APUSH Period 61865-1898

Key Concept 6.1, I: Urbanization and

Industrialization brought rapid changes to all

aspects of life

Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged

massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts

to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over

U.S. national identity.

I. Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change,

expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth

government policies — fueled the development of a “Gilded Age” marked by

an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation.

Period 6 Big Ideas

United States transformed from an agricultural to an

increasingly industrialized and urbanized society

Economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and

cultural changes were rapid

After Civil War, rapid change from agricultural society to

an industrial one

Natural Resources and inventions were key

Going Industrial…

Oil – wide use by 1840s – kerosene and later gasoline

Coal – another important fuel used in industry

Both made industry possible

Black Gold

Steel – stronger, lighter, & better than iron

Iron turned into steel in Bessemer Process

Steel – allowed for railroads, skyscrapers

Industrialization – impossible without steel

Steel

Edison’s light bulb & electricity increased = more factories

Production moved - home to factory

Mass-production took off – sheer size of the American market

Inventions and Machines

1890 Railroads

Railroads made local transit reliable & increased westward

expansion

gov’t made land grants & loans to railroads

1865 – 35,000 miles of track; 1900 – 192,000 miles of track

Age of Railroads

1862 – Congress commissioned Union Pacific Railroad to make

first transcontinental railroad – bolster the Union

Company granted 20 square miles of land for each mile of track

May 10, 1869 – Central Pacific and Union Pacific meet in Utah –

first Transcontinental Railroad

High death toll – Chinese & Irish immigrant labor

Four more Transcontinentals by century’s end

National Network of Rails

The Rails Transform the country

Over-optimism of rail builders

“from nowhere to nothing” – frequent bankruptcies

Cornelius Vanderbilt – consolidation

Revolutionized transport of goods, connectivity, migration

Iron, Coal, Steel, lumber, and glass industries all grew in

the last third of the 1800s

Rail towns grew – trade/interdependence

Growth of Rail-related industry

1883 – US adopted 4 standard time zones, came from

need to keep rail schedules straight

Railroad Time

Andrew Carnegie – Carnegie Steel

Cornelius Vanderbilt – railroads

John D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil

J.P. Morgan – investor, railroads, U.S. Steel

Industrialization makes millionaires

Businessmen bought out other companies and merged –

Monopolies - late 1800s, early 1900s

Monopoly – 1 company controls entire industry

Fewer Control More

Vertical Integration – buy up all your suppliers

Horizontal Integration – buy up your competitors or merge with

them

How to make a monopoly

Drive out competitors

Create monopoly

Raise prices (without competition it’s

easy!)

Pay low wages

Keep profits

Make donations to make yourself look

good

**Social Darwinism – idea that best

get rewarded

How to be a Robber Baron

Key Concept 6.1 I, II – Industrialization

brought rapid changes to all aspects of life;

this change did not come without issues

Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged

massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts

to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over

U.S. national identity.

I. Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change,

expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth

government policies — fueled the development of a “Gilded Age” marked by

an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation.

II. As leaders of big business and their allies in government aimed to create a

unified industrialized nation, they were challenged in different ways by

demographic issues, regional differences, and labor movements.

Average Man - $498 a year

Average Woman - $267 a year

Andrew Carnegie - $23,000,000 a year

1899 Wages - FYI

“Grangers” – pleaded for gov’t

regulation of rails

“Granger Laws”- laws that set max

freight and passenger price rates

(1867)

Munn vs. Illinois – Supreme Court

upheld Granger laws (1877)

Grange Farmers’ Organization vs. Rails –

ordinary people fight back

Widespread abuses, poor conditions, terrible wages, absurd

working hours, few protections, corrupt business practices

Abuse of Labor and Corruption

Common

72 hour workweek

Filthy conditions

Dying on the job

Low wages

Child Labor

Conditions - Why Labor fought

Uncommon

Sick leave

Vacation pay

Unemployment pay

Injury pay

As businesses consolidated, labor fought back against

poor conditions and low wages

Minimum wage – early demand

Labor Unions Emerge

Began with Craft Unions – for skilled workers

American Federation of Labor (AFL) – founded by Samuel

Gompers in 1886

AFL – continues to be one of largest US unions

Labor Union Movement

collective bargaining – labor and management negotiate

Strike – organized work stoppage

General Strike – workers across multiple industries strike,

creates economic chaos

Sit-Down Strike – take control of jobsite

Boycott – organized refusal to buy a product or service

from a certain company

Sabotage – destroy workplace!!

