APUSH History notes chapters 1-4

7/29/2019 APUSH History notes chapters 1-4

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2.

Treaty of Tordesillas penned in 1494, between Spain and Portugal; divided the two countries'

sphere of influence; gave Brazil and Africa to Portugal, and western South America/North

America to Spain

3. Jamestown the first permanent English settlement in the Americas; established in 16074. Joint-Stock Company a company whose ownership is divided by separate shareholders

5. Plymouth Colony established in 1620 in present-day Eastern Massachusetts, it was founded

by Separatists and Anglicans alongside Jamestown as one of the earliest successful European

colonies in North America

6. Mayflower Compact signed in 1620 by the Separatists who were fleeing England; the first

governing document of Plymouth Colony

7. Massachusetts Bay Colony the administration controlling English colonial settlements in

present-day Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maine, and other states in New England

8. John Winthrop a Puritan lawyer - one of the leading political figures in the formation of the

Massachusetts Bay Colony followed 1630

9. Puritans English Protestants, particularly Calvinists

10. John Calvin a French theologian, breaking from Roman Catholic tradition and the rest of

Protestantism

11. Salem Witch Trials trials held in Massachusetts in 1692 and 1693 regarding the apparent

witchcraft practices of the accused 28 people

12. Pequot Massacre an attack made on a Pequot Indian village by men of Massachusetts Bay on

May 26, 1637; done in retaliation for previous Pequot attacks on English settlers

13. Metacom's Rebellion (King Philip's War) conflict in the 1670s between the Pequots,

English settlers, and Mohegans against an alliance of Native Americans rebelling against

English colonial rule; ended in the defeat of the rebels

14. Virginia House of Burgesses the first legislature in North America established by European

settlers that contained elected representatives, first held in Jamestown in 1619

15. Maryland Act of Toleration written in 1649 in Maryland, establishing essential religious

toleration and acceptance of Christians in the Province of Maryland

16. Bacon's Rebellion a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676 against Governor Berkeley's

policies towards the commonplace Indian attacks along the frontier; first rebellion in the

Americas involving settlers being discontent with government rule

17. Indentured Servitude a system employed by planters and leaders of colonial provinces to


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bring laborers to the English colonies to provide for the labor of planting and harvesting cash

crops; indentured for a fixed time to work for their master

18. Headright System a system in which the governors/leaders of colonial provinces would

provide acres of land to a master each time a laborer was brought over to the colonies due to

indentured servitude; an incentive to increase production of cash crops, and the overallproductivity of the colonies

19. Roger Williams an early supporter and proponent of religious toleration and the separation of

church and state in the English colonies; established the Province of Rhode Island and

Providence Plantations (Rhode Island) in 1636, which became a haven for Christian and other

religious minorities

20. Anne Hutchinson a key participant in the religious and political controversy and debate in

Massachusetts from 1636-38

21. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut essentially the first constitution in North America;

established 1639

22. Halfway Covenant a way to give partial church membership to the descendants of original

church members

23. Quakers broke from the Church of England in the mid-1600s, emphasizing non-violence and

a simple life free of extravagance

24. William Penn a Quaker who founded the Province of Pennsylvania and began development

and construction of the city of Philadelphia

25. Mercantilism an economic doctrine that states that government control of trade and

economic activities is the only sure way of economic prosperity; a common practice in 1600s

and 1700s English colonies

26. Navigation Acts series of laws passed by Parliament that started to prohibit trade between the

North American colonies and foreign powers (mostly France, Spain, and the Netherlands) in

order to maximize the economic productivity of the colonies

27. Great Awakening a religious phenomenon in the early 18th century that spanned most of

British North America, encouraging the spread of Christianity and a revitalization in religious

zeal

28. Johnathon Edwards a Calvinist theologian often cited as one of America's greatest

intellectuals and philosophers

29. George Whitefield an Anglican preacher and proponent of the Great Awakening

30. John Peter Zenger a German journalist and printer who was editor of the New York Weekly


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Journal; accused and acquitted of libel after revealing corruption of New York City government

officials

31. Albany Plan an idea proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 (during the French and Indian

War) to create a unified central government of the colonies to coordinate the war effort

32. Salutary Neglect a British policy of avoiding strict adherence and upholding ofParliamentary laws to keep the Thirteen Colonies in line

33. Ben Franklin a political theorist, politician, author, printer, inventor, and later one of the

founding fathers of the United States

34. John Locke widely known as the father of classical liberalism, an early advocate for

capitalism, which conflicted with the wildly popular ideas of mercantilism in the day

35. French and Indian War the North American theater of the Seven Years' War; fought between

Great Britain and the Kingdom of France. While the Iroquois sided with the British, most

Native Americans joined the French. Ended with the British capture of Quebec

36. Pontiac's Rebellion war between British authorities and a confederation of Native American

tribes

37. Treaty of Paris (1763) the treaty that ended the French and Indian War, with the Kingdom of

Great Britain victorious over France and Spain; resulted in cession of the rest of North America

to Great Britain

38. Paxton Boys Scots-Irish vigilantes in central Pennsylvania that began to retaliate against local

Native American actions following the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion;

responsible for the Conestoga Massacre; stopped by Benjamin Franklin

39. Regulators North and South Carolineans that participated in an uprising against corrupt

British colonial officials from 1765 to 1771; often regarded as as a preliminary action to the

