1. Which statement is false? a) In science, we try to accumulate knowledge of the natural world.b) In science, we try to propose testable hypotheses.c) In science, we try to understand the purpose of life.d) In science, we try to develop theories explain observations.e) All statements are true

2. Why is science a dynamic process?a) Scientists are confusedb) Science is opinion-based, and different scientists have different opinionsc) Hypotheses may change as new data becomes available d) Science never changes

3. Place the following in the correct order for the scientific methodI. Reject or fail to reject the hypothesisII. Develop a hypothesisIII. Conduct the experiment or make observationsIV. Refine the hypothesis

a) I, II, III, IVb) III, II, I, IVc) IV, III, II, Id) II, III, I, IVe) II, III, IV, I

4. What is a hypothesis?a) A fact based on quantitative data that is falsifiable.b) A verifiable observation. c) A tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable.d) A fact based on qualitative data that is testable.e) Same thing as an unproven theory.

5. What is a theory?a) A well-structured hypothesis b) A broad explanation for natural phenomena supported by lots of evidencec) An objective observation in the natural worldd) A broad explanation for supernatural phenomena e) An educated guess based on past experience and available data

6. Which statement is false? a) A hypothesis is a broad explanation for natural phenomena supported by lots of evidence.b) A hypothesis is an educated guess based on past experience and available data.c) A hypothesis is an attempt to understand and describe observations in the natural world.d) A hypothesis must make predictions.

e) A hypothesis must be testable.

7. Which statement is false?a) A hypothesis is an attempt to understand and to describe observations in nature.b) A hypothesis is an informed guess about the natural world.c) A hypothesis must be testable.d) A hypothesis must be supported by lots of evidence.e) All statements are true

8. Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex level? a) organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population, organism b) cell, community, population, organ system, molecule, organelle c) organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ d) ecosystem, cell, population, tissue, organism, organ system e) molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere

9. Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most to the least complex level? a) organelle, cell, organ system, population, community, ecosystem b) ecosystem, community, organism, tissue, cell, organelle c) biosphere, population, organism, cell, tissue, molecule d) biosphere, community, tissue, organ system, molecule, organelle e) organism, population, organ system, tissue, molecule, cell

10. Which of the following is the correct format for a scientific name?a) Crassadoma giganteab) crassadoma giganteac) Crassadoma gigantead) Crassadoma giganteae) Both A and C are correct

11. In the name Canis lupus (the wolf) the Canis part refers to the __________ to which the wolf belongs.a) phylumb) speciesc) genusd) familye) order

12. Using the phylogeny, answer the following question.

What do A, B, C, and D represent?a) nodesb) hypothetical common ancestorsc) polytomyd) Both A, Be) A, B, and C are correct

13. Using the phylogeny, answer the following question.

The lamprey is most closely related to ____.a) amphibiansb) mammals c) reptilesd) birdse) none of the above

14. Using the phylogeny, answer the following question.

Mammals are most closely related to____.a) amphibiansb) mammals c) reptiles & birdsd) birdse) none of the above

15. Using the cat phylogeny, answer the following question.

How many clades are represented in this phylogeny?

a) 11b) 10c) 9d) 22e) 21

16. Using the cat phylogeny, answer the following question.

Which node represents the common ancestor of domestic cat and lion?a) Ab) Bc) Cd) De) E

17. Using the cat phylogeny, answer the following question.

Which node represents the common ancestor of domestic cat and cheetah?a) Ab) Bc) Cd) De) E

18. Which of the following statement(s) is/are false?a) A phylogenetic tree is a fact.b) A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis. c) A phylogenetic tree includes real (extant) species and hypothetical ancestors.d) A phylogenetic tree shows patterns of relatedness through time (descent).e) Both A and D

19. _______ is a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among many species.a) Taxonomyb) A nodec) A phylogenetic treed) A scientific namee) Emergent properties

20. From the list below, which are characteristics of taxonomy?I. give all species scientific namesII. place organisms into a classification system that is hierarchicalIII. represent how organisms are related to one another using a bifurcating tree

IV. illustrate the evolutionary history of organismsV. identify similarities as a result of sharing a common ancestorVI. place organisms into a classification system that is hierarchical and branching

a) I, IV, V, VIb) II, IV, V c) I, II, IVd) I, IIe) All are characteristics of taxonomy

21. From the list below, which are characteristics of phylogenetics?I. give all species scientific namesII. place organisms into a classification system that is hierarchicalIII. represent how organisms are related to one another using a bifurcating treeIV. illustrate the evolutionary history of organismsV. identify similarities as a result of sharing a common ancestorVI. place organisms into a classification system that is hierarchical and branching

a) III, IV, V, VIb) I, III, IV, V, VIc) I, II, IVd) I, IIe) All are characteristics of phylogenetics

