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7/24/2019 Approach to Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic Activity
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UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Vol. 4(1), 82-120, 2016 REVIEW ARTICLE
Approach to Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic
Activi ty
Preeti Sen, Kamlesh Sahu, Pushpa Prasad*, Shashikant Chandrakar, Ram Kumar Sahu, Amit Roy
Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur- 493111 Chhatisgarh, India
Art icl e Informat ion
Received 17 Nov 2015
Received in revised form 12 Jan 2016
Accepted 15 Jan 2016
Abs trac t
Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic epidemic affecting essential biochemical activities in
almost every age group. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high
blood glucose level. When the body failed to produce sufficient insulin or is not able to insulin
effectively or both leading to diabetes. Presently herbal drugs are widely used for the treatment of
diabetes in worldwide. India has a long list of native medicinal plants with confirmed blood sugar
lowering property. Some of these have proved remarkable for cure of diabetes and its
complications. In this paper an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain Indian
plants with their phytoconstituents and mechanism of action which have been studied for their
antidiabetic activity.
Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus
Phytoconstituents,Blood glucose,
Insulin.
Corresponding Author:
E-mail: [email protected].: 09907105687
1 Introduction
Diabetes is characterized in people having high blood glucose called
high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. It is one of the common
metabolic disorders, according to current survey on diabetes about
2.8% of the population suffers from diabetes throughout the world
and it may cross 5.4% by the year 2025. In India, the prevalence rate
of diabetes is estimated to be 1-5%1-3
.
It was first perceived as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and
excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Blood glucose levels are
controlled by hormone insulin provoked by the pancreas. Insulin
lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates,
insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose
level.4,5
When the body failed to produce sufficient insulin or is not
able to insulin effectively or both leading to diabetes. Consequently,
if diabetes is not controlled commencing in acute or chronic
complication like ketoacidosis, microangiopathy, specialy eyes,
kidney, nerve, heart, blood vessals, failure of various organs,
dysfunctions, etc.6
Diabetes mellitus may present with classical characteristic features
such as blurring of vision, excessive thirst (polydypsia), excessive
feeding (polyphagia) excessive urination (polyuria), and weight loss.
In its most severe forms, ketoacidosis may develop leading to stupor,
coma and, in absence of effective treatment it causes death.7
Mostly
diabetes are two types namely Type I (Insulin dependent diabetes)
and Type II (Non-insulin dependent diabetes) diabetes. The
pathogensis of Type I and Type II diabetes are illustrated in Fig 1
and Fig 2, respectively8.
2 Herbal drugs
Many Indian plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in
Ayurveda. The numerous medicinal plants are reported for its
antidiabetes activity. The therapeutic activity of the medicinal plants
depends upon the nature of phytoconstituents present in the plants.
WHO estimates that 80% of the world populations currently use
herbal drugs for major healthcare9-21
. WHO has listed 21,000 plants,
which are used for medicinal purposes around the world. Among
these 2500 species are in India, out of which 150 species are used
commercially on a fairly large scale. India is the largest producer of
medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the world.
Herbal products beneficial agents in antimicrobial, antidiabetic,
antifertility, antiageing, antiarthritic, sedative, antidepressant,
antianxiety, antispasmodic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV,
vasodilatory, hepatoprotective, treatment of cirrhosis, asthma, acne,
impotence, menopause, migraine, gall stones, chronic fatigue,
alzheimers disease and memory enhancing activities22,23
.
UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences
Available at www.ukjpb.comISSN: 2347-9442
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Senet al.Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic Activity
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 83
Defective insulin secretion
Fig 1: Pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes
Fig 2: Pathogenesis of Type II diabetes
Insulin resistance
Environmental insultGenetic predisposition
Multifactorial and polygenic
Type II diabetes
Hyperglycaemia
-Due to insulin resistance
-Amyloid induced damage
Syndromes with sever insulin
reistance (syndrome X,PCOD)
Abdominal obesity
-Due to insulin resistance
-Amyloid induced damage
Genetic predisposition Environmental insult
HLA DR3/DR4 individuals high risk Damage of cells by viral infection or molecular
Insulitis Immune responce against
cells (normal/damaged)
cells destruction
Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune attack
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The use of herbal drugs in the correct way provides effective and
safe treatment for many diseases. The efficiency of the herbal drugs
is typically subjective to the patient. The strength of the herbal drugs
varies based on the genetic distinction, growing conditions, timing
and method of harvesting, revelation of the herbs to air, light and
dampness, and type of conservation of the herbs. These raw material
are further processed and prepare methods of preparation may differ
because of the nature of the plants active chemical constituents likepowder, decoction, hydroalcoholic tincture and fluid extracts
24-29.
Diabetes is becoming the third killer of the health of mankind
because of its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality. The present
century has progressed diverted towards naturopathy. This play an
important role in treatment or management of lifelong prolonging
diseases like diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus alone is
accompanied with several other diseases infecting healthy
individuals. The treatment of each of such disease can be done by
exploiting the herbal integrity of India13,14
. Plants have always been a
very good source of drug and many of the currently available drugs
have been derived directly or indirectly form them. India is the largest
producer of medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the
world15
.
The ethnobotanical information reports about 1000 plants that may
possess antidiabetic potential among namely Combretum
micranthum, Elephantopus scaber, Gymnema sylvestre, Liriope
spicata, Parinari excelsa, Ricinus communis, Sarcopoterium
spinosum, Smallanthus sonchifolius, Swertia punicea, Vernonia
anthelmintica etc. Some of the important anti-diabetic potential
herbal plants source and their active principles are given in the table
1..
Wide arrays of plant derived active principles representing
different type of biological activity, among these alkaloids,
glycosides, galactomannan gun, polysaccharides, peptidoglycans,
hypoglycans, guanidine, steroids, carbohydrates, glycopeptides,
terpenoids, amino acids and inorganic ions have demonstrated
activity including treatment of diabetes.
The current review is focus on use of herbal drug for the treatment of
diabetic mellitus. List of the medicinal plants producing antidiabetic
potential according to the different part used and mode of action are
presented in tables 130-101
.
3 Conclusions
This review discussed selective herbal plants and showed that they
have antidiabetic activity. The medicinal plants produce antidiabetic
activity due to presence of tannin, saponins, alkaloid, glycoside,
polyphenol and flavonoids etc. It assists the researchers to
understand mechanism of action, structure and potential antidiabetic
activities of scientific evaluated plants.
4 Competing interest
Author claims no competing interests.
5 Authors contributions
PS, KS and PP carried out literature review and draft the manuscript.
SC, RKS and AR participated in collection of data. All authors read
and approved the final manuscript.
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Table 1: Medicinal plants reported antidiabetic activity along with active constituents and mechanism of action
Medicinal
plantsFamily Parts used Active consti tuents
Mechanism of action
(MOA)
Structure of chemical
constituentRef
Acacia Arabica
Rubiaceae Seeds FlavonoidInsulin secretagogue
activity
OHO
OOH
meO Ome
Ome
10,30,31,32
3,34
Abelmoschus
moschatus
Malvaceae
Whole plant,
Aerial part of
plant
Ambrettolide,
essential oils,
myricetin (3,5,7-
trihydroxy
phenyl)chromen-4-
one.
Increasing the ability of
adipocytes & to uptale
glucose
OHO
OOH
OH
OH
OH
OH
35,248
Achinochloa spp.