American Revolution

40. Iroquois Confederacy the Five Nations established by Dekanawida and Hiwatha; the

Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Cayuga tribes; later the Tuscarora came from the

Carolinas and were integrated as well


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Chapter IEarly Native Americans

majority of Native Americans (near 40 million) inhabited Central America when

Columbus arrived in 1492 and in Peru (the Incan Empire); another 7 million in Northern

United States and Canada

creation stories varied among Native American groups; Iroquois ancestors fell from sky

most original Native American ancestors came by land across the Bering Land Bridge

Tuscarora Indian tradition claims that a famine in the Old World (Eurasia) forced

ancestors to travel east, where the New World gave them abundant game and food

Olmecs began the flowering of civilization in Central America around 700 BC, living

along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico

by 200 BC more than 20,000 people were living in the Mayan city of Tikal; most

however were farmers

highest-ranking aristocrats claimed descent from the gods and effectively controlled

Mayan society

Mayan art depicted jaguars, warriors and combat, and complex and elaborate religious

rituals

astronomers created an accurate calendar that predicted eclipses of the sun and moon

another large civilization developed in Central Mexico, centered around the city of

Teotihuacan, which had the Pyramid of the Sun and 100 other temples, and over 100,000

residents by 800, however, long-term drought and invasions of nomadic peoples

brought about its fall

the Aztecs constructed Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco in Central Mexico in 1325

mastered the irrigation techniques of native peoples and established an elaborate culture

and society with a focus on order


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Aztecs were highly aggressive and eventually subjugated most of Central Mexico; often

demanded sacrifices from among subjugated peoples to ensure fertile fields and the

reign of the emperor

by 1500 Tenochtitlan had more than 200,000 inhabitants, far larger than most European

cities of the time

societies and Native American groups north of the Rio Grande were generally less

organized and complex

most parts of independent tribes, clans, or families

elders and chiefs ruled with limited power, governing through consent; therefore not

technically a ruling class

around 100 AD, the Hopewell people in Ohio had domesticated plants and organized a

system of large villages, with a trading network stretching from Louisiana to Wisconsin

imported copper from the Great Lakes, obsidian from the Yellowstone region, and

pottery from the Gulf of Mexico

built large burial mounds that still exist

around 400, for unknown reasons, the trading network collapsed

around 600 AD, the Hohokam people emerged in Arizona and New Mexico, utilizing

irrigation to grow large amounts of crops to support growth

by 1000 AD they were constructing large multi-room houses called pueblos

by 900 AD the Anasazi people became master architects, to the north

however, extended droughts and soil exhaustion from large-scale irrigation disrupted

maize production around 1150 AD, collapsing most of Pueblo society

the last large-scale culture to emerge north of the Rio Grande was that of the

Mississippian people around 800

planting new strains of maize and beans, the Mississippians produced an agricultural

surplus that allowed them to live in small, fortified temple cities

by 1350, however, the Mississippians were in rapid decline, suffering from

overburdening the environment and depleting nearby forests and herds of deer

the Eastern woodland Native American groups, chiefly the Iroquois peoples, were highly


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matrilineal in nature; women cultivated the fields

when Europeans eventually arrived, most Indians inhabiting the Eastern woodlands

lived in small kinship-based societies; the city-states that had been along the Mississippi

and in the Southwest had vanished

Europeans Encounter Africa and the Americas

by 1400, Europe had just come out of the Black Plague

Chinese merchant vessels and exploratory fleets had already reached the Eastern coast

of Africa

Muslim-dominated Middle East controlled all of Europe's trade with the Far East

in 1450, only Naples, Paris, and London had as many as 100,000 residents

the large majority of European people were peasants, whose families were leased homeson the land of a lord in return for working the fields

disease and malnourishment wracked the ranks of peasants, however

disease killed half of all peasant children before the age of twenty-one

before 1500, princes and kings benefited from the labor of the peasants, and conscripted

en-masse their subjects to participate in wars

the lower and upper nobles, however, had far more influence than the monarch

European society highly patriarchal; wife and children had to submit to father of the

household

originally most Europeans were pagan; the advent of Christianity taught to convert

pagans and to remove heretical teachings inconsistent with the teachings of the Church

Renaissance began due to flourishing and mixing of arts with the Middle East

the rich cities of Venice and Genoa, which maintained a monopoly on Eastern goods

flowing to Europe, were republics practiced civic humanism which emphasized loyalty to the state

Michelangelo, Andrea Palladio, and Filippo Brunelleschi designed great architectural

wonders

Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Jacopo Bellini produced magnificent works of ark and

paintings


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Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513, a guide to ruling; viewed humans as

inherently evil

monarchs allowed merchants to trade through their realms

Portugal, under the direction of Prince Henry (1394-1460) led a surge of maritime

commercial expansion

instigated an attack on the Muslim port of Ceuta, which revealed the trade of gold and

slaves across the Sahara

oversaw the creation of the caravel

by 1435 Henry's explorers had reached Sierra Leone where they traded salt, wine, and

fish for African ivory and gold

West African Society most West Africans lived in extended families composing smaller villages and farmed

nearby plots

lived in diverse ethnic groups and spoke four basic languages

there were some, however, city-states that produced high-quality leather, metals, textiles,

and pottery

new plants and animals introduced to West Africa by European traders

after 1492, maize, manioc, and tomatoes were introduced to Africa from the trade with

the Americas

however, yellow fever, malaria, and dysentery often killed many European traders and

explorers venturing into Sub-Saharan Africa

in 1488, Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope

in 1498, Vasco da Gama landed in India, circumnavigating the Middle East trading

routes that fed to the cities of Venice and Genoa, which had previously maintained a

monopoly on East Asian goods and services

soon the Portuguese government set up fortified trading posts along the African coast