22. A goal common to both phylogenetics and taxonomy is to _____.a) give all species scientific namesb) place organisms into a classification system that is hierarchicalc) represent how organisms are related to one another using a bifurcating treed) illustrate the evolutionary history of organismse) identify similarities as a result of sharing a common ancestor

23. Phylogenetics differs from taxonomy because the goal of phylogenetics is to _____.a) name organisms and classify them hierarchically.b) catalog all species on earthc) classify species in a way that reflect history and relationship to one anotherd) Both A and B are correcte) Both A and C are correct

24. A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification? a) Domain Eukarya b) Domain Archaea c) Kingdom Animalia d) Kingdom Protista e) Domain Bacteria

25. Prokaryotic cells may have all of the following except _____.a) ribosomesb) a cell wall c) a membrane-bounded nucleus d) a flagellume) plasmids

26. The Domain _______ includes most of the known prokaryote species, and is most closely related to the Domain ______.a) Bacteria, Archaeab) Bacteria, Eukaryac) Prokaryota, Eukaryad) Archaea, Bacteriae) Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya

27. The Domain _______ includes prokaryote species that are found in extreme environments, and is most closely related to the ______.a) Archaea, Eukaryab) Bacteria, Eukaryac) Prokaryota, Eukaryad) Archaea, Bacteriae) Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya

28. Of the following, which is not an ecological role of prokaryotes?a) decomposition and chemical recycling of organic matterb) parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseasec) metabolizing materials in extreme environmentsd) fixing atmospheric nitrogene) serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments

29. Which of the following would most likely occur if all prokaryotes were suddenly to disappear? a) All life would eventually perish due to disease. b) Many organisms would perish as nutrient recycling underwent dramatic reduction. c) All life would eventually perish because of increased global warming due to the greenhouse effect. d) Only the organisms that feed directly on prokaryotes would perish. e) Very little change would occur because prokaryotes are not of significant ecological importance.

30. Prokaryotes were important in earth’s early history because:a) they created land for organisms to colonizeb) they increased the amount of atmospheric oxygenc) they lived in extreme environmentsd) they removed poisonous materials from the atmospheree) prokayotes are not important

31. What is/are the function/s of the prokaryotic cell wall?a) to protect the organism from the environmentb) to produce copies of plasmid DNAc) to maintain the shape of the celld) Both A and D are correcte) Both A and C are correct

32. ________ is the most common compound is the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria.a) Celluloseb) Lipopolysaccharidec) Lignind) Peptidoglycane) Capsule

33. Which of the following statements is correct about gram-negative bacteria?a) Antibiotics are very effective for killing them.b) They possess an outer-membrane of the cell wall containing toxic lipoplysaccharides.c) They possess more DNA per cell than do any eukaryotic organism.d) Their cell walls are primarily made of peptidoglycan.e) Both A and D are correct.

34. Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from synthesis of peptidoglycan, so which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to penicillin?a) Archaeab) gram-positive bacteriac) gram-negative bacteriad) mycoplasmase) endospore bacteria

35. Some antibiotics inhibit the ability of gram-positive bacteria to ______ because they _______.a) form spores; stop DNA replicationb) form cell walls; stop cross-linking of peptidoglycanc) perform cellular respiration; inhibit reproductiond) replicate DNA; inhibit reproductione) synthesize DNA; cause mutations in DNA

36. Why are some antibiotics less effective in stopping a gram-negative bacterial infection?a) Antibiotics prevent formation of peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall, but this layer is protected by an outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria.b) Antibiotics inhibit reproduction of gram-positive bacteria, but do not work in gram-negative bacteria.c) Antibiotics cannot prevent DNA replication in gram-negative bacteria because the DNA is protected by a layer of peptidoglycan.

d) Antibiotics cannot kill the endospores of gram-negative bacteria.e) Antibiotics cannot find the gram-negative bacteria because they hide in capsules.

