APWH REVIEW

UNIT 1: 8000 BCE - 600 BCEKEY CONCEPT 1.1: Early Humans & Migration

● “Out of Africa” theory ● Foragers → egalitarian, small kinship groups, no private wealth● Human use of fire → increased brain size, led to socialization / language

UNIT 1: 8000 BCE - 600 BCEKEY CONCEPT 1.2: Neolithic Revolution & Early Agricultural Societies

● Neolithic Rev → pastoralism, domestication, irrigation, pop. increase, specialization of labor, trade/transportation improvements, social stratification

● First permanent settlements → Catal Huyuk (first city)○ All different times○ All around the world○ All near rivers / water source

UNIT 1: 8000 BCE - 600 BCEKEY CONCEPT 1.3: Early Societies

● Characteristics of Civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Shang, Indus River Valley)○ Large, powerful states that had cities w/ complex bureaucracies, armies ○ Agricultural surplus allowed for specialization // wealth○ Monumental architecture (ziggurats, pyramids, walls)○ Writing → cuneiform, hieroglyphics, quipu → legal codes○ Leaders used DIVINE right to rule / support of army○ Competition for resources between civs, some had more (Hittites = iron)○ Pastoral innovation → new weapons

UNIT 2: 600 BCE - 600 CEKEY CONCEPT 2.1: Religion & Culture

● Judaism & Hinduism (India, Vedic, polytheistic, CASTE) continue from U1● New religions from this time:

○ Buddhism → India (500 BCE), end suffering by ending desires, Ashoka○ Daoism → China (500 BCE), live in harmony with nature, balance○ Confucianism → China, 5 relationships, filial piety, education, patriarchal○ Christianity → M.E. (30 CE), Jesus = son of god, Judaism 2.0, Rome

● Greco-Roman Philosophy → reason/logic, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle● Animism → spirits within natural world, outside of core civs (Native American)● Ancestor veneration → worship of ancestors

UNIT 2: 600 BCE - 600 CEKEY CONCEPT 2.2: States & Empires

● Persia → Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid, Alex the Great● China → Qin (legalism, centralized), Han (silk road, chang’an, paper)● India → Mauryan (Ashoka, buddhism, rock & pillar), Gupta (peace = sci. / tech)● Greece / Hellenistic → democracy, wars, conquered by Alex the Great● Rome → Kingdom, Republic (Caesar), Empire (Augustus / Constantine)● Meso-American → Teotihuacan (Mexico), Mayan (calendar), Moche (Peru)

● RISE = bureaucratic, coded laws (12 tables / Justinian), roads, military, slavery● FALL = environ. damage (deforest.), outside invaders, internal revolt, disease

UNIT 2: 600 BCE - 600 CEKEY CONCEPT 2.3: TRADE

UNIT 2: 600 BCE - 600 CEKEY CONCEPT 2.3: TRADE

● SILK, SEA, SAND routes● New technology =

○ Yokes (tied animals together), Saddles, Stirrups, Lateen Sails, Dhows● Things traded:

○ Rice, Cotton○ Qanat technology (irrigation system, Persia → Asia)○ Disease→ (Plague of Galen [165 CE], Plague of Justinian [541 CE], Plague of

Cyprian [250 CE]) all smallpox○ Religion: Christianity (to Eur.), Buddhism (E & SE Asia), Hinduism (SE Asia)

UNIT 3: 600 CE - 1450 CEKEY CONCEPT 3.1: TRADE CONTINUED

UNIT 3: 600 CE - 1450 CEKEY CONCEPT 3.1: TRADE CONTINUED

● ISLAMIC EMPIRES, MONGOLS, VIKINGS● New cities on routes → Timbuktu, Huangzhou, Baghdad, Venice, Malacca● New/more luxury goods → spices, silk, porcelain, gems, exotic animals● New tech → camel saddles, Caravanserai (Roadside Inns)● New navigations → compass (China), Astrolabe (Hellenistic), big ships● New econ tools → paper money, credit/loans (flying cash), trading orgs

(Hanseatic League)● Migrations → Bantu & Polynesian● Diasporas → Muslims (I.O.), Chinese (SE Asia), Jews (Mediterranean)● Explorers → Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, Zheng He