Portuguese began to involve in the African slave trade in the late 1400s

significant number of African slaves were trade slaves

by 1550, the maritime slave trade expanded enormously as Europeans set up sugar


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plantations in Portuguese Brazil and the Caribbean region

The Spanish conquest

Spanish reconquista sought to push Muslims from Iberia

in 1492, Granada was captured and the Muslims were pushed from now-Christian Iberia

Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon commissioned the Genoan

mariner Christopher Columbus to open up a second route to India to compete with the

Portuguese

Columbus believed the native tribes would easily convert to Christianity, and demanded

tribute from the Arawak, Taino, and Carib peoples

In 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon explored the coast of Florida

the same year, Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and became thefirst European to see the Pacific Ocean

the Conquistador Hernan Cortes led an expedition to Tenochtitlan; captured and killed

the Aztec emperor Montezuma and destroyed Tenochtitlan, killing thousands with

disease and using the Aztec's enemies to destroy an entire civilization

a smallpox epidemic ravaged Tenochtitlan during the war with Cortes and the Spaniards,

which killed Montezuma's brother and thousands of others that were unprepared to deal

with European disease

in 1524, Francisco Pizarro, another conquistador, led an expedition against the Inca

Empire in Peru and the Western Andes mountains

conquered the Inca Empire with 168 men and 67 horses over half of the Inca

population died from European disease by 1532

disease brought Mesoamerican population from 30 million to 3 million from 1500 to

1650

conquistadors and descendants held encomiendas royal grants that gave them legal

control of the labor of the native population, allowing them to gather immense wealth

and influence

horses, animals, and food brought west

the Columbian Exchange resulted in population growth in Europe and provided a new


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source of income for European traders

Mesoamericans and other Native American peoples converted and assimilated en-masse

during initial Spanish colonization

over 350,000 Spaniards immigrated to the royal holdings and colonies in the Americas

between 1500 and 1650

3.2 million Spaniards, 5.5 million mixed Indian and Europeans, 1 million African slaves,

and 7.5 million Indians

The Protestant Reformation

the German monk Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses condemning Catholic practices of

the day, including the purchasing of indulgences for the forgiveness of sins

Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope sought to imprison him, but the

German princes (that opposed the Emperor due to political reasons and in quest for more

autonomy) harbored Luther and prevented his arrest

Luther rejected the idea of working for salvation and instead believed only faith would

give entrance to Heaven

downplayed the role of the Pope and the clergy as mediators between the people and

God

upheld the belief that the Bible, and not Church doctrine, was the ultimate authority in

matters of faith

John Calvin established the most rigorous Protestant regime

preached the doctrine of predestination lack of free will

King Henry VIII of England initially opposed Protestantism, but when the Pope refused

to grant his request for divorce with his wife (to marry Anne Boleyn), he established the

Anglican Church of England

Puritans including Calvinists and some Anglicans wanted to purify the Church of

England by simplifying its doctrine

Spain and England

gold and silver from Mexico and Peru made Spain the wealthiest nation in Europe, with

King Philip II is most powerful ruler


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presided over city-states in the Low Countries, Italy, America, Africa, and the East

Indies

Philip tried to root out Islam in North Africa and Protestantism in the Low Countries

Spanish-led Christian fleet devastated Ottoman fleet at Lepanto in 1571

Spanish Netherlands became extremely wealthy from trade with Portuguese

Dutch and Flemish revolted in 1566

Elizabeth I sent 6,000 troops to assist the rebels

Philip sought revenge and dispatched the Spanish Armada to defeat the English and

restore Catholicism to England

a fierce storm and the English fleet, led by Francis Drake, defeated the armada easily

oppressed by taxes (to fund his wars) and worried of constant warfare, 200,000

Castilians migrated to the Americas

Dutch merchants created the West India Company

English population increased from 3 to 5 million from 1500 to 1650

wool industry relied on outwork: merchants bought wool from the owners of great

estates and then hired landless peasants to spin and weave the wool to cloth

English economy supported by doctrine of mercantilism; government encouraging of

domestic manufacturing

inflation struck during the Price Revolution

as nobles lost wealth, their power within the House of Lords diminished rapidly

rising gentry members rose in the House of Commons

Price Revolution therefore encouraged representative government and institutions that

previously did not exist or maintain much power/influence

enclosure acts passed by Parliament, allowed owners to fence in open fields that

surrounded many peasant villages and put sheep to grave on them

Little Ace Age around 1600 brought about huge price increases in crops and social

discontent

Chapter II


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France, Spain, and the Netherlands in the Americas

in Mesoamerica, the Spanish seized Indian lands and quickly began converting them to

Catholicism

early Spanish explorers, after seizing Central America, made expeditions into what later

became the Southwestern United States

by 1560s Spanish became determined to defend their colonies from the English

Algonquins destroyed Jesuit religious missions along the East Coast, as far north as the

