks, fences etc.� Weather conditions� Hazardous Biotic Conditions� Tree condition� Determine access to tree

Inspect rigging equipment Inspect ropes, blocks, slings, friction devices, cutting tools (chain saws, hand saws etc) for:� Defects and function � Refer to manufacturers data sheets for properinspection

Determine landing zone Ensure that ground assistants are aware of area.

Ensure appropriate measures are taken to protectagainst people and vehicles that may come into thearea.

STEP ACTION

Climb tree Refer to Climbing Trees Work Practice.

Inspect limbs that will be removed Check limbs for potential hazards such as:� Decay � Bird holes� Cracks� Imbedded objects� Cankers� Structural integrity

52

Establish rigging points

STEP ACTION

Choose limbs or branch unions to run linesover/through or attach rigging blocks

Points for rigging must be in suitable locations that are of sufficient size and strength to carry loads applied.

Rigging locations must be wide enough to allow free movement of rigging lines.

Install lines, slings and or rigging blocks Ensure rope size, strength, material and constructionare appropriate for rigging line application.

Ensure that anchor points are of sufficient size andstrength, incorporating an applicable safety factor.

Ensure ropes are compatible with other riggingdevices such as friction devices, blocks or pulleys.

Ensure rigging lines are attached using suitable knots and are at appropriate locations on the limb to be removed.

Climber secures to a safe work position Climber should move to a safe position prior to cutting.

A safe work position should be such that injury will not result due to an inadvertent limb or treesection moving.

Climber must have adequate balance and stability during cutting operation.

Ensure all ropes are not in close proximity of proposed cutting location.

A second work-positioning lanyard should be used to ensure a safer work position.

Prepare to start limb removal. Ensure that climber and ground assistants areprepared and in agreement as to timing and co-ordination of instructions.



Performing Chain Saw Cuts Aloft

Cutting Limbs

STEP ACTION

Start chain saw aloft Apply chain brake.

Place body of saw into branch union of tree ifavailable.

Ensure saw bar is clear of vegetation.

Secure footing to prevent slips.

Maintain an upright and balanced position.

Grasp handle securely.

Push saw down and away from the body.

Operate chain saw Complete required cuts.

Shut saw off.

Apply chain brake.

Re-attach chain saw to lanyard or a rope dedicated to support the chain saw.

Two tie in methods should be used during chain saw use.

STEP ACTION

Utilize appropriate cutting technique From: ISA Tree Climbers Guide

Appropriate cuts will be dependant on the desireddirection that the limb is to move i.e. under cut ifraising, two cuts to ensure bark does not peel.

Control descent of limb Ensure that there is adequate communicationbetween Ground Assistant and Climber.

Climber shall direct the Ground Assistant’s actions when rigging trees.

Ensure if directing limbs manually that they can be controlled easily.

54

Sectionalizing Trees

STEP ACTION

Position rope to achieve safe mechanical advantage Install pull rope.

Install split prevention system - if required Ensure split prevention system is above the Fall Protection System.

Note: Reverse Barber Chairing can occur where trees are excessively leaning, straight grained trees or have excessive mechanical loading due to pulling forces.

Set notch Refer to Tree Felling Safe Work Practice.

Communicate Back Cut is to be performed Refer to Tree Felling Safe Work Practice.

Place tension on pull rope.

Begin Back Cut Monitor cut to ensure holding wood is not cut offcompletely.

Monitor movement of the tree top.

Pull on pull rope Apply constant tension on rope to tip over tree top.



TREE FELLING

INTRODUCTIONThis section outlines the practice of felling, bucking and limbing trees during tree removal operations.


LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral Legislation Work in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job PlanningChainsaw Operation

Temporary Conditions Field Edition Ontario Traffic Manual Book 7

MANDATORY INFORMATION� All trees must be inspected for hazards prior to cutting.� All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn. � Escape routes must be cleared before felling operations. � All workers must be notified that the "Back Cut" is being performed. � Workers must stay outside of the Hazard Area and at least 3 metres (10 feet) away from the

saw operator when operating a chain saw. � Do not fell trees onto lodged trees.� Do not climb lodged trees.� Do not work directly underneath or within striking distance of a lodged tree unless the work

can be done safely. � Do not turn your back to a falling tree. � Workers must be aware of all dangers.� Saw operator must ensure there are no obstacles or hazards within the Hazard zone. � Notches should be used for all trees greater than 13 centimeters (5 inches) diameter at breast height (DBH).


Construction 213/9143, 52, 53, 54, 55, 67, 68, 69, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 93,

94, 95, 96, 112, 113, 183, 186

Industrial 851/90 22, 23, 39, 42, 43, 45, 60, 73, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 103, 139










































56

WORK PRACTICESSite Inspection

STEP ACTION

Inspect tree for hazards Inspect tree for: � Rot � Lean� Insect damage� Foreign bodies in tree, staples, wires etc.� Structural deficiencies, decay, cavities, cracks, splits etc.

� Broken tops and dead limbs

Identify hazards within the Hazard Area

Hazard Area is the intended falling path of the tree

Inspect for:� Terrain� Dead trees� Overhead utilities� Pedestrian and vehicular traffic� Workers� Climatic conditions / wind, snow loading etc.� Ground conditions / slope� Trip hazards

Set control measures Barriers include:� Maintaining appropriate Limits of Approach� Utilize traffic and pedestrian control measures� Removing dead trees � Lowering stumps

Determine Escape Route Clear escape route 45 degrees away from the intended felling path.



Site Inspection

Set Notch

STEP ACTION

Determine notch to use Ensure an appropriate notch is used.

Consider:� Lean of the tree� Wind� Potential targets� Condition of tree i.e. decay, splits, cracks, foreign objects

� Size of tree� Length of chain saw bar

Secure tree to prevent Barber Chairing Consider options to prevent Barber Chairing such as:� Chain trees � Use of a Plunge Cut� Use of alternative notch styles

Set notch Set notch in accordance with notch used.

Ensure notch direction is in the correct location.

Inspect notch for rot or decay.

STEP ACTIONInspect tools and equipment to be used Ensure tools and equipment are free of defects

and readily available.

Ensure tools are sharp.

Set rigging equipment if required Refer to the Climb Tree Working at Heights SafeWork Practice.

Place rope(s) at least 2/3 the distance up the tree.

Rope(s) must be strong enough and long enough to keep all workers and equipment out of theHazard Area during felling operations.

Note:

All trees must have a guide rope installed if they could fall in a direction other than intended which may cause damage.

58

Perform Back Cut

STEP ACTION

Determine location of back cut Back Cut location should be in accordance with the notch used.

Communicate intent toback cut Communicate to workers that the “back cut” is going to be performed.

Note: Ensure all workers understand that the back cut is occurring.

Ensure all workers are clear of the Hazard Area.

Perform back cut Monitor the tree for unusual sounds or movements.

Ensure that the holding wood is not cut off.

A spotter may be necessary to ensure that the holding wood is not cut off.

The spotter must stay out of the Hazard Areaand at least 3 metres (10 feet) away.

Note: If tree begins to fall in a direction other than intended, the saw operator must leave the area by the Escape Route.

If the saw becomes bound in a cut, the number onepriority is the safety of the saw operator. Leave all equipment behind.

Monitor the tree as it falls Never turn your back to a falling tree.

Watch for dead limbs and other objects falling from trees.

Monitor the tree as it strikes the ground as the butt portion may move towards the saw operator.

Ensure that the tree has completely settled andadjacent trees are secure before moving in to remove rigging or starting bucking operations.



Limb Trees

Lodged Tree

The following are four examples for removing lodged trees.

STEP ACTION

Clear spring poles

Spring poles are small trees bent over from pressure of the felled tree

Spring poles have explosive forces and should be removed carefully.

Make several small cuts on the tension side to release the forces. This should be done slowly.

Determine pressure points Limbs bent over objects or angled severely will have explosive pressure associated with them.

Begin cut Cut limbs slowly to relieve tension.

Monitor saw kerf for tension relief.

Ensure body part(s) are out of the strike zone of thetree

STEP ACTION

Cut tree from stump Sever lodged tree from stump.Tree may roll free at thistime.

Roll tree off support tree Attempt to roll lodged tree off from support tree usingeither a cant hook or pull rope.

Utilize mechanical means to pull tree from lodged treei.e. truck, crane

Mechanical means may be used when manualmethods have failed.

Block lodged tree into small pieces Cut small blocks from the base of the lodged tree.

Note: Lodged tree may slip and move uncontrollably.Caution must be exercised to ensure that the workerdoes not stand in the fall direction of the tree.

60

Bucking up Felled Trees

STEP ACTION

Determine length required Smaller blocks of wood are lighter and easier tomanipulate.