TRAITS

37. Some prokaryotes can hide from a host’s immune system by _______.a) possessing a capsule made of sticky polysaccarideb) creating a thicker layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall c) moving faster than the immune response with its flagellad) forming an endosporee) reproducing quickly by binary fission

38. Some prokaryotes have a cell covering that enables it to hide from the immune defenses of a host organism called a ______.a) plasmidb) capsulec) endospored) F factore) cell wall

39. Some prokaryote species have _____ and can survive very adverse environmental conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures.a) plasmidsb) capsulec) endospored) F factore) Both A and B are correct

40. Which structure allows bacteria to attach to surfaces, such as a host’s lung tissue.a) plasmidsb) capsulec) endospored) F factore) Both A and B are correct

41. Most genetic variation in prokaryote populations occurs through the process of _____.a) meiosis during the formation of gametesb) mutation where mistakes are made during DNA replicationc) conjugation in which one individual chances geneticallyd) sexual reproduction resulting in genetically different offspringe) Both A and D are correct

42. Which of the following statements is incorrect?a) Most of the bacterium’s DNA is found in the nucleoid region.b) A plasmid is second genome found in some, but not all, bacteria.

c) Some bacteria are antibiotic-resistant because they have a certain type of plasmid.d) The F factor makes a bacterium antibiotic-resistant.e) Plasmids are a small, circular piece of DNA that contains genes.

43. Which of the following explain why bacteria are becoming antibiotic-resistant?I. Bacteria can become symbiotic with eukaryotic organisms.II. Bacteria can reproduce very rapidly, allowing DNA changes to quickly spread in a population.III. The DNA of bacteria often mutates from mistakes during DNA replication.IV. Bacteria can exchange antibiotic-resistant genes by conjugation.

a) I, IVb) II, IIIc) I, II, IIId) II, III, IVe) I, II, III, IV

44. In the past, may doctors would give antibiotics to patients at the first sign of disease symptoms. Why can this practice cause more problems for these patients and for other not yet infected?a) Overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.b) Antibiotics may cause side affects in the patient.c) The antibiotic chosen may not be effective for that particular type of bacteriad) Some patients may be allergic to the antibiotic.e) Antibiotics interfere with the ability of the doctor to identify the type of bacteria.

45. Which of the following are correct?a) Exotoxins are secreted by living bacteria; endotoxins are part of the living bacteria and are only harmful once the bacterium dies.b) Exotoxins are part of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and can be removed by antibiotics.c) Endotoxins are proteins secreted by living bacteria than attack cells in the host’s body.d) Endotoxins are not dangerous to the host, while exotoxins are always fatal.e) All statements are correct.

46. Which of the following statements is incorrect about conjugation?a) Conjugation is when DNA is transferred between two bacterial cells.b) A sex pilus connects two bacterial cells during conjugation.c) The F factor is required to form a sex pilus.d) Both bacterial cells change genetically after conjugation.e) The donor bacterium transfers a plasmid to the recipient bacterium.

47. Which of the following statements is incorrect about conjugation?a) Conjugation is when DNA is transferred between two bacterial cells.b) A sex pilus connects two bacterial cells during conjugation.c) Both bacterial cells must have the F factor to create a sex pilus.

d) Only one bacterium changes genetically after conjugation.e) The donor bacterium transfers a plasmid to the recipient bacterium.

48. Which of the following statements is incorrect about conjugation?a) Conjugation is when DNA is transferred between two bacterial cells.b) A sex pilus connects two bacterial cells during conjugation.c) Only one bacterial cell needs to have the F factor to create a sex pilus.d) Only one bacterium changes genetically after conjugation.e) After conjugation, both bacteria always become resistant to antibiotics.

49. What two things are necessary for conjugation in bacteria?a) capsule and sex pilusb) flagellum and F factorc) sex pilus and F factord) endospore and R plasmide) plasmid and endospore

50. Protists are alike in that all are _______.a) multicellular. b) photosynthetic. c) marine. d) unicellular. e) eukaryotic.

51. Prokaryotic cells are different from eukaryotic cells because ______.a) prokaryotes do not have cell walls.b) prokaryotes cannot reproduce.c) prokaryotes are not able to move.d) prokaryotes do not have organelles.e) prokaryotes do not have DNA.

52. Protists are ecologically important because:a) they create land for organisms to colonize.b) they lived in extreme environments.c) they are the base of many aquatic food webs.d) they removed poisonous materials from the atmosphere.e) Protists are not important to the ecology of earth.

53. Which of the following statements about protists is false?a) all are multicellularb) most are motilec) most are associated with waterd) some are parasitice) some are mixorophs

54. According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? a) from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for oxygen-using metabolism b) from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes c) by tertiary endosymbiosis d) from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes e) when a proto-eukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont

55. An “endosymbiont” is ___________________.a) a chimerab) a eukaryote cellc) an organism that lives inside another organismd) a plant and its pollinatore) Lynn Margulis

56. Evidence for secondary endosymbiosis can be seen in some protists because their plastids are surrounded by ________ membranes?a) one.b) two.c) three.d) foure) no

57. The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant prokaryotes and _______. a) nuclei and chloroplasts b) mitochondria and chloroplasts c) cilia and mitochondria d) mitochondria and nuclei