Poaceae SeedsSugars, volatile oils,
rare alkaloids
Changes in hexokinase
activity CCCC
OC
CH2OH
HH
OH
OH
H
H
OH
OH
H
36
Aconitum
carmichaelic
Ranuculaceae Roots Diterpenoid, alkaloids
Increase the
permeability of the
membrane for sodium
ion
CH3
H
H
H
O
H
O
H
O
OH
CH3
37,38
Aconitum
carmichaeli
Ranuculaceae Roots Glycan A,B,C,DStimulation of in vitro
insulin secretion
OHO
HO
HOOH
O
HO O
OH
O
O
HO
OH
NHAc
OO
HO NHAc N
A
OH
O
HO
HO
HO
OHO
39,40,41
Adansonnia
digitata
Bombacaeae Stem bark
Glycosides,
alkaloids,
semigossypal
MOA not availableN
ON R2
R1
42
Abroma
augustumMalvaceae Roots
Abromine, its
hydrochloride and
phytosterol
Lowering blood sugarH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
H
HO
42
Abies pindrow Pinaceae Root,LeafD-pinitol (3-o-mehtyl-
chiroinositol)
Insulin secretogouge
activityOH
CH3
H2CO
HO
CH3
6
5
1
4
2
3
OH
43
Adhtoda vasica
(justice
aadhtoda)
Acanthaceae leaves
Pegain-type alkaloid
volatile oil, vasicine,
vasicinone,v asicinol
MOA not availableN
N
CH2
OH
42
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Allium
cepa(Onion)Liliaceae
Bulbs(oil),
stems, tops
5-methy cysteine
sulfoxide (SMCE),
Diphenylamine,
Onion,
Sulphide
Lowering blood
glucose level,
Regulation of the
enzyme
hexokinase/glucokinas
e
CH3
S O
H2C
CH COOHH2N
44,45,46,47
Allium sativum Alliaceae Bulbs, cloves
Allyl propyl
Disulphide,allicin,5-
allyl
cysteine(SACE),Allici
n(diallyl thiosulfinate)
Antihyperglycemic and
antinociceptive effectCH2
S
S
CH2
O
48,49,50,51
2,53,54
Aloe vera (ab
ghiakwar)
Liliaceae leaves
Pentosidesbarbaloin,i
sobarbaloin,aloin,Lop
henol(phytosterols),24
-methyene-cycloartanol
Maintain glucose
homeostasis,
Stimulates insulin
release from pancreatic
-cells
O
HO O OH
O
HO
OH
OH
HO
55,56,57,58
9,60
Aloe
Barbadensis
Liliaceae leavesArboranA,ArboarnB,
Aloesin
Stimulating synthesis
and/or release of
insulin
OCH3 OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
CH3
61,62,63,64
Althaea
officinalis
MalvaceaeLeaves, whole
plantsMucilage MOA not available
N
H
COOH
COOH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
42
Ajuga spp.
Labiatae Stem & rootsDiterpenoid,ajugalact
oneMOA not available
O
OH
OHH
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
O
O
OHH
OH
O
CH3
36,248
Allium spp.
Liliaceae
Onion & Garlic
cloves
Allicin, allylpropyl
disulphide & alliin
Stimulating effect on
glucose,
Utilaization and
antioxidant enzyme
CH2
S+ O
O
O- NH2
36
Althaea spp.