Determine pressure points Trees bent over or weight applied to one end willcreate pressure on the log.

Tree logs may bind the saw when pressure isreleased.

Cut log from the stressed section.

Note: Logs under pressure can break suddenly andexplosively. Cut log slowly to relieve the pressure.

Begin cutting Logs may require two cuts, one from the top and thenrolled over for a second cut.

Cut trees from the high side of the terrain i.e. the treewill roll away from the saw operator.



ARBORIST HAND AND POWER TOOLS

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this section is to outline the inspection and maintenance requirements for Arborist Hand and Power Tools.

EQUIPMENT USEDThe following outlines some of the tools used in arboriculture.

Axes, Brush Hooks and Other Chopping Tools AxesKnivesLoppersPicksSecateurs

Pole Pruners, Pole Saws, Pneumatic Tools and Electrical TrimmersBack Pack Pole Pruner, Saws and BlowersBrush SawsCompressorsExtension CordsHand SawsHydraulic Pole Saws and PrunersPole PrunersPole Saws

Log Handling DevicesCant DogsCant HooksCarrying Bars Felling LeversPeaveys Tongs

Wedges, Chisels, and Gouges Augers and BitsChiselsDrillsWedges

Hammers, Mauls, Shovels and Sledges BroomsMalletsRakesShovels / SpadesSledge Hammers

62

EQUIPMENT USEDLoad Controlling Devices and ComponentsCarabiners ChainfallsCome-A-Long Lowering DevicesPulleys Rope PullersSlings Tackle Blocks

Ladders

Telescopic Power Pole Saw, Power Pack Saws

HAZARDSClimatic ConditionsErgonomics

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral LegislationWork in a Safe EnvironmentArborist Job PlanningProtect Self and Others

MANDATORY INFORMATION� Inspect all equipment tools daily / before use. Inspect for loose handles, cracks, defects, loose bolts,

sharpness etc.

� All tools and equipment use, inspection and maintenance must adhere to the manufacturers’ instructions where applicable.

� All appropriate Limits of Approach to electrical apparatus must be maintained.

� Guards and sheaths should be used to protect sharpened edges of knives, blades or chains etc. when storing.

� In electrical environment only tools designed, tested, and maintained for electrical environment shall be used.

� Gasoline, oil and gas powered equipment must be stored separately from other personal tools.

� Rigging equipment must be labeled with the appropriate Working Load Limit or Safe Working Load.

� Power cords for electrical tools must be monitored to ensure they are not cut or fall into water.

ElectricalMechanical


Construction 213/9178, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 93, 95, 109, 113, 172, 173, 174, 176,

177, 179, 181, 195

Industrial 851/90 41, 42, 43, 45, 51, 61, 139






























WORK PRACTICESGeneral Information

� The correct hand tool(s) and equipment shall be selected for the job.� Hand tools and equipment that have been made unsafe by damage or defect shall not be used.� Arborists and other workers shall maintain a safe working distance from other arborists and workers when using hand tools and equipment.

� When ascending a tree, arborists shall not carry hand tools and equipment in their hands unless they are tools that are used to assist them in their climbing.

� Tools other than ropes or throw lines shall not be thrown into a tree, out of a tree or from arborist toarborist while in a tree.

� Arborist climbing lines or hand lines should only be used for raising and lowering hand tools and equipment.

� Arborists should raise or lower hand tools and equipment in a manner such that the cutting edge will not contact the climbing line or hand line.

� Hand tools and equipment shall be properly stored or placed in plain sight out of the immediate work area when not in use.

Axes, Brush Hooks and Other Chopping Tools � Chopping tools that have loose or cracked heads or splintered handles shall not be used.� Chopping tools should not be used while working aloft.� Chopping tools shall be swung away from the feet, legs, and body, using the minimum forces practical for control.

� Chopping tools shall not be used as wedges or used to drive metal wedges.� Blade eyes shall be tight fitting and wedged to prevent slippage down the handle.� A secure grip, firm footing and clearance of overhead hazards shall be maintained when swinging chopping tools.

Pole Pruners, Pole Saws, Pneumatic Tools and Electrical Trimmers

� Manual pole pruners, pole saws, and other similar tools with poles made of metal or other conductive material shall not be used in operations where electrical hazards exist.

� Structurally damaged poles shall be removed from service. � When tools are not in use they shall not be:� Left laying on ground � Stored improperly or hung on a limb of insufficient strength to support the weight of the tool� Extension cords must be monitored to ensure they are not cut. � Inspect extension cords for cuts, frayed ends, and loose connections.

Log Handling Devices

� Cant hooks should be firmly set before applying force.� Tools with cracked, splintered, or weakened handles should not be used.� Arborists and other workers shall be warned and in the clear before logs are moved.� Points of cant hooks should be at least 2 inches (51 mm) long and kept sharp.� Arborist and other workers shall stand to the rear and uphill when rolling logs.

64

Wedges, Chisels and Gouges � Wedges, chisels, and gouges shall be inspected for cracks and flaws before use.� Wedges and chisels shall be properly pointed and tempered. Tools with mushroomed heads shall not be used. Eye protection shall be used during impact operations.

� Only wood, plastic, or soft-metal wedges shall be used to stop binding while operating chain saws.� Wood handle chisels should be protected with a ferrule on the striking end.

Hammers, Mauls, Shovels and Sledges � Wood, rubber or high-impact plastic mauls, sledges or hammers should be used when striking wood handle chisels or gouges.

Load Controlling Devices and Components� Load controlling devices and components shall be inspected immediately before use and removed from service if found to be defective.

� The components of load controlling systems shall be compatible and suitable for the application and load.� Slings must have working load information labels attached.

Ladders� Ladders made of metal or other conductive material shallnot be used where electrical hazards exist.

� Ladders shall conform to the appropriate CSA standard.� Ensure that the appropriate grade of ladder is used. � All ladders shall be inspected before use. � Cleats, metal points, skid-resistant feet, lashing or other effective means of securing the ladder shall be used when there is danger of slipping.

� Ladders shall be supported while in storage to prevent sagging. Except when on mobile equipment, ladders should be stored under suitable cover, protected from theweather, and kept in a dry location away from excessive heat.

� Ladders shall not be used as bridges or inclined planes to load or handle logs or other material.

� The appropriate 4 to 1 ratio of vertical height to distance from base must be maintained.

Telescopic Power Pole Saw, Power Pack Saws� The saw and that which you are cutting must never be used within an electrical environment. � The tool should not be used by workers while working aloft.



FERTILIZING AND AERATING SOILS FOR WOODY PLANTS

INTRODUCTIONThis section outlines the practice for fertilizing and aerating soils for woody plants.

HazardsBiotic ConditionsChemical Climatic ConditionsElectricalErgonomicsMechanical

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral Legislation Work in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job PlanningWorkplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) Materials Handling

MANDATORY INFORMATION� Operators must inspect equipment prior to using.� Operators must assess the work site for the need to locate underground utilities.� Operators must wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.

66

APPLICATION METHODS

LIQUID - SOIL

STEP ACTION

Inspect equipment as per manufacturers’ instructions Inspect pump and hoses to/for:� Ensure fittings are secured and attached� Leaks� Cracks

Ensure valves are placed in the correct positions.

Start pump

Note:Ensure that the pump pressure is not overloading system.

Inspect for leaks under operating pressure:� Hoses� Connections� Fittings� Application equipment

Mix fertilizer as per Product Label Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.

Inspect work site Assess for underground obstructions such as:� Sprinkler system� Electrical system � Communications conductors� Gas line

Note: Locates may need to be established.

Pull out hose Use proper body positioning to eliminate sprains and strains.

Apply product Continually monitor the pressure of the application equipment.

Secure equipment for transport Monitor hose for:� Pinch points� Hose connectors� Security on vehicle



GRANULAR - SOIL

Broadcast Method

Drill Hole Method

STEP ACTION

Inspect equipment Refer to manufacturers’ instruction for inspection points.

Inspect work site

Fill spreader Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment for the job.

Apply product Be aware of spreader use when near hard surfaces,pools etc. to prevent unwanted over spreading

Secure equipment for transport

STEP ACTION

Inspect equipment Inspect drill bit for cracks, sharpness.

Inspect work site Assess for underground obstructions such as:� Sprinkler system� Electrical system � Communications conductors� Gas lines

Note:Locates may need to be established.

Drill holes Maintain distances from rotating shafts.

Caution must be exercised for power head kick back.

Ensure loose clothing and gloves are kept away frommoving parts

Apply product Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.

