Arabic Tutor-Volume One[1]

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Volume One Volume One Volume One Volume One

A Translation of

popularly known as


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Arabic Tutor Arabic Tutor Arabic Tutor Arabic Tutor Volume One Volume One Volume One Volume One

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Copyright 2004 Madrasah Inmiyyah

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission ofMadrasah Inmiyyah, except in the case of brief quotations embodied incritical articles and reviews.

Typeset on Palatino 13 and Traditional Arabic 18 by Academy for IslamicResearch, Madrasah Inmiyyah, Camperdown, KwaZulu Natal, SouthAfrica.


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Title Arabic Tutor - Volume One

Author Mouln bdus Sattr Khn ( )

Translated by Mouln Ebrhm Muhammad

First Edition R Awwal 1428 A.H. April 2007

Published by Madrasah InaamiyyahP.O. Box 39Camperdown3720South Africa

Tel +27 31 785 1519

Fax +27 31 785 1091

email [email protected]


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bdullh Ibn bbs narrates that Raslullh said,Love the Arabs for three things:

because I am an Arab, the Qurn is in Arabic and the language of the people of Jannah is Arabic.


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Contents of Each Volume

Volume One: Lesson 1 to Lesson 15

Volume Two: Lesson 16 to Lesson 25

Volume Three: Lesson 26 to Lesson 43

Volume Four: Lesson 44 to Lesson 75


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Contents

Transliteration........................................................................10 Introduction............................................................................13 Reviews of this Book.............................................................17 Indications ..............................................................................25

Notes........................................................................................2 Request....................................................................................26 Translator's Note ...................................................................26 Terminology...........................................................................28 Terminology...........................................................................28

Lesson 1.......................................................................................3 Words and the Types of Words...........................................31

The Types of Nouns..........................................................32 The Types of Definite Nouns...........................................33

Lesson 2.......................................................................................3 The Particles of ( ) and ( ).......................................35

Vocabulary List No. 1 .......................................................38 Exercise No. 1.....................................................................40 Test No. 1............................................................................42

Lesson 3.......................................................................................4 Compounds............................................................................44

The Adjectival Phrase .......................................................45 Vocabulary List No. 2 .......................................................47 Exercise No. 2.....................................................................49


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Lesson 4.......................................................................................5 Gender.....................................................................................50

Vocabulary List No. 3 .......................................................52 Exercise No. 3.....................................................................53

Lesson 5.......................................................................................5 Singular and Plural ...............................................................55

Vocabulary List No. 4 .......................................................59

Exercise No. 4.....................................................................61 Test No. 2............................................................................62 Lesson 6.......................................................................................6

Sentences with a Noun - ....................................64 Vocabulary List No. 5 .......................................................69 The Nominative Detached Pronouns.............................71

Exercise No. 5.....................................................................73 Lesson 7.......................................................................................7 The Genitive of Possession...................................................77

Vocabulary List No. 6 .......................................................80 Exercise No. 6.....................................................................84 Test No. 3............................................................................86

Lesson 8.......................................................................................8 The Scales of Words ..............................................................88

Exercise No. 7.....................................................................93 Lesson 9.......................................................................................9

The Broken Plural..................................................................94 Vocabulary List No. 7 .....................................................101 Exercise No. 8...................................................................103


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Test No. 4..........................................................................106 Lesson 10...................................................................................10

The Cases of Nouns.............................................................108 The Signs of Declension of Different Nouns...............109 Vocabulary List No. 8 .....................................................118 Exercise No. 9...................................................................119

Lesson 11...................................................................................12

The Genitive of Possession.................................................123 Vocabulary List No. 9 .....................................................133 Exercise No. 10.................................................................135 Test No. 5..........................................................................140

Lesson 12...................................................................................14 Indicative Pronouns............................................................142

Vocabulary List No. 10 ...................................................147 Exercise No. 11.................................................................148 Test No. 6..........................................................................151

Lesson 13...................................................................................15 Interrogative Pronouns.......................................................152

Vocabulary List No. 11 ...................................................156 Exercise No. 12.................................................................157

Test No. 7..........................................................................164 Lesson 14...................................................................................16 The Verb................................................................................166

Vocabulary List No. 12 ...................................................173 Exercise No. 13.................................................................176

Lesson 15...................................................................................18 The Imperfect .......................................................................181


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Vocabulary List No. 13 ...................................................189 Exercise No. 14.................................................................191 An Arabic Letter ..............................................................195 Test No. 8..........................................................................196


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Transliteration

The following method of transliteration of the Arabic lettershas been used in this book:

b t th j

h kh d dh r z s sh s


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d

t z

gh f q

k l m n h , y


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Some Arabic phrases used in this book are as follows:

(Sallallhu alaihi wasallam)May Allh send blessings and salutations uponhim - used for Nab

( laihis salm)Salutations upon him used for all prophets

(Radiallhu anhu)May Allh be pleased with him used for theSahbah

( Jalla Jalluh)The Sublime used for Allh

( zza wa jall)

Allh is full of glory and sublimity( ) (Rahimahullh)May Allh have mercy on him used fordeceased saints and scholars


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In reality, choosing such lessons and providing a sequencefor them is no ordinary task. This is merely the grace of theAlmighty Allh who made this writer accomplish suchan enormous task.

That is the grace of Allh. He grants it to whoever Hedesires.

All thanks are due to Allh that this book was found to be extremely beneficial wherever it was read or taught.

Many seekers of Arabic have written that they had losthope after several attempts. If they had not obtained this book, they would not have learnt Arabic.

This is the fourth edition of this book. Initially, this bookwas written in two parts. Now it has been divided into fourparts so that it can serve as a proper syllabus for highschools from the fourth class till matric.

This is the first part of the book. The lessons have beendecreased when compared to the previous editions.However, the exercises have been increased to an extentthat they can serve the place of an Arabic reader.


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This part contains only fifteen lessons. But you will besurprised to note how much Arabic is taught with such afew lessons. The method of analysing sentences andrecognition has been so well explained, that one cannotachieve this by learning several other prevalent ArabicGrammar books.

The key to each part has also been published. Due to this,many learners have learnt Arabic on their own.

A student doing self-study can complete this part in aboutsix weeks. However, due to the presence of several othersubjects in high schools, it will be appropriate to make it aone year course in the fourth class. In Arabic seminariesand Drul lms, where only Arabic is taught, all fourparts of this book can be easily taught in one year.

Nevertheless, this book is such that every text bookcommittee and those in charge of the syllabi in themadrasahs should include it in their syllabus in order to

remove the difficulties of the students. They will berewarded by Allh and thanked by the people.

The summary of the opinions of the Ulam of everyprovince of India and the reviews of magazines andnewspapers is that this has been the most successfulattempt to simplify Arabic. This book is worth being


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introduced in government and non-govermental schools sothat the teaching of Arabic can be simplified.This humble servant is grateful to all those who rendered beneficial opinions. May Allh reward them with the best of rewards.