Malvaceae Stem & roots
Isoquercitrin,
glycosides
MOA not available O
OH
OH
O
OOH
O
OH
OH
OH
OHOH
42
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Areca catechu Arecaceae Seed Arecaine & arecoline MOA not available
N
OH
CH3
O
73
Artemisia pallens AseraceaeLeaves &
flowersGermacranolide
Increased plasma
insulin lavel
Hypoglycemic,
increases peripheral
glucose utilization or
inhibits glucose
reabsorption
O
OH
O
O
74
Azadirachta
indica
Meliaceae Leaves &seeds Azadirachtin & nimbin
Glycogenolytic effect
due to epinephrine
action was blocked Aco
O
CH3
CH3
O
CO2Me
O
H
O OH
CO2ME
OH
O
me
O
me
O
O+O
+O
OH
75,76,77,78
9,80,81,82,
,84
Bamusa
arundinacea
Gramineae Leaves & stemDimethoxybenzoquino
ne, allantoinMOA not available
NH
NH
O
O
NH NH2
O
36
Barleria lupulina Acanthaceae Aerial part
Alkaloids,tannins
Diterpinoids,cyanogen
etic compound,
saponin
MOA not available OHOO
CH3
CH3CH3
CH3
42
Berberis
aristata(DARHAL
D)
Berberidaceae Stem bark root
Berberine, palmitine
jatrorrhizine
columbamine
MOA not availableCH3
O
42
Bhighia sapida
SapindaceaeUnripe fruits &
seedsHypogylcin A& C MOA not available
CH2
O
OH
NH2
42
Bhighia sapida
SapindaceaeAkee apple
seedsHypogylcin A& B MOA not available
OH
CH2
NH2
O
36
Bacooa monnieri ScrophulariaceaeAerial parts,
leaf
Hersaponin,
bacoside A
MOA not available
RO
CH3 CH2OH
CH3 CH3
CH3
COOH
CH3 CH3
85,86
Balanites
aegyptiacaZygophyllaceae
Mespcarp of
fruit
Pure saponin,
steroidal saponinsMOA not available
RO
CH3 CH2OH
CH3 CH3
CH3
COOH
CH3 CH3
87
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Bauhinia
candicans
Fabaceae LeafTrigonelline,kaempfer
ol dirhamnoside
Reduce plasma
glucose level
N+
CH3
OH
O
88,248
Bauhinia
purpureaFabaceae Leaf
Flavonoid containing
fractionMOA not available OH
O
OOH
meO Ome
Ome
10,89
Bauhinia
variegate
Caesalpiniaceae &
FabaceaeBark, leaves
Flavonoids
,RoseosideMOA not available
O
OH
OH OH
OH
O
CH3
CH3CH3
OCH3
OH
90
Beta vulgaris Amaranthaceae Root
Phenolics
,betacyanins
Lower blood glucose
level by regeneration of-cells
C
H
H
C HH
H
CH3
OH
C HH
H
C
H
H
C HH
CH3
C
H
H
OH
91,92
Berberis vulgaris Berberideceae Root bark Saponins MOA not available
RO
CH3 CH2OH
CH3 CH3
CH3
COOH
CH3 CH3
93
Bidens pilosa AsteraceaeWhole plant,
leafcytopiloyne MOA not available
CH3O
OH
94
Bombax ceiba BombacaceaeFruit, heart
wood, leaf
C-flavonol, glycoside
shaimiminMOA not available
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OOH
OH
O
OHOH
OH
OH
95
Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Gum resin Oleo-gum, resin MOA not available
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 H
HH
OH
O
OH
CH3
CH3
89
Bougainvillea
spectabilis
Rubiaceae &
nyctaginaceaeSeeds
Alcohol, pinitol, D-
pinitol (3-o-methyl
chiroinositol)
Increase glucose
uptakeOH
CH3
H2CO
HO
CH3
6
5
1
4
2
3
OH
36,89
Bryonia alba
Cucurbitaceae RootTrihydroxyoctadecadi-
enoic acids
Metabolic changes
induced in diabetic
O
OH
O
OH
O
O OHOH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
96,97
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Cluytia
richardiana
Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Saudin (diterpenoid) MOA not available
O
O
O
O
O
O
CH3H O
CH3
42
Ceiba pentandra
Malvaceae Roots ,leaves Saponins,tannins MOA not available
RO