Secure Equipment for Transport

68

Trunk Implant Method

Trunk Injection Method

STEP ACTION

Inspect tools and equipment Inspect for:� Cracks� Sharpness

Inspect tree Inspect for:� Metal � Fences� Lightening protection� Cracks

Drill hole to appropriate depth Hold drill firmly to reduce potential for jamming and twisting of drill.

Implant capsule Watch for pinch points.

STEP ACTION

Inspect tools / equipment Inspect for:� Sharpness� Cracks� Pressure system for operation

Inspect pressure system Inspect for:� Leaks� Connections

Drill appropriate depth / width into tree Hold drill firmly to reduce potential for jamming and twisting of drill.

Implant tip of system Watch for pinch points.

Pressurize the system Check for leaks.

Remove tip Cover microinjecting unit with one hand and pull out slowly.

Wear safety glasses during this operation.

Dispose of tip / clean equipment Follow appropriate directions from the manufacturers’ instruction.



AERATING SOILS

Mechanical Aeration

Pneumatic Aeration

STEP ACTION

Inspect work site Assess for underground obstructions such as:� Sprinkler system� Electrical system � Communication conductors� Gas lines

Note: Locates may need to be established.

STEP ACTION

Inspect equipment Inspect for:� Cracks� Broken parts� Sharpness

Make holes Ensure obstructions are not hit.

Watch for head kick back.

Maintain distances from revolving shafts.

Remove equipment Ensure equipment does not come loose quickly and strike the operator.

STEP ACTION

Insert probe into soil Ensure probe is inserted to the appropriate depth.

Activate nozzle Ensure material does not blow back.

Wear all appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.

Remove nozzle Ensure equipment does not come loose quickly and strike the operator.

70

INSTALLATION OF HARDWARE IN WOODY PLANTS

INTRODUCTIONThis section outlines the practice for installing hardware.

HAZARDSBiotic ConditionsClimatic ConditionsElectricalErgonomicsGravityMechanicalPedestrianVehicular

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral LegislationWork in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job PlanningUse of Hand and Power ToolsWork at HeightsFire Marshall’s Act

MANDATORY INFORMATION� All woody plants must be inspected prior to ascending. � If pruning or dead wooding are required it should be done prior to installing hardware.� Arborists and other workers on the ground shall not stand under the work area of a tree when a cabling system is being installed.

� Tools shall be raised, lowered and carried in a bag or belt designed to hold such tools, or attached to a tool lanyard.

� All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn. � Arborists in trees should be positioned off to one side in order to avoid injury in case of cable system failure, such as when a block and tackle or a hand winch, are released.




Installing Hardware in a Tree

STEP ACTION

Inspect woody plant Identify hazards such as:� Electrical wires in close proximity to tree� Signs of tree decay� Cavities, cankers and splits� Dead and broken limbs� Root decay and damage

Inspect tools and equipment required for the work Inspect tools for hazards such as:� Operational� Sharpness� Cracks, damage� Loose connections

Appropriate certification required i.e. dielectrical testing.

Determine safest route of ascent Inspect for structurally sound tie in points.

Refer to Climb Trees and Work at Heights section.

STEP ACTION

Determine location for hardware Inspect tree for defects and hazards associated with the location of the work.

Secure work position in the tree Ascend tree as per the Climb Tree and Work at Heights section.

Raise tools Ensure tools are secured in a tool bag.

Drill holes if required Maintain a firm grip on drills to protect from drill kickback twisting action.

Maintain the appropriate Limits of Approach toelectrical conductors.

Maintain good body positioning while drilling.

Install hardware Watch for pinch points, sharp edges.

72

Install Hardware From the Ground

STEP ACTION

Determine location for hardware Inspect tree for defects and hazards associated with the location of the work.

Secure work position on ground Ensure proper footing

Drill holes Maintain a firm grip on drills to protect from drill kick back twisting action.

Maintain good body positioning while drilling.

Install hardware Watch for pinch points, sharp edges.



TRANSPLANTING WOODY PLANTS

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practice for manually or mechanically transplanting woody plants.

HAZARDSBiotic ConditionsClimatic ConditionsCuts and abrasionsElectrical

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral Legislation Work in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job PlanningChainsaw OperationWHMIS

MANDATORY INFORMATION� All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be worn.

� Establish need to assess locates for underground utilities prior to digging holes.

� All mechanical devices for planting trees must be operated by qualified personnel only.

� Assistants working around mechanical equipment must be oriented to the hazards of the machine.

ErgonomicsGravityMechanicalVehicle


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74

SAFE WORK PRACTICE

STEP ACTION

Inspect work site Inspect site for:� Terrain obstacles� Obstructions to planting site� Vehicle and pedestrian traffic� Overhead utilities

Assess for underground obstructions Assess for: � Sprinkler system� Electrical system � Communications conductors� Gas lineNote: Locates shall be established and have documentationon site.

Dig hole

Note: Manual or mechanical means can be used to dig holes.

ManualEnsure appropriate body positioning is used.

MechanicalEnsure ground terrain is not hazardous for the machine used and potential for rolling over.

Keep away from pinch points of machines used.

Monitor loads of machine.

Place tree into hole Use proper lifting techniques.

Use appropriate equipment to move trees.

Remove basket if required Keep body parts away from sharp edges of cutbaskets.

Watch for pinch points of equipment used.

Back fill hole Use appropriate body positioning when back filling.

Ensure that sharp edges of baskets will not puncturefootwear.

Install anchor system Ensure underground utilities have been identifiedprior to installing.

Use appropriate body positioning when installinganchors.

Install guy anchor at the appropriate angle.



AERIAL DEVICE OPERATION

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices involved in operating an Aerial Device.

HAZARDSClimatic ConditionsElectricalErgonomics

Legislation/Safe Work PracticeGeneral Legislation Work in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job Planning

Canadian Standards Association Z 225 Vehicle Mounted Aerial DevicesTemporary Conditions - Ontario Traffic Manual Book 7

MANDATORY INFORMATION� The manufacturers’ instructions must be followed for all maintenance and operation instructions.� Ensure manufacturers’ instructions are readily available. � Operators shall wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment. � Operators must wear appropriate Fall Protection Equipment. � The Operator of the Aerial Device will control the work site and communicate directions to the

ground person. � Only Qualified Personnel may operate an Aerial Device.� All personnel must know the control measures needed for vehicle and pedestrian control. � All Operators must know and practice Aerial Device rescue and escape procedures at least annually.� All Ground Assistants must have knowledge of and practice their role in Aerial Device rescue and

escape procedures.� All Ground Assistants must have knowledge of the operation of lower controls to perform an aerial rescue. � All buckets must contain a hand line of adequate length to be used in Aerial Device rescues. � Maintain three-point contact when mounting or dismounting an Aerial Device. � When transferring between an Aerial Device to a tree or to another Aerial Device, the climber must be

secured with a fall restraint system prior to leaving the Aerial Device. � Ensure manufacturers’ instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.

GravityMechanical


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http://www.search.e-laws.gov.on.ca/en/isysquery/c92395bc-be0d-4410-8040-f86cdafb6277/7/doc/?search=browseStatutes&context=#BK29























WORK PRACTICESet up Aerial Device

STEP ACTION

Inspect job site for hazards Inspect for: � Electrical hazards� Decay within tree� Location of tree in relation to vehicle andpedestrian traffic

� Ground conditions / slope

Secure work site Refer to job plan

Set up appropriate traffic control barriers.

Set up appropriate work site boundaries.

Inspect Aerial Device emergency equipment.

Refer to Traffic Control Temporary Conditions OntarioTraffic Manual Book 7

Inspect Aerial Device. Follow the manufacturers’ instruction for specificchecks and tests.

Inspect bucket etc.

Set up Aerial Device for checks Follow the manufacturers’ instruction in set up procedures.

Ensure that all personnel are clear of descendingoutriggers.

Perform Aerial Device holding valve check Perform Aerial Deviceholding valve check as permanufacturers’ instruction

Set up Aerial Device for work Follow manufacturers’ instruction in set up procedures.

Note: Ensure that all personnel are clear of descending outriggers.

Ensure hand line is available in bucket.

Inspect bucket, liner and chain saw scabbard for defects.

Inspect Fall Protection Equipment Inspect Full body harness and shock absorbinglanyard as per manufacturers’ information andAppendix A Inspection of Fall Protection Equipment.

Put on Fall Protection Equipment Adjust and put on Full body harness.

Attach shock-absorbing lanyard to Full bodyharness and to an approved attachment point on the aerial device.



Operation of Aerial Device

Maintenance of Aerial Device

Escape / Rescue From an Aerial Device

Transportation

STEP ACTION

Position booms to the work Operate Aerial Device according to manufacturers’ instruction.