The following pages contain the valuable opinions of some

scholars. This should serve as a means of encouraging theseekers of Arabic. Others will not have to waste their timein looking for the merits of this book.

The servant of the students(Mouln) bdus Sattr Khn ( )

Bindi Bazaar, Bombay, IndiaMuharram 1361 A.H.


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Reviews of this Book by the lam, professors of Arabic, authentic journals and

the lovers of Arabic

llmah Shabbir Ahmad thmn( )

This book is worth including in the syllabi of the madris. Itis perhaps the best book written in this subject. The authorhas done a tremendous favour to the seekers of Arabic.

Mouln Manzir Ahsan Giln( ), teacher at JmiahUthmniah, Hyderabad

May Allh reward you. This is a tremendous task. You havefavoured the Muslims greatly. You have decreased a burden from my shoulders.

Mouln Khjah bdul Hayy( ), professor at JmiahMillyah, Delhi

I taught the first part to the students as an experiment. Ihave found this book to be the easiest from all the bookswritten on this subject.

Abul Al Maududi , editor of Tarjumanul Qurn, Lahore


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This is the most successful effort at explaining the languageof Arabic and its rules.

Mouln Muhammad Nzim Nadw( ), teacher atNadwatul Ulam, Lucknow

Many books have been written in India to learn the Arabiclanguage in the shortest period possible. However, I havenot seen any book till now that concisely meets the needs ofthe time. Mouln bdus Sattr Khn is entitled to thegratitude and thanks of the Indian students and teachers for

having written a very beneficial, easy and concise textbookto fulfil this need

From my personal experience I know that this book is veryvaluable in providing benefit. It is worthy of being includedin Arabic madrasahs and English schools so that thestudents can learn the language in a short period.


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Mouln bdul Qadr Siddq( ), teacher at Jmiah

Uthmniah, Hyderabad

If this book is included in the syllabus, it will be verysuitable. It is better than other books.

Mouln bdul Wsi ( ), teacher at JmiahUthmniah, Hyderabad

I completely agree with the opinion of Mouln bdulQadr Shib.

llmah Sheikh bdul Qdir ( ), professor atElphinstone College, Bombay

This is a successful endeavour. If this book is included inthe initial Arabic syllabus, it would be more beneficial thanother books.

Mouln Ghulm Ahmad( ), head teacher at Madrasahrabyah, Jmi Musjid Bombay


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We have included this textbook in the syllabus of ourmadrasah. Experience shows that it is very beneficial.

Mouln Habbur Rahmn Sherwn( ), Hyderabad

I have studied the book, rab k Muallim. It seems to be better than the previous books.

Mouln Lutfur Rahmn( ), Hyderabad

The success you have achieved in simplifying Arabic has

not been achieved by anyone, not even by the EuropeanOrientalists. This book is not merely dry Grammar but isan excellent textbook of Grammar and an interestingcollection of literature.

Janb Ghulm l , advocate of the High Court, Bombay

Such an interesting and easy book of Arabic Grammar hasnot been seen before. My children study it with greatinterest.


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Mouln Sayyid Muhammad Yahypr( ), Ilhabd

There is no doubt that the author will long be rememberedfor this book and in the hereafter it will be a means of greatreward for him.

Mouln Muhammad Sad( ), Sultnpr

The books of Punjab and U.P. and the book Kalme rab ofMeerut are non-entities in front of your book.

Mouln Muhammad Siddq Krnw( ) This humble servant has several books of this type e.g.Raudatul Adab , Kalme rab etc. However, the excellentmanner in which you have presented the summary from Mzntill Kfiyahcannot be found in the above-mentioned books.

Mouln Saduddn Khn( ), Indor

Indeed Arabic has been simplified. Your effort is worthcongratulating.


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Zamndr , a newspaper of Lahore

Without exaggeration, we can say that the learned authorhas achieved extraordinary success. In our opinion this book is worth including in the syllabi of all government andnon-government schools where Arabic is taught. Wespecifically request the Punjab Text Book Committee to

grant the students the opportunity to benefit from it.

Al-Jamat , a newspaper of Delhi

Arab K Muallim in reality conveys the meaning of itsname that is, it is an Arabic tutor. My desire is that theprincipals of Arabic institutes include it in their syllabi.

The Journal Adab Dunyof Delh

Many books have been written till now in the modern trend

in order to simplify Arabic. I have seen practically all ofthem. However, the manner in which Moulan bdusSattr Khn has simplified a complex language such asArabic cannot be found anywhere.


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The newspaperZamzamof Lahore

The manner of teaching and understanding adopted in this book does not create any burden on the mind. Every fact isthoroughly learnt like a known fact. In our opinion there isno better series to promote Arabic.

The JournalBalghof Amritsar

Moulan bdus Sattr Khn is entitled to congratulationsfor having converted this stone (Arabic Grammar) intowater. He has explained all the rules from MzntillKfiyah in an easy-to-understand manner.

Ilh Bakhsh , Malaya

I have ordered many books of Arabic Grammar andMorphology written in Urdu and English and have spentmuch money on them. But by Allh, these books have no

value in front of your book. I do not have sufficientpowerful words to describe the assistance I have receivedfrom your book in learning Arabic. Even now, if a Muslimfinds Arabic to be difficult, he is unfortunate and lackscourage.


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Janb Muhammad Hanf , Upper Primary School,Hazrbgh

I had a desire to study Arabic for a long time. I used many books but it was futile. When I studied your book, Imastered Arabic in a very short while. The surprising thingwas that I received no assistance from any teacher. Your

book in reality is a mirror of the Arabic language.

Muhammad Sharafud-dn , Hyderabad

I thought that Arabic was so difficult that I could not evenimagine learning it. However, as soon as I saw your book,my courage increased and I began studying it. I completedthe first part in a few days. Now send me the second part. Ido not think there is any book easier than this one.

Dr. Muhammad bdul Qudds , Madras

I read the first part of your book. It helped metremendously to the extent that now I am able to write afew sentences in Arabic. Undoubtedly your book will createa great revolution.


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This amount of recommendation is sufficient for the onewho understands; otherwise so many reviews werereceived that a separate book could be compiled for thispurpose.

Indications

1) The inverted comma () is used to indicate the plural of anoun.2) In order to refer to a particular lesson, the lesson numberand fact number will be mentioned in brackets thus: (5-2)meaning lesson number 5, fact no. 2.

3) The ( ) of the verb is mentioned in brackets after it.

Notes

1) Do not start a new lesson until you have mastered theprevious one.2) Translate each exercise with particular care.3) Sometimes you may not understand a point. Remainsteadfast and seek the assistance of someone. Perhaps lateron you will understand the point yourself.


