Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation ...usasolarwind.com/Appropriate Energy.pdf · Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-Patented Technology AEI

Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-Patented Technology

Complete Remote Area Power Systems, Wind Turbines, Wind-Diesel

We Provide Consultation, Sales, Installation & Training

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MAIN PAGE

Appropriate Energy, Inc. (AEI) is an integrated renewable energy resource company dedicated to engineering the most economical and sustainable power solutions for remote areas located anywhere in the world.

AEI has designed and installed systems for villages, schools, clinics, telecommunications sub-stations, over flight beacons, religious buildings, demonstration sites, grid boosting, water pumping, grid peak shaving, grid interactive systems, and many other applications.

AEI specializes in providing economical and integrated power system solutions whether from the free energy of wind, passive solar, solar panels, micro hydro, biomass, diesel, or any combination thereof.

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mailto:[email protected]


AEI has rigorously tested all the components we use, to ensure that all our systems are always assembled with the most appropriate, the highest quality, the most robust, and most universally available commercial components. Technical training and support for all the technologies and methods we employ are available to and from qualified local distributors, and dealers, worldwide.

The world bank study states that on 80% of the worlds land mass there is an average wind speed of 4.5 m/s. In a response to the world need for renewable energy at almost any location, we have developed our own patented wind turbine technology which is able to produce a usable amount of power at a rated wind speed of 4.5 m/s. Thus, AEI has successfully created a very large option for economically and dependably electricrifying remote locations anywhere in the world, and that option is available to you now.

AEI enthusiastically welcomes consideration for the transfer of our technology and expertise into local and regional manufacturing and distribution scenarios, worldwide.

Appropriate Energy has been involved with, or has completed renewable energy installations in Australia, Brunei, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, the South Pacific islands, the United Kingdom and the United States.

For the latest updates on Appropriate Energy activities please check out the news.

Copyright ©2004All Rights Reserved

APPROPRIATE ENERGY, Inc.P.O. Box 955 Gardnerville, NV 89410

Tel. No.: +775.783.9514 Cell No.: +775.721.6229Email: [email protected]

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Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-News



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NEWS

NEWS

March, 2001 A donated Appropriate Energy system was installed at the base of Mount Everest to supply energy for the Pheriche clinic. This is the highest hybrid renewable power system in the world at 4,300 m (14,000ft).

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November, 2001 Friends of the Earth, Hong Kong, worked with Appropriate Energy to install a solar powered aviation obstruction light for wind monitoring on one of Hong Kong's out lying islands.

November, 2001 China Light and Power installed a Synergy remote area power system on Shek Kwu Chau Island. This is Hong Kong's first hybrid renewable power, and will be used as an educational and demonstration facility.



February, 2002 Winafrique installed their first Synergy remote area power system at Chepsengeny Academy, Kenya. This is hopefully the first of many systems to come.









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MAIN PAGE

Appropriate Energy, Inc. (AEI) is an integrated renewable energy resource company dedicated to engineering the most economical and sustainable power solutions for remote areas located anywhere in the world.

AEI has designed and installed systems for villages, schools, clinics, telecommunications sub-stations, over flight beacons, religious buildings, demonstration sites, grid boosting, water pumping, grid peak shaving, grid interactive systems, and many other applications.

AEI specializes in providing economical and integrated power system solutions whether from the free energy of wind, passive solar, solar

http://appropriateenergy.com/index.htm (1 of 2)7/1/2008 6:48:23 AM



panels, micro hydro, biomass, diesel, or any combination thereof.

AEI has rigorously tested all the components we use, to ensure that all our systems are always assembled with the most appropriate, the highest quality, the most robust, and most universally available commercial components. Technical training and support for all the technologies and methods we employ are available to and from qualified local distributors, and dealers, worldwide.

The world bank study states that on 80% of the worlds land mass there is an average wind speed of 4.5 m/s. In a response to the world need for renewable energy at almost any location, we have developed our own patented wind turbine technology which is able to produce a usable amount of power at a rated wind speed of 4.5 m/s. Thus, AEI has successfully created a very large option for economically and dependably electricrifying remote locations anywhere in the world, and that option is available to you now.

AEI enthusiastically welcomes consideration for the transfer of our technology and expertise into local and regional manufacturing and distribution scenarios, worldwide.

Appropriate Energy has been involved with, or has completed renewable energy installations in Australia, Brunei, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, the South Pacific islands, the United Kingdom and the United States.

For the latest updates on Appropriate Energy activities, please check out the news.




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Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-Profile



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HISTORY

Appropriate Energy Inc. is the Parent Company of many affiliated companies as you will see thru out the course of touring this website. The two most prominent associated companies being Synergy Power Corp. of Hong Kong and Synergy Power Manufacturing of Malaysia. Appropriate Energy Inc. is headquartered in Nevada, USA.

A large percentage of the original product development and installations were performed under the banner of Synergy Power Corporation (Hong Kong), and affiliated companies within that group. Synergy Power Corp today holds and manages several exclusive wind turbine technology licenses in the Asia region.

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Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-Profile

As a matter of historical note important to the whole of the Small Wind Community and especially to the Remote Power Community in general, the 1st 10 complete Remote Area Power Systems installations completed by our group, were completed in 1988. These systems still operate well right up to today, with no more than routine maintenance involved. Are there any other Remote Area Power Systems companies that can honestly say that, whether wind or other ?

The first patents for our wind turbine technology were issued in 1984 in the USA to Ralph A. Belden. Foreign Patents rights thereunder are issued in most manufacturing countries around the world. Improvement Patents are constantly in motion. Manufacturing is based on the ISO 9000 standards.

AEI, currently has Licensed Distributors and or Installations in the following areas. Australia, Brunei, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, the South Pacific Islands, United Kingdom and the USA.

As the World Energy Demand Predictions are so large, more than US $25 billion annually in equipment alone, it was decided in 2003, that Manufacturing and Distribution Licenses for Developing Countries must be granted to help fulfill this huge demand for energy in the developing world. All future Manufacturing, Distribution or Technology Licensing matters will be handled thru our office in Nevada, USA. We look forward to discussing your needs with you.

Please direct your enquiries as indictaed below:




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Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-The World



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Electrifying the Developing World

Electrifying the Developing World:An Alternative Using Remote Area Power Systems for Villages

Executive Summary

A. The Challenge of Electrification for Development in the 21st Century

Although phenomenal technological and material progress has been made in the last half of the 20th century, the monumental experience of human triumph during that period has left the world more globally divided and fractured in the distribution of income, wealth, knowledge, infrastructure and, perhaps most importantly, in access to the means which make productive livelihoods possible. The information revolution, which has

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created a new dimension in the processes of wealth creation, development, and human evolution, represents yet another decisive turning point in the saga of human progress. It guarantees much larger rewards to those with privileged access to knowledge and inevitably will create an even wider divide between the "haves" and the "have-nots"; a divide unlikely to be bridged unless access to basic infrastructure -- especially electricity and telecommunications, in addition to clean water, education and primary healthcare - is provided at an accelerated pace to communities in the developing world.

One reflection of this regrettable reality is that in 1995, over 2 billion people did not have any access at all to electric power. Having no electricity is unimaginable for anyone fortunate enough to reside in the developed world or even in the cities of the developing world. Yet that reality is what two-fifths of mankind has to contend with. Another 2 billion people have access to electricity but to a very limited, unreliable extent. Their consumption of this basic utility was less than 20% of similar consumption in the developed world. Comparatively, 1.5 billion privileged people living in Western Europe, North America and Japan, as well as in newly industrialised economies in East Asia and Latin America, have as much access to electricity and energy as they want and can afford.

Comparative Electrification Situation Among Countries by Income Class

Income Category Growth in Electricity Production, 1980-95 (%)

Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh)

Low-income countries 8.4 less than 0.5Middle-income countries 7.8 4.5Rich countries 3.2 22.0

Source: The World BankNote: Low-income countries exclude India and China where the average electricity consumption per capita was 1kWh and 1.8 kWh per day respectively.

The electricity, which is presently made available to almost everyone in rich countries, and to the rich in poor countries, is provided at considerable cost in terms of global welfare. It has resulted in non-renewable resources



being consumed at an unsustainable rate. Consequential damage to the ozone layer, fragile ecosystems and to the wider environment is of a magnitude we are only just beginning to fathom properly. When renewable resources have been exploited - such as hydro-electricity - much collateral damage has been done unwittingly by way of forced resettlement, flooding and damage to ecosystems caused by changing the natural course of rivers and the topography of natural river basins.

If electricity was provided to the "have nots" in the same way and in the same intensity as is being provided to the "haves", then the amount of hydrocarbons that would need to be burnt would probably result in environmentally catastrophic consequences for future generations; assuming of course that we did not go in for more nuclear reactors and that the holy grail of nuclear fusion remained elusive for the foreseeable future.

Yet human progress will require the ever-expanding provision of electricity to an increasing number of people. Access to electricity has become almost as basic a human right as access to clean air, water, shelter, clothing and food. In the last 25 years access to sustainable electricity has been provided to over 1.5 billion people; but that access has by no means provided them with the amount of electricity they can afford. And, in that period, the population of the world has increased by about 1.2 billion people.

Moreover, the absence of basic services in rural villages is swelling the tide of urban migration that is engulfing the developing world. For that trend to be arrested and reversed successfully, electricity (along with other essential micro-infrastructure) will need to be provided where most of the developing world’s poor still reside. The challenge is to provide electricity on a cost-effective basis to remote villages rather than concentrating on urban and peri-urban areas to justify the high load densities which conventional energy economics demand. In short, electricity needs to go where poor people are; instead of poor people migrating to where the electricity is.

B. The Solution?

Today the electric power industry is being deregulated, corporatised and privatised around the world. In that process real costs, hidden subsidies and cross-subsidies, are being unbundled and becoming more transparent. It is apparent that such subsidies, once obscured in public budgets, are no



longer sustainable or affordable. It is equally obvious that most such subsidies in the past have been skewed to benefit better-off urban consumers rather than being applied to bring electricity to poorer rural communities. Can electricity be provided at an accelerated rate to poor people in villages in the developing world while reducing the burden of unsustainable subsidies which have become characteristic of electrification (and especially of rural electrification through grid extension) throughout the world? Can this be done with existing technology in a cost-effective way? As it happens the answer to these questions is yes. A solution does exist.

The answer is also quite simple - almost shockingly so! It lies in a paradigm shift in the basic business of conventional electricity provision. Instead of continuing with large scale centralized power generation and then distributing electricity over millions of miles of transmission and distribution networks which have only been partially built in the developing world, governments and the international community must consider resorting in a major way to the opposite strategy for rural electrification : small and medium-scale decentralised power generation and consumption at the village level. The savings resulting in transmission and distribution costs could be utilised, in a measured fashion, to subsidise the initial capital cost of decentralised small-scale generation at the community level instead.