UNIT 3: 600 CE - 1450 CEKEY CONCEPT 3.2: POLITICS & STATE BUILDING

● ISLAMIC CALIPHATES (661-1258)○ Abbasids, Umayyads Delhi Sultanate, Al-Andalus (Spain), Big on

trade/conq● MONGOLS (1206-1368)

○ Four Khanates → Golden Horde (Russia), Yuan (China), Chagatai (C. Asia), Ilkhanate (M. East) → trade, Genghis, rel. tolerant, largest empire ever

● BYZANTINE → E. Rome, Justinian, Caesaropapism, Eastern Orthodox● CHINA → Sui (Grand Canal), Tang (civil service exam), Song (paper money)● AMERICAS → Maya, Aztecs, Incas● FEUDALISM → Europe (lords, serfs, Charlemagne - Franks), Japan (Samurai)

UNIT 3: 600 CE - 1450 CEKEY CONCEPT 3.3: ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY & CONSEQUENCES

● Production → more crops (chinampas, champa rice)● Urbanization → Rise (Venice, Calicut, Baghdad) & Fall (Athens, Rome, Chang’an)

○ invasions, disease, agricultural decline (LITTLE ICE AGE!)● Fun new social changes:

○ Free peasants, nomadic pastoralists, guilds, coerced labor, military oblig.○ Religious revolts → White Lotus (Red turban) China, became Ming dynasty○ Spread of religion → gender relations, literacy, family structure

UNIT 4: 1450 CE - 1750 CEKEY CONCEPT 4.1: GLOBALIZATION

● Explorers → Columbus, Henry the Nav., Vasco Da Gama (India)● New tech → astrolabe, maps, wind patterns, caravels● Circulations of Goods

○ Atlantic → from NW = corn, potatoes, cacao, from OW = disease, slaves, sugar○ Asia → Silver (from Am.) to Asia (Europeans transported between countries)

● Joint-Stock Companies → VOC (Dutch), British East India Company● Impact →

○ Spread of religion (Islam, Christianity, Buddhism) ○ Syncretic religions (Vodun, Cult of Saints, Sikhism)○ Innovations in arts → Renaissance, Wood Block Printing, Kabuki

UNIT 4: 1450 CE - 1750 CEKEY CONCEPT 4.2: NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & MODES OF PRODUCTION

● Global demand for goods → new labor systems / trends○ Peasant labor increased (Siberia)○ Coerced Labor

■ Spanish use of Incan Mita to mine silver)■ Encomienda / Hacienda system (trade labor for religious/lang educat.)■ Indentured Servitude (temp. labor to pay off debt)■ Chattel Slavery (people = property, Atlantic Slave Trade)

● New elites (Manchus, Creoles), Existing Elites (Euro Nobles, Zamindars, Daimyo)● Social changes = Euro men depended on SE women, smaller families in Europe● Racial = mestizo (Euro + Native), mulatto (Euro + black), Creole (Sp. in America)

UNIT 4: 1450 CE - 1750 CEKEY CONCEPT 4.3: STATE BUILDING & EXPANSION

● ALL ABOUT POWER● Maintaining power:

○ Arts (archit.), Religion (divine right, human sacrifice), Bureaucracy (exam)● Who has the power:

○ Land Empires → Manchus, Mughals, Ottomans, Russians○ Maritime Empires → Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British

● Competing for power:○ For trade (Ottoman vs. Euro), State Rivalries (30 year war, Ottoman vs.

Safavid), Local Resistance (Peasant uprisings, samurai revolts)

UNIT 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CEKEY CONCEPT 5.1: INDUSTRIALIZATION & CAPITALISM

● IR starts in GB → coal, pop growth, property rights, rivers/canals, capital● Tech advances → steam engine● New demand for raw materials & markets → Europe took over world● Capitalism → Smith, Liberalism → Mill, stock markets, gold standard● Transp. / comm. → railroads, steamships, canals (erie, suez, panama), telegraph● Response to Industrialization

○ Workers organized in unions for better wages, hours, conditions○ Alternative visions → Marxism, Anarchism○ Some Resisted → Qing, Ottoman○ Some tried → Meiji, Russa

UNIT 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CEKEY CONCEPT 5.2: IMPERIALISM & STATE BUILDING

● CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM → markets & materials, social darwinism, WMB● HOW:

○ Methods used by the west → Diplomacy (Native Am. treaties, Berlin Conf.), Warfare (Belgians in Congo), Economic (Opium, Monroe Doctrine)

● EFFECTS:○ Colonies cont. → British India, Dutch Indonesia○ States Expanded → America (manifest destiny), Russia, Meiji Japan○ States Dissolved → Balkan Indep., Egyptian Semi-Ind., Euro. in N. Africa○ Settler Colonies → South Africa, America, Australia○ Loss of native culture

UNIT 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CEKEY CONCEPT 5.3: REVOLUTION

● Catalyst = Enlightenment○ Voltaire (rel. tol.), Rousseau (soc. con.), Locke (nat rights.), Montesq. (3

bran.)○ Docs to know: Dec of Ind., Dec of Rights of man, Jamaica Letter

● Revolutions → Murathan over Mughals, USA over GB, France over Louis XVI, Haiti over France, Latin America over Spain

● Other movements against authority:○ Slave Rebellions: Maroon societies, Haiti, Anti-Imperialism: Sepoy

Rebellion, Boxer Reb., Religion: Ghost Dance, Taiping○ Led to reforms (Tanzimat - Ottom., Self-Strengthening - China)

● Global movements: liberalism, socialism, communism, feminism

UNIT 5: 1750 CE - 1900 CEKEY CONCEPT 5.4: MIGRATIONS

● Causes: pop growth (improved food prod and meds), improved transport● Migrants: free will (jobs), coerced (slaves, indent serv [indian & chinese], convict

labor [australia]), temporary (seasonal [japan, italy])● Outcomes: gender (male migrants left women to fill jobs), ethnic enclaves

(chinatown), anti-immigrant policies (chinese excl act 1882)

UNIT 6: 1900 CE - PresentKEY CONCEPT 6.1: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

● New transportation: cars, airplanes, space exploration● New communication: telephone, radio, internet● New scientific theories: relativity, quantum mechanics, big bang, psych● New environ issues: Greenhouse effect, defor., erosion, climate ch., extinctions● Demographic shifts: Sp. flu, AIDS, Ebola, Alzheimer's, Diabetes, cholera, TB● Medical innovations: polio, antibiotics, artificial heart, birth control● Energy innovations: oil, nuclear power● Military tech: tanks, planes, atomic bomb● Military tactics: trench warfare, firebombing (increased civ casualties)● Green Rev: new ways to produce food for more people (chem & GMO)

UNIT 6: 1900 CE - PresentKEY CONCEPT 6.2: GLOBAL CONFLICTS

● Collapse of old empires (1910s) → Ottoman, Russia, Ming ● Decolonization → negotiated (India, Ghana), war (algeria, vietnam, angola)● Nationalists lead → Gandhi (India), Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam), Nkrumah (Ghana)● Regional ethnic movements → Jinnah (Pakistan), Quebecois separatist● Transnational movements → Communism, pan-africanism, pan-arabism● Land Redistribution → Venezuela, Cuba, Kenya, China, Russia, Vietnam● Mvmt of people → India/Pak, Israel/Pal, S.A. to GB, Alg. to Fr., Filip. to USA● Genocide → Armenia, Holocaust, Cambodia, Rwanda● Global wars → WWI, WWII (militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism)● Cold War → Cap (USA, W. Europe) vs. Comm (USSR, China, Cuba, Korea, Vietnam)● non-aligned , uprisings of 1968, dictators, uprisings of 1988-89

UNIT 6: 1900 CE - PresentKEY CONCEPT 6.3: GLOBALIZATION & ECONOMICS

● Communist response → 5 year plans, great leap forward, cultural rev● Capitalist response → New Deal, liberalism, free market policies (Reagan)● Int’l pol orgs → League of Nations, UN, Int’l Criminal Court, ● Int’l econ orgs → IMF, World Bank, World Trade Organization● Humanitarian orgs → UNICEF, Amnesty Int’l, Red Cross, World Health Org● Regional Trade Agreements → EU, NAFTA, SEATO● Multinational corporations → Shell, Coca-cola, Sony● Environ. Movements → Greenpeace, Earth Day● Human Rights Movements → Decl. of Human Rights, Feminism, end white aussie● Religion & Pol → Fundamentalism, Liberation Theology● Pop culture diffusion → world cup, olympics, cricket, reggae, bollywood