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Request

A request is made to the teachers to study the bookthoroughly before teaching it. During your teaching stint,you will be able to refer your students to previous lessonseasily. There is no need to memorize the rules parrot-

fashion. As you continuously repeat the examples, the ruleswill become ingrained in your mind. You will also learn theArabic terms at the same time. It is appropriate to teach the book twice. First teach it superfluously and then in detailthe second time.

Translator's Note

Translating is indeed a difficult task and I therefore do notclaim to have fulfilled the right of translating this book. Iask the reader to overlook all shortcomings. Thoseattempting to translate any work of this calibre, will realizethe great hurdles one has to overcome, especially wherethere are many technical terms involved.

I have made an attempt to clarify the text as much aspossible and simplify the rules so that the beginner cangrasp them quickly. Where there was a need, I have addedexplanatory footnotes.


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The original Urdu text of the book contains many errors,especially in the Qur'nic verses. I have corrected these inthe English version. In many cases, I have used tables toenlist sentences or examples. This was done for the sake ofgreater clarity although the original text does not have suchtables. Many new Arabic words used in the exercises havenot been mentioned in the vocabulary. I have enlisted these

as well. Many singular words did not have their pluralslisted. I have included these also for the benefit of thestudents.

I have used the arrow sign ( ) to indicate the direction ofthe text. In some cases, the text has to be read from left toright as in English, while in other instances, it has to be readfrom right to left as in Arabic.

I have provided the English equivalents of the Arabicgrammatical terminology for the sake of information. Thestudent need not learn the English terms. If one learns theArabic terms and understands them well, it is sufficient.

May Allh accept this humble effort from me and make ita means for my salvation, mn.


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Terminology

Terms Meanings

the diacritical points namely fathah( ), kasrah ( ) and dammah ( ).

a letter with a harakah the diacritical point ( ) also known

as jazm

fathah ( ) kasrah ( )

dammah ( ) two fathahs ( ), two kasrahs ( ) ortwo dammas ( )

the sound of the nn created whenreading the tanwn

a letter having a fathah, eg. () a letter having a kasrah, eg. () a letter having a dammah, eg. () a letter having a sukn, eg. ()


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a letter having a tashdd ( ) to make a noun definite to make a noun indefinite

the ( ) attached to a noun

the noun having ( )

singular dual

plural a collective plural, e.g. () - nation masculine also known as ( ) feminine also known as ( )

the letters of the alphabet

( ), ( ) and ( )


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the letters besides the ( )

One hamzah is that of the (). Another hamzah is an alif

that is mutaharrik ( ) or an alif

having jazm like the alif of ( )

The initial hamzah of a word which

is not pronounced when joined to thepreceding word, e.g. ( )


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Lesson 1

Words and the Types of Words

1. A word having a meaning is called ( ). It is of three

types: ( ) noun, ( ) - verb and ( ) - particle.

An ( ) is independent of other words in indicating its

meaning. It also does not have any tense, e.g. () man,

( ) specific name, ( ) to hit, ( ) good, ( ) he, ( ) I.

A ( ) is a word that indicates some action together with

one of the three tenses, e.g. ( ) he hit, ( ) he went,

( ) he is going or he will go.A ( ) is a word whose meaning cannot be understood

without an ( ) or ( ), e.g. ( ) from, ( ) on, ( )

in, ( ) till, (

) The man went to the


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musjid.

The Types of Nouns

2. Nouns are of two types:(1) ( ) definite and

(2) ( ) indefinite.

An indefinite noun is a word which refers to a generalthing. The word ( ) a man, does not refer to any

specific person. It can refer to any person. The word ()does not refer to any particular good thing. Every goodthing can be called ( ).

A definite noun refers to a specific thing. Zaid () is the

name of a particular person. Makkah () is the name of a

specific city. ( ) the man - refers to a specific person.


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The Types of Definite Nouns

Definite Nouns are of seven categories:

1. ( ) proper nouns, e.g. ( ), ( ).2. (

) - pronouns, e.g. ( ) he, ( ) you, ( ) - I.

3. ( ) - the demonstrative pronoun, e.g. () this, ( ) that.

4. ( ) - the relative pronoun, e.g. ( ) who,( ) who (feminine).

5. ( ) vocative case, e.g.( ) O man,( ) O boy.

6. ( ) - the noun having ( ), e.g. ( ) thehorse, ( ) the man.

7.

( ) a noun which is related to any ofthe above-mentioned definite nouns, e.g.( ) Zaids book, ( ) this persons book, (

) the book of the man.


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Note: In these examples, the word ( ) has becomedefinite.

Besides the above-mentioned definite nouns, all othernouns are indefinite. They are also of several types, two ofthe main categories being:

(1) ( ) a word that denotes the being ofsomething, living or non-living, e.g. ( ) man, ( )

horse, ( ) stone.

(2) ( ) - a word that indicates the quality ofsomething, e.g. ( ) beautiful, ( ) ugly.


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Lesson 2

The Particles of ( ) and ( )

1. The tanwn1 is generally attached to a word that isindefinite. In this case, it is regarded as a particle that

renders a noun indefinite ( ).2 It is translated as aor an in English, e.g. ( ) a man, ( ) an apple, ( ) water. There is no need to translate it everywhere as in theexample of ( ) water.

Note 1: Sometimes a proper noun also has tanwn, e.g.( ), ( ), ( ). In such a case, the tanwn is notregarded as a ( ).

2. The definite article of Arabic is ().3 It is also called (

). When ( ) is prefixed to any indefinite word, it becomes definite. Now the word is termed as ( )

1 See Terminology on page 22.2 This is similar to the letter a in English.3 It is similar to the word the in English.


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the lm. If after the word ( = ), the word ( )appears, it will be read as ( ).

Note 3: The alif of (), ( ) and ( ) is also hamzatul wasl.It is not pronounced when joined to the preceding word.

Examples: ( ) is read as ( ) He is a son;( ) is read as ( ) This is a name;

( ) is read as ( ) Zaid is a son;( ) is read as ( ) Hmid is a name.

When ( ) is prefixed to ( ) and ( ), the lm of the () is

rendered a kasrah and joined to the () and ( ). Therefore

( ) is read as ( = ) and ( ) is read as (=). This rule is overlooked in general conversation.

6. When ( ) is prefixed to a word having one of the letters

of ( ), the lm of the () is assimilated into theharf shams, that is, at the time of pronunciation, instead ofreading the lm, the harf shams is pronounced. No jazm is


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written on the lm in such a case but a tashdd is written onthe harf shams, e.g. ( ) the sun, ( ) the man,etc.

The ( ) are:

Besides these letters, the other letters are called (

), e.g. ( ) the moon, ( ) camel.

Vocabulary List No. 1

Note 4: After prefixing the definite article to these words,pronounce them.