Chesapeake Bay

military setbacks prompted Spanish crown to adopt Christianization placed primary

responsibility for pacification of new lands under missionaries, rather than conquistadors

Indians that practiced polygamy were whipped and sold into slavery Franciscans converted, assimilated, and used force labor

Franciscans ignored laws protecting native peoples and allowed encomenderos

(landowners) to extract goods and forced labor from natives

in 1610, the Spanish established a system of forced labor in New Mexico, establishing

Santa Fe

Pueblo population over the next two generations lowered from 60,000 to 17,000

Pueblo shaman Pope called for Pueblos to expel the Spaniards

in 1680, a rebellion killed hundreds of Spaniards, but by 1690 they were put down

New France and Canada

in the far Northeast, the French attempted conversion of their own

Louis XIV subsidized immigration to the new colonies, making New France a royal

colony

indentured servants served for 3 years, who were paid yearly and would eventually

receive a lease-hold farm

of 27,000 that migrated to New France before 1760, almost two-thirds eventually

returned to France

New France became a great venture of acquiring profitable furs from the North and West

French introduction of diseases destroyed between 25% and 90% of many Indian groups


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Five Iroquois Nations participated in many fur trading-related wars

could acquire guns and goods from the Dutch and then attack other Indians and the

French by water

the devastation of neighboring Indian tribes by the Iroquois led to undisputed dominance

of upstate New York and full control of trade with the Dutch and the French

by 1701, tired of bloodshed, the Iroquois signed a series of peace treaties with both the

English and French

Jesuits originally founded to counter the Protestant Reformation were the key to

French conversion and assimilation of local Indian peoples

epidemics brought by French traders and missionaries killed thousands

The New Netherlands colony and New Amsterdam by 1600 the Netherlands was the trading hub of Northern Europe

in 1609, Dutch merchants dispatched Henry Hudson to locate a new source of supply in

North America discovered the Hudson River and established Fort Orange (later

Albany, effectively starting the New Netherlands colony)

West India Company established with a monopoly over the fur trade, and established

New Amsterdam; initially failed to prosper

by 1646, only one proprietor Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, succeeded

The English arrive in the Americas

English occupied New Amsterdam and renamed it New York City in 1664

after a Dutch revolt in 1673, it was ruled more like a conquered province than a colony

minor nobles organized first English colonies in 1580s

Sir Humphrey Gilbert's settlement in Newfoundland collapsed for lack of financing, and

Sir Ferdinando Gorges' colony along the coast of Maine foundered due to harsh weather

Sir Walter Raleigh's Roanoke Colony the Lost Colony - most famous in North

Carolina

traders a part of the Virginia Company established Jamestown in 1607, for gold; but

there was none

by 1611 the Company had sent more than 1,200 settlers, but fewer than half survived


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disease and weather destroyed colonies

Powhatan, leader of Algonquin-speaking peoples near Jamestown, treated English as

allies-through-trade

by 1622, land ownership, self-government, and a judicial system attracted some 4,500

new colonists

Indian named Opechancanough became leader of a confederacy of Indian tribes,

renaming himself Massatamohtnock in 1622; led an attack by twelve tribes that killed

347 white settlers, nearly a third of their number

English fought back by seizing Indian food and supplies

sold surviving Indians into slavery

in 1624, King James I and IV revoked the charter for the Virginia Company and made ita royal colony

second tobacco-growing colony in Maryland

King Charles I succeeded James as King, and was secretly sympathetic to the outcast

Catholics

in 1632, he granted the lands bordering the Chesapeake to Cecilius Calvert, a Catholic

aristocrat who carried the name Lord Baltimore

Maryland's population grew quickly as laws prevented persecution of fellow Protestants

tobacco quickly became chief export

prospect of owning land brought thousands to Maryland and Virginia

by 1700 over 100,000 lived there, most as indentured servants

most indentured servants did not escape from poverty

female indentured servants generally fared better than male counterparts

legal slavery did not exist; English common law did not exist chattel slavery (personowning slave as property)

tobacco boom ended in 1660s; limited demand outstripped by high production, causing

extremely low prices

Navigation Acts (1651, 1660, and 1663) restricted trade of colonies to only Great

Britain, with any foreign trade heavily supervised and delivered from British markets in


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Europe

amount of exports increased, despite this, due to increasing population and immigration

to the Americas

elite nobles came to own half of all land in Virginia

by 1720, Charles Carroll owned 47,000 acres of land and had it cultivated and farmed by

hundreds of slaves, indentured servants, and workers

William Berkeley made governor in 1660

number of Indians in Virginia by 1675 was down to just 3,500

fighting broke out in late 1675 when several militiamen murdered thirty Indians; defying

the governor's orders, over 1,000 other militia attacked an Indian village and killed five

chiefs

Indians retaliated by attacking outer settlements and killing 300 whites

Berkeley proposed idea of defensive strategy, with forts ringing the outer territories of

the colonies

Nathaniel Bacon, a young, charismatic, wealthy, and influential man a part of Berkeley's

gubernatorial council, demanded to lead troops against the Indians; denied, he did so

anyway

Bacon was arrested and then freed, and his supporters demanded new elections; new

political reforms curbed the power of the governor and re-established the poor man's

vote

Bacon's army burned Jamestown and plundered the plantations of Berkeley's allies

sudden death of dysentery in October 1676 destroyed the rebellion and order was soon

restored

in 1705 the House of Burgesses legalized chattel slavery formally

The Northeastern Colonies

between 1620 and 1640, thousands of Puritans fled to America many to New England

Pilgrims that settled in Plymouth were religious separatists Puritans who had left the

