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The Great Depression By: Patrick Bean, Olivia Beck, Julia Pyne, Parker Smarsty

APUSH Great Depression Book

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Patrick Bean, Olivia Beck, Julia Pyne, and Parker Smarsty 5th Hour

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Page 1: APUSH Great Depression Book

The Great Depression

By: Patrick Bean, Olivia Beck, Julia Pyne, Parker Smarsty

Page 2: APUSH Great Depression Book

Charles DawesCharles Dawes was a member of the United States War Department, a Colonel, and

a General. Later, he left the army in 1919 and joined the American Legion. He was also the president nominee of the Republican party. On November 4, 1924, he became vice president under Calvin Coolidge. He first headed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, only to resign a few months later.

The Dawes Plan inherited its name from Charles Dawes who was the head of the Bureau of the Budget. Germany was struggling to repay reparations from WWI due to their bankruptcy and inflation. The Dawes Plan was a way for Germany to restore its economy. Charles Dawes received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work in this Plan. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation also included Dawes’ leadership which gave financial support to local and state governments, gave loans to important businesses(banks, railroads, ...). This made the effort to restore bank’s confidence after the Great Depression.

Calvin Coolidge and Charles Dawes elected in 1924

Page 3: APUSH Great Depression Book

Start of the Depression

Buying stock was popular in the 1920s to sell and gain money. On October 29, 1929, the stock market crashed. Over 12 million stocks were sold within a few days of this. Investments in stock was over speculated which led to prices plunging. Most stocks were sold at much of a lesser value. Tons of money and jobs lost by big time investors.

Another large factor of the cause of the Great Depression was the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl was caused by the overuse of land and high winds in the West(which led to erosion). Those in agriculture suffered. To describe the struggles of those struggling in this area, John Steinbeck, an American author, wrote The Grapes of Wrath. It was about a family of Oklahoma and their journey out of the Dust Bowl to start over.

The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck on the Dust Bowl

Page 4: APUSH Great Depression Book

Frank Delano Roosevelt Elected

Roosevelt was a Democrat who defeated Republican Herbert Hoover by a landslide. He had a wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, who supported the New Deal and women's working condition. He created the New deal which was in response to the Great Depression and includes the three R’s. The 3 R’s stand for Relief, Recovery, and Reform.

On March 12 1933 he had a fireside chat on a radio station that addressed the issue in the US banking system. FDR also appointed a group of 3 academic advisors to aid him in political decisions. These advisors names were Raymond Moley, Rexford Guy Tugley, Adolph A. Berle, Jr. He also signed the Beer and Wine Revenue Act to put a federal tax on alcoholic beverages for a revenue to help the economy during the Great Depression.

Father Charles Coughlin had a weekly radio broadcast that accumulated about 30-45 million listeners.

Page 5: APUSH Great Depression Book

The First 100 Days

FDR knew that going into presidency during the start of the Great Depression would be a challenge; he also knew the American people wanted to be confident in him and that under him, they could muddle through during this time of hardship. “FDR was established as the most effective president in dealing with congress during the first 100 days.” Many Americans felt the U.S. were under a national emergency due to banks shutting down, unemployment being a high of 25%, and businesses losing money. This in turn made FDR’s circumstances unique.

Between March 8 and June 16, Congress followed Roosevelt's lead which involved passing 15 different bills which would be the formation and basis of The New Deal. The most recognizable actions taken during this time were a national bank holiday (all banks in the country were to be closed to prevent them from collapsing) , ending the gold standard (dollar bills would no longer be backed by a gold standard so the government could print more money to build the economy up), passing the Glass-Steagall Act to separate investment and commercial banking and therefore forcing banks to leave the financial investment business. This created the FDIC, where $2500 in deposits would be backed by the bank so people wouldn't have to worry about losing all of their money if a bank ever shuts down again. The Federal Securities Act was then put into place after the Securities and Exchange Act to regulate the stock market in 1934; this is still used today to regulate stock.

FDR at the beginning of the first 100 days.