Word Meaningman

house dates

fruit

ignorant


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learned

good, beautiful

bread

lesson

sin

messenger

zakh

easy

thing

prayer

light

good, clean

oppressor

justone who forgives

transgressor

ugly


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noble, generous

milk

water

day

boy

cat

day and

or

Exercise No. 1

Note 5: When speaking, pause on the last letter, that is, donot read any harakah on the final letter. Read the word

( ) as ( ) and ( ) as ( ). If you are reading oneword, pause on its last letter and if you are reading severalwords, pause on the last word, e.g. ( ).(A) Read these words and translate them:


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)()()( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )(

)(

(B) Translate the following words or phrases into Arabic.Use the definite article () wherever the words are definite.

(1) a horse (2) a man (3) a man and a horse (4) bread andwater (5) a man and a fruit and a house (6) the salh and thelearned man (7) the pious one and the transgressor (8) theman or the horse (9) the milk and the bread (10) a man anda horse (11) the ugly one and the beautiful one (12) a catand a boy (13) the moon and the sun (14) the camel or thehorse.


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Test No. 1

1. What is the definition of ( )?2. How many types of words are there? Define each onewith examples.3. What is the major difference between a noun and a verb?4. How many tenses are there?5. From the following words, state whether the words are( ), ( ) or ( ).

6. Define what is ( ) and ( ) with examples.

7. How many types of ( ) are there?8. Say whether the following words are definite orindefinite.

9. In the above-mentioned words, what type of () and

( ) are they?

10. What is the hamzah of () called?

11. Join the word () to the words ( ), ( ) and ( ) andread them.


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Lesson 3

Compounds

1. A combination of two or more words is called ( ).

The relationship between them is called ( ).

2. Compounds are of two types: ( ) incomplete and ( )complete.(a) An incomplete compound ( ) is a combinationof words from which no information, order or desire isunderstood. It is an incomplete statement, e.g. ( ) a good man; ( ) a mans book.(b) A complete compound ( ) is a combination ofwords from which some information, command or wish isunderstood, e.g. ( ) - The man is good. Thisstatement provides us with the information that the man isgood.( ) Take the book. The order of taking the book isunderstood from this sentence.( ) O my Sustainer, grant me sustenance. Arequest is understood from this statement.


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A complete sentence is also called ( ) or ( ).

3. Incomplete compounds are of several kinds, e.g. (

), ( ), ( ), etc. Here we willdiscuss ( ). The other types will be discussedlater on, as will complete sentences.

The Adjectival Phrase

( )

4. A ( ) is a compound in which the secondword describes the first word, e.g. ( ) a piousman. The word ( ) describes the word ( ) with thequality of piety.

5. The first part of a ( ) is ( ),6 while thesecond part is ( ). In the above example, the word( ) is ( ) while the word ( ) is ( ).

6 See Lesson 1, fact no.4


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6. The first part of ( ) is called ( )7

whilethe second part is called the ( )8. In the above example,the word ( ) is a ( ) while the word ( ) is a

( ).

7. If the ( ) is indefinite ( ), the ( ) will also be( ), otherwise it will be ( ). In the compound (

), both parts are ( ) - indefinite. In the phrase (

), both parts are ( ) - definite.

8. The same declension ( )9 that applies to the ( )will apply to the ( ).

9. A ( ) and all other incomplete compoundsform part of a sentence.

7 a word that is being described.8 adjective.9 This will be discussed in detail in Lesson 10.


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Word Meaninggarden

sea

melon big, large

deep

bad apple pomegranate

street

palace

place

mosque

king

cheese

pen


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rose

good

sweet

broad strong

clean

wide

great

salty small

red

The above list contains many ( ) and ( ). Bycombining them, you can form many compounds of (

) adjectival phrases.


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4. Some nouns are feminine without any sign of beingfeminine. They are known as ( ) as heard fromthe Arabs. The details are as follows:

(a) any word referring to a woman, e.g. () mother;

( ) bride; ( ) a womans name, or India.

(b) the names of countries, e.g. ( ) Egypt, ( )

Syria, ( ) The Roman Empire.

(c) parts of the body in pairs, e.g. ( ) hand, ( ) foot, ( ) ear, ( ) eye.

(d) Besides the above-mentioned nouns, there are othernouns which are used as feminine by the Arabs.Some of them are:

earth

war

wine

house

wind


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market

sun

fire

soul

Although some words have a () at the end, they aremasculine in usage because they refer to males, e.g.( ) name of a poet, ( ) the leader of the

Muslims, ( ) a very learned scholar.11

6. Just as an adjective corresponds to its noun in beingdefinite or indefinite, so does it correspond in gender.


Word Meaning city wise

severe

11 This word is used for females as well.


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truthful

rising

tall, long setting

obligatory

name of a woman

the Qurn

short

heart

peaceful

ignited river

Exercise No. 3

(A) Translate these phrases into English

)( )( )( )(


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Lesson 5

Singular and Plural

1. In Arabic, words are of three categories with regards tonumber:

singular ( ), indicating one, e.g. ( ) oneman.dual ( ), indicating two, e.g. ( ) two men.

plural ( ), indicating more than two, e.g. ( ) morethan two men.

2. The dual12 is formed by adding ( ) to ( ) - thenominative case13 or ( ) to ( ) - theaccusative or genitive cases14.Examples:( ) one king, ( ) or ( ) two kings

12 Although the author has referred the student to a future lesson, at thispoint, it will be sufficient for him to remember that there are two forms of thedual: one is with alif and n n and the second with y and n n. Lesson 10 willexplain where to use which one.13 This will be discussed in Lesson 10.2. 14

This will be discussed in Lesson 10.2.


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words is like the masculine plurals, e.g. the plural of () year, is ( ) or ( ) and sometimes ( ).

Note 4: The ( ) that appears at the end of the ( ) - dual

form and the ( ) - sound masculine plural is

called ( )17. See Lesson 10.4. Some nouns are singular in form but refer to a wholegroup. There is no singular for them as well because theyare not plurals in reality. Such nouns are called ( ).Examples:( ) a nation, ( ) a group.These words are generally used like plurals in sentences,e.g. ( ) a pious nation.5. You have learnt in lessons 3 and 4 that the adjectivecorresponds with its noun in ( ), being definite orindefinite and in gender. Now remember that the adjectivehas to correspond with its noun in number as well.

17 Since the word ( ) is feminine in Arabic, the adjective also has to be

feminine, namely ( ).


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However, when the noun being described is ( ) the plural of an unintelligent being18 , whether masculine orfeminine, the adjective is generally singular feminine (

), although it is sometimes plural. One can say ( ) as well as ( ).


Word Meaning future

sign, verse of the Qurn clear, manifest

current (present)

past

quarter, section of a city servant

baker

18 Intelligent beings are humans, angels and jinn. All other creations fall in the

category of unintelligent beings ( ).