Tactics of Labor Unions

Primarily collective bargaining

1890 – average wage $17.50 a week, average workweek 54.5 hours

1915 - average wage $24 a week, average workweek – 49 hours

Focus of AFL and Gompers

Industrial Unions – labor unions for all (skilled and unskilled)

Eugene Debs -American Railway Union - Pullman

Strike

Big Bill Haywood and the IWW (Wobblies)

Labor Union Movement (cont.)

Industrial Unions – focused on direct action (strikes, boycotts etc.)

Great Strike of 1877 – gov’t stopped major rail strike with troops –

strike had started as result of poor conditions, wage cuts (aftermath

of Panic of 1873), disenfranchisement of voters in ’76 election

Saint Louis General Strike of 1877 – offshoot of Great Strike – probably

nation’s first general strike – also put down

Haymarket Riot -1886- police killed at labor rally for 8 hour day –

public then turned against labor

Highlights - Setbacks of Industrial Unions

1892 highlights – unity shows strength

1892 New Orleans General Strike – black and white workers

stayed united – got most demands met – 10 hour work day,

overtime pay

1892 Homestead Steel Strike – battle of locked out workers vs.

Pinkerton detective agency, state militia – hired Carnegie Steel

Panic of 1893 – caused by overbuilding and poor financing of

railroads – followed by bank failures and run on gold supply

worst economic depression up to that point in time; 3-4 million lost

jobs, 600 Banks,15,000 business fail

Panic of 1893 & Rail Consolidation

Sherman Act - 1890

1. Find an excerpt of the text that could be used against monopolies or trusts –

Explain how it would be used against them.

2. Find an excerpt of the text that could be used against labor unions – explain

how it could be used against them

Pullman Strike

Pullman Strike - 1894 –workers went on strike at George

Pullman’s factory town - protest of wage cuts after Panic

of 1893, Pullman’s dominance of life - stopped by troops

Gospel of Wealth - 1889

Carnegie – Business leaders needed to be responsible with

wealth – use for greater good

Pullman, Illinois

By 1904, the American Federation of Labor had over 1.7

million members

Still – Labor Unions Grew

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Set up commission to regulate interstate commerce, req’d

railroads to publish rates to the public; forbade

discrimination against short-haul shippers

Made it illegal to form monopolies or “trusts” that

interfered with free trade

Law was too weak to be effective

Punishments not severe enough

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

Opportunists consolidated rails after Panic of 1893

1900 – 2/3 of rails controlled by 7 companies

Sherman Anti-trust act – relatively powerless

Rail Consolidation

Key Concept 6.1, III: The chaos and

instability of change bred conflict

Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged

massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts

to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over

U.S. national identity.

III: Westward migration, new systems of farming and transportation, and

economic instability led to political and popular conflicts.

Panic of 1873

Overbuilding of railroads and overexpansion of agriculture

and industry during Reconstruction blows up

Profits don’t materialize, loans go unpaid, credit-based

economy collapses

Post-war boom falls apart

Monetary Policy (policy on money supply)

1868 – Treasury had begun withdrawing paper currency –

deflation! – debtors had wanted more money printed

1875 – Resumption Act – pledged further withdrawal of paper

money, redemption of paper money for gold beginning 1879

Debtors than clamored for more silver coin production –

another scheme for inflation

President Grant – policy of Contraction – gov’t began

accumulating gold, withdrawing greenbacks – restored value

A Gilded Age!

Panic of 1893 Sherman Silver Purchase Act – 1890 – a response to farmers

and debtors pleas for inflation – raised amount of silver gov’t

was required to purchase

Clamors for expansion of silver coinage hurt US’s credit –

Europe began recalling loans

Panic of 1893 – business collapses, bank runs, unemployment

Repeal of the Sherman Silver Act

Gov’t had to produce greenbacks for the silver it purchased

Because of Resumption Act and Redemption, people would

trade in the paper for gold – gov’t hemorrhaged gold

Sherman Silver Act Repealed – 1893

J. P. Morgan – lent $65 million in gold to gov’t – 1895 –

restored some confidence in nation’s treasury

Key Concept 6.1 III, 6.2 I, - Massive

change brought massive political issues

Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity.

III: Westward migration, new systems of farming and transportation, and economic instability led to political and popular conflicts.

Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.