CH3 CH2OH
CH3 CH3
CH3
COOH
CH3 CH3
36
Centratherum
anthelminticum
Asteraceae Seed Alkaloids MOA not available
N
ON R2
R1
36
Clerodendron
phlomoides
Verbenaceae Whole plant Valeporiates MOA not available
R1
CH3
R2
CH3
36
Camellia
sinensisTheaceae Leaves Caffeine & catechins
Increase insulin activity
and prevent oxidative
damage,
Responsible for the
hypoglycemic activity
C
C
C
N
N
C
N
C
CH3
O
CH3
O CH3
106,107
Capparis
deciduasCapparidaceae Fruit
Spermidine,
Isocodono carpine
Hypoglycaemic,
hypolipideamic NH2 N NH
H
108
Cinnamomum
zeylanicumLauraceae Bark
Cinnamaldehyde,
eugenolMOA not available
CH
109,110,11
112,113
Combretum
micronthumCombretaceae Leaves Polyphenols MOA not available
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
114,115,11
117,118
Camellia
sinensisTheaceae Leaf
Epigallocatechin 3-
gallate
Increases insulin
secretion
O
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
119,120
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Cajanus cajan FabaceaeLeaves, seed,
fruit
Arginine, ascorbic
acid
Lowering plasma
glucose level
NH
NH
NH2 O
OH
NH2
121,122
Caesalpinia
ferreaCaesalpinaceae Fruit
Ellagic acid
(EA),2 (2,3,6-
trihydroxy-4carboxy
pheny)
ellagic acid (TEA)
MOA not available
O
O O
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
89
Caesalpinia
digyna
Fabaceae Root Bergenin MOA not available
O
O
O
CH3
OH
O
OHH
OH
OH
CH3
OH
89
Caesalpinia
bonducellaCaesalpiniaceae Seed Caesalpin F MOA not available
O
O
CH3 O
O
89
Caesalpinia
BonducCaesalpiniaceae Seed, kernel Caesalpinianone MOA not available - 89
Coccinia spp.
CucurbitaceaeCoccinia
root/Tvy gourd
Cucurbitacins
(triterpenoid),
-elaterin
Stimulation of glycogen
synthatase activityOH
O
MeMe
Me
H H
OMe
OH
Me O
MeOH
Me
OH
Me
H
36
Coptis chinensis
Ranunculaceae Whole plantRanunculin glycoside,
isoquinolin alkaloidMOA not available O
OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
OH
36
Corchorous
olitoris
Tiliaceae Jute leave cardiac glycoside MOA not available10
5
1
4
2
3
8
7
9
6
13
14
12
1117
16
15
OH
CH3
CH3R
OH
36
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbitaceae Cucumber fruit
Cucurbitacins
(terpenoids),
-elaterin
MOA not available OH
O
MeMe
Me
H H
OMe
OH
Me O
MeOH
Me
OH
Me
H
36
Cuminus
cyminus
Ambelifereae Cumin seed -Pinene, -terpinol MOA not available
CH3
CH3
123
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Curcumo
domestica
valeton
Zingiberaceae Leaf
Curcumin, -
pinene,camphene,
eugenol, -sitesterol
MOA not available
OH
OCH3
O O
O
O
C
124
Cuscuta reflexa
roxb
Convolvuraceae Stem
Flavonoid,dulcitol,
bergenin, loumerins
glycoside, lactone
MOA not available OHO
OOH
meO Ome
Ome
10,124
Cryptostegia
grandiflora
Asclepialaceae Arial part Triterpene alkaloids MOA not available
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH3
42
Cuminum nigrum
(zira siyah)
Umbeliferae Flower, seeds Volatile oil MOA not available - 125,126
Cyamposis
tetragonolobus
Leguminasae Fruit seeds Gaur gum MOA not availableO
CH2OH
H
OH
H
H OH
H
O
H
OH
CH2
H
O
CH3 H
OH
H
OH H
O
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
CH3
HOH2C
H
127
Cynodon
dactylon
Roaceae Whole plant
Mucilage, arabinose,
xylose, ,uronic acid
derivetives
MOA not available
NH
COOH
COOH
CH3
H
COOH
CH3
42
Daucus carota
linn.