The technology that makes this option technically feasible and economically viable lies in using tailor-designed, hybrid, remote area power systems (HRAPS). Such systems combine a number of different generating components to optimise the capture of energy from all renewable sources of energy available at a specific site - a concept conveniently referred to as "optimal renewable capture". These components can, and often do, include small wind turbines, solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, biomass digesters, mini-geothermal generators, mini and micro-hydro generators and tidal turbines (which are still in an experimental stage). They can be backed up by small diesel generating sets to ensure the provision of "grid-quality" electricity where the need for it exists and affordability parameters justify it.

The hybrid remote area power systems (HRAPS) approach is the most sensible, economic and technologically optimal option that exists today for widespread application in countries which have not yet made absurdly large investments in transmission and distribution networks. It can be



implemented and replicated relatively quickly across the globe without the same massive, concentrated costs - or the very long gestation periods - that conventional energy, generated in large plants and distributed through grid extensions, would necessitate.

It is an approach that also overcomes the risks and costs that have been incurred with the propagation of single-source renewable technologies. Most importantly, small decentralised hybrid systems offer an approach which can rely on mobilising the private capital of the communities which need and demand electricity in a relatively up-front manner without being indefinitely dependent on public or private financing on any large scale.

As a powerful solution to rural electrification, HRAPS addresses five pressing development issues simultaneously; i.e. alleviation of poverty; enhancement of the quality of human development; greater resort to renewable energy; promotion of rural development; and empowerment of poor communities.

An initiative to propagate HRAPS throughout the developing world successfully would address all these priorities in a way which few other endeavours could. Implementing this particular solution to the problem of rapid, large-scale rural and remote area electrification in the developing world will require a sea change in the established mind-sets of a large number of powerful constituencies. These have strong vested interests in continuing with the conventional approach or in backing the development of single-source renewable technologies for application on a large scale on single sites. Such vested interests include public and private groups in the conventional electric power industry and in developed and developing country governments, recent investors in new renewable technologies which have unwittingly colluded to create monopolies or duopolies (e.g. in the production of solar panels), and the bilateral and multilateral development assistance agencies which have become captive to such interests.

C. The High Cost of Rural Electrification via the Grid

Indeed, when a tried and tested HRAPS alternative is presented to the traditionalists, two or three types of reactions are typically triggered, i.e.; (a) there is no economically viable alternative to grids for "proper electrification; (b) small-scale renewable energy technologies are experimental; and (c) providing electricity to any consumer is the business



of large centralised monopolies.

The reality, though, is that the costs of grid electrification for providing electricity to low-load density rural areas can be as high as US$0.70 per kWh in the initial stages of electrification when load densities are low. This evidence contradicts the convictions of many supposedly well-informed policy-makers who believe that electricity can be provided to rural areas through grids at only a small premium over the cost of providing it to urban customers (which averages about US$0.04 per kWh).

Cost of Grid Electrification in Relations to Load Density,Urban and Rural Areas

Source: Rural Energy and Development, The World Bank, 1996.

The above costs do not fully capture the costs of electricity theft, arrearage-induced losses, and low capacity utilisation levels -- all of which have become endemic problems in most developing countries especially in low income ones. With all the hidden costs embedded in the grid option being taken fully into account, the "real cost" of that option might well be twice the amount estimated by the World Bank. Contrary to the assertions made by national power system agencies and engineers in most developing countries, grid electrification for rural areas is probably the highest cost and least economical alternative of all.

D. Relying on Grid-Connected Power Plants Using Renewable Energy



Supposed policy progress (made under the Montreal, Rio and Kyoto protocols) notwithstanding, the challenge of getting developing countries to rely more enthusiastically and rapidly on renewable energy resources continue to bedevil global policy makers. Countries such as China, India and Brazil have invested impressively in renewable capacity, but not with great success. Most developing countries have not yet learned as much as they could from the experiences of countries like Denmark, Holland, Britain and Germany which have had signal successes with their policies for encouraging investments in renewable energy. Nowhere in the developing world have targets as ambitious as those in Europe been set for increased reliance on renewable energy resources. Yet it is the developing countries - which do not have transmission and distribution networks with country-wide coverage, nor the demand loads to justify premature investments in grids - which need to rely on renewable energy even more than the developed world. But they need to do so in a way which accommodates conditions prevailing in developing countries rather than mimicking approaches tailored to circumstances in Europe or the United States.

The most sensible approach from both a specific country, as well as global welfare, viewpoint is to encourage developing countries to shift radically their investment patterns in the electric power sector. They need to back away from premature grid expansion and large scale centralised generating plants, towards accelerated reliance on decentralised small-scale generation and consumption at site. That option is now much more possible than it was in the 1970s or even the 1980s, simply because the technologies and remote area power systems which are now available to ensure grid-quality power were not quite as well developed then.

All these lines of argument are offered not to suggest that there is no role for large grid-connected wind-farms, or large solar panel arrays, or even for large conventional electricity generating plants, or for expanding transmission and distribution grids. There is clearly a case and place for such plants and grids, especially where the expanding electricity needs of urban agglomerations, and of large industrial and commercial users, in the developed or developing countries need to be met.

But the case for resort to such plants and grids in providing electricity to rural areas in the developing world where grids do not exist, is a very weak one. New renewable technologies are making it increasingly possible to tailor design "horses for courses" and to meet rural electrification needs in



unconventional ways which have enormous opportunities for positive externalities to be captured and realised. These alternatives should be embraced and developed much more enthusiastically and open-mindedly - without aid agencies and governments preferring one technology over another, instead, letting the market decide and making it possible for different ideas to work - than has been the case thus far.

Caution needs to be exercised by decision-makers in developing countries in avoiding false choices between rural, stand-alone power systems based on a single renewable resource (i.e. only wind, or solar or biomass or micro-hydro, etc.) as opposed to hybrid systems which attempt to capture as much energy as is practically feasible and economical from as many available renewable resources as a given site may have.

As a company with a track record of developing HRAPS, Appropriate Energy Power Corporation (Appropriate Energy) has found that detailed studies and endless debates about whether one type of renewable technology is superior to another or to the option of installing diesel generating sets (DGS) in a particular location, are futile and diversionary. The reality is that HRAPS invariably combine a mix of renewable technologies in order to achieve "optimal renewable resource capture" at any given site. Unlike renewable energy purists, Appropriate Energy has also found that backing up renewable-based systems with small DGS in an HRAPS package is more cost-effective and reliable in providing assured grid-quality power to remote areas. Excluding DGS from such systems results in much larger battery banks or other components being required. That is an uneconomic alternative especially at this stage of battery technology development - a frontier which is continually being pushed forward.

E. Avoiding the Temptation to Propagate Solar Home Systems (SHS) Indiscriminately

A new danger emerging is that of developing country governments and non-government organisations (NGOs) - abetted by the solar manufacturing duopoly and by aid-agencies-indiscriminately pushing minimum-sized SHS to individual households in rural areas as the new "magic bullet". This latest fad has gathered steam with disconcerting force over the last 2 to 3 years in countries like Kenya, Bangladesh, the Philippines and South Africa with funding from the World Bank as well as other bilateral aid agencies.



Like every other innovation SHS have their place in the constellation of solutions for providing rural remote households with affordable and early access to basic electricity. But they also have their technical and economic limitations. These systems are only capable of supplying DC power and thus, exclude the rural users from the natural migration from low domestic use of electricity (i.e. for lighting, radio and black and white television) into productive use. For the range of application to expand, SHS users would have to additionally purchase inverters which then inflates the total system cost and consequently, the cost per kWh of power generated.

Again, this is not to suggest the SHS are so flawed as to have no applicability at all. It is instead to suggest that they are not quite the panacea (that they often portrayed to be) in providing the rural poor with access to electricity. They represent instead a "short-cut" which assuages aid agencies,, governments and the providers of these systems that something constructive is being done when the reality may be that SHS are only creating expectations and demads on the part of users which they cannot meet. The resentment and feeling of inequity which are unleashed in small communities through such an approach have negative consequences which are not being taken fully into account.

F. Accelerating Resort to HRAPS as the Preferred Option for Rural Electrification

Developing country governments are at a strategic cross-roads in terms of the choices that confront them for increasing rural community access to electricity. On the one hand they can continue with the traditional option of extending rural distribution grids. But with the emergence of new renewable technologies, the case for doing so is getting weaker and suspect on economic, social, political and empowerment grounds. At the other end lies the alternative of propagating household appliance-type power systems (e.g. SHS). As previously discussed, these systems have limitations and consequences which need to be thought through much more carefully than they appear to have been so far.

In between these two routes relatively unattractive routes lies a more real "third way" - that of electrifying individual rural communities off-grid through decentralised community-based stand-alone HRAPS. By emphasizing power systems tailored to meet the mixed power supply needs of villages and communities rather than of individual households, this option assures the availability of grid-quality power to all types of



users in the community - residential, commercial, light industrial and social. HRAPS are also likely to generate a greater immediate multiplier effect in terms of direct and indirect employment within the communities in which they are established - not just in managing the micro-utility but in terms of meeting local contracting requirements, as well as service and maintenance requirements, and enabling commercial activities to be undertaken as a consequence of electricity being made available.

Finally, the HRAPS approach permits these systems to be provided and financed with much greater flexibility for cost-recovery and for the application of subsidies than the other two approaches. If subsidies are to be provided - and for the poorest rural communities they will have to be for any of these three approaches - the HRAPS option offers the best hope for minimising and containing them. That possibility exists because with the HRAPS, subsidised systems provided to rural communities at the outset can be of a minimum initial size, designed to cater to the most basic of services. As demand loads and incremental community income (through rural industries that HRAPS allow to thrive), these systems can be expanded at the community’s own cost with the application of subsidies being partially or fully withdrawn at that point.

The main obstacle to the large scale adoption of this approach does not concern the HRAPS technology involved -- as most policy-makers appear to believe. That technology is proven and tested and the technology risk can easily be underwritten by system suppliers. The real risks lie elsewhere. For decentralised community-based systems to work properly, it is the social, organisational and institutional issues for installing such systems in remote rural communities, that pose the greater uncertainties and unknowns.

These kinds of issues are not best dealt with through interminable studies and consulting assignments based on assumptions. A considerable amount of research work has already been done across the developing world, in various conditions and in a variety of sectors, about the organisational, financial, economic and social dimensions of providing micro-infrastructure to remote and isolated villages and communities. Nevertheless in any area where new ground is likely to be broken there is always something new to be learned. That learning occurs best through "learning by doing" i.e. through carefully constructed and evaluated pilot projects and programmes in a number of developing countries.