Ensure booms maintain the appropriate Limits of Approach to electrical apparatus.

Ensure Ground Assistant(s) are clear of the Drop Zone of trees and brush

Begin work Ensure ground assistant(s) stay clear of falling brush and trees.

Ensure adequate communication between the operator and Ground Assistants.

Operators must not stand on the lip of the bucket during operations.

Maintain Limits of Approach of equipment andpersonnel from energized electrical apparatus.

Refer to Work at Heights for use of chain saw.

STEP ACTION

Perform periodic maintenance Perform and document maintenance as per manufacturers’ instruction.

STEP ACTION

Aerial Device Escape Perform Aerial Device Escape at least annually.

Aerial Device Rescue Perform Aerial Device Rescue at least annually.

STEP ACTION

Secure Aerial Device for transport Secure Aerial Device as per manufacturers’ instruction.

Secure all tools and accessories.

78

CHAIN SAW OPERATION

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this section is to outline the safe methods to operate and maintain a chain saw while on the groundand aloft. This section excludes tools such as telescopic pole chain saws, power pack chain saws, motorized polesaws and hydraulic pole saws and pruners.

HAZARDSBiotic ConditionsClimatic ConditionsCuts and abrasionsElectrical

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral Legislation Work in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job Planning

MANDATORY INFORMATION� All power chain saws must be equipped with a chain that minimizes the risk of kick back.

� Chain saw operators shall wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.

� If face shields are used they must be used in conjunction with approved safety glasses.

� The engine shall not be started until the saw is in the immediate work area, except when a warm-up period is required at which time the saw shall not be left unattended.

� The operator shall ensure that the work area is clear of obstructions that may be hazardous.

� Operators shall decide on and prepare an escape route before cutting commences.

� No one except the operator shall be allowed within a radius of 3 metres (10 feet) of a one-person chain saw when it is in operation.

� No adjustment shall be made to the chain while the engine is running.

� During all chainsaw operations, the operator must be fully aware of the consequences of any cut before it is made.

� Chain saws shall not be operated for cuts above shoulder level.


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ErgonomicsFireMechanical












MANDATORY INFORMATION CON’T� The engine shall be shut off when moving the power saw from one location to another, except when

trees are in close proximity and the approach is unobstructed.

� When moving from tree-to-tree with the engine running, the chain brake shall be applied.

� A chain saw shall be removed from service immediately if any defects are evident that could affect its safe operation.

� Hot power saws shall be cooled for two or three minutes before refueling. A hot power saw shall be placed on a log, stump or on bare ground, rather than in dry litter or slash.

� Smoking, open flames, or other sources of ignition, are prohibited within 3 metres (10 feet) of the fuelling area.

� Approved fire fighting equipment shall be available.

� When power saws are stored or being carried a long distance, the chain should be guarded.

� One-person power saws shall be carried at the workers side with the guide bar pointed to the rear; two workers shall carry a two-person power saw.

� When not in use, the saw shall be turned off and placed in a location where it is clear of the work area and it will not be damaged by falling limbs.

� Ensure manufacturers’ instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.

80

WORK PRACTICESPre-operational check

Maintenance

Operate Chain Saw

STEP ACTION

Inspect Personal Protective Equipment Inspect and wear the following personal protectiveequipment, appropriate for the circumstance:� Head protection� Hearing protection� Eye protection� Hand protection� Chain saw leg protection� Foot protection

Inspect saw for hazards Inspect chain saw for loose components and missingcomponents.

Perform pre-operational chain saw check Start saw using a method described in themanufacturers’ instructions.

Test chain brake by activating chain brake.

Note: If chain brake does not work, the chain saw must beremoved from service and repaired.

STEP ACTION

Perform routine maintenance Perform maintenance as per manufacturers’ instructions.

STEP ACTION

Operate chain saw Refer to Tree Felling Work Practice.

Refer to Work at Heights Work Practice.



BRUSH CHIPPER OPERATION

INTRODUCTIONThis section outlines the use of a brush chipper. Not all practices outlined are applicable to all models of chippers.

HAZARDSBiotic ConditionsClimatic ConditionsElectricalErgonomicsMechanical

LEGISLATION / SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral Legislation Work in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job PlanningMaintain and Operate Chain Saw

Temporary Conditions - Ontario Traffic Manual Book 7

MANDATORY INFORMATION� Operators shall wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.

� Only Qualified personnel may operate a chipper.

� Routine inspection and maintenance must be completed as per the manufacturers’ instructions.

� Do not wear jewelry or clothing that could become entangled in brush or moving parts.

� Secure long hair so that it does not become entangled in moving parts.

� Never place any body parts in the in-feed chute for any reason while the machine is operating.

� Never place yourself in front of the discharge chute.

� Inspect chipper prior to use.

� Ensure all guards and protective devices are operational and in place.



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82

WORK PRACTICESPreoperational Checks

STEP ACTION

Inspect chipper Inspect as per the manufacturers’ instructions.

Inspect guards.

Ensure the manufacturers’ instructions are available

Connect chipper Secure connection to towing vehicle.

Secure safety chains.

Plug in lights and brakes if applicable.

Test chipper brakes – if equipped Move chipper short distance and test brakes.

Brakes that do not work must be repaired beforeallowed on roadways.

Check directional control arm – if equipped Ensure directional control arm is stopping and redirecting in-feed rollers as per themanufacturers’ instructions.

Secure work site Secure work site with traffic control devices and pedestrian barriers as per Ontario Traffic Manual Book 7



Operation

Emergency Shut Down

Remove Blockage

STEP ACTION

Inspect brush pile Inspect for nails, metal objects, and foreign objects.

Cut larger limbs into small sections to allow freemovement through chipper.

Lift brush onto feed table Bend at the knees to lift brush.

Feed brush into chipper Ensure that hands and loose clothing do not becomeentangled with the brush.

Do not stand directly behind the in-feed chute of thechipper.

Do not feed chipper from the roadside.

Turn away from roadside to retrieve more brush.

Do not place hands inside chipper in-feed chute.

Larger limbs should be cut into smaller pieces to allow freer movement into chipper.

Free stuck limbs Limbs lodged in machine can be freed by operating the directional control lever (if equipped).

Note: For chippers with no directional control valve, follow the Removing Blockage section below

STEP ACTION

Refer to manufacturers’ instruction for further specific information

Move directional control arm to the neutral position – if equipped

Stop movement of the in-feed rollers.

Move directional control arm to the neutral position – if equipped

Shut down machine to stop knives.

STEP ACTION

Shut down chipper Shut down chipper. Secure chipper using Lock Out Procedures.

Open covers Wait for knives to stop revolving before opening covers.

Lock out drum Refer to the manufacturers’ instruction for locking out of drum.

Remove blockage Caution around sharp knives.

84

STUMPER OPERATION

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices involved in operating a stumper.

HAZARDSBiotic ConditionsClimatic ConditionsElectricalErgonomicsMechanical

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral Legislation Work in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job Planning

Temporary Conditions - Ontario Traffic Manual Book 7

MANDATORY INFORMATION� Operators shall wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.

� Only Qualified personnel may operate a stumper.

� Routine inspection and maintenance must be completed as per the manufacturers’ instruction.

� Do not wear jewelry or clothing that may or could become entangled in moving parts.

� Secure long hair so that it does not become entangled in moving parts.

� Never work near or on cutter wheel unless engine is shut down.

� Everyone must be clear of work area during operation.

� Do not operate equipment with defective guards or shields.

� Assess potential of underground obstructions such as hydro, gas, communications etc. and request locates if necessary.

� Inspect stumper prior to use.

� Ensure all guards and protective devices are operational and in place.



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WORK PRACTICESPreoperational Checks

STEP ACTION

Inspect stumper Inspect as per the manufacturers’ instructions.

Ensure guards and shields are in place and operational.

Ensure the manufacturers’ instructions are available

Connect stumper to transport vehicle Secure connection to towing vehicle.

Secure safety chains.

Plug in lights and brakes if applicable.

Test stumper brakes if equipped Move stumper short distance and test brakes.

Brakes that do not work must be repaired beforeallowed on roadways.

Inspect cutter wheel Inspect for damaged or missing teeth.

Secure work area Secure work area with traffic control devices and pedestrian barriers as per Ontario Traffic Manual Book 7.

86

Operation

Emergency Shut Down

Normal Shut Down

STEP ACTION

Inspect stump and work area Remove nails, metal objects, foreign objects, stones,wires and loose chunks of wood.

Assess potential of underground obstructions such ashydro, gas, communications etc. and obtain locates.

Assess site for ground conditions and slope.

Start stumper Ensure cutter wheel is free of objects.