Page 6: APUSH Great Depression Book

The First 100 Days (Cont)

After the Federal Securities Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed to give relief to farmers. The AAA would pay farmers to reduce their production which helped minimize surpluses of crops and increase their prices. The Civilian Conservation Corps was also created to reduce unemployment and give young men jobs in rural areas, such as national parks or forests. The Tennessee Valley Authority was put into place to provide electricity and other basics to the South that was greatly impoverished.

The National Industrial Recovery Act would create new agencies and regulations that would tighten the business and government relationship, but was declared unconstitutional in 1935. The Public Works Administration funded the construction of public works projects across the U.S, so it helped schools, hospitals, airports, dams, ports, ships for the Navy and airports for the Army. The Federal Emergency Relief Act gave direct relief, training and work for Americans without jobs. It was soon abolished in 1935.

The streets during the first 100 days

Page 7: APUSH Great Depression Book

Townsend Pension PlanThe Townsend Pension Plan was established by Dr. Francis Townsend. He

was a physician and lived from 1867-1960. He put into place the Townsend Pension Plan to end the Great Depression by opening up jobs for young people.

This in turn made the elderly spend greater amounts of money in the consumer economy because the government would give a $200 pension to anyone 60 or older per month. This is due to people being required to work under the Social Security Program in order to get payed.

This cartoon depicts the youth of the country finally taking elders’ responsibility into their hands.

Page 8: APUSH Great Depression Book

TeaPot Dome Scandal A scandal involving naval oil reserves, and bribery under the administration of Warren G Harding.

Albert Bacon Fall, who was secretary of the Interior at the time, had leased petroleum, that was meant to go towards the navy, to private oil companies. The reason it’s addressed as “the teapot dome scandal” is because the petroleum reserves were stored at Teapot Dome in Wyoming, as well as two other locations in California. Albert.B Fall was eventually convicted for accepting bribes from the oil companies. He was also the first ever cabinet member to go to prison.

Born in Frankfort Kentucky Albert Fall was the very first ever cabinet member ever to be charged with a felony, primarily for accepting bribes. Previously to being the Secretary of the inside he was a lawyer. He helped with cases such as the Albert Jennings murder case, involving Oliver M lee hiring men to steal cattle from other ranches. And he assisted in the Pat Garret case, defending the suspected killer of sheriff Pat Garrett, the man who killed Billy the Kid.

Albert Fall was the first cabinet member to be charged with a felony.

Page 9: APUSH Great Depression Book

Bonus Army

The World War 1 veterans were to receive money for serving overseas. The problem was, they weren’t to receive them until 1945. This vote was made by congress due to the Great Depression. In this time period, the government could not afford to pay them; it was too difficult. They wouldn't get the money for a long time which made them angry since they were already struggling for money.

20,000 of angry veterans marched down to Washington D.C. They demanded for their money right away. To gain more attention, they set up Hoovervilles around D.C. In response to the army, Hoover sent out Douglas MacArthur and his army to clear up the city. Unfortunately, the stand-off ended with tear gas and bayonets.

The Bonus Army included as many as 20,000 veterans setting up Hoovervilles in Washington D.C.

Page 10: APUSH Great Depression Book

Nine Power treaty

A pact, signed by Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Japan, Britain, Portugal, China, and Italy. Agreed for each country to recognize each other's sovereignty of pacific colonies. Also made china into an “open door” policy country, meaning all countries have equal chances of trading with China as well as using chinese ports to establish trade routes in Asia.Treaty was eventually broken when Imperial Japan invaded Manchuria, followed by china during the second world war.

This treaty aimed to get rid of any future fights between countries.

Page 11: APUSH Great Depression Book

Schechter vs. US

A court case known as the “sick chicken case.” It declared that the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional. The NIRA was passed in 1933. It gave the President power to control industry and raise the prices after a huge depression. It was part of the nation's recovery plan.

It was declared unconstitutional for 3 reasons. First it gave legislative powers to the executive branch. Second, the constitution doesn't give powers such as this. Lastly, they controlled businesses that were intrastate.

These symbols represent the Schechter Poultry Corp vs US case

Page 12: APUSH Great Depression Book

Adkins vs. Children’s Hospital Adkins vs. Children’s Hospital was a case of the Supreme Court. It

stated that a designated board of people established by congress may set the wage for women workers in DC. It was ruled unconstitutional in a 5-3 vote. It had violated the fifth amendment, which guarantees life and liberty. It also interfered with the right to a freedom of contract.