Church of England

only half of the original 102 Pilgrims survived through the winter to the next spring


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by 1640, there were 3,000 settlers in Plymouth

King Charles dissolved Parliament and claimed power to rule through divine right;

thousands flocked to America

began in 1630 with departure of 900 Puritans led by John Winthrop, who later became

the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Winthrop and allies established the Massachusetts Bay Colony, centered around town of

Boston

transformed joint-stock corporation into a representative political system originally the

General Court of shareholders

Puritans tried to recreate simplicity of first Christians, eliminating bishops and placed

power in the hands of the ordinary members of the congregation hence name of

Congregationalist

Puritan magistrates purge their society of religious dissidents to receive God's favor

Challenges to Puritan authority

Roger Williams, a minister of the Puritan church in Salem, north of Boston, taught that

magistrates over only the physical world, but not spiritual lives

followers established Providence and received a corporate charter in 1644 to establish

Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson put on trial by magistrates in 1637 for teaching that inward grace freed

an individual from the rules of the church

found guilty for having heretical beliefs, and banished; she followed Roger Williams in

exile to Rhode Island

English Civil War

Archbishop Laud imposed a Church of England prayer book on Presbyterian Scotland in

1642, and a Scottish army invaded England, sparking the English Civil War

Parliamentarian forces, led by Oliver Cromwell, secured final victory in 1649, and

Parliament executed King Charles I, then proclaiming a republican commonwealth

when Cromwell took dictatorial control in 1653, popular support began to buckle

after his death in 1658, moderate Protestants and a vengeful aristocracy re-established


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the monarchy and put Charles II on the throne in 1660

viewed as a victory for the Antichrist by many Puritans

Puritanism in the Americas

Puritans believed world filled with supernatural forces

this belief stemmed from Catholic belief in miracles, Protestants with faith in grace,

and even parts from paganism and Native American animism and shamanism

thousands of Puritans followed the pagan astrological charts to determine best times to

marry and plant crops

zealous ministers attacked these practices fervently

between 1647 and 1662, New England civil authorities hanged 14 people for witchcraft,

mostly older women for being double-tongued or having an unruly spirit in Salem in 1692, the Massachusetts Bay authorities arrested and tried 175 for potential

witchcraft, hanging 18 of them and pressing another to death

many were disturbed by the mass-execution, which provided a basis for not prosecuting

people in the future on charges of witchcraft

beginning stages of the Enlightenment also discouraged such accusations (began around

1675 in Europe)

Puritans constantly rejected practices of feudal European society

General Courts of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut bestowed title of each township

to a group of settlers proprietors who den distributed land among male heads of

families

most adult men participated in town meetings

in Massachusetts Bay Colony, ordinary farmers had more political power than in

Chesapeake Bay area

The Indians in the East

citing the Book of Genesis, the magistrates of Massachusetts Bay declared that Indians

were not native to their land; it belonged to English

like most people of the time, the English Puritans saw the Indians as savages

though not viewed as genetically inferior, they were viewed as whites with sun-darked


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skin who were culturally inferior

Puritans created praying towns

in the 1670s, there were three times as many whites as Indians

roughly 55,000 English

like Opechancanough in Virginia and Pope in New Mexico, Metacom concluded that

only war could save his people; in 1675, he forged an Indian alliance and attacked white

settlements throughout New England

war only ended when Indians ran out of powder, ammunition, and guns; and when

Metacom was killed following a betrayal by the Mohegan and Mohawk peoples

over the course of the 1770s, the Indians would gain revenge against the English

Puritans with help from the Catholic French

all Indian peoples were diminished in number by diseases, guns, and alcohol

trade a strength of the English and French; Indians did not realize the worth of the

animal furs they sold to the Europeans

Iroquois noted for women advising the chiefs; essentially matriarchal

Chapter III

The British in America

initially in the first half of British rule in the 1600s, the government ruled decentralized;

therefore, local oligarchs and governors ruled as they pleased

when King Charles II ascended to the throne, he gave to eight noblemen the area of

Carolina, and gave New Jersey and newly-conquered New Netherlands to James, Duke

of York (his brother), renamed New York

the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669) prescribed to the manorial system,

though not fully carried out inspired by Bacon's rebellion, residents of Albemarle County in 1677 staged their own

uprising

future South Carolina rejected the Fundamental Constitutions

Carolina merchants traded with neighboring Indian peoples by trading manufactured

goods and deerskins


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by 1708, white Carolinians were working on coastal plantations with 1,400 and 2,900

African slaves; South Carolina a violent frontier settlement until the 1720s

settlers in Pennsylvania pursued a pacifist policy in regards to the Indians

in 1681, Charles II gave Pennsylvania to William Penn in due to a debt owed to Penn's

father

designed Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers the Society of Friends

like Puritans, the Quakers wanted to change Christianity back to its early simplicity and

spirituality

rejected Puritan pessimistic doctrine of Calvinism

followed teachings of two English visionaries: George Fox and Margaret Fell; argued