Engage cutter wheel Ensure guards and curtains are in place.

Begin cutting stump using the manufacturers’recommended cutting area.

Monitor work area to ensure no one enters the area.

Monitor the direction of debris to ensure it stayswithin the work area.

STEP ACTION

Refer to manufacturers’ instruction for further specific information

Disengage cutter wheel Move control lever to disengage wheel.

Lower cutter wheel into stump Lower wheel into stump debris.

Shut down machine Turn off ignition.

STEP ACTION

Disengage cutter wheel Wait for cutter wheel to stop revolving.

Secure the stumper for road travel Insert safety pins, roll up curtains etc.

Shut off unit



CLEARING SAW OPERATION

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices for operating a clearing saw.

HAZARDSMechanicalBody MechanicsElectricalAnimal and Biotic Conditions

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICEGeneral LegislationWork in a Safe EnvironmentProtect Self and OthersArborist Job Planning

MANDATORY INFORMATION� All Personal Protective Equipment must be worn.

� All workers must maintain a distance of 10 metres (30 feet)away from the operator.

� Cold saws must be started on the ground.

� Warm saws must be started on the ground or started using a second person while saw is attached to theoperators harness.

� Operators must not start clearing saws while they are attached to their harness.

� All brush must be monitored for falling direction and potential hazards such as electrical conductors.

� Brush greater than 10 cm (4 inches) DBH must not be cut with a brush saw.



Industrial 851/90 22, 23




88


STEP ACTION

Inspect equipment Inspect for:� Cracks� Sharp blade� Set of blade is appropriate

Adjust clearing saw harness Adjust harness for saw so that the saw blade will not contact the feet of the operator.

Inspect Personal Protective Equipment All PPE must be worn including hardhat, hearingprotection, eye protection and foot protection.

Inspect work site Inspect for and set appropriate barriers for:� Electrical conductors� Terrain� Brush height� Brush size

Start saw Ensure saw blade is not touching the ground orobstacles.

Maintain a firm grip on the saw.

Cold StartStart saw on ground following manufacturers’instruction.

Warm StartOn the back of the operator using a second person.

Assistant moves away from operator when started.

Operator may remove saw from harness of Operatorand start on the ground.



Cutting Operation

STEP ACTION

Start cutting Monitor blade location.

Ensure all workers maintain 10 metres away from operator.

Do not cut brush above shoulder height.

Brush greater than 10 cm (4 inches) DBH must not be cut with a brush saw.

Monitor terrain to ensure good traction while cutting.

Cut with the appropriate side of blade; refer to the manufacturers’ instruction.

Ensure the blade is operating at full speed before cutting.

USE OF A MOBILE CRANE TO REMOVE TREES

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices for removing trees using a mobile cranes.

HAZARDSBiotic ConditionsClimatic ConditionsElectricalVehicular

LEGISLATION/SAFE WORK PRACTICE

General LegislationWork in a Safe Environment Protect Self and Others Arborist Job PlanningClimbing Trees Working at Heights Use applicable legislation

MANDATORY INFORMATIONArborist aloft shall be:

� Competent to calculate wood weights using various methods including: green wood weight chart, estimatingby sight, application of suitable safety factors, wood strengths and variability, and tree characteristics

� Familiar with crane performance charts (range and capacity),

� Familiar with crane operations and suitable crane dimensions

� Only competent personnel, deemed by the employer, shall work with a crane

� Familiar with characteristics, defects and imperfections in trees

� Knowledgeable of wood strength in tension wood

� Familiar with safe work procedures to identify hazards and place barriers to the hazards – general andspecific to crane work

� Able to communicate using – standard crane hand signals and or verbally

� Advanced knowledge in rigging techniques and equipment

� Familiar with the required Personal Protective Equipment and climbing equipment needed (inspection,maintenance and use)

� Familiar with appropriate safe work practices to access trees

90

GravityMechanicalErgonomicsPedestrian


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� Familiar with safe work practices using a chainsaw (aloft) and practical application of cuts when utilizing acrane

� Familiar with rigging and control options available when using a crane

� Aware of electrical hazards and appropriate procedures

Crane operators shall have;

� A valid certification (operator’s license) Cranes 8 tons capacity and above or competency in operation of cranes 8 tons and below

� Knowledge and performance of Critical Lifts

� Familiarity with the specific hazards associated with tree removal such as:

� Estimating tree weight calculations, safety factors used, load balancing, movements of load,

� Uneven and unknown ground support conditions

� Wind / sail conditions

� Uneven or unbalanced loading

� Challenging communication situations

� Load paths through possible traffic areas

� Landing zone restrictions

� Awareness of electrical hazards and appropriate procedures

� The operators manual available and be familiar with the contents

Crane Equipment

The ASWP committee recommends that a load cell should be part of the mandatory equipment of the crane. The load cell can be used to verify the load being lifted against the estimated load to verify estimates and to ensure future loads will be adjusted accordingly. The ASWP committee recognizes that all mobile cranes do not have load cells and that crane operators develop a sense of what the loads are based on previous work experiences.

Ground personnel and Arborist on ground shall have specific training in:

� Communication techniques with crane operator

� Sling usage

� Hazards associated with crane use and lifting heavy loads

� Lifting paths including lifting near pedestrian and or traffic areas

� Landing zone restrictions including releasing of loads on cranes, balancing loads on ground to ensure theydo not roll, and clean up procedures


WORK PRACTICE1.0 WORKSITE ASSESSMENT

Prior to contracting a crane to perform the work a thorough site analysis with the crane operator is needed todetermine the size of crane required and whether the location is appropriate for a crane to safely work.

92

STEP ACTION

Determine if crane can be used on worksite � Ensure crane can access the location i.e. roadconditions/weight limitations, access over/underbridges etc, mobility within site, maintaining safe working loads at various boom angles.

� Outrigger room and security� Ground stability � Ensure crane set-up location will provide adequate protection from hazards such aselectrical, overhead structures, buildings, septic systems, underground obstructions and services etc.

� Ensure there is adequate space available for an aerial device, if applicable, work equipment i.e. chippers or trucks, and crane to work within.

� Ensure there is adequate space for the crane and its boom to move freely in and maintain appropriate limits of approach toelectrical apparatus.

� Assess tree for: rot, structural weaknesses, animal nests, loose bark, branching characteristics and any potential hazards for the lifting operation.

Determine crane size required � Assess weights of potential loads� Consider crane lifting capacity and Safe Work Load’s at various boom angles for various crane sizes


2.0 WORKSITE SET-UP


STEP ACTION

Determine potential lifting locations on tree fromground to establish a lifting plan for cuts – “pickingthe load”

� Discuss with crane operator potential lift locationson the tree plus sequence of lifts to be conducted

� Assess potential loads considering: wood weightsusing the Green Wood Weight Charts. branchingof tree sections, tree condition i.e. dead or rottenwood, centre of gravity of the load being lifted,weather conditions (wind, rain, sunlight), barkconditions, and the potential of slippage ofchokers must be considered when determiningwhere to cut and the final weight of the cutsection.

� The estimated weight of the load and a safetyfactor of the lift shall be determined by competentworkers

� Loads should be rigged butt heavy using the 2/3rule for placing a choker on stem. Use ofadditional rigging equipment e.g. ropes, blocksetc. to control the load should be considered.

� Consider use of multi-leg sling configuration.

Determine crane load path to Landing Zone � Ensure that the size of the section to be cut andthe amount of room available to lower the cutsection is adequate.

� Install pedestrian / worker barriers to keep peoplefrom under load

Set-up Landing Zone � Ensure adequate communications betweenworkers and crane operator using either hand orradio communications.

� Install pedestrian / worker barriers to keep peoplefrom under load being moved overhead. Do notwalk under load suspended by crane

Conduct Tailboard Conference � Ensure all participants at the work location,including crane operator and ground persons, arepart of the discussion.

� Instruct how slings are attached and used� Discuss positive locking pins for attachment pointson the crane for devices that could come incontact with the tree

3.0 ARBORIST WORK POSITIONING

94

STEP ACTION

Ascend to predetermined work location in tree � Ascend the tree using predetermined climbingtechniques or aerial device. See Climbing treessection and or Aerial Device Operations

� Assess the tree condition throughout theascending process to ensure tree is structurallysound for the work that will be conducted. .

Secure choker on tree � Ensure there is an agreement between craneoperator and climber for the choker location.

� Load should lift balanced. � Ensure choker positioning will move the load awayfrom climber when hoisted.

� Ensure location will consider the load twistingwhen tension is applied to the choker.

� Ensure tree section is structurally sound tosupport the lift.

� Ensure that the choker will not move due to barkslippage.