It is quite unlikely that there will be only one type of micro-utility model which will work under every conceivable instance in various rural communities in every developing country. The models will evolve themselves as communities expand their incomes, diversify their activities, participate in the market economy, and generally achieve higher levels of development. The trick will be to develop a sufficiently flexible approach in designing such models and learning from early experience what is likely to work best under which circumstances, and how it is likely to evolve.

Whereas HRAPS will provide an effective starting point for rural electrification to be undertaken in an entirely different way, the developmental impulses that a wide-scale application of such systems is likely to generate will see rural grids emerge from the bottom up. In other words, contiguous rural communities may, when conditions are propitious, decide to connect their own local area grids to one another and trade in power when one community can generate a power surplus and another is in deficit. Or, a point will be reached when local area demand loads have become high enough to justify connections to the nearest major transmission lines. Such a demand-driven approach to rural grid development is likely to lead to much more efficient investment patterns emerging in the rural power sector, and in transmission and distribution networks, than is the case at present.

The attractiveness of the HRAPS option as the new paradigm for rural electrification in developing countries is that after the first round of installations, the task of country-wide electrification will automatically devolve to market mechanisms and communities rather than remain with over-extended centrally run public agencies which are dependent on the fiscus. The whole effort is likely to pick up steam once the process has been kick-started with a few pilot programmes in different provinces of each developing country. But it will happen only if basic building blocks are put in place for the market to function. These building blocks essentially comprise: (a) the formation of capable micro-utilities in rural communities, supported by appropriately designed capacity-building and institutional development initiatives for a reasonable period of time; (b) flexible financing mechanisms and facilities, which are initially subsidised, and provided to rural communities through a wide range of competing financial intermediaries and/or NGOs, trained and qualified to make (and supervise effectively) loans, leases and hire-purchase facilities available to rural micro-utilities on a commercial basis; (c) locally established suppliers of suitable HRAPS equipment; and (d) an elemental,



flexible and responsive regulatory framework for remote rural electrification.

G. Conclusion

The HRAPS approach will probably have an impact on the rural electrification industry in particular, and the electricity industry in general, which may be analogous to the impact that personal computers had on the computer industry. It will change rural communities in ways which will be difficult to recognise in retrospect and will unleash forces and initiatives in these communities which are difficult to contemplate and assess, possibly even to imagine, beforehand.

In that sense this new paradigm may offer a far more powerful tool in alleviating poverty and empowering rural communities than can reasonably be evaluated right now. For these and other reasons, it would be irresponsible for any concerned party to act in ways that delayed or thwarted its emergence. Instead, ways need to be found to accelerate the adoption of HRAPS. Discussions and actions to establish the right kinds of public-private partnerships for making that happen have become a matter of urgency.









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PATENTED TECHNOLOGY

A large rotor area at low wind speed allows production of energy when conventional fixed axis wind turbines produce little or none.

A small rotor area at high wind speed allows safe operation and continued power production when conventional fixed axis wind turbines furl down. The Appropriate Energy wind turbine does not furl down.

Varying rotor area according to wind speed

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The ability to vary the rotor area allows the use of rotor blades up to five times the size of rotor blades of similar rated conventional turbines. These rotor blades capture more energy at low wind speeds.

At a wind speed of 4.5m/sec the Appropriate Energy wind turbine produces 200% more energy per unit of installed cost than the conventional fixed axis wind turbine.




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Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-Power Systems



System ASystem BSystem C

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POWER SYSTEM

● Free energy from the wind● Power available 24 hours/day (220V single/380V three

phases)● Long life, low maintenance componentry● Independent power package● Automatic operation● Modularly expandable

Appropriate Energy personally engineers remote area power systems on a site by site basis. We are capable of engineering a renewable energy system for any size load required. System requirements vary depending on the renewable resources available and the load.

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Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-Power Systems

Appropriate Energy's Renewable Power Systems(The SLG is designed for grid connection)

1. System A (3-6 kWh/day) 2. System B (5-10 kWh/day) 3. System C (20-40 kWh/day)




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Appropriate Energy Inc-Remote Area Power Generation




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System A 3 - 6 kWh/day 24V wind/diesel hybrid system

● 1 x model S3000 turbine and 17.4m tower

● 300 Ah (C10) deep cycle batteries, racks & connectors

● 1 x 2.6kVA sine wave inverter● 1 x control box● 1 x 3.0kVA diesel genset and

controller

option:

● 4 x 60Wp solar panels and stand

System A 3 - 6 kWh/day



Appropriate Energy specifically engineers each remote area power system on a site by site basis. We are capable of engineering a renewable energy system for any size load required. System requirements vary depending on the renewable resources available and

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mailto:spc@Appropriate Energypowercorp.com


the load.






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System B 5 - 10 kWh/day 48V wind/diesel hybrid system

● 1 x model S5000DD turbine and 17.4m tower


● 1 x 3.0kVA sine wave inverter● 1 x control box● 1 x 4.5kVA diesel genset and

controller

option:


System B 5 - 10 kWh/ day



Appropriate Energy specifically engineers each remote area power system on a site by site basis. We are capable of engineering a renewable energy system for any size load required. System requirements vary depending on the renewable resources available and

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the load.






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Appropriate Energy, Inc. System C 20 - 40 kWh/day

Optimized Remote Area Power Systems, Wind Turbines, Sales, Consultation & Training


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System C 20 - 40 kWh/day 48V wind/diesel hybrid system

● 1 x model S20000 turbine and 23.2 m tower


● 1 x 4.5kVA sine wave inverter● 1 x control box● 1 x 7.5kVA diesel generator

and controller

option:


System C 20 - 40 kWh/ day



Appropriate Energy specifically engineers each remote area power system on a site by site basis. We are capable of engineering a renewable energy system for any size load required. System requirements vary depending on the renewable resources available and the load.

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Appropriate Energy, Inc. System C 20 - 40 kWh/day






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S3000S5000DDS20000SLGSLG SPEC.SLG REPORT

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SPECIFICATIONPERFORMANCE

Usable PowerRated PowerMax. Output

35 watts at 3 m/s3000 Wh/day at 4.5 m/s8600 Wh/day at 11 m/s

MECHANICALType:"Variable Rotar Area" (V.R.A.)Rotor DiameterRotor MaterialRPM - VariableSpeed ControlOverspeed ProtectionGearingTotal Weight

2.7mFiber Glass

0 to 800"V.R.A.""V.R.A."

Direct Drive40 kg

ELECTRICALAlternatorOutputRegulation

Permanent Magnet24 - 48V D.C.

Useful Load Diversion

TOWERTypeMaterialHeight

Tilt UpGal. steel

17.4/19.5, 23.2/26m

S3000 System

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S3000 TURBINE DAILY OUTPUT CURVEat hub height windspeeds. Weibull shape factor = 2



Power Curve Derived by Murdoch University in Australia






Appropriate Energy Power Corp. - Engineering Renewable Energy Systems




. SPECIFICATION

PERFORMANCEUsable PowerRated PowerMax. Output

35 watts at 3 m/s5000 Wh/day at 4.5 m/s

19000 Wh/day at 11 m/s

MECHANICALType:"Variable Rotar Area" (V.R.A.)Rotor DiameterRotor MaterialRPM - VariableSpeed ControlOverspeed ProtectionGearingTotal Weight

3.5mFiber Glass

0 to 600"V.R.A.""V.R.A."

Direct Drive60 kg





Tilt UpGal. steel

17.4/19.5, 23.2/26m

S5000DD System

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S5000DD TURBINE DAILY OUTPUT CURVEat hub height windspeeds. Weibull shape factor = 2












S3000S5000 DDSystem Spec.

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S3000 Aquapump System

S3000 Aquapump System with 1 Solarjack SDS-Q

Pump

Head 3m/s 4m/s 5m/s 6m/s*10m Litres per Day 13,550 15,370 16,560 16,820

Gallons per Day 3,580 4,060 4,380 4,44020m Litres per Day 12,320 13,970 15,050 15,290


Gallons per Day 2,960 3,360 3,610 3,670

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S3000 Aquapump System with 1 Solarjack SDS-D Pump

Head 3m/s 4m/s 5m/s 6m/s40m Litres per Day 5,260 5,970 6,430 6,530




Gallons per Day 1,150 1,300 1,400 1,420

*For sites with annual average windspeeds at or above 6 m/sec, an additional Solarjack pump and modified controls can be added to increase water pumping capacity to 23,040 Litres Per Day for a 30 m head.

A Appropriate Energy Aquapump System Comprises:

● Appropriate Energy Wind Turbine

● Tilt Tower - Easy Maintenance● Reliable DC Pumps● Pump Controller - Optimizes

Performance

Advantages Of The Appropriate Energy Aquapump System:

● High Volumes - Long Daily Operation

● More Litres Per Dollar● Pump Adaptability● Low Cost Installation And

Maintenance● Tilt Tower For Safe Ground

Level Service● No Columns Or Rods








Appropriate Energy, Inc-Remote Area Power Generation-S50000




.

S5000DD Aquapump System

S5000DD Aquapump System with 2 Solarjack SDS-Q

Pumps




Gallons per Day 3,480 5,420 6,420 7,110

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Appropriate Energy, Inc-Remote Area Power Generation-S50000

S5000DD Aquapump System with 2 Solarjack SDSD Pumps





Gallons per Day 1,350 2,100 2,490 2,750

An Appropriate Energy Aquapump System Comprises:

● Appropriate Energy Wind Turbine

● Tilt Tower - Easy Maintenance● Reliable DC Pumps● Pump Controller - Optimizes

Performance

Advantages Of The Appropriate Energy Aquapump System:

● High Volumes - Long Daily Operation

● More Litres Per Dollar● Pump Adaptability● Low Cost Installation And

Maintenance● Tilt Tower For Safe Ground

Level Service● No Columns Or Rods




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Appropriate Energy Inc-Remote Area Power Generation-Water




.

System Specification

Standard Specifications S3000 S5000DDPower Head Package Each power head package includes: - Wind turbine power head 24V 24V- Electrical components i iTilt Tower 17.4m.*/19.5m. 17.4m.*/19.5m.Includes: i i- Tower kit i i- Anchor plates and reinforcing rod i i- Wire rope i i- Shackles, clamps, eyes i i

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Appropriate Energy Inc-Remote Area Power Generation-Water

- Castings for all jointing sleeves, & clamps i i

- Tower pipes 4 x 5.8m.*/6.5m. sections

4 x 5.8m.*/6.5m. sections

Pump Controller 1 x 24V 1 x 24VSolarjack Pumps i i- for up to 30m. heads 1 x SDS-Q 2 x SDS-Q- for 30m. to 70m. heads 1 x SDS-D 2 x SDS-DCar Batteries 2 x 12V 60Ah 2 x 12V 60Ah




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http://appropriateenergy.com/winddiesel.htm



.