Apiaceae Root
Carotenes,
carotenoids,glycoside, flavonoids,
suger quarternary
base
MOA not available
CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3CH3 C3
CH3
CH3
CH3CH3
128
Dendrophthoe
memecylifolia
Loranthaceae Whole plantGlycoprotien,
Polypeptide lignansMOA not available NH2 C CNC C NC C N
C
H
R O
H
R
H
O
H
R
H
O
H H
C
R
C
O
36
Diflocyclos
palmatus
Cucurbitaceae FruitCucurbitacins
(terpenoids) -elaterinMOA not available OH
O
MeMe
Me
H H
OMe
OH
Me O
MeOH
Me
OH
Me
H
36
Dioscorrea spp. Dioscoreaceae Tubers Diosgenin MOA not available O
OH
CH3
H
H
H
CH3
CH3 O
CH3
36
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Dipteracanthus
prostrates
Acanthaceae Whole plantAlkaloid, terpenoid,
diterpenoid, saponinMOA not available
N
ON R2
R1
36
Discorea batelus
Discoraeceae Tubers Mucilage alkaloids MOA not available
NH
COOH
COOH
CH3
H
COOH
CH3
42
Dioscorea
Demetorum
Discoraeceae Tuber
Mucilage, saponin,
alkaloids discoretine,
dihydrodiscorine
To posses
hypoglycemic effect
NH
COOH
COOH
CH3
H
COOH
CH3
129,42,89
D.japonica Discoreaceae - Discorane A,B,C,D,E MOA not available
OHCOOH
CH3
NH
89
Echinops
echinatus
Asteraceae Roots
Isobutylamide,
steroidal
glycoalkaloids
MOA not available O
OH
H H
H
H
H
H
CH3H
36
Eleuthrococus
senticosus
AraliaceaeSiberian
ginseng
Saponins,
eleutharansMOA not available
RO
CH3 CH2OH
CH3 CH3
CH3
COOH
CH3 CH3
36
Ephedra
dislachya Ephedraceae
Stem & Roots
arial stem
Ephedrin, ephedrans
A,B,C,D,E MOA not available NH CH3
CH3
OH
130,131,13
Eucalyptus
globules
Myrtaceae Leaves Calytosides
Increase insulin
secretion from clonal
pancreatic beta line
(BRIN-BD 11)
- 133
Eriobotrya
japonica
Rosaceae LeavesMerolidol glycoside &
ursolic acidMOA not available
O
CH3CH3
H
CH3
H CH3
H
CH3
CH3
O
H
CH3
O
36
Euphorbia
prostrate
Euphorbiaceae Whole plantTriterpenoids,
eupohol, euphorbolMOA not available
OH
CH3CH3
H
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2
42
Embelica
officenalis garthEuphorbiaceae Fruit
Vitc (L-ascorbic acid)
polyphenol, ellagic
acid, galic acid
MOA not available
OH
OH
CO2H
OH
134
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tannins
Elephentopus
scarber
Asteraceae Whole plantTerpenoids, & 2,6,23-
Trienoloids
To reduce the blood
glucose level
O
CH3
OH
CH3 OH
O
OO
OH
CH3
OO
OHOH OH
OH
135
Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae Leaf
Uniflorin A, uniflorin B
(+)-(3a,4a,5b)-L, 2-
methylpiperidine-
3,4,5-Triol
Regulation of the
enzyme
hexokinase/glucokinas
e
NH
OH
OH
HO
H
CH3
H
89
Erigenon
breviscapusCampositae Plant extract Scutellarin MOA not available
O
O OOH
OH
OH O
OH
OH O
OH
OH
89
Eriobotrya
japonicaRosaceae Leaf
Corosolic acid,
3-epicorosolic acid,
methyl ester,
2--hydroxy-3-
3oxours-12-en-28-oic
acid,
turmeric acid methyl
ester,
ursolic acid
MOA not availableOH
CH3
CH3CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3O
OH
CH3
CH3
OH
89
Enicotema
littorale