� If possible, place choker below a branch union. � If needed for better control, attach butt and/orguide ropes to the section to be removed.Consider the location of the tree with respect tothe energized conductor and other obstructionsand the intended lowering location.

� Determine if multi-leg sling rigging is needed tosecure the load.

� Determine if further rigging to control the load willbe required.


4.0 CRANE RIGGING4.1 Determination of Cut Location

4.2 Crane Rigging - Multi-leg Sling Configuration


STEP ACTION

Determine load � Communicate with crane operator intended slinglocation and cut location

� Determine weight of load to be cut using GreenWood Weight Charts, rules of thumb etc.

� Relay weight of load to crane operator

Crane operator decides if load is within their liftingcapabilities

� Crane operator communicates acceptance orrejection of proposed cutting location based onwhether load is within their capabilities

� Crane operator and worker aloft will agree on thefinal cutting location

Set choker around section of tree � Ensure choker is secured to tree

STEP ACTION

Secure one leg of sling to limb � Place choker so that headache ball is over thecentre of gravity of the limb

� Ensure that the Safe Working Loads of the slingare not encroached.

� Ensure that when sharp angles are placed onconnection between slings and load the SWL arenot compromised.

� Utilize a Sling Angle Load Chart� Ensure bend ratios for slings are not exceeded.

Secure second leg of sling to limb � Ensure that there is no slack in the multi-leg slingconfiguration.

Multi-leg Sling Configurations

4.3 Crane Rigging – Single Sling Configuration

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STEP ACTION

Place choker around tree and secure to headache ball

� Ensure choker is secured properly. � Ensure sling bend ratios are not exceeded. � Ensure the Safe Work Load of the sling is notexceeded

� Place choker so that when lifted the section of treewill move in a direction away from hazards orunintended targets.

� To prevent sling slippage it may be necessary tocut notches for securing slings

Communicate to crane operator to pre-tension line � Communication between crane operator andarborist shall be clear and concise.

� Crane operator places tension on tree � Pre-tension on tree should normally equal theestimated weight of the load of the piece to be cut

STEP ACTION

Visually inspectrigging system to ensure it issecured to treestem prior to lifting

� Check that the headache ball andcrane lifting line are in a verticalline with the centre of gravity of the load.

� Check that the choker(s) is secured.

� Check that there is no twisting of the lift line or choker(s).

� Check that there is a direct pathfrom choker(s) to hook and thereare no limbs in the way

Worker aloftdescends to cut location

� Cut location should be at shoulder level to allow for cutsections to swing away from the chainsaw operator

Establish an escaperoute/method

� Escape route/method should allowthe worker to move out of the wayif a section or limb swings in adifferent direction than anticipated.

Single Sling Configuration


5.0 CUT SECTION


STEP ACTION

Secure to tree using work positioning equipment – ifascending by climbing tree

� Ensure lift will not tangle climber’s fall protectionequipment.

Determine style of chainsaw cut to be made � Angle Cut or Straight cut� Sawing should finish at the pinch point of the loadworking around the circumference of the section

Note: a Snap Cut should be avoided. The Snap Cutrequires the crane operator to break wood by creatinglateral movements to the stem being cut through theboom and hoist line. This action can apply a greatdeal of stress to crane components.

Remove branches above the work location to ensurethat other branches do not strike the worker

� Use appropriate fall protection with chainsaw use.� Ensure severed limbs are removed appropriately.

Communicate to crane operator “beginning cut” � Ensure crane operator has heard and responds.

Perform chainsaw cut � Operate chainsaw from the escape route side ofthe stem.

� Make a controlled cut.� Monitor movement of tree stem. � Communicate with crane operator to adjust liftingtension and or movement or direction to releasetension on section as needed.

Reposition to escape route/method � Worker aloft moves to escape route/method. � Worker communicates to crane operator to takethe load.

Crane operator takes load and lowers to ground � Ensure load is moved away from climber and notover the climber’s head.

� Ensure load is not transferred over groundworkers

Remove choker(s) from cut section on ground � Secure load from movement prior to releasingchoker(s)

� Be aware of potential swing of headache ball.� Remove the choker(s) from the headache ballhook.

� Remove the choker from the tree section.� Replace the choker on the headache ball.� Remove butt/guide ropes as necessary.� Do not use crane to free slings which are stuck.Re-position loads to free slings.

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GLOSSARY,APPENDICES

& BIBLIOGRAPHY�� Glossary of Terms�� Appendix A - Sample Fall Protection Equipment Inspection�� Appendix B - Arborist Fall Protection Equipment�� Appendix C - Ontario Green Wood Weight Chart�� Appendix D - Friction Hitches and Termination Knots�� Bibliography

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GLOSSARY OF TERMSAnchor point A limb or stem of sufficient size and strength to support the load to be

applied. Factors to be considered should include but not be limited to:� Weight of climber� Species characteristics� Diameter of limb or stem� Branch union angle should be wide enough to allow free running of the rope

� The main stem and the support branch must be sound, inspect for:

� Decay� Bird holes� Cracks� Imbedded objects� Cankers

Ensure that the selected tie in point is located so that a slip or fall will swing the climber away from any electrical conductor or other potential hazard.

If working within the legislated Limits of Approach contact the Electrical and Utility Safety Association for further information.

Arboriculture The art, science, technology and business of utility, commercial, municipal and governmental planting, removing and caring for woody plants.

Arborist climbing line Arborist climbing lines shall be constructed of a synthetic fiber, with a minimum nominal breaking strength of 6,100 pounds (27 kN) when new. Arborist climbing lines should be identified by the manufacturer as suitable for tree climbing. Subject to CSA Z259.2.

Arborist An individual engaged in the profession of arboriculture.

As prescribed Specific to a Regulation such as Construction or Industrial Regulation.

Barberchair A result of an unusually strong pressure within the tree, causing it to split up the trunk. The back side of the tree snaps violently and quickly out and up.

Biotic condition Conditions such as stinging insects, biting insects, birds, wild life, poison ivy etc.

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Climbing harness A combination of a belt and a saddle. The belt goes around the waist and the saddle is the actual seat or butt strap. Other names could be: tree saddle or climbing belt.

Cornering cut A cut or cuts that are made to prevent ripping down of the bark when felling a large piece of wood or tree.

Competent individual For the purposes of these work practices a competent individual could be either a competent worker or a competent person.

Competent person Means a person who,a) Is qualified because of knowledge, training and experience

to organize the work and its performance,b) Is familiar with this Act and the regulations that apply

to the work, and,c) Has knowledge of any potential or actual danger to health

or safety in the workplace.

Competent worker In relation to specific work, means a worker who,a) Is qualified because of knowledge, training and experience

to perform the work,b) Is familiar with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and

with the provisions of the regulations that apply to the work and,c) Has knowledge of all potential or actual danger to health or

safety in the work.

Critical lift A lift that, (1) exceeds 75 percent of the rated capacity of the crane or derrick, or (2) requires the use of more than one crane or derrick, or(3) includes lifting a person with a crane.

Drop zone The area where branches and wood may fall.

Emergency plan An organized plan to be performed in an emergency. Part of the Job Planning process and must be communicated to all workers prior to the start of the job.

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Ergonomics An applied science concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely, also called body mechanics.

Escape Route The intended path the chain saw operator will move in case of emergency.

Fall protection system Fall protection system can be fall restraint system or fall restriction system.

Fall restriction system Means a type of fall protection system that has been designed to restrict a worker’s fall to a specific distance.

Fall restraint system Means an assembly of components capable of restricting a worker's movement on a work surface and preventing the worker from reaching a location from which he or she could fall.

Final tie in location See anchor point.

Full body harness Means a device that can arrest an accidental vertical or near vertical fall of a worker and which can guide and distribute the impact forces of the fall by means of leg and shoulder strap supports and an upper dorsal suspension assembly which, after the arrest, will not by itself permit the release or further lowering of the worker.

Hardware Refers to cables, rods, bolts, lags and lighting systems installed in trees.

Hazard Refers to a source of energy, when not controlled can cause injury to a worker. An identifiable risk posed to a worker.

Hazard area With respect to arboricultral practices of felling trees, with respect to the hazard zone is the area where trees are being felled and into which they might fall.

Implant Small encapsulated container containing such materials as fertilizer or pesticide that is installed by means of drilling a small hole into the tree’s trunk and inserting the capsule.

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Interim anchor point A limb of sufficient size and strength to support the load to be applied. Factors to not be considered should include but limited to:� Weight of climber� Species characteristics� Diameter of limb or stem� Branch union angle should be wide enough to allow free running ofthe rope

� The main stem and the support branch must be sound, inspect for: � Decay� Bird holes� Cracks� Imbedded objects� Cankers

Ensure that the selected tie in point is located so that a slip or fall will swing the climber away from any electrical conductor or other potential hazard.