I. International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these inequities.

Late 1800s-early 1900s “Machine Politics” common in urban

America/immigrant communities

Political Machine – offered services to voters – expected votes in

return

The Political Machine

Each Political machine had a boss

Characteristics of a boss:

Controlled access to city jobs

Controlled vast sums of money; paid well

Provided services to immigrants; got votes of

naturalized citizen immigrants

Political Machine and “Bossism”

Patronage jobs had been commonplace since Andrew Jackson’s

spoils system

Civil Service System – merit based system for government jobs

Government Jobs & Corruption

Graft- use of political office for personal gain

Bosses -added votes with fake names, dead voters

Tweed Ring Scandal – NYC’s Boss Tweed built Courthouse for

$11million – actual cost - $3m (1870s)

Municipal Graft and Scandal

Presidents Rutherford Hayes and Chester A. Arthur

pushed for a Civil Service System

Calls for Reform

Pendleton Civil Service Act – 1883 – civil service exam for

certain federal jobs

By 1901 – over 40% of federal jobs =civil service

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Key Concept 6.1 III, 6.2 I, - Massive

change brought massive political issues

Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity.

III: Westward migration, new systems of farming and transportation, and economic instability led to political and popular conflicts.

Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.

I. International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these inequities.

Increased Mechanization of Farms

Farms not untouched by new innovation and invention

Mechanization of Agriculture

America increasingly became world’s source of food

(mechanization of agriculture combined with railroads)

Farmers’ Problems Farm machines expensive – cost lots of money

Machines = cost money = more output = lower prices = more

debt for farmers + deflation

Tariffs protected manufacturers; farmers had to sell on

globally competitive market

Railroads price gouged farmers

Farmers Organize

1868 – Grange – 800,000 members by 1875 – some success

in attacking rate discrimination

Greenback Labor Party – offshoot of Grangers – pro-

inflation and pro-labor – 1 million votes in 1878 midterm

More organization?

Farmers’ Alliance – late 1870s – over million members by 1890

Excluded blacks, landless farmers

Populist Party – emerged out of Farmers’ alliance

1892 US Presidential Election – Populists nominate General James Weaver

Attacked Wall Street

Proposed nationalizing utilities and infrastructure (rails, telegraph etc)

Graduated income tax

Direct Election of Senators

Free/unlimited coinage of silver – inflation

1892 results

Populist party only does well in West – little appeal to

industrial workers

Ignored landless farmers, sharecroppers and farmworkers

Excluded blacks

1896 Presidential Election

Populists made appeals to workers in aftermath of Pullman

strike

Party began to fade, elements merged with Democrats in

1896 – Dem nominee – William Jennings Bryan – supporter of

unlimited coinage of silver

William McKinley – Republican nominee – from critical state

of Ohio – author of McKinley Tariff Bill – (a high tariff)

1896 Presidential Election happenings

Bryan and Democrats demanded silver valued at 1/16th the

price of gold – would make a dollar worth 50 cents (Inflation –

what debtors/farmers wanted)

McKinley and Republicans got huge donations from big

business

Bryan ironically was outspent 16:1

1896 Presidential Election Aftermath

Factory workers had little reason to vote for inflation –

lived on fixed wages

Victory for big business, big cities, financial conservatism

After 1896 – voter turnouts would be lower – more concern

with regulation and safety standards

Gold Standard Act – 1900 – paper currency to be

redeemed freely for gold

How it got to that… 1872 Presidential “Election”

U. S. Grant – being judged a better general than President

“Liberal Republicans” revolt and back Horace Greeley –

the editor of the New York Tribune

Democrats backed Greeley – epic failure

1876 - Hayes Tilden Controversy

Republicans agree to end reconstruction if Hayes (their

nominee and the loser of the popular vote) gets seated

1880 – James A. Garfield

Garfield nominated for Republicans in 1880 – Hayes seen as sellout and fraud

Garfield quickly assassinated – his assassin asked those who benefitted

politically for donations to his defense fund

Chester A. Arthur (new pres.) pushed congress to pass Pendleton Civil Service

Act

1884 – Grover Cleveland – first Dem in

almost 30 years

1884 – Chester A. Arthur turned away by Republicans – Republicans nominate

James Blaine

Blaine’s corruption exposed during campaign – Blaine campaign lambasted

Cleveland for an alleged love child with a widow

Cleveland won but had to battle over high Republican Tariffs

1888 – Tariffs become an issue

Cleveland wins popular vote but loses electoral

Super high tariffs come in - McKinley Tariff of 1890

FARMERS CRY FOUL – they never get a break

Key Concept 6.2 II: The transcontinental

railroad and industrialization reshaped life for

American Indians

Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States

led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants,

minorities, and women.