Gentianaceae Whole plantSwertiamerin, ophelic
acid, tannins,alkaloids
Decrease glucosylated
hb & glucose 6
phosphatesO
O
OHO
OH
OH
OH
H OH
O
CH3
136
Embelica
officinalis
Euphorbiaceae Fruit, seed, leaf
Polyphenols,
Flavonoids,
Kaempferol,ellagic
acid,gallic acid
MOA not availableOH
OH O
OH
OH
10,137,138
Eleusin coracana Poaceae Seed coat Polyphenols MOA not availableOOH
OH O
OH
OH
OH
89
Eichhornia
crassipesPontederiaceae Shoot rhizome
Terpenoids,
glycoside,
flavonoids,tannis,
alkaloids
MOA not available
N
N
N
CH3 O
CH3
OH
CH3
89
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Exostema
mexicanumRubaceae Stem bark
4-phenylcoumarins
glycoside, chlorogenic
acid,ursolic acid
MOA not available
O OOH
OH
89
Exotema
caribecumRubiaceae Stem bark
4-phenylcoumerins
glycosides,
chlorogenic acid,
ursolic acid
MOA not available
O OOH
OH
89
Eulipta alba AsteraceaeWhole plant,
leaf
Coumestane like
eudelolactone,
tesmethylecedelol
acetone,
furanocoumarins
oleanane, taraxastane
glycosides
Regulation of the
enzyme
hexokinase/glucokinas
eCH3
CH3H
CH3
H
CH3
CH3
H
H CH3
CH3CH3
139
Ficus
bengelensis
(Anjir jangli,
katumani)
Moraceae Root Bark, bark
Bengalinoside,Phytost
eroine flavonoids,
glycosides, glycosidal
fraction,
Leucopelphinidin &
leucopepargonin
Inhibit insulin
degradative process
CH3
OH
H
HCH3
CH3
CH3
H
CH3
CH3
140,141,14
143
F. glomerata
Mortaceae Bark Sitaosteryl glucoside MOA not availableO
OH
HOH2C
OH OH
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
42
Ficus spp.
Moraceae LeavesNerolidol glycoside &
ursolic acidMOA not available
OH
CH3
CH3CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3O
OH
CH3
CH3
OH
36
Foeniculum
valgare mill.
Apiaceae Fruit oil
Volatile oil,
fenchone,anethole,lim
onene, anisaldehyde,
estragole
MOA not available
CH3
CH3CH3
O
124
Fumeria
palviflora
Papaveraceae Whole plantSanguinarine,
alkaloidsMOA not available
NH
+O
O
O
O
CH3
42
Ficus erligiosa Moraceae Bark-sitosteryl-d-
glucosideMOA not available
O
OH
HOH2C
OH OH
O
CH3
CH3CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
89
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Hamada
salicornica
Hamamelidaceae Whole plantHamamelitanin,
hamameloseMOA not available
O OH
OH
OH
OHOH
42
Humulus lupulus
Cannabinaceae Sterobiles Humulon & lupulon MOA not availableCH3
OH
CH3
CH3 OH OH
O
CH3
CH3
OH
CH3
42
Haldinia
cardifolia
RubaceaeStem & roots
bark
Indole,
oxindole,quinoline,
purine alkaloids
MOA not available
NH
36
Hippophae
rhamnoide
Elaeagnaceae Thorn plantIndole alkaloide ,
cyclitolsMOA not available
NH
36
Hordueme
valgare
Gramineae Barley sproutsVolatile oil,alkaloids,
saponin, terpenoidsMOA not available
RO
CH3 CH2OH
CH3 CH3
CH3
COOH
CH3 CH3
36
Hydrostis
Canadensis
BerberidaceaeGoldenseal
root
Hydrastine, berberin
& canadine alkaloidsMOA not available
N+
O
O
CH3OH
CH3OH
36
Hygrophila
auriculata
AcanthaceaeBerleria plant
root, seedSemidrying oil MOA not available