If working within the legislated Limits of Approach contact the Electrical and Utility Safety Association for further information.

Load (static v.s dynamic) A force borne by or conveyed to a structure.

Mechanical advantage A measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device or machine system.

Qualified personnel An individual who, by reason of training and experience hasdemonstrated the ability to safely perform assigned duties and, where required, is properly licensed in accordance with Federal, provincial or local laws and regulations.

Reverse barber chair A reverse barber chair can happen when a tree that is being cut by a climber some distance above ground level, splits below the notch. This splitting action can cause a climber to be crushed or severely injured. Tree size, species, loading and rigging forces are factors that can affect the probability of this occurrence.

Safe working load The maximum allowable working load established by the manufacturer or other authority. Often called the Working Load Limit. Takes into account a Safety Factor.

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Safety factor Ratio of breaking strength to the force to be applied.

Safety lines Short ropes or lanyards used for work positioning as a secondary point of attachment.

Shall As used in these safe work practices, denotes a mandatory requirement.

Should As used in these safe work practices, denotes an advisory recommendation.

Split prevention system A mechanical system that is designed to control the hazard of a tree splitting.

Spring poles Small trees bent over from pressure of the felled tree.

Tailboard discussion A discussion held with all crew members prior to beginning a job. All workers must be present and understand their duties and emergency plans.

Work plan A plan to perform the intended work.

Work position The location where the work is performed in a tree.

Work site The physical location where work is performed, address.

Working load limit The maximum allowable working load established by the manufacturer or other authority. Often called the Safe Working Load. Takes into account a Safety Factor.

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106

APPENDIX A

SAMPLE FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT INSPECTIONClimbing line inspection:Inspect for cuts, abrasion, contamination from dirt, grease, oil etc. It may be necessary to separate rope fibers for further internal inspection.

Full body harness / climbing saddle inspection:Inspect for worn and damaged stitching. Inspect for damaged and pulled rivets. Check webbing for cuts andexcessive wear. Look for damage and excessive wear to “D” rings.

Shock absorbing lanyard and work positioning lanyard inspection:Evaluate lanyards for cuts and abrasion, excessive wear, safety snap function, wear and damage.

Connecting link inspection:Carabiners and safety snaps generally have the same components therefore inspection will be the same. Locking devices shall be checked for function wear and damage. The body of connecting links shall be examinedfor cracks, wear and deformities. Dry graphite lubricant is recommended for moving parts.

Inspection of climbing spurs:Inspect gaffs for cracks, deformities and proper attachment points. Ensure that the gaffs are sharp and properly shaped. Check pads, straps, leg irons, stirrups, and sleeves for defects and wear. Ensure that climbers are properly adjusted and fitted.

Ladder Inspection:Only fiberglass or wooden ladders shall be used if there is any possibility of an electrical contact. Check that allrung braces are tight and that rivets are in place. Inspect the rung locks on extension ladders to ensure they movefreely. Lubricate moving parts and springs. Ensure that rung locks catch over the rungs. Safety shoes must be inplace and moving freely. Inspect pulley on extension ladders for function and wear. Replace parts if necessary.Defective ladders shall not be used.

Note: These inspection items are in addition to and do not replace the manufacturers’ suggested inspections.

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108

APPENDIX B

ARBORIST FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

� Free fall distance is 0.6 metre maximum

� Fall protection systems will be used for all work above 3 metres

� CSA Standard Z259.1 Safety Belts and Lanyards

� CSA Standard Z259.2 Fall Arresting Devices, Personnel Lowering Devices and Life Lines

� kN kilonewton multiply by 224.81 = lbs. force

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FALL PROTECTIONCOMPONENT ASWP REQUIREMENT APPLICABLE

STANDARD

Climbing Line � 12 mm (1/2 inch) synthetic material. CSA Z259.2 .1-98

Connecting devices (carabiner, safety snap, friction device)

� Minimum breaking strength 22 kN (5,000 lbs.).

� Self-locking, with two operations to unlock.Double action , pull down, twist and open gate

� Maximum slippage no more than 1 metre.

CSA Z259.12-01

Climbing Harness � Meet or exceed CSA Z259.1-M99 CSA Z259.1-95-M99

Full Body Harness � Meet or exceed CSA Z259.10-M90 CSA Z259.10-M90

Work Positioning Lanyard� Snaps automatically close and lock.� Meet or exceed CSA Z259.1-M99

CSA Z259.1-M99

Shock Absorbing Lanyard(Expanding Lanyard)

� Snaps automatically close and lock.� Meet or exceed CSA Z259.1-M99

CSA Z259.1-M99

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APPENDIX C

ONTARIO GREEN WOOD WEIGHT CHART


Wt/lbSpecies Ft. 3 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24" 26" 28" 30" 32" 34" 36"

Apple 55 30 43 59 77 97 120 145 173 203 235 270 307 347 389Ash, White 48 26 38 51 67 85 104 126 150 177 205 235 267 302 339Aspen, Trembling 43 23 34 46 60 76 95 114 135 159 184 211 240 271 304Basswood 42 23 33 45 59 74 92 111 132 155 180 206 235 265 297Beech, American 54 29 42 58 75 95 118 142 169 199 231 265 301 340 381Birch, White 50 27 39 53 70 88 109 132 157 164 214 245 279 317 353Birch,Yellow 57 31 45 61 80 101 124 151 179 210 244 280 319 360 403Butternut 46 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 170 197 226 257 290 325Cedar, Western Red 28 15 22 30 39 49 61 74 88 103 119 137 157 177 197Cherry, Black 45 25 35 48 63 79 98 119 141 166 192 221 251 283 318Chestnut, Horse 41 22 32 43 57 72 89 109 129 151 175 201 229 258 289Cottonwood 49 27 38 52 68 86 107 129 154 180 209 240 273 310 346Elm, American 54 29 42 58 75 95 118 142 169 199 231 265 301 340 381Hemlock, Eastern 49 27 38 52 68 86 107 129 154 180 209 240 273 310 346Hickory,Shagbark 64 35 50 68 89 113 140 169 201 236 273 314 357 403 452Larch 51 28 40 54 71 90 111 135 160 188 218 250 285 322 360Locust,Black 58 32 45 62 81 102 126 153 182 213 248 284 323 364 409Locust, Honey 61 33 48 65 85 108 133 161 192 225 261 299 341 385 431Maple, Red 50 27 39 53 70 88 109 132 157 164 214 245 279 317 353Maple, Silver 45 25 35 48 63 79 98 119 141 166 192 221 251 283 318Maple, Sugar 56 31 44 60 78 99 122 148 176 206 239 275 313 353 396Oak, Live 76 41 60 81 106 134 166 200 238 280 324 372 424 478 536Oak, Red 63 34 49 67 88 111 137 166 198 232 269 309 251 397 445Oak, White 62 34 48 66 86 109 135 163 194 228 265 304 346 390 437Pine, White 36 20 28 38 50 64 78 95 113 128 154 176 201 227 254Spruce, Red 34 19 27 36 47 60 74 90 106 125 145 166 189 214 239Sycamore 52 28 41 55 72 92 113 137 163 191 222 254 290 327 366Tulip 38 21 30 40 53 67 83 99 119 140 162 186 211 239 268Walnut, Black 58 32 45 62 81 102 126 153 182 213 248 284 323 364 409Willow 32 17 25 34 45 56 70 84 100 118 137 157 179 201 226

Species Wt/lb 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24" 26" 28" 30" 32" 34" 36"Ft. 3

Weight of Green LogsWeight in Pounds, Per Foot in Length, Based on Average Diameter

Weight in Pounds, Per Foot in Length, Based on Average Diameter

Wt/lbSpecies Ft. 3 38" 40" 42" 44" 46" 48" 50" 52" 54" 56" 58" 60" 62" 64"