SLG Wind Diesel System

Appropriate Energy's Wind Diesel System

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What is it?

The Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System is an engineered site specific power system solution designed to reduce diesel fuel consumption and increase system efficiency and economics.

The Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System has been designed and developed for use by Public Utilities and commercial users. There are three major components to the Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System:

1) The SLG wind turbine,2) The Appropriate Energy Control System, and3) The Diesel Genset.

1) The SLG Wind Turbine is a patented turbine, designed specifically to work efficiently at low wind speed sites. It is rated at 4.5 m/s, a wind speed found by the United Nations to be on generally available over 80% of the earth's land mass. Due to our patented design, the AEI can generate energy in locations where other manufacturers would fail to even rotate.

The SLG was designed and modeled using proprietary and patented computer modeling software developed especially for Appropriate Energy.



The first SLG wind turbine was installed in 1996 and has been operating continuously at our test site in Spanish Fork, Utah for 5 years. This test site, which is subject to extreme weather conditions, is located 55 miles south of Salt Lake City at approximately 5,200 feet. The SLG has experienced everything from hot dry summers (32-38 degrees C) to extreme winters where temperatures have been recorded at -23 degrees C. The site has received moderate to heavy amounts of snow and ice but the SLG has shown no signs of ice accumulation.

The Spanish Fork test site not only sees good energy producing winds, it also has its share of extreme wind conditions. When thunderstorms build in the mountains, it is not uncommon to see winds gusting above 25 m/s. These gusts can be associated with large wind direction changes as well. It is common to have storm gusts in excess of 35 m/s that have caused the SLG to be subject to the IEC extreme coherent gust conditions.

Hearsay suggested that these winds were the winds that continuously damaged, and eventually caused the removal of the Jacobs test turbine which were installed by the city of Spanish Fork. The SLG has not failed for any reason in these high winds.

2) The Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System Controls are



specifically engineered to meet the needs of each client's generating system, while containing the ability to be adjusted to adapt to an ever changing energy load. These controls regulate the output from the SLG wind turbines, while controlling each diesel generating device to achieve the highest fuel reduction. Depending on your current generating configuration, the load, the age and the condition of your current system, and wind resource, the fuel reduction from adding a Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System can be anywhere from 30-200 % for each kWh produced using this wind turbine.

"fuel reduction from adding a Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System can be anywhere from 30 - 200%."

3) Diesel gensets are the standard generators for rural electrification, thus a major design consideration in the Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System. As most clients will want to utilize their existing diesel genset in any wind diesel system, Appropriate Energy's control components were selected in such a way that these controls should be compatible with all major genset available on the market. If you are concerned about your genset's compatibility with Appropriate Energy's Wind Diesel System, please email us the technical specifications and current operating condition of your existing diesel genset.

Why add a Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System? A Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System is usually installed to reduce the amount of diesel fuel required to power a site. With a 30-200% fuel reduction, a Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System can pay for itself within a matter of a few years (depending on the average delivered cost of diesel fuel at your site). The pay back period of the system tends to decrease as the sites become more remote and where the cost of diesel fuel is high. Appropriate Energy has personally reviewed sites in Asia where the system pay back would occur in less than 1 year at the full installed retail price. A Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System will also improve your system efficiency, economics and reduce the size of your diesel storage tankage while diminishing the environmental impacts caused by burning and storing diesel fuel.

Where and when you would add a wind diesel system?

The Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System can be installed on almost




any site that has a currently operational need for diesel genset of at least 40kVA and a wind speed in the range of 4.5m/s. A Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System should be considered when there is a need to reduce the fuel consumption of an existing power system.

What are the installation requirements and system expansion considerations?

The Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System was designed to be modular and portable. Using locally available equipment the Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System can be installed anywhere from a remote island to a mountain top without the need for a crane. While the Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System was initially designed for the integration of a single wind turbine and a single diesel, it can be adapted to handle multiple wind turbines and diesels. Therefore, you can start with a smaller system and add wind turbines and diesels as your loads increase.

How do we contact to get more information? For more information on the Appropriate Energy Wind Diesel System and a free initial consultation

on whether your site is applicable, please contact Ralph Belden at Appropriate Energy, Inc

Ralph BeldenEmail: [email protected]












.

Appropriate Energy VIDEO

SLG.mpg

(1.83 megs)

This mpeg file is a short video clip on how our patented furling mechanism reduces the swept area during extreme wind conditions. The clip was taken on a day when the average wind speed was 7m/s gusting to 15 - 18m/s. This furling method allows us to have a large swept area which in turn allows our wind turbines to capture maximum wind energy at low wind speeds.

http://appropriateenergy.com/video.htm (1 of 2)7/1/2008 6:48:35 AM


http://www.usasolarwind.com/slg.mpg


S20000.mpg(6.3 megs)

This is a clip of our of our S20000 wind turbines generating power at Shek Kwu Chau in Hong Kong. The wind speeds are between 6-7 m/s during this

clip.

cCopyright ©2004

All Rights Reserved



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http://appropriateenergy.com/images/S20000.mpg

http://www.aboutresults.com/


Synergy Power Corporation | Project 1 - 52- House Power System-Ciparanti, Java, Indonesia


AustraliaAfghanistanHong Kong• Indonesia CiparantiKenyaNepalPhilippines

.

Ciparanti

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52-House Power System

Ciparanti, Java, Indonesia

LOCATION

The power system illustrated was installed in the village of Ciparanti in the district of Ciamis in South Java in accordance with Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Co-Operatives for the Republic of Indonesia, State Development of Western Australia and Synergy Power Corporation Pty Ltd (formerly Survivor Energy Systems Pty Ltd) Western Australia, now all part of the Appropriate Energy family.

THE SYSTEM

The system was required to provide 24 hours sustainable 220V AC power appropriate to the village's domestic and light industrial power demands.

The DC electricity generated by a Model S20000 wind turbine designed to generate an average of 20kWh/day in the low wind regime of 4.5m/sec. was stored in a set of 24 solar cycle batteries. A specially designed control panel regulated the power input to these batteries. The 48V DC power was then inverted to 220V AC power to meet the load demand from 52 houses, 2 mosques, a civic centre, and a light industrial building. Each house had a limit switch to regulate the power consumption to that deemed appropriate for each house.

A DC diesel generator was used as a back up power source to charge the batteries when they reached their recommended discharge level during wind drought periods.

The system was fitted with monitoring equipment to record the wind speed, the power output of the turbines, the DC diesel usage and the load demand. The monitoring was carried out by LAPAN, a division of the Indonesian Department of Technology.

The pilot project has positively demonstrated the viability of S-20000



wind turbines as a primary energy source in the Indonesian rural electrification program.

INSTALLATION

The project design was carried out by AEI and installed by their Indonesian distributors PT Andhyka Sentrabersama. The system was commissioned in February 1993 by Mr Ralph Belden, the inventor of the Variable Area function principle for low wind speed turbines.

RELIABILITY

LAPAN issued a favourable report on the project in November 1993. The system had provided reliable power for over two years until its relocation to another test site.

MAINTENANCE

The S-20000 wind turbine requires an annual inspection and service by a certified and trained dealer or installer. The process should normally take approximately one hour to complete. Bearings need to be changed once every five years and would take less than a day to carry out. Battery electrolyte levels need to be maintained by the user within the specified range.

EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS

● 1 x S20000 wind turbine and tilt up tower● 24 x 2V 700Ah lead acid batteries● 1 x 4kVA inverter● 1 x AEI control panel including turbine controller, system voltmeter,

turbine 'amps in'● 2 x AEI load resistors to control excess power and protect batteries

from overcharging● 1 x 4.8kVA DC diesel genset








Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-Project2



• Australia Murputja Watarru Boomerang Penthinteme Racecourse Keysbrook PurnululuAfghanistanHong KongIndonesia

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Murputja

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KenyaNepalPhilippines

Remote Area Power SystemsMurputja Resource Centre, SA

LOCATION

Murputja is located approximately 115km south west of Ayers Rock in the far north west of South Australia.

Inland wind data and results from other Appropriate Energy installations in the area confirm the viability of wind generated power in low wind speeds of 3 - 5m/sec.

The unique design characteristics of the Appropriate Energy wind turbine allows substantial power to be generated at these levels at a cost per kWh substantially less than the equivalent output of solar PV arrays.

THE SYSTEM

The Appropriate Energy S20000 wind turbine is the primary source of electrical power for the newly established Aboriginal Education Resource Centre, comprising of a school and residential accommodation.


● Appropriate Energy S20000 wind turbine with a 26m tilt tower featuring a three phase alternator capable of delivering 20kWh/day of power at a wind speed of 4.5m/sec (50.5kWh/day at 9.0m/sec).

● The output, rectified to 120V DC, is supplied to 20 Sonnenschein dryfit solar batteries (6V 200 Ah) via a 10kVA interactive twin phase inverter.

● As 'back up' and supply during low wind periods, a Perkins series 4 diesel genset rated at 12kVA at 240V, is automatically controlled and synchronised by the Siemens inverter.

The output from the system is reticulated via 19kV SWER lines to the houses, school and water bore pump.









Appropriate Energy, Inc.-Remote Area Power Generation-Project2




.

Watarru

Remote Area Power System

Watarru Aboriginal Community

LOCATION

The power system illustrated was installed at the Watarru Aboriginal Community in the Pitjatjantjara Lands of South Australia in November 1992. The capital funding was provided by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC). The overall project design and documentation was a co-operative effort between the South Australian Department of State Aboriginal Affairs, ATSIC and Appropriate Energy Power Corporation Pty Ltd, Western Australia (SPC).

THE SYSTEM




The contract was awarded and the project managed by the SA Department of Aboriginal Affairs. The system was designed to suit a fluctuating population of between 30 - 90 people, including a school building and a bore water pumping facility. The Remote Area Power System (RAPS) was constructed by SPC. The system provides a 415V three-phase electrical supply, reticulated to each house as a 240V supply.

The system receives electrical energy from two Appropriate Energy model S20000 wind turbines and 10 x 60W solar panels and converts this free energy into 240V power for domestic use. The collective output of the two wind turbines is approximately 56kWh (= 56 units of energy) per day based on average wind speeds at the location, which is South Central Australia, latitude 27º South, longitude 130º East. The collective output of the solar panels is approx. 4kWh/day.

The wind turbines and the solar array generate 110V DC power through a control panel into a deep cycle battery bank. This DC power is inverted through a three-phase 30kVA interactive inverter to 240V AC power into the load demand to give continuous 24 hour power.

A diesel generator is included in the system as standby power to keep the batteries charged during periods of wind drought to ensure the 24-hour reliability of the RAPS.

The generator is powered by a three cylinder engine producing three-phase AC power which connects in parallel with the output of the inverter. During the engine run periods, the inverter software apportions load to ensure a safe operating range from the batteries.