II. As transcontinental railroads were completed, bringing more settlers west,

U.S. military actions, the destruction of the buffalo, the confinement of

American Indians to reservations, and assimilationist policies reduced the

number of American Indians and threatened native culture and identity.

Treaties and Movements

Fort Laramie Treaty – 1851 –beginnings of Reservations

Fort Atkinson Treaty – 1853 – further established “boundaries”

* Whites did not understand decentralized authority of tribes

Series of treaties erodes Indian holdings

1834 – “Indian Territory” - Oklahoma

By 1860s – Great Sioux Reservation

Battles and Massacres Sand Creek Massacre (1864 – white on Indian)

Fetterman Massacre (1866 – Sioux ambushed US Army), Battle of

Little Bighorn (1876)

Buffalo Soldiers (African-Americans) sent to police Indians

Apache and Comanche in southwest – most difficult to subdue

Plains Indians Buffalo herds decimated by railroad, overhunting

Dawes Act and other death knells

Dawes Act – 1887 – Indian heads of household given 160

acres, tribes broken up as legal entities – much more

Indian land taken

Dawes Act – tried to make rugged individualists out of

collectivists

Opening of Indian Territory – 1889 - Oklahoma

Battle of Wounded Knee – 1890 – destruction of the Ghost

Dance Cult

Supplanting of Indian Cultures Takeover of Indian Lands – Mining Industry –

Beef Bonanza – fueled by barbed wire, stockyards,

refrigerator cars, Beef Barons

Homestead Act (1862) and other land sales – allowed for

expansion of agriculture into more arid climate

By 1890 – frontier no longer existed

National Parks

Yellowstone 1872, Yosemite 1892

Wild West Shows

Immigration greatly changed the face fo

the country in the late 1800s.

Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States

led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants,

minorities, and women.

I. International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural

populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic

inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these

inequities.

Post Civil War – millions of immigrants arrive in US

Changed CUL, ID of US

Birds of Passage – immigrants who intended to return home – many

ended up staying anyway

Immigration Boom

“Push” Factors – poverty, land loss, war, persecution, or

lack of opportunities at home

“Pull” Factors – higher wages, jobs, relative peace and

tolerance in the US

Reasons for Immigration

Many immigrants lived in crowded ethnic neighborhoods – poor

conditions – familiarity made survival easier

Survival in America

Late 1800s-shift in immigration patterns from Northern/Western

Europe to Southern/Eastern; lesser extent Asia

Conditions were improving in Northern/Western Europe

Political chaos, poverty, persecution worsening in areas of “New

immigration”

Shift in European Immigration

Chinese & Japanese immigrants came in smaller

numbers to West Coast

Chinese began – mid 1800s

Japanese - Hawaii (1884)

1920 – 200,000 Japanese on West Coast

Asian Immigration

Ellis Island –New York – Europeans

1 week voyage

1892-1924- 17 mil. Immigrants

Angel Island – San Francisco – Asians

Difficult tests, filthy conditions, long detentions after 3 week voyage across

Pacific

Ellis Island and Angel Island

Economy of the South

Sharecropping and tenant farming prevailed

Tobacco manufacturing, cotton mills

Calls for a “New” Industrial South – cheap southern labor –

1880s

Rate discrimination in moving manufactured goods

northward by northern run railroads

Key Concept 6.3 II – society’s changes made

various groups question the established social

order Key Concept 6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual

movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social

policies.

II. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social

order of the Gilded Age.

Dire conditions of black Americans

Civil Rights Act of 1875 - last feeble attempt of Radical

Republicans to guarantee civil rights

mostly considered unconstitutional – 1883 Civil Rights Cases

– claimed 14th amendment only prohibited government

violations of civil rights, not violations by individuals

Society of Jim Crow

Masters became landlords, black tenant farmers and

sharecroppers often permanently indebted

Jim Crow Laws – discriminatory laws imposed on blacks

Literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, poll taxes

Lynchings and other terror

Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896 – declared “separate but equal”

as legal under 14th amendment

Homer Plessy

Booker T. Washington

Born a slave

Tuskegee Institute – Alabama – an industrial training school

Self-help approach, emphasized practical training,

economic betterment of blacks

Avoided going for full-scale equality

W. E. B. DuBois

Born in north

Condemned Washington as an “Uncle Tom” – a sellout

First black PhD from Harvard

Demanded complete legal, social and economic equality

for blacks

…"Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,

I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

- Lazarus

American Protective Association (1887) – anti-immigrant,

anti-Catholic

Immigration Restriction League (1894) – Northwestern

Europeans= okay; distrust of Jewish, Catholic, Asian

immigrants

Nativist Backlash

1882 - limited Chinese immigration for 10 years (few

exceptions)