Later after, the 3 justices; William Taft, Edward Sanford, and Oliver Homes; who were opposed to Adkins vs. Children’s Hospital argued the decision. The new case was West Coast Hotel Company vs. Parrish. They used the point that they can intervene if there is recognized evil. They said that minimal intervention in contracts between employers and employees is constitutional. Then Adkins vs. Children’s Hospital was basically reversed when West Coast Hotel Company vs. Parrish was passed.

Debated over wages of women in the workforce

Page 13: APUSH Great Depression Book

US vs. Curtiss-Wrightis everthing in order

This case started in 1934. The congress created a joint resolution that gave the president power to control foreign affairs. President Roosevelt set embargoes on weapons sent to any South American countries that were involved with the Chaco War. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation was found to be violating the embargoes. They sold much more machine guns than were allowed.

During the court case, the company said that the legislative branch gave a legislative power to the executive branch. The joint resolution was declared constitutional and the charges would stay. It was a 7-1 decision. The guns were exported to Bolivia.

Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation violated embargoes on weapons sent to South American countries involved with the Chaco War.

Page 14: APUSH Great Depression Book

Court Packing Plan

The Judicial procedures reform bill was generally called the court packing plan. It was proposed by FDR in 1937. It aimed to add more Supreme Court justices to the Supreme Court. It was planned to expand the court to 15 judges. The public hated this idea and thought he created it to make the overall view of his new deal by the supreme court to be more neutral than against his new deal.

This plan was shot down and declared unconstitutional. Many plans and acts during this time were declared unconstitutional. It was a 70-22 vote. But later after this, Roosevelt started choosing his own Supreme Court justices. 5 out of the 7 justices were appointed by Roosevelt by the year of 1942.

FDR wanted to add a few more justices.

Page 15: APUSH Great Depression Book

Agriculture Adjustment Act(AAA)

The Agriculture Adjustment Act of 1933 was meant to reduce agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies. They would not plant any more crops and would kill of any access livestock. This was suggested during the New Deal era because there was overproduction in agriculture and industry. To decrease the production of crops and livestock meant that prices would be raised. Raising prices overall will benefit the economy since people were out of money during the Great Depression and it would remain stable.

The AAA was a huge help to tenant farmers and sharecroppers, but it did have its faults. On January 6, 1936, the Supreme Court ruled in the United States vs. Butler that the AAA was unconstitutional. It was because the Act taxed the processors just to pay back the farmers. The case stated that the regulation of agriculture was the state’s power. Later, the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 fixed these issues and continued this farm program.

The AAA significantly benefited the cotton industry through payments.

Page 16: APUSH Great Depression Book

Relief Acts

The Wagner Act was created and signed in 1935. It was coined by senator Robert Wagner. It created a National Labor Relations Board and fixed relationships between unions and employers. The Tennessee Valley Authority also helped for the relief stage of the new deal. This part of the new deal created this agency to stop floods in the region around Tennessee river valley. They also needed electricity so used dams to stop flow of rapid water and create electricity. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) helped unmarried, unemployed, men in the relief class of society.

Another act created to benefit those who needed employment, the Works Progress Administration. It employed millions of unemployed men and women, including most who were unskilled. Headed by Harry Hopkins, they worked for the public works. This benefited the economy further because of them building buildings and roads. It tried to give at least one paid job to each family.

The WPA benefited millions of Americans; a true success.

Page 17: APUSH Great Depression Book

Other Acts

The Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 was put into place to stop the crop prices from being twisted. This act's goal was to help farmers buy, sell and store agricultural surpluses. The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 was designed to outlaw yellow-dog contracts and prohibit use of court injunctions in labor disputes. This act helped point in the direction of a more level headed relationship between the judiciary and nations labor relation systems.The Homeowners Refinancing Act of 1933 was included in FDR's New Deal. It was passed to help people losing their homes by offering loans and refinancing mortgage assistance.