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tailor, seamstress

tired, exhausted displeased

month

lazy

playing

shining

cheerful diligent

supported

busy, preoccupied

dark

teacher

bright

carpenter


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Exercise No. 4

(A) Translate these phrases into English

)( )( )(

)( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )(

)()()( )(

(B) Translate these phrases into Arabic

(1) a shining eye (2) the two diligent men (3) thepreoccupied baker (4) the two tired carpenters (5) the brightday (6) the beautiful seamstresses (7) the tired servants (8)the lazy tailor (9) the flowing rivers (10) the large animals(11) the current year (12) the past month (13) the past years

19

This is the name mr. The () differentiates it from ( ).


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(14) the cheerful servant

Test No. 2

(1) What is a ( )?(2) How many types of compounds are there? Define eachone and provide examples.(3) What is ( )? What is each part of it called?(4) In which aspects does the adjective have to correspondwith the noun? What are the exceptions? Explain withexamples.(5) What are the signs of feminine words?(6) Which words are regarded as feminine without anysigns?(7) In spite of having the signs of being feminine, whichwords are masculine?(8) What is the rule for making the dual and soundmasculine plural forms?

(9) What is ( ) and what is the rule for forming it?(10) What are the broken plurals of (), ( ) and ( )?(11) What is the plural of ()?

(12) What is the difference between () and ( )?


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(13) Form as many ( ) as possible from thefollowing nouns and adjectives:

20 honey21 milk22 grapes23 round


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Lesson 6

Sentences with a Noun -

1. You have read that a complete statement is called asentence ( ). See 3.2. Remember that sentences are of two

types: ( ) and ( ).

A ( ) is one in which the first part is a noun (), e.g.( ) Zaid is handsome.A ( ) is one in which the first part is a verb (), e.g.( ) Zaid became handsome.

Hereunder follow some rules of ( ) while the () will be discussed in Lesson 14.

The first part of a ( ) is generally definite ( ) whilethe second part is indefinite ( ). In the above example,

the word ( ) is definite while ( ) is indefinite.


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Note 1: The difference between ( ) and () is that in the latter, both the parts are the same in being definite or indefinite while in the former, the first partis definite and the second part is indefinite. Consequently,in the above-mentioned example, if an indefinite noun takesthe place of the word (

) and you say (

), or you

render the second word ( ) definite by adding () to it,

and say ( ), both these will become adjectivalphrases ( ).

However, when the second part of a ( ) is not a wordthat can become an adjective of a noun24 , it is permissiblefor the second part also to be definite, e.g.( ) I am Ysuf.It is also permissible to insert a separating pronoun ( ) between the subject ( ) and the predicate ( ).Examples:( ) The man is pious.( ) The men are pious.24

For example, it is ( ), ( ) or ( ).


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Examples:

Sentence Meaning Type of Subject

The man istruthful.singular,

masculine,intelligent

The two menare truthful.

dual, masculine,intelligent

The men aretruthful.plural,

masculine,intelligent

The woman istruthful.singular,feminine,

intelligent The two womenare truthful.dual, feminine,

intelligent

The women aretruthful.plural, feminine,

intelligent

The wind issevere.singular,

feminine, non-intelligent

The two windsare severe.dual, feminine,non-intelligent

The winds aresevere.

plural, feminine,non-intelligent

Note 3: In these examples, if the definite article () is added


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predicate which changes the case to the genitive ( ),e.g. ( ) Zaid is not learned; ( ) Zaid is not a bad person.

9. Very often the word () is prefixed to a ( ). As aresult, the subject changes to ( ) - the accusativecase while the predicate remains unchanged, e.g.( ) Undoubtedly the earth is round.Note 4: To create the meaning of interrogation in a sentence,( ) or () is added to the beginning, e.g.

( ) Is Zaid learned?;( ) Is the man learned?


Word Meaningor (in a question)

cow

certainly, why not


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The Nominative Detached Pronouns

( )

Third Person singular he , itdual they

M a s c u l i n e

plural theysingular she, itdual they

F e m i n i n e plural they


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First Person (Speaker)

I We

Note 5: These pronouns are most often the subject of asentence. Hence they are regarded as ( ) in the

nominative case. See 6.4. They are called ( ) becausethey are pronounced independently.

Second Personsingular youdual you

M a s c u l i n e

plural

you

singular you dual you

F e m i n i n e plural you


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)( )( (B) Fill in the blanks which represent a subject or predicatewith suitable words that you have studied.

)( )( )( )()( )()( )(

)( )( )(

29 See 5.2.30 See 5.2.


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Lesson 7

The Genitive of Possession

( ) 1. The compound in which both parts are nouns and the

first noun is related to the second noun is called (). Examples:

( ) the book of Zaid or Zaids book( ) the ring of silver( ) the water of the river.2. Such a relationship between the two nouns is known as( ).

3. The first part of (

) is called ( ) while the

second part is called ( ).

4. Neither does the definite article () precede the ( )nor is the tanwn appended to it. Look at the aboveexamples.


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5. The ( ) is always ( ) - in the genitive case.

6. The ( ) always precedes the ( ).

7. The ( ), like ( )31 , is not a completesentence but is part of a sentence, e.g. ( ) Thewater of the river is sweet. In this sentence, ( ) is thesubject while ( ) is the predicate.

8. Sometimes there are several ( ) in one

construction, e.g. ( ) the door of the house ofthe leader; ( ) - the door of the house of theministers son.

The middle ( ) becomes the ( ) of the

succeeding words. Therefore () cannot precede it nor canthe tanwn be appended to it.

9. You have learnt in the first lesson that when an indefinite

31 See 3.8.


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noun is related to a definite noun, it also becomes definite,e.g. ( ) the slave of Zaid;( ) the slave of the man. The word () slave has become definite in these sentences.

10. In Arabic, because the ( ) precedes the ( )and no word can interpose between them, the adjective ofthe ( ) has to succeed the ( ), e.g.

( ) the pious slave of the lady. In thisexample, the word ( ) is the adjective of the word

( ). Therefore it is ( ),32 singular, masculine anddefinite.Hereunder are more examples. Understand the differencesproperly.

The pious son of themanAdjective of the

( )

32 in the nominative case. See Lesson 10.


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The son of the piousmanAdjective of the

( )

The pious daughter ofthe manAdjective of the

( )

The daughter of thepious womanAdjective of the

( )

Note: More rules of ( ) are discussed in Lesson 11.