The RAPS is fitted with monitoring equipment which is partly funded by the SA State Energy Research Advisory Council (SENRAC). The collected data will provide valuable information to RAPS designers. The grant application was supported by the Electricity Trust of South Australia (ETSA). This monitoring will give details of wind speed, power supplied by the wind turbines, power input by the diesel generator, the load profile and load consumption. Project engineers who have the task of preparing remote power systems, now have a working example on which to base their designs.




MAINTENANCE

The Appropriate Energy wind turbine requires an annual inspection and service by a certified and trained dealer or installer. The process should normally take approximately one hour to complete. Bearings need to be changed once every five years and would take less than a day to carry out. The gel-cell batteries require no maintenance.






Appropriate Energy, Inc.-Remote Area Power Generation Project4




.

Boomerang





Boomerang Bore, N.T.Using Wind Power To Save On Diesel Costs And

Have A 24-Hour/Day Power System

Appropriate Energy Power Corporation Pty Ltd (SPC) of Perth, Western Australia commissioned eight of their Appropriate Energy model S20000 wind turbines at separate installations in October 1994.

SPC integrated these turbines into wind/solar/diesel hybrid systems of output capacities between 20kWh/day and 60kWh/day. Seven turbines in six separate systems were installed for 24-hour/day power supply to Aboriginal 'Outstation' Communities in Central Australia, where average wind speeds are only 4.5 - 5.0m/sec. The variable axis design of the Appropriate Energy S20000 turbines enable their large rotor blades to generate 20kWh/day at 4.5m/sec.

These Appropriate Energy RAPS incorporate the Appropriate Energy S20000 wind turbine, solar array, standby diesel genset, drycell battery bank (having 1 day power storage at 40% depth of discharge) and a bi-directional single phase inverter.

The customers for these Appropriate Energy systems are small Aboriginal Outstations comprising 10 - 30 Community members. They are sited in areas around Alice Springs and the Great Victorian Desert in Central Australia. An example of the system supplied is that of the Perte Rrantege "Boomerang Bore" Community, situated 140kms south of Alice Springs in Central Australia. This is a Community comprising seven homes and population of 30 people.

The Appropriate Energy hybrid system incorporates 2 x Appropriate Energy S20000 wind turbines, which generate a total of 46.6kWh/day in the average 4.58m/sec wind speed of the site. In addition, 27 x 65Watt solar panels generate an additional 8.3kWh/day in the average six hours radiation level of the area. An 80kW battery system provides 32kW of usable storage to support the renewable inputs.

A 10kVA inverter delivers AC power to the load and converts AC to DC from the back up diesel genset to charge the batteries and maintain




load demand when necessary.

The economics of using this Appropriate Energy system will save the Community US$30,000 per annum on their diesel fuel consumption which relates to a system pay back period of just over four years. The inverter, battery bank and controller are housed in a pre-fabricated, insulated, metal clad shed.

Funding from the Government sponsored Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) has enabled the development of renewables based RAPS as a viable alternative to stand alone diesel gensets. This has improved the lifestyle and health of Australia's isolated Aboriginal Communities. Apart from annual operating savings, logistical problems of delivering and storing diesel fuel at many of these communities are overcome by the renewable energy alternatives that the latest Australian technology has developed.

SPC now have 90 turbine systems installed throughout remote areas of Australia, Indonesia, America, New Zealand, India and the United Kingdom.










.




Penthinteme


Penthinteme (Cave Hole) Aboriginal Community, NT

THE COMMUNITY

The Community comprises four houses, ablution block and laundry. The population fluctuates between 10 and 30 people.

LOCATION

In 1994 Appropriate Energy Power Corporation Pty Ltd as project consultants for the Ngurratjuta/Pmara Ntjarra Aboriginal Corporation Alice Springs, contracted Farrell Bros. Electrical Contractors to install a renewable energy based power system for the Penthinteme (Cave Hole) Aboriginal Community 140km south of Alice Springs.

THE SYSTEM

This 36kWh/day renewable energy system comprised a Appropriate Energy S20000 wind turbine as the major energy source inputting an average 28kWh/day in the very exposed location and 8kWh/day from a 28 x 66 Watt solar array.

An 8kVA Kubota diesel has been installed as a standby power supply. 27 x 12 Volt Sonnenschein batteries have been installed to give a usable 32kWh/day of storage in an insulated power house together with the electronic controllers and a 5.5kVA AES bi-directional inverter.

INSTALLATION

The system was installed by Farrell Bros. Electrical Contractors, Alice Springs in September 1994.




MAINTENANCE

The Appropriate Energy wind turbine requires an annual inspection and service by a certified and trained dealer or installer. The process should normally take approximately one hour to complete. Bearings need to be changed once every five years and would take less than a day to carry out. The gel-cell batteries require no maintenance.






Appropriate Energy Inc-Remote Area Power Generation-Project6




.

Racecourse

Remote Area Power SystemRacecourse Homestead, SA

LOCATION

Racecourse is an Aboriginal homestead housing two families in the Pitjantjatjara Lands in Central Australia. The system is designed to supply power for basic lighting, refrigeration and secondary power needs.

THE SYSTEM




The Racecourse power supply uses solar panels (4 x 65 watt) plus a Appropriate Energy S3000 wind turbine for all its power needs. The power is stored at 24V DC in Suncycle wet cell lead acid batteries, which have four-day usage storage capacity. The DC power is transformed to conventional 240V AC, using a Siemens 2.0kVA sine wave inverter. This supplies pure sine wave power, with no noise or distortion, to the household loads.

The switchgear in the system monitors battery voltage and, in the instance of sustained low voltage, will progressively cut out (in order of cutout) the power circuit, lighting circuit, then refrigerator circuit. As voltage rises through generation by the wind or sun, the circuits progressively cut back in.

This allows for the batteries to be protected from excess discharge by cutting out non-essential circuits gradually, during times of low recharge or excessive demand. Consumers learn to work with the system, saving heavy use activities, such as clothes washing, to periods of good wind/sun input.

The system has been funded as a pilot project by the Pitjantjatjara Council, with a grant from the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Commission (ATSIC).

Logging of wind/sun inputs and power use will allow the system to be assessed as a cost effective alternative to diesel generation in remote areas.

MAINTENANCE

The Appropriate Energy wind turbine requires an annual inspection and service by a certified and trained dealer or installer. The process should normally take approximately one hour to complete. Bearings need to be changed once every five years and would take less than one day to carry out. Battery electrolyte levels need to be maintained by the user within the specified range.


● 1 x Appropriate Energy S3000 wind turbine and 19.5m tilt up tower● 2 x 65Watt(p) solar panels




● 12 x 580Ah wet cell lead acid batteries● 1 x 2.0kVA sine wave inverter● 1 x Appropriate Energy control panel● 1 x Stand alone system housing● 1 x 5A 12V timed battery charger for vehicles● 1 x datalogger for monitoring of the system








• Australia Murputja Watarru Boomerang Penthinteme Racecourse Keysbrook PurnululuAfghanistanHong KongIndonesiaKenya

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Keysbrook



NepalPhilippines

Remote Area Power SystemKeysbrook Homestead, WA

LOCATION

Local restauranteurs Denise Needham and Lorraine Taylor run the restaurant at the historic Whitby Falls Coach House at Mundijong, which was built in 1873.

They have built a new home at Keysbrook, approximately 70km south east of Perth, which combines modern energy-efficient technology with fine old craftsmanship and materials.

THE SYSTEM

This ambitious project features a power system which is not connected to the SEC grid. Power is supplied by a Appropriate Energy S5000 wind turbine of unique design, solar panels coupled to a battery storage bank and a high efficiency electrical inverter.

MAINTENANCE

The Appropriate Energy wind turbine requires an annual inspection and service by a certified and trained dealer or installer. The process should normally take approximately one hour to complete. Bearings need to be changed once every five years and would take less than a day to carry out. Battery electrolyte levels need to be maintained by the user within the specified range.


● 1 x Synergy S5000 wind turbine plus 19.5m tilt tower● 12 x 920Ah deep cycle lead acid batteries including racks and all

connections● 1 x 2kVA sine wave inverter● 4 x 65 Watt solar panels plus mounting frame on ground dual angle● 1 x Remote monitoring plus cable● 1 x Control panel with circuit breakers and gauges including load

controller for load diversion to a spa













.

Purnululu


Purnululu School Bungle Bungle National ParkNorth Of Western Australia

LOCATION

Purnululu School is located at Warmun Community (Turkey Creek) Western Australia. 17°S 128°E.

THE SYSTEM

Appropriate Energy Power Corporation Pty Ltd designed and built two power systems for independent use of the school in 1993 and 1994. The two systems have since been connected together to provide power for increased loads. At present power is available for three computers, 2 CD Rom drives, a colour printer, washing machine, lights, TV/video player and musical instruments and amplifiers.




The facility accommodates three staff and twenty plus pupils. Each system is housed in a stand alone fibre glass cabinet and features voltmeter ammeters (IN and OUT) and an inverter status display.

Renewable energy is supplied from 8 x 65W(p) solar panels giving an estimated input of 2.6kWh/day. Battery storage provides 2.28kW of power at 50% depth of discharge. AC power is provided by a Siemens 1.5kVA Sunsine 24V DC to 240V AC Pure Sinewave inverter.

REASON FOR SELECTION

Grid connection is not an option at this locality and the use of diesel generators considered undesirable and uneconomic.

MAINTENANCE

Apart from regular cleaning of the solar panels, the only area requiring maintenance is the battery bank. Electrolyte levels need to be maintained by adding deionised water. Specific gravities and cell voltages need to be measured and recorded at regular intervals and boost charging carried out according to the manufacturers instructions.

EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS Each system comprises:

● 8 x 65W(p) Solar Panels● 4 x 6V 190Ah Lead Acid Batteries● 1 x 1.5kVA Inverter● 1 x Solar Regulator● 1 x System Housing Voltmeter, Ammeters and Control Equipment

(Appropriate Energy Power Corporation)










Australia• Afghanistan IATAHong KongIndonesiaKenyaNepalPhilippines

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Afghanistan



5 IATA OVER FLIGHT BEACON-POWER SYSTEMSAFGHANISTAN

LOCATION

In the spring of 2000, IATA needed to power five new over-flight beacons in Afghanistan. Four sites were in various airports and the fifth site was in the mountains. Due to the special restrictions imposed on Afghanistan's air space, IATA had to make special arrangements, e.g. with the Red Cross, to transport the equipment into Afghanistan.

Solar Panel installation at one of the airports

THE SYSTEMS

IATA opted for Appropriate Energy systems ranging from simple diesel-battery hybrids to a wind-solar-diesel hybrid because of these system's potential savings on fuel and Appropriate Energy's experience with remote situations and ability to meet strict IATA requirements. Because the systems were required to provide 24 hours of sustainable 220V AC quality sine wave power, each site has at least one level of redundancy. One of the four diesel-battery hybrids was connected to the grid while the others were stand-alone systems.