58. Lines of evidence supporting the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria include/s:a) Both have circular DNA.b) Both have prokaryote-like ribosomes.c) Both have histone proteins attached to their strands of DNA.d) A and B are correct.e) A, B, and C are correct

59. Which of the following characteristics of chloroplasts and mitochondria are more similar to prokaryotic cells than to eukaryotic cells?a) size of the organelleb) ribosomes c) circular DNA moleculesd) A and B are correct.e) A, B, and C are correct

60. Which of the following is not a shared characteristic of chloroplasts and mitochondria with prokaryotic cells?a) cell walls contain peptidoglycanb) ribosomal RNA sequences are similarc) circular DNA moleculesd) some antibiotics block protein synthesise) replicate in a similar way (binary fission)

61. A ______, such as the _____, is an organism that carries and disperses a pathogenic organism to a host organism.a) vector, mosquitob) plasmid, kissing bugc) cholorplast, tsetse flyd) virus, mosquitoe) transporter, wind

62. Which of the following statements is incorrect about biological vectors? a) A vector is an organism.b) A vector moves pathogenic organisms between host organisms.c) All bacterial diseases need a vector to disperse.d) The mosquito is an example of a vector.e) A vector is necessary for malaria to spread within a human population.

63. The disease ________ is caused by ________ and it transmitted by the ________ vector.a) malaria, Plasmodium, kissing bugb) sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma, tsetse flyc) malaria, Plasmodium, tsetse flyd) chagas, Trypanosoma, mosquitoe) chagas, Plasmodium, tsetse fly

64. The disease ________ is caused by ________ and it transmitted by the ________ vector.a) malaria, Plasmodium, mosquitob) sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma, mosquitoc) malaria, Plasmodium, tsetse flyd) chagas, Trypanosoma, mosquitoe) chagas, Plasmodium, tsetse fly

65. The disease ________ is caused by ________ and it transmitted by the ________ vector.a) malaria, Plasmodium, tsetse flyb) sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma, mosquitoc) malaria, Plasmodium, tsetse flyd) chagas, Trypanosoma, kissing bug

e) chagas, Plasmodium, kissing bug

66. ____________ is a group of protists that cause a 15% crop loss in the North America each year.a) Dinoflagellatesb) Plasmodiumc) Oomycetesd) Diatomse) Euglenazoa

67. ____________ is a group of protists that caused the Irish potato famine in the late 19th century, resulting in a large migration of Irish people to the United States. a) Dinoflagellatesb) Plasmodiumc) Oomycetesd) Diatomse) Euglenazoa

68. Which of the following marine organisms are responsible for red tides when they produce potent neurotoxins that cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and create severe respiratory irritation to humans along the shore? a) red algae b) dinoflagellates c) diplomonads d) euglenids e) green algae

69. ______ is a group in the Alveolata that are important component in plankton, can cause red tides that kill many fish, and help feed corals.a) Rhodophytab)Ciliatesc) Apicomplexansd) Dinoflagellatese) Euglenoids

70. ____ is a unicellular eukaryote that has a siliceous (glass-like) shell, is an autotroph, and is an important component of plankton.a) Dinoflagellatesb) Plasmodiumc) Oomycetesd) Diatomse) Euglenazoa

71. Which of the following organisms are autotrophic and important components of plankton?I. dinoflagellates

II. oomycetesIII. diatomsIV. euglenaV. Rhodophyta

a) I, II, IVb) I, IIIc) I, III, IV, Vd) II, Ve) III, IV, V

72. Which of the following incorrectly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics?a) Apicomplexa: internal parasitesb) Euglenozoa: unicellular flagellatesc) ciliates: cause red tided) Aveolata: membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) under cell surfacese) Dinoflagellates: important endosymbionts in corals

73. Which of the following incorrectly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics?a) Oomycetes: important decomposers in freshwater environmentsb) Chlorophyta: can be unicellular, colonial or multicelluarc) Euglena: mixotrophicd) Trypanosoma: apex organ to penetrate red blood cell membranese) diatoms: cell walls made of silica

74. Which of the following incorrectly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics?a) Oomycetes: important decomposers in freshwater environmentsb) Alveolata: membrane-bounded sacs under the cell membranec) Euglena: mixotrophicd) Trypanosoma: apex organ to penetrate red blood cell membranese) diatoms: cell walls made of silica

75. Which of the following protists do not belong to Clade Alveolata?a) Oomycetesb) Dinoflagellatesc) Ciliatesd) Apicomplexanse) All belong to Alveolata

76. Which of the following groups have single-celled organisms that are all flagellated, but some members of heterotrophic and others are autotrophic?a) diatomsb) Euglenozoac) Chlorophytad) Rhodophytae) Both C and D are correct