GEOG1H/Jan12/GEOG1(JAN12GEOG101)

General Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary ExaminationJanuary 2012

Geography GEOG1Unit 1 Physical and Human Geography

Wednesday 18 January 2012 9.00 am to 11.00 am

For this paper you must have: a pencil a rubber a ruler.You may use a calculator.

Time allowed 2 hours

Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Use pencil only for drawing. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write

outside the box around each page or on blank pages. Answer Question 1 and one other question from Section A

and Question 5 and one other question from Section B. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not

want to be marked.

Information The maximum mark for this paper is 120. Each question is worth 30 marks. The marks for questions are shown in brackets. You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.

Advice Where appropriate, sketch maps and diagrams should be used to

illustrate answers and reference made to examples and case studies. You are advised to spend about 60 minutes on Section A and

about 60 minutes on Section B.

Centre Number Candidate Number

Surname

Other Names

Candidate Signature

For Examiner’s Use

Examiner’s Initials

Question Mark

1

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TOTAL

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Section A

Answer Question 1 and one other question from this section.

1 Rivers, Floods and Management

1 (a) Study Figure 1 which shows the water balance for Birmingham, England.

Figure 1

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40

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120

F M A M J J AMonth

Key

Precipitation

Precipitation/potential

evapotranspiration(mm)

S O N D

Soil moisture use

Soil moisture recharge

Soil moisture surplus

Potentialevapotranspiration

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Use Figure 1 to complete the Fact File below.

Fact File.

Name the months when there is a soil moisture surplus.

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State one of the months when potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation the most and by what amount.

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Give the meaning of soil moisture recharge.

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1 (b) Study Figure 2, a satellite image of the Mississippi delta.

Figure 2

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1 (b) (i) Draw a labelled sketch plan to show the characteristics of the Mississippi delta.

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1 (b) (ii) Explain the formation of deltas.

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1 (c) Assess the relative importance of physical and human causes of river flooding.

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2 Cold Environments

2 (a) Study Figure 3 which shows net mass balances for the Gulkana glacier in Alaska and the Greenland ice sheet.

Figure 3

Gulkana glacier, Alaska Greenland ice sheet

Year Net mass balance(metres of water equivalent per year) Year Net mass balance

(km3 of ice)

1974 – 1.09 1996 – 90

1984 – 0.31 2000 – 150

1994 – 0.59 2005 – 220

2004 – 2.29

Describe the trends shown in Figure 3.

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2 (b) Study Figure 4 which shows two types of ice movement.

Figure 4

Bedrock Ice

X

Y

2 (b) (i) Identify the types of movement shown at X and Y.

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2 (b) (ii) Define the term 'internal deformation'.

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2 (c) Draw a labelled sketch to show characteristics of a pingo and suggest an explanation for its formation.

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2 (d) To what extent are more recent developments in cold environments (such as oil, fishing and tourism) sustainable?

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3 Coastal Environments

3 (a) Study Figure 5 which shows wind speed and wave height data for five sites in the English Channel.

Figure 5

Location Wind speed (ms-1) Wave height (m)A 18.0 5.0

B 15.5 3.4

C 15.4 3.3

D 16.5 2.4

E 13.2 2.1

A

B

C

D

E

France

England

EnglishChannel

N

0 100 km

Describe the relationships shown in Figure 5.

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3 (b) Study Figures 6a and 6b which show the factors affecting tides.

Figure 6a

SunEarthMoon

Figure 6b

SunEarth

Moon

3 (b) (i) Identify the types of tide associated with Figures 6a and 6b.

Type of tide in Figure 6a ......................................

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3 (b) (ii) Explain the contrast in the tidal ranges associated with Figures 6a and 6b.

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3 (c) Draw a labelled sketch to show characteristics of a wave-cut platform and explain its formation.

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3 (d) Discuss the impact(s) of rising sea levels on coastal environments.

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4 Hot Desert Environments and their Margins

4 (a) Figure 7 shows a storm hydrograph in a wadi after a period of rain.

Figure 7

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1 2 3Time (hours)

Discharge(cumecs)

Rainfall(mm)

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4 (a) (i) State the peak discharge and the lag time shown in Figure 7.

Peak discharge ......................................

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4 (a) (ii) Suggest reason(s) for the flashy hydrograph shown in Figure 7.

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4 (b) Draw a labelled sketch to show characteristics of a wadi and explain its formation.

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4 (c) Study Figure 8 which shows the distribution of the areas at greatest risk from desertification.

Figure 8

Equator

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

Existing hot desertsKey: Areas at greatest risk of desertification

Describe the distribution of areas at greatest risk from desertification shown in Figure 8.

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4 (d) Discuss the impact of desertification on land, ecosystems and people.

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End of Section A

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Section B

Answer Question 5 and one other question from this section.

5 Population Change

5 (a) Study Figures 9a–9d which show photographs of four different settlement areas.

Figure 9aInner city

Figure 9bSuburban area

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Figure 9cRural-urban fringe area

Figure 9dRural settlement

5 (a) (i) Choose two areas shown in Figures 9a – 9d. Using only the photographs, contrast the characteristics of the two settlement areas chosen.

Areas chosen .................................................... and ....................................................

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5 (a) (ii) Suggest reasons for the contrasts described in (a)(i).

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5 (b) (i) Define 'infant mortality rate'.

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5 (b) (ii) Study Figure 10 which shows selected population indicators for countries at different stages of development.