Word Meaninglion

obedience


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I seek refuge

listen, beware

wisdom

praise

going

head

very beneficent

very merciful

rejected one

husband

wife

anger king, overpowering

sky

to seek

fragrance shadow


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very powerful

every, each

everything meat

)( whatever

fear

mirror

salt, salty

to forget

parents

goatcalamity

forgetfulness

just

east west


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Hereunder are some ( ) which appear beforenouns and convert them to ( ) - the genitive case.Meaning Example Meaning Example Meaning Wordwith

the pen with aman

with,in

in thegarden in ahouse in

on thethrone

on amountain

on

fromthe

musjid fromZaid

from

till

Kufah to a city to, till

I saidto Zaid

for Zaid

for, to

similarto thelion

like aman

like,similar

from

Zaid from


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Exercise No. 6

(A) Translate the following into English:

)( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )(

)( )( )()()( )( )( )( )( )( )( )(

)( )( )( )( )(

)( )(

)( )( )( )( )(

)( .


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(B) Translate the following into Arabic

(1) the goats milk(2) the cows head(3) the obedience of the mother(4) Zaids wealth(5) the elephants ear

(6) the light of the moon(7) in the house(8) till the market(9) for Allh and the Messenger(10) on the head and the eye(11) The boys name is Hmid.(12) They are going home.(13) We are sitting in the musjid.(14) The goats milk is for the girl.(15) The obedience of Allh is in the obedience of the

Messenger.(16) ishah , the daughter of Ab Bakr is the wife

of Muhammad, the Messenger of Allh.

(17) He is the son of the leader.(18) The anger of Allh is on the oppressive king.(19) The ignorant one is not like the learned one.(20) The fragrance is not for the boy.(21) She is the daughter of Hmids son.


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Test No. 3

(1) What is the difference between ( ) and ()?

(2) What is the difference between ( ) and ()?

(3) How many parts does a ( ) have? What is eachpart called?(4) What is the ( )33 of the subject and the predicate?(5) What is the Arabic term for the attaching word?

(6) In how many factors does the predicate correspondto the subject?(7) If there are two subjects of different kinds in asentence, which one is considered for the predicate?(8) What effect does the word () have on the subject?

(9) Attach ( ) to a dual word and a sound masculine

and feminine plural word and read it.(10) How is a negative meaning and one of interrogationcreated in a ( )?(11) What is the paradigm34 of the detached nominative

33 desinential inflection that is, inflection of the final radical.


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pronouns?(12) In the paradigm of the pronoun, which words aresimilar?(13) How do you pronounce the word ()?

(14) Construct ten different kinds of ( ).(15) Define (

) and ( ).

(16) What cannot enter on the ( )?

(17) What is the ( ) at the end of ( )?(18) What effect do the ( ) have on the noun?

34 In grammar, a set of all the (especially inflected) forms of a word (e.g. write,writes, wrote, writing, written), especially when used as a model for all other

words of the same type.


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Lesson 8

The Scales of Words

1. In Arabic, the original letters of nouns and verbs are notless than three. The maximum number of letters in a noun isfive, and four in a verb. Together with the original letters,extra letters can also be attached. At such a time, the nounand the verb can have more than five letters.

Note 1: The original letter or root letter is the one thatremains in all the forms and derivations. Only in someexceptions is it deleted or changed to another letter.

The extra letter is the one that is found in one word-form but not in another, e.g. in the word ( ), all three letters

are root letters while in ( ), the alif and in ( ), the

first ( ) and the () are extra letters.

2. Words having three root-letters are called (), e.g.( ) and ( ).

If they have four root-letters, they are called ( ), e.g.

( ) and ( ).


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If they have five root-letters, they are called ( ), e.g.( ).

Words made up of only root-letters are called ( ) while

those having extra letters as well are called ( ), e.g.( ) is ( ) three root-letters without any extraletters.( ) is ( ) - three root-letters with extra letters because the ( ) and ( ) are extra.

Note 2 : To distinguish whether verbs ( ), derived nouns

( )35 and verbal nouns ( )36 are ( ) or ( ), the ( ) word-form of the perfect tense

( ) has to be examined. If that word-form is free of extra

letters, then its derivatives and verbal noun will also beregarded as ( ), e.g. ( ) is ( ). Hence, the

35 These are nouns that are derived from the verb, e.g. () and ( ) arederived from the verb ().36

Plural of ( ), the infinitive.


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imperfect tense ( ) which is ( ), the ( ) - ,the ( ) - and the verbal noun ( ) will also be regarded as ( ) although these forms have extraletters.

Similarly, in a paradigm, extra letters appear in a ()word which will still remain ( ). For example, the word

( ) is ( ). Therefore, ( ) and ( ) will also be

( ).

However, ( ) and ( ) are (

). The former has

one extra ( ) while the latter has an extra alif.

3. In order to determine the scales of words and todistinguish the root letters from the extra letters, the scale( ) of ( ) is used. In triliteral words (words with 3root letters), the ( ) represents the first radical (letter) of

the word, the ( ) represents the second radical of the word

and the ( ) represents the third radical of the word.


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4. At the time of determining the scale, the alphabets (),( ) and ( ) will take the place of the original letters whilethe other extra letters will remain as they are in their places.Examples:

However, when a letter is increased by repeating the ( ) or the (

), the ( ) or the ( ) is repeated in the

scale. For example, in the word ( = ), the first( ) is the ( ) while the second one is extra.According to the rule, the scale should have been ().

Instead its scale is ( ). Similarly, in the word ( ), the

final () is extra. Its scale will be regarded as ().

5. A great benefit of recognizing the scales of words is that by knowing the meaning of the root letters of a word, it becomes very easy to recognize the meanings of all itsparadigms and derivatives.


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Exercise No. 7

What are the scales of the following words:

)( )( )(

)( )( )(

)( )( )(

)(

)(

)(

)( )( )(

)( )( )(

)( )( )(

)( )( )(


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) ( )( ) (

)(: ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

)(: ) ( ) ( ) (

) ( ) (


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)( )(: ) (

) (

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

)(: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (


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)(This scale is generally used for the adjectives of intelligent beings which are on the scale of () as in:

) ( ) (

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

)(: ) ( ) (

) ( )(: ) (

37 The original was ( ). The reason why it has changed into () will be

explained later.


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This scale is specific with intelligent beings.

)(: This scale is specific with those words that are on the scaleof ( ), ( ) or ( ).

) ( ) ( ) (

)( This scale is used for those words that are on the scale of( ) or ( ).

) ( ) (

Note 2: The following plural scales are ( )38.38 This is a certain class of nouns that is not fully declined. European

grammarians sometimes refer to them as diptotes. This term is discussed in


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Tanwn will not be read on them.

2. Remember the plural of the following words inparticular:The sound plural of ( ) is ( ) in ( ) - thenominative case and ( ) in ( ) - theaccusative and genitive cases. Its broken plural is ().

The plural of ( ) is ( ).

The plural of ( ) is ( ) or ( ).The plural of ( ) is ( ).

The plural of ( ) is ( ) or ( ).

The plural of () is ( ).