Apple 55 433 480 529 581 635 691 750 811 875 941 1009 1080 1153 1229Ash, White 48 378 419 462 507 554 603 654 708 763 821 881 942 1006 1072Aspen, Trembling 43 339 375 414 454 496 540 586 634 684 735 789 844 902 961Basswood 42 331 367 404 443 485 528 573 619 668 718 771 825 881 938Beech, American 54 425 471 520 570 623 579 736 796 859 926 991 1060 1132 1206Birch, White 50 394 438 481 528 577 628 682 737 795 855 917 982 1048 1117Birch,Yellow 57 449 497 548 602 658 716 777 841 907 975 1046 1119 1195 1273Butternut 46 362 401 443 486 531 578 627 678 732 787 844 903 964 1028Cedar, Western Red 28 221 244 269 296 323 352 382 413 445 479 514 550 587 626Cherry, Black 45 354 393 433 475 519 565 614 664 716 770 826 884 943 1005Chestnut, Horse 41 323 358 394 433 473 515 559 605 652 701 752 832 860 916Cottonwood 49 386 428 471 517 566 616 668 723 779 838 899 962 1027 1095Elm, American 54 425 471 520 570 623 579 736 796 859 926 991 1060 1132 1206Hemlock, Eastern 49 386 428 471 517 566 616 668 723 779 838 899 962 1027 1095Hickory,Shagbark 64 504 559 616 676 729 804 873 944 1018 1095 1174 1257 1342 1430Larch 51 402 445 491 539 589 641 695 752 811 872 936 1001 1069 1139Locust,Black 58 457 506 558 612 669 729 791 855 922 992 1064 1139 1216 1296Locust, Honey 61 480 532 587 644 704 767 832 900 970 1043 1119 1198 1279 1363Maple, Red 50 394 438 481 528 577 628 682 737 795 855 917 982 1048 1117Maple, Silver 45 354 393 433 475 519 565 614 664 716 770 826 884 943 1005Maple, Sugar 56 441 489 539 591 646 704 764 826 891 958 1027 1100 1174 1251Oak, Live 76 599 663 731 803 877 955 1036 1121 1209 1300 1394 1492 1593 1698Oak, Red 63 496 550 606 665 727 792 859 929 1002 1078 1156 1237 1321 1407Oak, White 62 488 541 597 655 716 779 845 914 986 1060 1138 1217 1300 1385Pine, White 36 284 314 346 380 415 452 491 531 573 616 661 707 755 804Spruce, Red 34 268 297 327 359 392 427 464 501 541 582 624 668 713 760Sycamore 52 410 454 500 549 600 653 709 767 827 889 954 1021 1090 1162Tulip 38 299 332 366 401 439 478 518 560 604 650 697 746 849 903Walnut, Black 58 457 506 558 612 669 729 791 855 922 992 1064 1139 1216 1296Willow 32 252 279 308 338 369 402 436 472 509 547 587 628 671 715

Species Wt/lb 38" 40" 42" 44 46" 48 50" 52" 54" 56" 58" 60" 62" 64"Ft. 3

Weight of Green LogsWeight in Pounds, Per Foot in Length, Based on Average Diameter

Weight in Pounds, Per Foot in Length, Based on Average Diameter

APPENDIX C

ONTARIO GREEN WOOD WEIGHT CHART CON’T

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APPENDIX D

FRICTION HITCHES AND TERMINATION KNOTSThe following describes an approved list of friction hitches and terminations knots acceptable for arboristclimbing techniques. The ascending and termination knots have been assessed using the CSA Standard Z259.2Fall Arresting Devices, Personnel Lowering Devices and Vertical Life Lines. Further information and testinginformation can be requested from the International Society of Arboricutlure Ontario Chapter.

All knots and friction hitches must be tied, dressed and set properly. Repetitive loading and unloading of knotscan potentially slacken off the knot. Therefore, all knots must be monitored throughout the climbing process.

Ascending Techniques

Working

ASCENDING TECHNIQUE KNOTS

Belay Blake’s Hitch

Secured Foot LockingKlemheist Prussik (6 coil)

Secured Body Thrust

Blake’s HitchSwabbish Tautline HitchGripping Hitch

WORKING TECHNIQUE KNOTS

Blake’s HitchTautline Hitch Figure 8 Stopper KnotSwabbish Gripping Hitch

WORKING TECHNIQUE KNOTS

Open Climbing SystemFigure 8 on a Bight Cow Hitch - Spliced EyeTriple Fisherman

Closed Climbing System

Bowling - Figure 8 Stopper KnotTriple FishermanDouble FishermanBeckett - Figure 8 Stopper KnotAnchor

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Termination Knots

APPENDIX D

FRICTION HITCHES AND TERMINATION KNOTS CON’T

Friction Hitches

Blake’s Hitch Gripping Hitch

Tautline Hitch

Swabbish

114

APPENDIX D

FRICTION HITCHES AND TERMINATION KNOTSFriction Hitches con’t

Prussik (6 coil)

Klemheist

Termination Knots

Anchor Hitch

Cow Hitch Figure 8 on a Bight

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APPENDIX D

FRICTION HITCHES AND TERMINATION KNOTS CON’TTermination Knots con’t

Beckett Bend

Bowline

Triple Fisherman

Double Fisherman

Double Fisherman Loop Triple Fisherman Loop


Third Edition, 2011

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ARBORIST SAFE WORK PRACTICES SOURCESAmerican National Standards Institute, ANSI Z133.1-2000, International Society of Arboriculture

American National Standards Institute, A300, (Part 1) - 2001, National Arborist Association, Inc.



American National Standards Institute, A300, (Part 4) – 2001, National Arborist Association, Inc.

Anon., 1983, Rigging Manual, Ontario Hydro

Anon., 1967, Mobile Hydraulics Manual, Sperry-Vickers Rand Corporation

Asplundh Manufacturing Division, Operation, Maintenance and Repairs Parts Manual

Arborist News, April 1998, The Machard Tress, International Society of Aboriculture, Champaign, IL

Ashley, C.W., 1944, The Ashley Book of Knots, Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc., New York, NY

Bickell, C and D. Joyce, 1996, Pruning and Training, Cavindish Books, Vancouver, BC

Bigon, M. and Regazzoni, G., 1983, The Century Guide To Knots, Century Publishing, London, England

Blair, D. F., 1995, Arborist Equipment, International Society of Aboriculture, Savoy, IL

Canadian Standards Association, CSA Z259.1 / 2

Davey Tree Canada, Safety and Operating Manual, Toronto, Ontario

Dickie, D.E., 1975, Rigging Manual, First Edition Construction Safety Association of Ontario

Electrical Utilities Safety Association of Ontario, 1999, Line Clearing Operations, Mississauga, Ontario

Electrical Utilities Safety Association of Ontario, 1994, Rule Book for Electric Utility Operations, Mississauga, Ontario

Gilman, E.F., 1997, An Illustrated Guide to Pruning, Delmar Publishers, Albany, NY

Harris, R.W., 1993, Arboriculture, New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc.

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118

BIBLIOGRAPHYARBORIST SAFE WORK PRACTICES SOURCES CON’THusqvarna , 1990, 250 RX Operators Manual, Husqvarna, Sweden

Husqvarna, 1997, 250RX Operators Manual, Husqvarna, Sweden

Jepson, J., 2000, The Tree Climbers Companion 2nd Edition, Beaver Tree Publishing, Longville, MN

Jepson, J., 1997, The Tree Climbers Companion, Published by Jeff Jepson, Longville MN

Anon., Landscape Ontario – A Reference Guide for Developing Planting Details, Landscape Ontario

Anon., Landscape Ontario – A Reference Guide for Lighting Specification, Landscape Ontario

Lilly, S. J., et al. 2000, Arborist Certification Study Guide, The International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, IL

Lilly, S.J. and Palmer, K., 1997, Introduction To Ropes Care And Construction, The International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, IL

Lilly, S. J., 1999, Tree Climbers Guide, The International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, IL

Anon., 1990, Line Clearing Manual, Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario

Mattheck, C., and Breloer, H., 1997, The Body Language of Trees, The London Stationary Office, London, England

Ministry of Transportation, Ontario Traffic Manual March 2001 - Temporary Conditions, Queen's Printer for Ontario

Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations for Construction Projects - June 2000, Queens Printer for Ontario

Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations for Industrial Establishments - 1996, Queens Printer for Ontario

Ontario Natural Resources Safety Association, The Cutting Edge, North Bay, Ontario

Pirone, P .P., J. R. Hartman, M.A. Sall, T .P. Pirone, 1988, Tree Maintenance, Oxford University Press, New York, NY

Raleigh D., 1998, Knots and Ropes for Climbers, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.

Shigo, A.L., 1991, Modern Arboriculture, Shigo and Trees Associates, Durham, Newhampshire

Shigo, A. L., 1989, Tree Pruning, Shigo and Trees Associates, Durham, New Hampshire

Smith, B. and Padget, A., 1996, On Rope, The National Speleological Society, Huntsville, Alabama

Tehrani G. and N.W. Miles, Training And Pruning Of Fruit Trees- Publication 392, Horticulture Research Institute of Ontario, Simcoe, Ontario



Documents

ARBORIST RBORIST INDUSTRY NDUSTRY - WSPS · The Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP) contain arboricultural safety requirements for planting, pruning, repairing, maintaining and removing