God had imbued all men and women with an inner light of grace and understanding Penn's Frame of Government applied the radical beliefs of the Quakers to political

structure of his colony

ensured religious freedom

prompted thousands of Quakers mostly yeomen to come to Pennsylvania

established city of Philadelphia with wide streets and city parks

Penn published pamphlets in Dutch and German to attract European Protestants

in 1683, Saxon immigrants founded Germantown, which soon became a hub of German

immigrant activity

mercantilism gained hold in English economic circles and helped to manage the

economic growth and trade of the American Colonies

Revenue Act of 1673 placed a plantation duty on American exports of sugar and

tobacco

English government backed the policies of mercantilism by force of arms in three commercial wars between 1652 and 1674, the English drove the Dutch from

New Netherlands, and attacked Dutch forts and ships along the Gold Coast

English merchants expanded their fleets from 150,000 tons to 340,000 tons (1640 to

1690)

many colonists refused to comply with English mercantile laws


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Massaschusetts Bay assembly declared that the laws of England did not apply to the

colonies in America

Lords of Trade began to punish those that opposed the royal/parliamentary edicts on

mercantile trade

denied Massachusetts Bay claims to the territory of New Hampshire and even created a

new colony to spite them, placing it in control of a royal governor in 1679

Change in England affects the Colonies

James II and his accession to the throne in 1685 prompted further imperial regulations

by the King

aggressive and absolutist, he had lived in France during Cromwell's regime, where he

admired the absolutist authority of Louis XIV

believed that monarchs maintained a divine right to rule their realms

James invited political opposition by ignoring the advice of Parliament, revoking many

townships in the Americas, and openly practicing Roman Catholicism

Protestant bishops and parliamentary leaders in the Whig Party led a quick and bloodless

coup known as the Glorious Revolution, deposing James II and forcing him into exile

Whigs did not want a democracy; rather, they craved political power

forced King William and Queen Mary to accept the Declaration of Rights in 1689,

thereby enhancing the power of the House of Commons

cited the works of John Locke (Two Treatises on Government, 1690) to justify their

actions in deposing the King

uprising in Maryland where Puritan leaders seized Governor Andros, supported by

militia, and sent him to England

had economic and religious causes

since 1660, falling tobacco prices hurt smallholders, tenant farmers, and former

indentured servants

in New York, Jacob leisler led rebellion against the Dominion of New England

a former German soldier

initially, all classes and ethnic groups rallied behind him


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denunciation of political rivals soon alienated many English-speaking New Yorkers

William and Mary promoted an empire based on commerce following the absolutist rule

of James II

Parliament created Board of Trade in 1696 to supervise American settlements; resulted

in another period of lax in administration

Creek Indians wanted to be the dominant tribe in their region

in 1704, the Creek destroyed Franciscan missions in northern Florida, attacked

Pensacola, and sold 1,000 Apalachees to South Carolinian slave traders

Iroquois followed policy of peace with English

despite stalemate in the Americas, the English won major territorial and comercial

concessions through its victories in Europe Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 allowed English occupation of Newfoundland, Acadia, and the

Hudson Bay region of Northern Canada from France

British interest in American affairs reflected growth of new agricultural system: centered

around sugar, tobacco, rice, and other subtropical products from the Caribbean and

South America

Africans formed majority of transatlantic migrants to the Western Hemisphere

merchants imported slaves from Africa to provide labor on plantations producing sugar

cultivation of sugar and coffee after 1750 drove the slave trade even further

more English residents in the West Indies than the Chesapeake and New England

colonies combined (44,000 vs 35,000 total)

Scottish economist Adam Smith noted in The Wealth of Nations that sugar was the most

profitable crop in Europe and America

The reliance on the slave trade

at the height of the slave trade (around 1790), Britian was exporting about 300,000 guns

to Africa, to exchange for captives and equip slave raiders, and a British ship carrying

300 to 350 slaves left an African port every other day

stimulated British shipbuilding and manufacturing

Atlantic slave trade uprooted over 11 million Africans


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Middle Passage from the Gold/Slave/Ivory Coast to the New World

nearly 100,000 slaves died on mid-voyage uprisings, and more than a million died of

sickness on the month-long journey (15% of transported slaves)

relentless exploitation of slaves on plantations of Northwestern Brazil and West Indies

sugar prices high and price of slaves low; plantation owners worked slaves to death and

simply bought more

after Bacon's rebellion, planters in Virginia and Maryland took advantage of the

increased British trade in African slaves

a new plantation regime built upon African slavery rather than earlier indentured

servitude

by 1720, blacks made up 20% of the Chesapeake population, and slavery became centralfeature of society

conditions of slaves in the mainland colonies were much less severe than in the West

Indies

slaves in South Carolina labored under oppressive conditions

by 1705, more blacks in SC than whites

slaves came from many states in Western Africa

initially, blacks only thought of themselves as part of a specific state, clan, or family

over time they made friendships and married across ethnic lines

a common language (English, French, or Gullah) was key to allowing the development

of an African American community to take place

African values, despite being suppressed by white slaveowners, persisted through

generations

drastic limits on slave creativity; education was denied and accumulated few materialgoods and private property if any

slaves who disobeyed or resisted would often be lashed or beaten

some newly-arrived Africans fled to the frontier, marrying into Indian tribes or

establishing traditional clans/families

those fluent in English tried to pass as freemen/women


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South Carolina witnessed the largest slave rebellion