3. Some words have plurals on several scales. Hence theplurals of ( ) are ( ), ( ), ( ) and ( ).

4. Some words have different scales of plurals rendering

Volume 4, Lesson 57.


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different meanings. For example, the word () meanshouse or verse (of a poem). Regarding the first meaning, theplural is ( ) while the plural ( ) is related to thesecond meaning.The word ( ) means slave or servant. The respective

plurals are ( ) and ( ).The word ( ) means eye or spring. The respective plurals

are ( ) and ( ).


The plurals of some words are provided next to them.

Word Meaningscowling, frowning

some, part of

fixed, established

neighbour iron

good


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beneficial

a day today

on that day

beauty

remaining, permanent

the good actions spear, lance, javelin cup

quince

Exercise No. 8

(A) In the under-mentioned examples, the adjective orpredicate of unintelligent beings is used mostly as singularfeminine. Translate the following phrases or sentences intoEnglish.

)( )( )( )(


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)( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )(

)( )( )( )( )( )( )(

)( )( )( )( )(

)( .

(B) Reply to these questions in Arabic, e.g.

)(


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)( )( )( )(

)( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )(

(C) Translate the following phrases into Arabic

(1) the Muslim men(2) the large ships


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Lesson 10

The Cases of Nouns

1. The change in case of a noun due to the change invowelling of the final consonant is called ( ) -

declension.Declension is of two types: one is ( ) which isshown by fathah, dammah and kasrah. The other is( ) which is shown by means of some( ) letters - as will be explained later on.

2. When a noun is:(1) the doer of the verb ( ), or the subject ( ) or

predicate ( ), it is said to be ( ) - in thenominative case. The examples of the subject andpredicate have passed in Lesson no. 6.

(2) an object ( ) or it indicates the condition ( )of the doer or the object, it is regarded to be in( ) - the accusative case.

(3) ( ) or it comes after a ( ), it is


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regarded to be ( ) - in the genitive case. Theexamples will be mentioned shortly.

The Signs of Declension of Different Nouns

3. If a noun is singular or a broken plural, in (

) the

dammatain ( )39 will be read on it, in ( ) thefathatain ( ) will be read on it and in ( ), thekasratain ( ) will be read on it.

39 If the noun is indefinite, the dammatain will be read on the word. However,

if the noun is definite, only one dammah will be read on it.


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Examples:

Example no. 1

Zaid sent a letter to Khlid

This is a ( ). All three nouns are singular.Example no. 2

The men sent clothing to the women.


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This is a ( ). All three nouns are broken plurals.

Example no. 3

Zaid came riding on Hmids horse.

This is a ( ). The word ( ) indicates the conditionof the doer. Therefore it is ( ).

Note 1: The adjective will be in the same case as thepreceding noun. If the noun is ( ), the adjective will

also be ( ). If it is ( ), the adjective will also be the

same and if it is ( ), the adjective will follow suit.


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and ( ) in ( ) - the accusative and genitivecases, e.g.( ) Both men came.( ) I saw both men.( ) I sent to both men.The words ( ) and ( ) are used with a pronoun ( ).

5. If a word is ( ) the sound masculineplural, the suffix ( ) will be appended in ( ) and( ) in ( ), e.g.( )The Muslims despatched the mujhidn to the oppressors.

The tens from ( ) 20 till ( ) 90 - have the same

( ). The form will be ( ) in ( ) and ( )in ( ).


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expelled the transgressing women to the deserts.

7. You have learnt that when () is prefixed to a word, thetanwn is deleted. See 2.3. Now remember that some wordsdo not accept the tanwn from their inception.Examples: ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),( ).

Such nouns are called ( ). In ( ), theyare pronounced with a ( ) and in ( ) with a(

), e.g.

( ) - thmn saw Zaynab in Makkah.

However, when an ( ) has ( ) prefixed to it, orit is ( ), then a kasrah will be rendered to it in (

).

Examples: ( ), ( ).

Note 3: Words which accept tanwn are called ( ).These nouns will be discussed in detail in Lesson 57.8. No ( ) can be read on words like (

) and (

).


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( ), etc. in ( ) and ( ), ( ) etc. in ().

Their sound plurals ( ) are: ( ), ( ) etc. in( ) and ( ), ( ) etc. in ( ).

Their dual forms are like normal words, namely, ( ),

( ) etc. in ( ) and ( ), ( ) etc. in ( ).

Nouns that can be declined by the changing of the finalvowels or letters are called ( ) and words whose finalvowels are static are called ( )41. There are few nounsthat are ( ). The ( ) indicative pronouns, (

) relative pronouns, (

) interrogative

pronouns, etc. are all ( ). They will be discussed later inLesson 57.

41 Because it is incorrect to say (), the term ( ) has been used. If one

deletes the (), the word becomes ().


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Note 4: The ( ) nominative detachedpronouns were listed in Lesson 6. The remaining pronounswill be discussed in Lessons 11 and 15 and in detail inLesson 41.


Word Meaning doorkeeper

fruit mountain

camel

zoo (lit. garden of animals) government office

shop mounted

market, shopping mall car, vehicle leader, master


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queen, noble woman, wife

distance

agile, swift

guava

pomegranate

lion beautified place of salh, dgh

she camel walk, stroll

field

admonition, lesson

Exercise No. 9

(A) Translate into EnglishOnly those verbs which were used in the examples of theprevious lessons have been used in this exercise. Verbs will be discussed in Lesson 14.


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)( )( )( )(

)( )( )( )( )( )( )( )(

(C)

Translate into Arabic:

(1) a tall mountain(2) the past two months(3) The gardens of the cities are wide.(4) There is a long distance between Makkah and Egypt.(5) I saw two flowing rivers today.


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Lesson 11

The Genitive of Possession

( )42

1. When the ( ) dual and ( ) soundmasculine plural forms are ( ), their ( ) at theend is deleted.

Examples:

They are thetwo houses of

a man.

I saw the twohouses of a

man.

the doors ofthe two

houses of aman.

originally was( )

originally was( )

originally was( )

42 This lesson is related to lesson no. 7.


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They are the

teachers of the boy.

I saw the

teachers of the boy.

the house of

the teachers ofthe boy..originally was

( )originally was

( )originally was

( )

2. When the words ( - father)43 , ( - brother)44 and ( -

mouth)45 are related to any other word besides the pronounof the singular first person ( ), their forms46 will be as follows:

43 The dual of ( ) is ( ), ( ) and the plural is ( ).44 The dual of ( ) is ( ), ( ) and the plural is ( ). 45 The dual of ( ) is ( ), ( ) and the plural is ( ). 46 Besides these three words, there are another three words which follow thesame pattern. They are ( ), ( ) and ( ). These six words are known as (

).


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Note 1: The word () meaning person, owner, etc. has thesame three forms. However, it is only related to a visiblenoun ( ) and not to a pronoun.

