In Arabic the majority of meanings do not come from the words. [pg 10]The vast majority of meanings in Arabic come from vowels, patterns and grammatical strctre. [pg 10!11]Ibn "haldn tells s that Arabic has a core and a central theme. It is the most sophisticated system on the planet for conveyance of meaning precisely becase the majority of meanings do not come from the words. They come from the vowels. [pg 11]#bject $ %erb $ &bject '#%&( is the format they se in )nglish. The sbject is at the very front, verb in the middle and object at the end. If yo change the word order it alters the meaning. *hat was originally the object now becomes the sbject, what was originally the sbject becomes the object. It limits yo to only one way of e+pressing the meaning. [pg 1,]- .orphology is the area of classical Arabic that deals with verbs and how consonants are groped together and vowelled sing particlar patterns 'which yo/ll see shortly(. The consonants are given vowels0 the vowels give yo the tense and the voice. They re1ect the gender, plrality and the person of the one doing theverb 'the sbject( so yo 2now whether the sbject of the verb is a male or female and yo are able to properly connect the verb with the pronon.- 3rammar deals with sentence strctre and how to distingish between the roles that the nons play within the sentence. I.e. which non is the one doing the verb and which non is the one pon whom the verb is being done.- The third science is 4hetoric. It is the most advanced area of Arabic and teaches yo how to craft impactfl and in1ential speech. #o once yo/ve assessed the mind!set, mental capacity, the desires, frstrations and pains of the adience, yo can spea2 accordingly. [pg 15]The system that Ibn "haldn described as the most advanced, sophisticated and sperior system on the planet for conveying meaning, has a word level and sentence level. [pg 16]#arf is the science of classical Arabic that focses on patterns and endings. [pg ,7]At this point in the mapping, we end p with 7 things8 words, sentences and phrases. This is the sbject matter of grammar. The reason I say that is becase when people spea2, they spea2 in sentences, which are made p of words and phrases. If yo 2now everything there is to 2now abot the word, the sentence and the phrase then that is all of grammar. [pg ,9]In Arabic there are three parts of speech. They are8 ::: 'ism(, ::::: ';/l( and ::: ::'harf(. [pg ,6]iBerence between a sentence and a phraseA sentence is a grop of words that contains a sbject predicate relationship.A phrase is a grop of words that lac2s this sbject predicate relationship.*hat/s a sbject predicate relationship: This is a relationship between two or more words, which conveys to the adience a bene;t pon which silence is appropriate.=et me e+plain what I mean by that. If I say, for e+ample, Etall boyF and then stop tal2ing, yo/re going to be sitting there waiting for me to contine. It/s becase I haven/t spo2en a fll sentence. I/ve only said a phrase.#ilence is not appropriate after spea2ing a phrase. *hen I spea2 a phrase, I convey information in sch a way that yo e+pect me to 2eep tal2ing and say something else to complete my statement.If, on the other hand, I say EThe boy is tall,F and then stop tal2ing, that wold be o2 becase I/ve spo2en a fll sentence. I/ve organiAed my words in sch a way that there is a sbject!predicate relationship between them 'with EThe boyF being the sbject and EtallF being the predicate(. As a reslt, I/ve conveyed a bene;t pon which silence is appropriate. [pg 77]Types of sentencesThe grammarians have classi;ed sentences into two types8%erbal sentence andGominal sentenceIf there is a ver in the sentence it is called a verbal it is called a verbal sentence.A sentence that starts with the non as its sbject is a nominal sentence.The three states which aBect nons are8'rafa?( ! he'nasb( ! him'jarr( ! his [pg 76]