Stono Rebelliong of 1739

Spanish governor of Florida promised refuge and freedom for escaped slaves

69 slaves escaped by Feb. 1739

when war broke out between England and Spain in September, 75 Africans revolted and

killed many whites near the Stono river

Slavery expands in the south; society in the Colonies

southern colonies became full-fledged slave societies

William Byrd II, a colonial, mocked in English schools for being such

Virginia estate of 43,000 acres and 200 African slaves failed to impress father of his

would-be wife

to avoid another Bacon's Rebellion, Chesapeake gentry tended to concerns of middle-

and lower-class whites

gradually lowered taxes; encouraged smallholders to improve their economic fortunes

by investing in slaves

Chesapeake and South Carolinian wealthy women emulated the English elite

by 1700, the economies of the West Indies and New England were strongly interwoven

South Atlantic trading system linked the entire British Empire

merchants in Boston, Newport, Providence, Philadelphia, and New York invested their

profits in new ships and factories that processed raw materials into manufactured goods

transatlantic commerce expanded greatly

500 annual voyages in the 1680s to 1,500 in the 1730s

by 1750, populations of Newport and Charleston at 10,000; Boston had 15,000, New

York almost 18,000

Philadelphia the largest at 30,000 in 1776

prosperous merchants dominated seaport cities

in 1750, 40 merchants controlled 50% of Philadelphia's trade; taxable assets averaging

10,000 pounds


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a tailor was lucky to accumulate 30 pounds worth of property, far less than the 2,000

owned by an ordinary merchant at death of the 300 listed in the probate inventory of a

blacksmith

laboring men and women formed lowest rungs of colonial urban society

stagnant commerce threatened the financial security of merchants and artisans

New Politics of the Empire

following the Glorious Revolution, representative assemblies in the Americas followed

the example of the English Whigs, limited the powers of crown officials

many assemblies in the early 1700s refused to give royal governors salaries despite

demands from the King

leading the increasingly powerful legislative assemblies were the wealthy colonial elite most property-owning white men had the right to vote

Parliament persuaded to pass the Molasses Act of 1733 when American rum distillers

began to buy cheap molasses from the French islands

Act allowed mainland colonies to export fish and farm products to the French islands,

but placed a high tariff on French molasses

ten colonial assemblies established land banks, lending paper money to farmers, who

used their land as collateral for the loans

used currency to buy tools or livestock or to pay their creditors, thereby stimulating

trade

Parliament passed Currency Act in 1751, barred New England colonies from

establishing new land banks and prohibited use of paper money to pay private debts

new regulations angered a new generation of political leaders in England

Charles Townshend charged that American assemblies had assumed many duties of the

crown illegally in 1749

in 1650s, England sought to create a government-controlled system of colonies in the

Americas; they had succeeded economically, but internal unrest (Glorious Revolution)

and neglect resulted in increased independence in the American colonies

Chapter IV


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Society in New England

in 1630s, Puritans left England, where handful of nobles owned 75% of the arable land

and relied on servants to farm it

Puritans' commitment to independence did not extend to women

women's subordinate role in society impressed upon them throughout their lives

women assumed role of dutiful helpmates to their husbands throughout all the colonies

bearing and rearing children were equally important tasks

size of farms shrank, many couples chose to have fewer children

despite this, women still remained tightly bound by web of legal and cultural restrictions

property ownership and family authority were closely related

marriage law in 1700s English common law was not contract between equals

father's duty to provide inheritances for children; failure meant loss of status in

community

New England's population doubled every generation

parents had less to give to children; therefore had less control over their lives

New England farmers survived on smaller plots by developing full potential of exchange

of labors and goods between families

the Middle Atlantic colonies (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) became home

to peoples of differing origins, languages, and religions

Scots-Irish Presbyterians, English and Welsh Quakers,German Lutherans and

Moravians, Dutch Reformed Protestants, and others

ample fertile land and a long growing season attracted migrants to the Middle Colonies,

compared to New England

despite land demand, many migrants refused to settle in New York's fertile Hudson

River valley

most tenant families hoped that hard work and luck would let them sell enough wheat to

buy their own farmsteads

in rural Pennsylvania and New Jersey, wealth was distributed more evenly

at the other end of social scale, one-half of White population in Middle Atlantic colonies


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owned no land and little personal property

merchants and artisans took advantage of amply supply of labor to organize an outwork

system

bought wool/flax from farmers and paid propertyless workers and land-poor farm

families to spin it into yarn/cloth

Ethnicities and nationalities in the Colonies

Middle Colonies not a melting pot: European migrants held tightly to their traditions,

creating a patchwork of ethnically and religiously diverse communities

migrants preserved cultural identity by marrying within ethnic and religious lines

in Pennsylvania and western New Jersey, Quakers were the dominant social group; firstbecause of their numbers, and later because of social status, wealth, and influence

in 1737, Governor Thomas Penn used dubious tactics to remove the Lenni-Lenape

Quaker vision of a peaceable kingdom attracted 100,000 German immigrants who

were fleeing their homelands because of war and military conscription

Germans soon dominated many districts of eastern Pennsylvania, and thousands more

moved down the Shenandoah Valley into the western parts of Maryland, Virginia, and

the Carolinas

migrants from Ireland accounted for the largest group of incoming Europeans; about