Examples:

The feminine form of () is ( ).

The dual of ( ) is ( ), ( ) and the plural is ( ).The dual of ( ) is ( ), ( ) and the plural is( ). The ( ) of these words is like other generalnouns.Examples:( ) two people of wealth,


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( ) many people of wealth,( ) one of beauty,( ) two women of beauty,

( ) women of beauty.

Note 2: When the words (), ( ) and ( ) are related to thesingular first person pronoun ( ), they will beread as follows in all three cases: () my father, ( )

my brother, ( ) my mouth.

3. If you intend to relate two or more words to one word,the first word will be mentioned as normally before the( ), but the second one will be mentioned after the( ) and a pronoun referring to the ( ) must be appended to it, e.g. (

) the ministers

house and his garden, ( ) the ministershouses and their gardens.

4. When nouns are related to pronouns, these are the formsthey will assume:


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Attached Pronouns in the Genitive Case( )

Third Person( )

singular dual

M a s c u l i n e plural

singular dual

F e m i n i n e plural

Second Person( )

singular dual

M a s c u

l i n e plural singular dual



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First Person( ) singular dual, plural

After alif, the ( ) must be read with a fathah and thethird person singular masculine pronoun must be read witha dammah.Examples: ( ) my staff, ( ) his staff, ( ) mytwo hands.A pronoun can also be attached to the ( ). Such apronoun is known as ( ) thepronoun attached to a particle in the genitive case. Theparadigm of these pronouns will be as follows:


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Third Person( )

singular

dual M a s c u l i n e plural

singular dual


Second Person( )

singular

dual M a s c u l i n e

plural

singular

dual F e m i n i n e plural


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First Person( ) singular dual, plural

In the same way, one can attach the particle (), ( ), ( ),

( ), etc. and form a similar paradigm.

Hereunder follow examples of the particles (), ( ), ( )

and ( ) attached to the pronouns:


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Note 1: The particle () which is from the ( ) isread ( ) with a fathah when attached to the pronouns


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If the ( ) is singular and not ( ), a dammah will beread on the final letter, e.g. ( ) O Zaid, ( ) Oman.

If the ( ) is ( ), a fathah will be read on the final

letter of the ( ), e.g. ( ).If the ( ) has ( ), the particle ( ) for masculine and( ) for feminine should be attached to it, e.g.( ) O man, ( ) O girl.

Sometimes these two words enter ( ) without the

particle ( ), e.g. ( ) O man, ( ) O noblelady.


Word Meaning

Bakrs father, name of aperson in front


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undoubtedly we

the children of Hshim,name of a tribe son-in-law

behind

dirham, silver coin dnr, gold coin gold

returning

rational

hour, time, Qiymah,watch tooth in-laws

tribe by tongue, language life


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death

worship, sacrifice

dirty

Exercise No. 10

(A) Take special note of the ( ) of each word in thefollowing sentences:

)( ! .

)( .

)( .)( . )( )( .)( .


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)( . )( .)( .)( .

)( . )( .)( .)( .

)( .)( .)( ) ( .)( .)( .)(

. 47

The phrase, ( ) means You owe him, while ( ) means I owe him.


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)( . )( .)( .)(

)( . )( . (B) Insert the correct ( ) in the following sentences andindicate the reason for doing so:

)( . )( . )( . )( . )( . )( . )( . )( .


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but his two feet are dirty.(7) Have you seen Hmids brother? Yes, Hmids

brother is a good boy.(8) Have you seen Mahmds two sisters? Yes, his two

sisters are sitting by my mother.(9) Are your teachers sitting in the madrasah? Yes, our

teachers are sitting in the madrasah.


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Test No. 5

(1) What is ( )?(2) How many cases does a noun have?(3) How many types of ( ) are there?

(4) When will a noun be regarded to be in ( ),( ) and ( )?

(5) What is the ( ) of the dual form?

(6) What is the ( ) of the sound masculine andfeminine plurals?

(7) What is the ( ) of ( )?(8) How will words like ( ) etc. be read in all three

cases?(9) If the definite article is removed from words like

( ) etc. how will they be read in all three cases.

(10) Form the dual and plural of ( ).

(11) What is ( ) and describe some types of it.(12) What changes take place in ( ) and (

) when they are ( )?


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(13)

How will the words ( ), ( ) and ( ) be read in allthree cases when they are related, that is, they are( ) to a word other than the singular first person

pronoun ( )? And if they are related tothe singular first person pronoun ( ),how will they be read?

(14) If you want to describe the ( ), will the

adjective be adjacent to the ( ) or will it be at adistance from it?

(15) What is the ( ) of ( ) and the ( ) of its dual

and plural form?(16) How do you make two nouns ( ) towards one

word?(17) What is the ( ) of the ( ) when a vocative

particle ( ) is inserted before it?(18) When pronouns are ( ), what are they

called?(19) Add a pronoun to the word ( ) and form its

paradigm.


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Lesson 12

Indicative Pronouns

( )1. Words which are used to point out to something are

called ( ). They are of two types:(a) words that indicate something nearby. The

following forms are the most commonly usedones:

Gender Singular Dual Plural CaseMasc. Masc. Fem. Fem.

(b) words that indicate something at a distance.The more commonly used forms are thefollowing:


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Gender Singular Dual Plural CaseMasc. Masc. Fem. Fem.

Note 1: The original Indicative Pronouns are (), ( ) etc.

without the ( ) but these are seldom used.

Note 2: The words ( - similarly) and ( in thisway) are very often used.Note 3: The () appended to the end of ( ) issometimes changed like the ( )49 accordingto the second person. It has no effect on the meaning. Thischange occurs more often in ( ).

( )

48 Note that the () is not pronounced.

49 The second person pronoun in the genitive case.


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The meaning of all these words is the same.

Example: ( ) That is the Lord of you two.

( ) That Allh is your Lord.

Note 4: Besides the dual form, all the remaining () are ( ) - indeclinable.

2. The object pointed to is called the ( ). The (

) together with the ( ) form part of a sentence,

namely the subject, doer or object, just as in ( )and ( ).

3. The ( ) will always have () or be ( ).

4. If the ( ) has ( ) attached to it, the ( )

must be mentioned first, e.g. ( ) this book.

If it is ( ) towards another noun, the ( ) will


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succeed the ( ), e.g. ( ) this book of yours,( ) this son of the king.

In the above-mentioned phrases, if the ( ) is

brought first, and it is said, ( ), the meaning will be,This is your book. In this case, the word ( ) is no morethe ( ) but will become the predicate. It will now be acomplete sentence.

5. If the ( ) occurs as the subject of a sentence

without the ( ), then:

(a) if the predicate has (), insert a pronoun ( ) betwe

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Arabic Tutor-Volume One[1]