INSTALLATION




Prior to shipment, IATA engineers conducted a stringent factory inspection of the equipment. At the factory, Appropriate Energy also provided training to them on installation and service and maintenance. Installation in Afghanistan was performed by these trained IATA personnel.

POST SCRIPT

May 2002 After the air raids on Afghanistan, it is interesting to note that most of the original equipment had not been destroyed. The wind turbine was damaged by debris from a bombed jet fighter but the tower was left undamaged. Actually the wind/solar/diesel battery hybrid system was the first one back online, as the solar panels remained intacted after the bombings. IATA has placed an order for replacement parts to have these systems in full operation ASAP.

Some of the installation crew











AustraliaAfghanistan• Hong Kong SKC FOEIndonesiaKenyaNepalPhilippines

.

Hong Kong



Shek Kwu Chau'sDrug Rehabilitation Centre

"Hong Kong's first wind/solar hybrid system"

LOCATION

Shek Kwu Chau Island, Hong Kong. The island is located in between Cheung Chau, and Lantau Island. SKC is the home of one of Hong Kong's drug rehabilitation centres and is located one and half hours by boat from downtown Hong Kong.




THE SYSTEM

The system is required to provide 24-hour sustainable 220V AC power to a new school/dorm room facility. It includes a Appropriate Energy S20000 wind turbine, a 3.4 kW solar roof, a 3 day battery bank and a 15 kVA backup genset. It can supply up to a 9 kVA peak load and a 20 kVA surge load. The system also includes two 200-litre solar hot water heaters to supply water for the showers.

Click here for a video clip of the wind turbine in action.S20000.mpg 6.3 megs


http://appropriateenergy.com/images/S20000.mpg


The School Room and Dorm

The System will supply power to 3 air conditioners, 40 fluorescent lights, 10 electric fans, an overhead projector, a computer, stereo, and a backup electric hot water heater. The electrical equipment will be used in line with the amount of power they are producing from the wind turbine and solar panels.

The system was paid for by China Light and Power Research to act as a research station for remote area power systems in Southern China. As part of CLP's centennial anniversary, they will donate the system to SKC.

INSTALLATION

The project design was carried out by SPC and installed by China Light and Power under the technical supervision of SPC. The system was installed over a 3 week period with the assitance of the patients at the centre.



The Solar Hot Water Heaters

The solar hot water heaters were installed by the experienced staff at SKC.

RELIABILITY

The system has two renewable generators and a genset back up. If all that fails the system has a grid backup. The system is expected to run off of purely renewable energy 95% of the time.

MAINTENANCE

The Appropriate Energy wind turbine requires an annual inspection and service by a certified and trained dealer or installer. The process should normally take approximately one hour to complete. Bearings need to be changed once every five years and would take less than a day to carry out. Battery electrolyte levels need to be maintained by the user approximately once every 3 months. The genset needs refuelled periodically, while basic maintenance is only required every two years.



The 3.4 kWp Solar Roof


● 1 x Appropriate Energy S20000 wind turbine and tilt up tower● 28 x 120 Wp solar panels● 80 x 6V 300Ah (C10) lead acid batteries● 2 x 4.5kVA inverters● 1 x Appropriate Energy control panel including turbine controller,

system voltmeter, turbine 'amps in'● 1x Appropriate Energy load resistors to control excess power and

protect batteries from overcharging● 1 x 15kVA diesel genset● 2 x 200 Litre solar hot water heaters● 1 x Trace Tri-meter● 1 Labview data logging system● 1 NRG wind data logging system



SKC's Roman Bath






Appropriate Energy Inc-Remote Area Power Generation | Friends of the Earth


AustraliaAfghanistan• Hong Kong SKC FOEIndonesiaKenyaNepalPhilippines

.

Hong Kong

FRIENDS OF THE EARTH, HONG KONG

WIND RESOURCE STUDY

LOCATION

Lamma Island, Hong Kong. Lamma Island is located off the southern coast of Hong Kong Island.

THE SYSTEM



The system is required to provide 12 hours of sustainable 24V DC power to a set of aviation obstruction lights on an NRG 30-meter wind monitoring mast. It was powered by four 120 Wp solar panels and a 12-day battery bank.

Hong Kong Electric paid for the system as part of their effort to determine if a wind farm would be feasible on the outlying islands of Hong Kong.

INSTALLATION

The project design was carried out by SPC and the installation was handled by Friends of the Earth. Ease of installation was important as the equipment was to be helicoptered and assembled on site.

RELIABILITY

High quality system components had been selected to ensure 99.9% reliability as requested by FOE and Hong Kong Electric.

MAINTENANCE

The system was designed for minimal maintenance. The only maintenance required is to ensure that the vegativity growth does not shade the panels.


● 2 x aviation twin head obstruction lights● 4 x 120 Wp solar panels● 12 x 2V 650Ah (C10) lead acid batteries● 1 x 20A solar charge controller● 1 x light sentry daylight switch● 1 x solar frame, battery box, and control box









Synergy Power Corporation | Chepsengeny Academy


AustraliaAfghanistanHong KongIndonesia• Kenya ChepsengenyNepalPhilippines

.

Chepsengeny, Kenya

Chepsengeny AcademyKenya

LOCATION

The power system shown above was installed in the Chepsengeny Academy, Kenya. It is located just off the main road in between the tourist town of Kericho and Kisumu. Over 100 students attend this private boarding school situated in Kenya's rift valley.




THE SYSTEM

The system was required to provide 24 hours of sustainable 230V AC power to the school's domestic and educational loads.

The electricity generated by a S5000DD wind turbine, designed to generate an average of 5kWh/day in the low wind regime of 4.5m/sec, was stored in a set of 8 Trojan L16 deep cycle batteries. A specially designed control panel regulates the power input to these batteries. The 48V DC power is inverted to 230V AC power to meet the load demand from 10 school buildings (including school rooms, a computer room with 6 computers, dorms, and teachers quarters).



A diesel generator is used as a back up power source to charge the batteries when they reach their recommended discharge level during wind drought periods.

INSTALLATION



The project design was carried out by AEI and installed by their Kenyan distributor, Winafrique Technologies Ltd. The system was commissioned in February 2002.

MAINTENANCE

The Appropriate Energy wind turbine requires an annual inspection and service by a certified and trained dealer or installer. The process should normally take approximately one hour to complete. Bearings need to be changed once every five years and would take less than a day to carry out. Battery electrolyte levels need to be maintained by the user within the specified range.




● 1 x S5000DD wind turbine and tilt up tower● 8 x 6V 320Ah lead acid batteries @C10● 1 x 3kVA inverter● 1 x AEI control panel including turbine controller, system voltmeter,

turbine 'amps in'● 1x AEI load dump to control excess power and protect batteries

from overcharging● 1 x 6kVA DC diesel genset











AustraliaAfghanistanHong KongIndonesiaKenya• Nepal PherichePhilippines

.

Pheriche, Nepal The World's Highest Renewable

Powered Clinic Donated by Percy S. Mistry

LOCATION

In the spring of 2001, the world's highest hybrid renewable power system was installed at Pheriche, Nepal. It can be reached by walking 5 days from the nearest public airport of Lukla. The clinic is located at the bottom of a valley, 4,300 meters (14,000 ft.) above sea level. The Everest base camp is another day's walk on the main trekking trail. The Himalayan Rescue Association's clinic is the only health care facility for the Everest region. The clinic provides emergency health care and classes to inform climbers and trekkers about the dangers of high altitude mountain sickness.



Pheriche

THE SYSTEM

The system was designed to provide 24-hour grid-quality power for emergency medical equipment, a radio transmitter and water One of the supply helicopters pumping (for heating and domestic uses). Once the batteries are full, the excess power can be used to run laptops, battery chargers, satellite radios and lighting. The hybrid power system consists of 10 x 75 Watt solar panels, an S5000DD wind turbine, a 3kVA sine wave inverter and a 4-day battery bank. Due to the clinic's remote location, altitude and maintenance, there is no




diesel genset back up, making this system a purely renewable system.

Pheriche's renewable powered clinic

This system was funded by a generous donation from Mr. Percy S. Mistry, along with the fund raising efforts of Mr. Sandy Scott of the Everest Memorial Trust.

INSTALLATION

The installation was a joint effort by the personnel of Appropriate Energy, Lotus Energy who is a local electrical contractor and Everest Memorial Trust. It took approximately 1 week to install and commission the power system. Prior planning was crucial as everything had to be delivered by helicopter from Kathmandu.

MAINTENANCE

The Appropriate Energy wind turbine requires an annual inspection and service by trained personnel. The process normally takes approximately one hour to complete. Bearings need to be replaced once every five years and would take less than a day to carry out. The sealed batteries require no maintenance and are expected to last 10 years.



One of the supply helicopters

Lotus Energy's personnel installing the power electronics.



Installation photos

SPECIAL THANKS



We'd like to give special thanks to John Bean for coordinating the clinic's renovation.









AustraliaAfghanistanHong KongIndonesiaKenyaNepalPhilippines Atulayan

. Atulayan Appropriate Energy Hybrid System in Atulayan Island, Camarines

Sur, Philippines Project Brief

ATULAYAN VILLAGE

Atulayan is a small isolated island in Camarines Sur, Philippines, about 3 km. off the beach of Nato. Living on the island are some 100 families deriving livelihood from fishing and seaweed farming. A few households have family members working abroad. Idyllic Atulayan also has white sand beach coves which are undeveloped for the most part.

Prior to the installation of Appropriate Energy's Hybrid Remote Area Power System (HRAPS), the village only had four hours of sub-standard electricity supplied by a diesel generator. On days when they ran out of diesel fuel, the villagers made do with candles and kerosene lamps for lighting. Generator breakdowns (which were often) posed bigger problems because of the lack of funds for repair and maintenance work. With the sponsorship of Congressman Arnulfo Fuentebella and Administrator Conrado Estrella of the National Electrification Administration, the Camarines Sur IV Electric Cooperative Inc. (CASURECO IV) spearheaded the installation of Appropriate Energy's HRAPS in Atulayan.

The system was sized to supply an average of 36.5kWh/day, enough to provide electricity for lighting and appliance use in 72 households (compact fluorescent bulbs, color TVs, radios, electric flat irons, and karaokes), a school (lights and a computer), streetlights, and the village



playground (lighting during fiestas). Supply of electricity to a seaweed dryer supports the livelihood of the village's seaweed farmers.