115,000 in number

lured by the place that God has opened a door for their deliverance... all that a man

works for is his own; there are no revenue hounds to take it from us here

in Western Europe, leaders of church and state condemned religious diversity

in colonies, religious sects enforced moral behavior through communal self-discipline

in 1740s, Quaker dominance of Pennsylvania came under attack

by 1750s, ethnic and religious passions flared in Middle Atlantic colonies

The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening

two great European cultural movements hit the Americas in the middle-1700s: the

Enlightenment and Pietism (emphasis of personal relationship with God)


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initially, many turned to folk wisdom to explain the natural happenings of the world

colonists held to beliefs despite scientific revolution of 16 th and 17th centuries, which

challenged both folk and traditional Christian world views

English philosopher John Locke Concerning Human Understanding, Two Treatises

on Government

revolutionary ideas and theories

those ideas came to America by way of books, travelers, and educated immigrants

Benjamin Franklin exemplar of American Enlightenment

like many urban artisans, wealthy Virginia planters, and affluent seaport merchants,

Franklin became a deist: God set wheels in motion for life, but did not directly intervene

in day-to-day affairs Franklin popularized the practical outlook of the Enlightenment inPoor Richard's

Almanack

many educated Americans turned to deism

in 1720s, German migrants carried Pietism to America, sparking a religious revival

American-born Pietist movement appeared in Puritan New England

in 1730s, Jonathan Edwards restored zeal in Congregational churches in the Connecticut

River Valley

Solomon Stoddard taught that God was compassionate and Sainthood was not limited to

a select few; Edwards rejected this

took inspiration from teachings of John Calvin in that men and women were helpless,

and were completely dependent on God

George Whitefield transformed local revivals inspired by Edwards and the Tennants into

a Great Awakening spanned all the British colonies in North America

skilled publicity and compelling presence assisted in transmitting message across the

colonies

Great Awakening very controversial; conservative ministers condemned fainting,

crying out, and convulsions that had become a part of revitalist meetings

undermined the allegiance to legally established churches and tax-supported ministers


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conservative ministers attacked the practice of giving women right to speak at church,

which was becoming popular

Awakening challenged authority of all ministers

in many rural villages, revivalism reinforced communal values of farm families by

questioning the moneygrubbing practices of merchants and land speculators

as religious enthusiasm spread, churches founded new colleges to educate their young

men and to train ministers

in southern colonies (royal crown colonies officially), religious enthusiasm triggered

sharp social conflict

Anglican ministers few in number, and landless whites attended church irregularly

in the southern colonies, the Great Awakening challenged the dominance of both theChurch of England and the planter elite

to halt spread of New Light ideas, Virginia's governor denounced them as false teachings

New Light Baptist ministers had no problem reaching out to ordinary folk and therefore

won large numbers of converts in Virginia in the 1760s

even slaves welcome at Baptist revivals; George Whitefield had urged Carolina slave

owners to bring blacks into Christian fold in 1740s

despite attacks, Baptist numbers continued to grow

by 1775, about 15% of Virginia's whites and hundreds of black slaves had joined Baptist

churches

Baptist revival in the Chesapeake may have changed the form of worship, but did not

change the social order to a significant extent

The French and Indian War

in 1754, both France and Britain had laid claim to much of the land west of the

Appalachians

for decades, native peoples used their control of the fur trade to bargain for guns and

subsidies from French and British officials

at the Albany Congress (meeting between Board of Trade and Iroquois) the British asked

for help against the French


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Benjamin Franklin proposed the Plan of Union; included continental assembly

plan rejected

a rising British statesman, William Pitt, and Lord Halifax, were strong advocates for

colonial expansion

in 1756, the conflict had spread to Europe (Seven Years' War)

William Pitt emerged as architect for British war effort; a master of strategy, both

commercial and military

committed a fleet of ships and 30,000 British regulars to the American conflict

French outnumbered in Americas 14 to 1

forced the French to abandon Fort Duquesne, and General James Wolfe took Quebec

after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham

Montreal captured in 1760, completing the conquest of Canada

Treaty of Paris in 1763 confirmed Britain's triumph

The aftermath and industrial growth

Pontiac's Rebellion: Indians besieged Detroit, killed/captured over 2,000 settlers; result

of French & Indian War

Proclamation of 1763 declared that white settlements west of the Appalachians were

prohibited

Britain's unprecedented economic resources facilitated easy victory over France

mechanical power was a key ingredient of Britain's industrial revolution

colonists increased their exports of tobacco, rice, indigo, and wheat to pay for

manufactured goods

Americans used their profits from trade to buy English manufactures in a consumer

revolution, raising the standard of living

Dutch tenant farmers, Wappinger Indians, and migrants from Massachusetts all laid

claim to land held by the Van Rensselaer and Linvingston families

other land disputes erupted in New Jersey and the Southern Colonies

revival of proprietary claims by manorial lords and English nobles reflected the rising

price of land in the Atlantic coastal plain


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colonial population continued to grow, intensifying demand for arable land

as landowners moved west, they sparked new disputes over Indian policy

violence broke out in backcountry of South Carolina

South Carolina Regulators rose in demand of greater representation in the South

Carolinian government for the western districts and counties

North Carolinian debtors defied the government's authority to save their farms from

grasping creditors and tax-hungry officials

in 1771 (like 1675), colonial conflicts became entwined with imperial politics

Documents

APUSH History notes chapters 1-4