The Beer and Wine Revenue Act of 1933, passed March 22, was put into place to put a tax on all alcoholic beverages to raise the revenue for the federal government and provide states with the option to regulate distribution and sale of beer and wine. The 21st Amendment, proposed in 1933, repealed the 18th Amendment which ended 14 years of prohibition and only put some restrictions on alcohol. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was enacted by congress and their goal was to decrease federal control of Indian affairs and increasing Indian self government and responsibility. The Social Security Act was established in 1935. It made a system that young employed people support old retired people. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 established minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and child labor standards. The act's purpose was to get rid of labor conditions that were harmful to the minimum standard of living which included health, efficiency, and workers well-being.

This is the US legislative branch.

Page 18: APUSH Great Depression Book

Other Acts (Cont)

The Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law of 1922 reflected US isolationist inclinations following World War 1. A laissez-faire attitude toward regulating business and pro business attitude in passing the tariff and promoting foreign trade through big loans to post war allied governments who returned the favor by buying US goods. The McNary-Haugen Bill was supported by Smith in the 1928 election which suggested grain subsides in order to raise prices. This bill failed to pass two times under Coolidge due to Hoover’s opposition to it.

The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 was a treaty rejecting war as an instrument of national policy and advocated for peaceful means of the settlement of international disputes. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of 1930 raised import duties to protect businesses and farmers which added a great amount of strain to the economy of the Great Depression. The Civil Works Administration was started in 1933 by FDR and Congress. It was a part of the New Deal and was created to make the lives of employees easier during the Depression. This would also help another depression be less likely to happen due to job creation and lower unemployment. It also provided work for those without jobs.

The Federal Housing Administration provides mortgage insurance on loans made by FHA approved lenders throughout the US and its territories since 1934. The United States Housing Act of 1937 created the United States Housing Authority (USHA). It was charged with clearing slum units and constructing low-cost, livable housing for low-income people. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), developed in 1933 due to thousands of bank failures, preserves and promotes public confidence in the US financial system by insuring deposits in banks for at least $250,000 by monitoring risks to the deposit insurance funds and limiting the effect on the economy when a bank fails.

The house of congress

Page 19: APUSH Great Depression Book

Key Figures

Huey P. Long was trying to distribute the rich peoples money to the poor people. He called the program “Share the Wealth” and was followed by nearly 7 million Americans. Harry L. Hopkins did a similar thing. He ran the Works Progress Administration. They offered jobs to unemployed people and built roads and public buildings. The Great Depression affected so many people including heavyweight champion James Braddock who was forced to work other jobs to feed his family.

Warren Harding was the 29th President and was involved in the TeaPot Dome Scandal. When he died, Calvin Coolidge took over. He became the 30th President and was a Republican lawyer. He gained the White House’s dignity and confidence back that the previous president lost.

Joe Louis defeated German boxer Max Schmeling who many claimed to be a Nazi, even though he was found not a Nazi

Page 20: APUSH Great Depression Book

Key Figures (Cont)

John Maynard Keynes was a very successful investor and famous economist. He is from Britain and is known for using deficit spending. Deficit spending is used to stimulate economic growth. This idea greatly influenced the New Deal. In order to stimulate the economy out of depression, the federal government will have to spend more money. Many critics, like Francis Townsend strongly opposed this new size of government.

State Senator, Alfred E. Smith, started off his career in his involvement in Tammany Hall. Frances Perkins was a labor improvement activist and had approached Smith. He had persuaded Smith to seek to improve the factory working conditions. Together with Robert Wagner, they held a series of many investigations in inspections of factories. Another key activist is Mary McLeod Bethune. She was appointed national adviser by Franklin D. Roosevelt. She’s important because she was an African American civil rights activist appointed to the Black Cabinet.

This is a picture of John M. Keynes in his British office

Page 21: APUSH Great Depression Book

Works Cited● (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes● Shmoop Editorial Team. (2008). Francis Townsend in FDR's New Deal. Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.

shmoop.com/fdr-new-deal/francis-townsend.html ● Social Security. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from https://www.ssa.gov/history/townsendproblems.html ● (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act ● Maynardkeynes.org. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from https://www.maynardkeynes.org/ ● (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith ● History.com. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.history.com/