Appropriate Energy HRAPS

The Atulayan hybrid system has the Appropriate Energy wind turbine as primary energy generator and solar panels as secondary energy source. A diesel generator acts as a back-up during days when there is no wind or when the sun does not shine. With the integration of inverters and a battery bank, the village is able to enjoy grid-quality 24-hour AC power, 220V single-phase and 380V three-phase. Since the system was developed specifically for remote areas, it has automatic start-stop controls and easy operation and maintenance procedures. Technical background, other than the training provided by Appropriate Energy, is not a pre-requisite for persons taking care of operation and maintenance. As in the case of Atulayan, the villagers themselves are responsible for day-to-day management and operation of the system.

Since Appropriate Energy's wind turbine generates power even at a low wind speed of 4.5 meters per second (found in 80% of the earth's land mass), its installation did not need extensive wind monitoring. With Atulayan's good wind resources, the turbine supplies most of the energy requirements of the island. The turbine's patented tilting axis enables power generation even during periods of very high wind speed. In the event of a typhoon, the turbine tower can be lowered to protect the blades from flying debris.

ATULAYAN BAPA

A participative approach was taken to make the villagers feel that they "own" and are responsible for the system. Thus, they were involved throughout the whole process -- from initial discussions on the project and its implications for their daily lives, through the determination of system loads, civil works construction and HRAPS installation to demand side management orientation.

To ensure sustainability, CASURECO IV organized the Atulayan Barangay Power Association (BAPA) which was given the task of managing the power system inclusive of household connections, operation and maintenance, billing and collection, and user education.




CASURECO IV and Appropriate Energy conducted training on capability building while technology transfer was led by the technical team of SPPI and Appropriate Energy.

The Atulayan system was turned over to CASURECO IV and the Atulayan BAPA in June 2000.

SYSTEM ECONOMIC

The initial capital cost of this project was subsidized by the Philippine government, but now the system is self-sustaining. Before the installation of the system, the villagers were paying US$0.30/kWh for sub-standard electricity (4 hrs./day). Now they are being charged the mainland rate of US$0.087/kWh for grid quality power available 24 hrs/day. Any diesel usage charged to the consumers is in the form of a Cost of Fuel Adjustment. (Based on past months' experience, the genset runs for two hours every two to three days). This system of charging gives the village utility the reserve funds it needs for maintenance and possible expansion.

THE ATULAYAN PROJECT IN PICTURES

HRAPS components on a light truck arrive at Nato pier.



Components and parts being unloaded at Atulayan beach. The small fishing boat Christian, was used to transport them from Nato pier to the island of Atulayan.

Villagers help bring wind turbine tower parts to the tower site atop a hill on the island.

Technology transfer starts with village folk helping with the tower and wind turbine assembly.



The wind turbine being assembled.

The assembled tower and wind turbine being raised.

Construction of the powerhouse for the rest of HRAPS components.



Installation and assembly of system components in the powerhouse.

The equally important capability building and demand-side management training.

Life in beautiful Atulayan goes on - with improved living standards and a better base for economic development.



Power line from the turbine tower site to the powerhouse below.

Lights on using power from Appropriate Energy HRAPS.

The school computer powered by wind and solar. The computer was donated by Appropriate Energy.



This seaweed dryer was built using local materials and by the local carpenter. The seaweed dryer will use electricity to increase the speed and quality of seaweed production from the seaweed farms.

The solar panels installed next to the power house. The solar panels produce a maximum of 16 amps at 48 Volts.

The President of the Philippines at the grand opening of the 1st hybrid power system in the Philippines.



A majority of the people who worked to make this project happen. Starting from left to right Francis Nacianceno, Roland Navarra, General Dumal, Michael Elliott, Beth Peralta (President of SPPI), Fadzil Bin Ismail, Eric Kalkhurst (Managing Director), Joey Jaboneta, Del Rosario, The Barangay (Village) Captain, Bonney, Engineer Favoreal. Notable exceptions Congressman Fuentebella and John Rees.

Appropriate Energy HRAPS SPECIFICATIONS - ATULAYAN ISLAND

Ave. Load: 36.5kWh/day; Peak Load: 11.5kW



● 1 x S20000 wind turbine (48V) & 24 m tilt-up tower, w/ lightning protection

● 3 x 5.5 kVA sine wave interactive inverter, tropicalized● 1 x 48 V battery bank 2000 Ah (C20) and battery racks c/w

maintenance kit● 1 x Appropriate Energy 40A control box● 12 x 75Wp solar panels c/w pole mount array frames and wiring● 1 x 75 kVA gen set (retrofit of existing Atulayan unit, thus oversized)● 1 x genset controller● 1 x system wiring and earthing kit plus DC panel

Note: (CASURECO IV provided the powerhouse, power and distribution lines.)

MAINTENANCE

The S-20000 wind turbine needs to be inspected once a year by a certified representative, requiring about 1 hour to complete. Bearings need to be replaced once every 5 years by a certified presentative, less than a day to complete. Batteries have to be maintained by the user.

Typically, household use of electricity is high early in the day, goes down during the day and peaks in early evening. Hence, most of day-time power can be allocated to rural industry, such as seaweed drying for Atulayan.

The availability of grid quality AC power for industries creates a



dynamic environment of growth and development for the rural community.

Ability to pay for power increases as the proportion of power dedicated to industrial and agricultural uses increases.

Expansion in demand for electricity is easily met by adding modular components to the system.

The proud Appropriate Energy wind turbine and tower overlooking

Atulayan Bay.



The graph above depicts the cost of energy to the Atulayan community. The cost of energy is directly proportional to the renewable energy production. As the wind speed increases more renewable energy is produced, reducing the need for a diesel genset backup.(This graph was produced by the HOMER program which was designed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the U.S.)

How A Appropriate Energy Remote Area Power System Works



● Benefits of the Appropriate Energy System:Supports mandated total electrification of barangaysImproves living standards in remote areasFree energy from renewable resourcesPower available 24 hours/day (240V single/380V three-phase)Long life, low maintenance componentryIndependent power packageEnvironmentally friendlyAutomatic operationModularly expandableCan provide energy for livelihood activities

For information:









• AfghanistanMalaysiaTasmania

.

AFGHANISTAN

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5 IATA OVER FLIGHT BEACON-POWER SYSTEMSAFGHANISTAN

LOCATION

In the spring of 2000, 5 Appropriate Energy power systems were installed in Afghanistan. They were installed by IATA trained personnel for over flight beacons. The systems ranged from simple diesel battery hybrids to wind/solar/diesel hybrids. The equipment was designed to meet the strict IATA requirements for over flight beacons in remote situations. Each site has at least one level of redundancy to ensure 24-hour power for all the sites.

Solar Panel installation at one of the airports

THE SYSTEMS

The systems were required to provide 24 hours of sustainable 220V AC power for over flight beacon systems.

The systems were a variety of diesel battery hybrids, grid connect systems and stand alone renewable hybrid systems. The systems were set up to provide quality sine wave power for high tech overhead beacon equipment.

INSTALLATION



The installation was preformed by IATA personnel trained by Appropriate Energy. The installations took place during the spring of 2000.

Members of the installation crew

PLEASE REQUEST THE COMPLETE TELECOMM REPORT






Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-Projects



Afghanistan• MalaysiaTasmania

.

MALAYSIA

OFF-GRID TELECOMMUNICATION STATIONS IN MALAYSIA

Typically, telecommunications service operators have to locate some of their stations at sites without existing mains or grid electricity supply. Such a connection may be too expensive due to the distance involved, or may take too long to install. Typical "problem installations" are repeater stations or cellular phone base stations. The latter are generally regarded as power hungry, so the standard approach is to use stand-alone diesel generator sets. Appropriate Energy has considerable experience in providing electricity for the telecommunications industry. One of SPC's more recent projects is described below.

CELLULAR BASE STATIONS IN NORTH BORNEO

In December 1995, a leading cellular phone service operator in Malaysia invited SPC to provide alternative power solutions for its off grid base stations. About 30 such stations within peninsular Malaysia were off the

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grid. Expansion into East Malaysia would result in many more such stations. Each of the existing affected base stations were powered by a pair of diesel generator sets operating on an alternating 12-hour cycle.

The major problems identified with operating stand-alone diesel generator sets were cost and reliability. The operation and maintenance contract costs of providing electricity to these stations amounted to 6 - 8 times the electricity costs of similar base stations powered by the grid.

In addition to the financial problem, reliability was a major issue. Typical problems were generator set starting failure, necessitating unscheduled site visits for fault rectification. Generator engine life also proved unsatisfactory, with overhaul intervals being reduced to as little as 60% of the manufacturer's specifications.

SPC installed dataloggers in several base stations to determine typical power demand and load characteristics of such installations. These investigations showed that over 95% of the power and energy consumption were by the station radio transceivers and airconditioners. Typical results are shown in Figuress 1 and 2.

Surprisingly, the radio transceivers accounted for about 40% of the power demand, and the airconditioners about 60%. The data also showed that the maximum radio transceiver loading (when all voice channels are in use) was twice the minimum loading (when no voice channels are in use). The airconditioners displayed much greater variation, as their power demand depends on compressor cut in and out, which in turn depends on thermostat settings.

Figure 3 shows total station load and its variation over one day.



The conclusions were as follows:



Variation in power demand through the daily load cycle was very high. Maximum power required was 5 times greater than minimum.

●

This caused the stand-alone diesel generator sets to operate in an underloaded state, i.e. below 50% of their rating, approximately 18 hours out of every 24.

●

Such prolonged underloaded operation of diesel generator sets invariably leads to engine coking and glazing. This, in turn, results in poor fuel economy, reduced reliability and shortened engine life.

●

The high operation and maintenance costs were largely a function of the generator set service requirements, not fuel.

AEI proposed a diesel hybrid solution which would reduce operating and maintenance costs by over 50%. This proposal was accepted, and is presently being implemented in the East Malaysian State of Sabah located at the northern end of the island of Borneo.

A typical AEI solution for cellular base stations is shown in schematic form in Figure 4. It is capable of being installed with any of 3 energy sources, i.e. diesel, wind and solar (PV). Both AC and DC buses are provided to accommodate typical telecommunications station loads.

In its most basic diesel hybrid form, the diesel generator set operates between 8 and 12 hours per day at most, whilst providing a 24-hour power supply. In addition, the generator set is always operated at an optimum load regardless of actual load. This solves all the problems associated with stand-alone diesel operation, whilst remaining reasonable in capital investment terms.

For installations that are so remote that fuel and fuel transport costs become significant, renewable options such as wind turbines or PV panels may be added. This may reduce generator set operating time to as little as an hour a day, or even zero operation. AEI provides such systems in various power and energy ratings depending on the requirements of the telecommunications equipment.



AEI has provided such power systems for telecommunications stations requiring up to 50kWh per day rated at 20kVA, and is capable of customising solutions to fit both capital investment and operating budgets.









AfghanistanMalaysia• Tasmania

.