Figure 10

Country Birth rate Death rate Natural change Infant mortality rate

UK 13 9 0.4 4.6

Russia 12 15 – 0.3 9.0

Brazil 17 6 1.1 24.0

China 12 7 0.5 21.0

India 23 7 1.6 55.0

Nigeria 41 15 2.6 75.0

Comment on the varying rates of natural change shown in Figure 10.

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5 (c) Examine how population structure changes at different stages of the demographic transition.

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6 Food Supply Issues

6 (a) Distinguish between intensive arable farming and extensive pastoral farming.

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6 (b) Study Figure 11 which describes how appropriate technology is used to increase food production in the village of Oulata in south-east Mauritania (West Africa).

Figure 11

In south-eastern Mauritania, the village of Oulata managed to increase its population whilst surrounding areas were suffering huge levels of out-migration to the towns and cities. The installation of a series of solar panels has provided the power to pump rainwater-fed irrigation water to the village’s market garden. The garden has been divided into 60 plots for the poorest families to grow crops including tomatoes, watermelons, sugar beet and lettuce. The surplus is sold by a cooperative and the profits used to buy seeds and machinery. The garden has proved a lifeline for many families, enabling them to be self-sufficient in food production, halting the exodus to the urban centres and encouraging emigrants to move back home.

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Using Figure 11 and your own knowledge, summarise advantages of appropriate technology in increasing food production.

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6 (c) Comment on the success of genetic modification in increasing food production.

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6 (d) Discuss environmental impacts of the global trade in foodstuffs.

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7 Energy Issues

7 (a) Distinguish between primary and secondary energy.

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7 (b) Comment on the primary energy mix of a named country.

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7 (c) Study Figure 12 which is a newspaper extract about oil exploration in the Arctic.

Figure 12

Mineral war begins as Russians plant flag 4 km beneath Pole

Russia planted a rust-proof titanium flag on the seabed beneath the North Pole yesterday, marking the start of a new global struggle to claim the vast mineral wealth of the Arctic Ocean.

Estimates suggest that the area to which Russia is laying claim contains billions of tonnes of oil and gas reserves as well as other minerals.

0 500 km(approx)

ArcticOcean

CanadaUnitedStates

Russia

NorthPole

Key: Ice

Arc

ticC

ircle

Permanent ice pack

© The Times, 3/8/07

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Describe how Figure 12 illustrates conflict in world energy affairs.

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7 (d) Examine the extent to which appropriate technology can ensure sustainable development of energy.

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8 Health Issues

8 (a) Distinguish between mortality and morbidity.

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8 (b) Study Figure 13 which shows the ten best and ten worst parliamentary constituencies for an index of limiting long-term illness for people under the age of 65. The UK average is 63.3.

Figure 13

Constituency(best figures)

Index Constituency(worst figures)

Index

Woodspring(south Gloucestershire)

30.0 Southwark North andBermondsey (inner London)

124.6

South Norfolk 35.7 Glasgow Shettleston 109.7Buckingham(central Buckinghamshire)

38.0 Tyne Bridge(Newcastle/Gateshead)

106.3

Chesham and Amersham(south Buckinghamshire)

38.2 Glasgow Anniesland 103.0

Sheffield Hallam 39.1 Greenock and Inverclyde(Glasgow)

94.1

Witney (Oxfordshire) 39.4 Manchester Central 88.6South Cambridgeshire 41.1 Glasgow Govan 86.1West Chelmsford (Essex) 42.0 Glasgow Pollok 84.9South Suffolk 46.0 Glasgow Baillieston 80.4Northavon (outskirts of Bristol,south Gloucestershire)

47.9 Salford(Greater Manchester)

73.0

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Comment on the data shown in Figure 13.

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8 (c) Summarise the impact of one non-communicable disease on the health and lifestyle of the people affected.

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8 (d) Discuss causes and consequences of periodic famine.

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END OF QUESTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT-HOLDERS AND PUBLISHERS

Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified.

Figure 1: Ralph Allen School, BathFigure 2: © NASAFigure 3: Gulkana glacier: 'Glaciation and Periglaciation', Jane Knight, Philip Allan Updates, 2007. Reproduced by permission of Philip Allan Updates Greenland Ice Sheet: 'What's happening to the Greenland ice sheet?' Geography Review, Vol 23, No.1, Sep 2009, Philip Allan Updates.

Reproduced by permission of Philip Allan UpdatesFigure 4: 'Glacial and Periglacial Environments', David Anderson, Hodder & Stoughton. Reproduced by permission of Hodder EducationFigure 5, 6a & 6b: 'Coasts', Peter Stiff, Philip Allan Updates, 2007. Reproduced by permission of Philip Allan UpdatesFigure 7: Reproduced by permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd from 'Geography: An Integrated Approach' (3rd Edn), David Waugh,

ISBN: 978-0-17-444706-1 first published in 1998Figure 8: 'AQA AS Geography', Barker, Redfern & Skinner, Philip Allan Updates, 2008. Reproduced by permission of Philip Allan UpdatesFigure 9a, 9b, 9c & 9d: Judith CanavanFigure 10: World Factsheet 2009, Population Reference Bureau: www.prb.orgFigure 11: Adapted with the permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd from GeoFile Online for AQA: Special series 2, Issue 2, first published in January 2010Figure 12: The Times, 3 August 2007Figure 13: Bristol University

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