CH3CH3
CH3CH3
O
36
Hovenia dulcis Rhamnaceae Entire plant Flavonoids MOA not available OHO
OOH
meO Ome
Ome
10,89
Holostemma
adakodienAsclepiadaceae Root Flavonoids MOA not available OH
O
OOH
meO Ome
Ome
10,89
Hintonia
standleyanaRubiaceae Leaf Phenylcoumarins MOA not available
O O
150
Hintonia laciflora Rubiaceae Leaf, rootNeoflavonoid,
coutareageninMOA not available
O O
89
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Harpagophytum
procumbensPedalliaceae Root
Isovenillic acid-3
hydroxy-4-methoxy-
benzoic acid
MOA not available
OH
OO
CH3
OH
89
Hydnocarpus
wightianaAchariaceae Seed hulls
Acetyllbetulinic acid,
betulinic acid, ursolic
acid , acetyl ursolic
acid
MOA not available
O OOH
OH
89
Hypoxis
hemerocallideaHypoxidaceae Root tuber Hypoxoside MOA not available
OH
O C
C
H
C CH CH
H H
H
OH
O
151,152
Inula heleniam
CampositaeElecampnae
rootInulin MOA not available
O
HOH2C
H
H OH
OHOH
O
H
H
CH2
OHH
OHH
OH
HOH2C
H
36
Inula rocemosa
Asteraceae Root Volatile oilLower plasma insulin
and glucose level- 153
Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Root, leaf AN acidic glycoprotein
Reduced insulin
resistance & blood
glucose level
- 154
Juniperus
communis Cupressaceae Dried berries Isocrupressic acid
Increase peripheral
glucose consumption &induce insulin secretion
CH3H
O
OH
CH2CH
3
CH3
OH
89
Juglans regia
JuglandaceaeRoot, leaves,
unripe fruit
4-hydroxy -tetralone-
4-0--D-E6-0-
(3,4,5,trihydroxybenzo
il) glucopyranoside &
4 hydroxy- -telralone
MOA not available - 155
Kalopanax pictus
Araliaceae Stem bark Kalopanax, saponin A MOA not available
RO
CH3 CH2OH
CH3 CH3
CH3
COOH
CH3 CH3
36
Kalanchoe
pinnata
Crossulaceae Leaf Bryophilin A MOA not available
O
OO
H
H
OH
H
OH
CH3
H
O
OCH3
O
36
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Lantana camara Verbenacae Leaves
Lantanoside,
lantanone
MOA not available
OOH
OH
OH
OH
O
O O
O O
O O
O
O
CH3
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
H
H
O
OH
CH3
OCH3
CH3
H
156
Lagerstroemic
speciosa (jarul)
Lythraceae
Bark, root,
seed, leave &
ripe fruits
Alkaloids,nephthaquin
olone,lausone,gallotanins-
penta-o-galloyl-
glucopyranose (pgg)
MOA not available
OH
O
O
157
Lathyrus spp
Papilionoceae Whole plantBerberin, kaempferol,
quercetinMOA not available
OH
OH O
OH
OH
36
Launaea
nudicaulis
Composite Roots Glycoside MOA not available
O
OHH
CH3
H
H
R1
R2
CH3
O
OH
42
Lepidium
ruderaleCrucifarae Arial part Lepidine MOA not available
N
CH3
42
Leucena
leucocephala
Leguminosae Seed Mimosine MOA not available N
O
OH
CH2
CH
HOOC
NH2
42
Larrea tridentate Zygophyllaceae Leaf
Masoprocal
nordihydroguaiaretic
acid
MOA not availableCH3
CH3
OH
OH
OH
OH
89
Lithospermumery
throrhizon
Boraginaceae Whole plant
Caffeine, ferulic p-
coumarin
lithosperman A,B,C
MOA not available
C
C
C
N
N
C
N
C
CH3
O
CH3
O CH3
36
Lupines albus
Leguminosae Lupin seedLinolinic & palmitic
acid
Lower serum glucose
levelCH3
O
36