TASMANIA

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A Tasmania Telecommunications Power System

In 1990, project engineer, Rob Dagliesh, started work on designing a power system that did not need mains electricity and in early 1991, a solar powered customer multiplexer with radio links to 'civilisation' was installed. Although this worked quite well, the fickle Tasmanian weather dictated power output, and as more customers were connected the system needed to be upgraded.

In the middle of 1992, a wind generator was successfully added to the system. It harnesses the wind that is often present when the sun is not and also compensates for the loss of battery capacity in the low temperatures.








Appropriate Energy Inc-Remote Area Power Generation-Wind




.

SLG Wind Turbine

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The Appropriate Energy SLG Wind Turbine

Eighty percent of the world’s landmass has winds of less than 5 meters per second (m/s). This resource is now exploitable for grid-connect power generation since Appropriate Energy Power Corporation developed the SLG wind turbine specifically for the purpose of working in such low wind regimes for the grid-connect market. The SLG makes economical, efficient and effective wind power a reality to low wind areas that require distributive generation (grid boosting), mini-wind farms, irrigation, or modular grid expansions.

Appropriate Energy wind turbines are designed to function optimally in low wind speeds based on a unique and patented function principle. Field data show that Appropriate Energy wind turbines can generate more energy than any other wind turbine with the generator of the same size. Appropriate Energy wind turbines are rated at 4.5 m/s wind speed and they operate in a wide range of 2.5 m/s to 12 m/s wind speeds.

The SLG is microprocessor-controlled using in-house proprietary software. With Appropriate Energy’s patented function principle, the SLG can be customized for optimal performance to suit the wind regime of any given site.

With its simple design, the SLG wind turbine is easy to install and maintain requiring only basic infrastructure and manpower. The system can be transported at low cost to remote areas, and erected with ease by simple ground based winches. Furthermore, the simple design also means that Appropriate Energy can transfer the technology and build the wind turbines in many countries utilizing local materials and manufacturing capabilities.

KEY FEATURES:

● Patented technology and advanced proprietary control software● Operates in low wind speeds where most other competitors cannot● Simple design, easy and low cost to transport, install and maintain● Possibility of technology transfer for local manufacturing● Custom optimization available



Appropriate Energy’S PATENTED TECHNOLOGY

The Appropriate Energy variable axis function allows the rotor blade area to adjust to all wind conditions. Therefore, longer blades can be used to capture more of the potential energy from the wind.

The following charts illustrate the energy delivery on a daily and annual basis of the SLG. Actual field data in Utah, USA were used in the compilation.



Power Curves were derived by Windward Engineering in the U.S.


Current Representing Company USA Solar & Wind Inc. Phone 904 513 1418 Email: [email protected] http://www.usasolarwind.comEmail: [email protected]







. SPECIFICATION

PERFORMANCEUsable PowerRated PowerMax. Output

170 watts at 3 m/s20000 Wh/day at 4.5 m/s50800 Wh/day at 11 m/s

MECHANICALType:"Variable Rotar Area" (V.R.A.)Rotor DiameterRotor MaterialRPM - VariableSpeed ControlOverspeed ProtectionGearbox IncreaseTotal Weight

5.8mFiber Glass

0 to 300"V.R.A.""V.R.A."

6:1205 kg





Tilt UpGal. steel

18,24,30m

S20000 System

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S20000 TURBINE DAILY OUTPUT CURVEat hub height windspeeds. Weibull shape factor = 2









Appropriate Energy Inc-Remote Area Power Generation-Specs




.

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SLG Wind Turbine Specification

SLG SPECIFICATIONS

Rotor ConfigurationType

OrientationDiameterSwept areaMax. rotor speedPower regulation

Three bladed, variable axisDownwind13.2 meters137 square meters80 rpmTilt control

Rotor Shaft ConfigurationHub materialMain bearingsMain shaft material

Ductile cast ironSpherical rollerAISI 4340 or 8620

BrakeType Location

Pneumatic releaseLow speed shaft

GeneratorType Rated power Synchronous speedVoltage FrequencyManufacturer

Induction30 kW1,500 rpm415/480 Volts50/60 HzMarathon Electric

Yaw SystemType Yaw bearing

PassiveTurret (ball type)

TowerType Hub height

Guyed, tube tower20 meters

Masses

BladeBlade lengthTip chordRoot chordMaterialBlade manufacturer

6.4 meters280 millimeters914 millimetersFRPAppropriate Energy Power Corporation

Drive TrainGearbox typeGearbox ratioCoupling gearbox

Coupling generator

Manufacturer

Right angle helical1 : 17mainshaft (Keyed, hollow shaft)gearbox (2 rubber element couplings)SEW Eurodrive

Nacelle CoverMaterialFinish

GRPGelcoat

MainframeConstructionMaterial

FabricationSteel

ControlsController type Microprocessor

based

Operational ParametersCut-in wind speedRated power at approximateCut-out wind speed

3 meters / second

subject to design25 meters / second

* SPC reserves the right to change components without



BladeRotorNacelle (less rotor)Tower

150 kilograms575 kilograms1,000 kilograms3,400 kilograms

notice as long as they are of the same or with higher quality.

SLG Power Curve






Appropriate Energy Inc-Remote Area Power Generation-Report




. Appropriate Energy SLG Performance Report

Dean Davis, Craig Hansen

Windward Engineering, L.C.Dec 14, 1999

Introduction

The Appropriate Energy SLG wind turbine has been in operation for approximately 3.5 years at the Spanish Fork Test Site. The testing, including operation, data collection, and maintenance has been conducted by Windward Engineering L.L.C. of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA for the entire period. This report is a brief summary of the testing project.

Energy Production

The Appropriate Energy SLG (grid connected) wind turbine was installed at the Spanish Fork Test Site at the end of 1995. Testing began early in 1996. Since May 1of 1996 the wind turbine has supplied the local utility (Utah Municipal Power Authorities (UMPA)) with 152189 kWhrs of energy. This is an average of 132 kWhrs/day. This number is considerably lower than the potential energy capture for the SLG at the Spanish Fork Test Site. This is because much of the preliminary operation of this turbine was for prototype debugging and testing. This involved significant down time for turbine improvements, controller modifications, instrumentation

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calibration and data collection, as well as for maintenance. For example, we had the turbine out of operation for approximately 6 months (winter of 97-98) as we waited for a replacement compressor part and as we debugged an electrical instrumentation problem. When the turbine is allowed to operate normally it averages approximately 220 kWhrs/day. Figure 1 shows the cumulative energy metered over the three and a half years of testing.

Figure 1. Appropriate Energy SLG energy production summary.

The Spanish Fork Test Site

The test site is located in Utah Valley, approximately 55 miles south of Salt Lake City and 5 miles east of the town of Spanish Fork. The site is situated near the mouth of Spanish Fork Canyon. The site elevation is approximately 5,200 feet (1585 m) above sea-level. Spanish Fork Canyon is bordered by peaks approximately 10,000 feet (3048 m) in elevation, so there is an abrupt rise in the terrain about one mile east of the test site. The high elevation air density at the site is lower than sea-level values, and the energy production is reduced as a result.

The winds at the test site result from drainage flow down Spanish Fork Canyon. On a typical day, the winds begin blowing as the sun sets and the canyon walls begin to cool. The winds increase throughout the evening and night, generally peaking between midnight and 5 am. Typically the early



morning winds will be between 12 and 15 m/s. After sunrise the winds begin to diminish and are generally calm by 10 am to noon. During the daytime the winds will shift to blow up the canyon, but the wind speed is usually only a few meters per second. Storms in the area can break this normal cycle of events and result in either calm or strong winds from other directions.

The weather at the site is typical of northern Utah valley locations. The climate is generally very dry, with approximately 15 inches (38 cm) of precipitation per year. Most of this falls as snow between December and March. The maximum snow depth we have experienced at the site in four winters is approximately 20 inches (51cm). The ground is free of snow much of the winter, but we have seen extended periods with some snow accumulation. The lowest temperature likely at the site is approximately -10F (-23C). Most often the low temperature during winter months is in the 20’s (-7 to -1C). In the four winters of testing we have not experienced icing conditions, but freezing rain and icing accumulation have been observed in the area infrequently in the past. Summers are very hot and dry. The high temperature most days is in the 90’s (32 to 38C), with 100-105F (38-40C) a few times each summer. Humidity is low, and the corrosion environment is quite benign. Thunderstorms occur throughout the spring and summer seasons, generating very high, turbulent winds along with the possibility of lightning strikes.

Extreme Wind Conditions:

The Spanish Fork test site not only sees good energy producing winds it also has its share of extreme wind conditions. When thunderstorms build in the mountains it is not uncommon to see winds gusting above 25m/s. These gusts can be associated with large wind direction changes as well. Hearsay suggests that these winds were the winds that continuously damaged, and eventually caused the removal of the Jacobs test turbine which was installed by the city of Spanish Fork.



The high winds are generated from strong low pressure systems moving into the area. We have seen winds associated with these weather conditions above 32 m/s and the town 10 miles to the north measured 41 m/s during this same event. From our limited experience at the test site we would guess that we could expect winds above 35 m/s once or twice a year.

Figure 2 shows winds collected during a thunderstorm a few years ago. The last peak has been detailed in Figure 3. Also plotted on Figure 3 is the IEC extreme coherent gust. We can see that the wind measured in SF is almost equivalent to the IEC wind condition.

Figure 2: Plot of winds during a period where there were thunderstorms in the mountains east of the test site (June 10, 1996). The large spikes in wind speed were typically associated with direction changes of approximately 90°.



Figure 3: Last wind speed spike from Figure 2 detailed. We can see that the measured wind is very close to an IEC extreme coherent gust.

Conclusion

The Appropriate Energy SLG grid connected wind turbine has been in operation for ~3.5 years at the Spanish Fork Test Site. Much of the early operation of the turbine was directed towards testing and data collection of loads and performance of the wind turbine. This testing has resulted in validation of the computer modeling used in the design. The testing has also resulted in numerous improvements to the turbine operation. The turbine has produced a total of 152189 kWhrs since May of 1996.



[1] UMPA did not install the watt meter until May of 1996. As a result the first 4 months of energy production were not recorded.






Appropriate Energy, Inc-Remote Area Power Generation




.

Measured PerformanceSL Turbine, at site air density (1.04 kg/m³)

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Appropriate Energy, Inc-Remote Area Power Generation




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Synergy Power Corp. - Engineering Renewable Energy Systems



.

OFFICES Current Representing Company USA Solar & Wind Inc. Phone 904 513 1418 Email: [email protected] http://www.usasolarwind.com

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Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation ...usasolarwind.com/Appropriate Energy.pdf · Appropriate Energy, Inc.- Remote Area Power Generation-Patented Technology AEI