1892 – renewed for 10 years

1902 - renewed indefinitely –repealed -1943

Chinese Exclusion Act

San Francisco made segregated schools for Japanese

(1906)

Gentlemen’s Agreement – Japan would limit emigration

of unskilled laborers in exchange for desegregated schools

in San Francisco

Anti-Japanese Sentiments

Poor conditions in late 1800s cities led to improvements:

Building codes

Mass transit

Clean running water

Sewage lines and trash pickup

Police and Fire departments

Urban problems for all

Social Gospel Movement – preached “salvation through

service”

Settlement Houses –(Jane Addams, Ellen Gates Star &

Hull House) – services for poor/immigrants

Run mostly by middle-class, white women

Settlement House Movement

Americanization Movement –assimilate a wide range of

cultures

Sponsored by gov. and concerned citizens

Taught English literacy, US history, social etiquette

Americanize!

On Suffrage

City housekeeping has failed partly because women, the traditional

housekeepers, have not been consulted as to its multiform activities. The men

have been carelessly indifferent to much of this civic housekeeping, as they have

always been indifferent to the details of the household.…The very

multifariousness and complexity of a city government demand the help of

minds accustomed to detail and variety of work, to a sense of obligation for the

health and welfare of young children and to a responsibility for the cleanliness

and comfort of other people. – Jane Addams

Women paid less; assumed single

Divide between middle & working-class women

Less rights lead middle class women to take lead in fight for greater

equality

Women – late 1800s/Early 1900s

Liquor Industry

Textile Industry

General male hostility

Opposition to Women’s Suffrage

Call for voting rights – began in 1840s – Seneca Falls

National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA)– 1890s

Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton – whites only

Women & Economics – Charlotte Perkins Gilman – women should

enter public life

1893 – New Zealand became first country to grant women

suffrage

Voting Rights for women

Target States –(Wyoming Territory – 1869)

Test “equal protection clause” of 14th amendment, 15th

Amendment

Push for constitutional amendment***

Early Suffragist Strategies

Movement spread from educated women to all classes – wide

support – Carrie Chapman Catt

Early 1900s – victories in Western States

1920 – 19th Amendment to US constitution – made women’s

suffrage federal law

NAWSA – became League of Women Voters

Winning Suffrage

Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting Reform

Women’s Christian Temperance Union – 1874

National Prohibition Party- 1869

Carrie Nation – saloon smasher

Anti-Saloon League – 1893 –

Criticisms of alcohol – it made families poor, husbands irresponsible

Criticisms of temperance – a middle class assault on working-class lifestyles

18th Amendment – 1919 – national alcohol prohibition – after many states and

counties had become “dry”

Key Concept 6.3 II: Great change had great

effect on ways of thinking and senses of self

Key Concept 6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual

movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social

policies

II: New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged

the social order of the Gilded Age.

Edward Bellamy – Looking Backward

Looking Backward – Edward Bellamy- written 1888 –

fictionalized year 2000 – socialistic themes – envisioned a

better future free of bad trusts; nationalization of industries

Progress & Poverty - Henry George – 1879 – proposed 100%

tax on income earned from land speculation

Pragmatists Pragmatism – saw value in ideas that solved problems – evolved

from foundations of Metaphysical Club – 1872 Boston

John Dewey – laboratory school – U. Chicago – learning by doing

Oliver Wendell Holmes – SCOTUS judge – dissents – defended free

speech at all costs

Literature – Postwar writing

Focused on harsh realities

Mark Twain – coined term “gilded age” in Gilded Age -

Stephen Crane – Maggie, Girl of the Streets

Jack London – Call of the Wild

New Morality

Comstock Laws – laws on sexual obscenity – America’s Puritan

roots

Divorce rate increases, delayed marriage ages, changing values

Free Love Movement – Victoria Woodhull

Institutional Changes

Morrill Act - 1862 – land-grant colleges – bound selves to

provide services like military training, benefitted from

gov’t funding

Hatch Act - 1887 – federal funds for experiment stations

at land-grant colleges

Black Colleges, Women’s Colleges, New Colleges

Refinement of the Ivy League – focused on secular

educational missions