1

Approaches, Methods and Techniques

APPROACH

METHOD

TECHNIQUE

3

Direct/ Expositive Instruction Approach

A way of teaching which is aimed at helping students acquire some basic skills and “procedural knowledge”. It is straight forward and is done in a step – by step manner.

4

Steps

1. Provide rationale

2. Demonstrate the skill

3. Provide guided practice

4. Check for understanding

5. Provide extended practice and transfer

5

Constructivist Approach

Anchored on the belief that every individual constructs and reconstructs meanings depending on past experiences which are evaluated with an end of reconstructing meanings.

6

Suggested steps

1. Review/ recall2. Posing problems, Asking questions3. Reflection4. Critical thinking activities5. Independent practice

7

Cooperative Learning Approach

Makes use of classroom activities which allow students to work in groups or teams to help each other learn.

8

Reflective Thinking Approach

Anchored on the ability of the teacher to guide students to reflect on their own experiences I order to arrive at new understandings and meanings.

9

Some strategies

1. Self – analysis2. Journal Writing3. Portfolio / Scrap booking4. Asking Questions

10

Other Methods & Techniques

Lecture Method

1.Component technique

2.Relevance technique

3.Outlining technique

Discussion Method

•Small Group Discussion Technique

•Socialized Classroom Discussion Technique

•Panel Discussion Technique•Direct Instruction Technique•Recitation Technique

Reporting Method

•Unit or Morrison Technique• Individual or Group Technique•Reading or Story Telling Technique

•Schematic Technique•Symposium

Demonstration Method

•Teacher – Directed Technique•Student – Directed Technique•Teacher – Student Directed

Technique•Resource Speaker – Directed Technique

Activity Method• Project Technique• Field Trip Technique• Brainstorming Technique• Debate Technique• Dramatization Technique• Role – Playing Technique• Simulation - Game Technique

15

Investigatory Method

1.Laboratory Technique

2.Research Technique

3.Field Study Technique

4.Experimenting Technique

5.Problem – Solving Technique

16

Self – Pacing Method

1.Programmed Instruction

2.Modular Learning

3.Correspondence Courses

17

Cooperative Learning Techniques

1.Popcorn Topics

2.Fish Bowl/ Inside-Outside Circle

3.Jigsaw

4.Three – Step Interview

5.Pairs Check

18

Integrated Method

1.Lecture – Discussion

2.Demonstration – Lecture

3.Film – Showing Discussion

4.Reporting - Discussion

19

Unified Approach

Knowledge should be presented as a whole and not a fragmented bits.

Previous learning should be reinforced.

Knowledge should be expanded.

20

Unified Approach

A way to treat relationships that exist among the significant components making up a given body of knowledge.

Features

• Highly cognitive• Leads to insightful learning• Holistic treatment of

knowledge (cause – effect)

21

Unified ApproachIllustration

SocietyCulture

Social Institutions

Socialization

Social Status

Social Roles

A group of people sharing a common Every individual’s behavior

creates a so called

It is made up of

Socialization to adopt the same

22